Journal articles: 'Boundary layer (Meteorology) Australia'

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Jacobs, Stephanie J., Ailie J. E. Gallant, and Nigel J. Tapper. "The Sensitivity of Urban Meteorology to Soil Moisture Boundary Conditions: A Case Study in Melbourne, Australia." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 8 (August 2017): 2155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0007.1.

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AbstractThe sensitivity of near-surface urban meteorological conditions to three different soil moisture initialization experiments under heat-wave conditions is investigated for the city of Melbourne, Australia. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model is used to simulate a domain over Melbourne and its surrounding rural areas. The experiments employ three suites of simulations. Two suites initialize the model with soil moisture from the top layer of the ERA-Interim soil moisture data with a 3-month and 24-h coupled spinup period, respectively. The third suite initializes the model with the arguably more realistic soil moistures from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP), which are an order of magnitude drier than the ERA-Interim data, again using a 24-h spinup period. The simulations employing the AWAP data are found to have smaller errors when compared with observations, with biases in urban maximum temperature reduced by 4.1°C and biases in the skin temperature reduced by 3.0°C relative to the biases of the 3-month-spinup experiment. Despite urban areas only having a small proportion of soil-covered surfaces, the results show that urban soils have a greater influence on urban near-surface temperatures at night, whereas rural soils have a greater influence on urban near-surface temperatures during the daytime.

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Williams, Alastair G., Wlodek Zahorowski, Scott Chambers, Alan Griffiths, Jörg M. Hacker, Adrian Element, and Sylvester Werczynski. "The Vertical Distribution of Radon in Clear and Cloudy Daytime Terrestrial Boundary Layers." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3576.1.

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Abstract Radon (222Rn) is a powerful natural tracer of mixing and exchange processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. The authors present and discuss the main features of a unique dataset of 50 high-resolution vertical radon profiles up to 3500 m above ground level, obtained in clear and cloudy daytime terrestrial boundary layers over an inland rural site in Australia using an instrumented motorized research glider. It is demonstrated that boundary layer radon profiles frequently exhibit a complex layered structure as a result of mixing and exchange processes of varying strengths and extents working in clear and cloudy conditions within the context of the diurnal cycle and the synoptic meteorology. Normalized aircraft radon measurements are presented, revealing the characteristic structure and variability of three major classes of daytime boundary layer: 1) dry convective boundary layers, 2) mixed layers topped with residual layers, and 3) convective boundary layers topped with coupled nonprecipitating clouds. Robust and unambiguous signatures of important atmospheric processes in the boundary layer are identifiable in the radon profiles, including “top-down” mixing associated with entrainment in clear-sky cases and strongly enhanced venting and subcloud-layer mixing when substantial active cumulus are present. In poorly mixed conditions, radon gradients in the daytime atmospheric surface layer significantly exceed those predicted by Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. In two case studies, it is demonstrated for the first time that a sequence of vertical radon profiles measured over the course of a single day can consistently reproduce major structural features of the evolving boundary layer.

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Liu, Boming, Jianping Guo, Wei Gong, Lijuan Shi, Yong Zhang, and Yingying Ma. "Characteristics and performance of wind profiles as observed by the radar wind profiler network of China." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 8 (August 25, 2020): 4589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4589-2020.

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Abstract. Wind profiles are fundamental to the research and applications in boundary layer meteorology, air quality and numerical weather prediction. Large-scale wind profile data have been previously documented from network observations in several countries, such as Japan, the USA, various European countries and Australia, but nationwide wind profiles observations are poorly understood in China. In this study, the salient characteristics and performance of wind profiles as observed by the radar wind profiler network of China are investigated. This network consists of more than 100 stations instrumented with 1290 MHz Doppler radar designed primarily for measuring vertically resolved winds at various altitudes but mainly in the boundary layer. It has good spatial coverage, with much denser sites in eastern China. The wind profiles observed by this network can provide the horizontal wind direction, horizontal wind speed and vertical wind speed for every 120 m interval within the height of 0 to 3 km. The availability of the radar wind profiler network has been investigated in terms of effective detection height, data acquisition rate, data confidence and data accuracy. Further comparison analyses with reanalysis data indicate that the observation data at 89 stations are recommended and 17 stations are not recommended. The boundary layer wind profiles from China can provide useful input to numerical weather prediction systems at regional scales.

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Short, Ewan. "Verifying Operational Forecasts of Land–Sea-Breeze and Boundary Layer Mixing Processes." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 1427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0244.1.

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AbstractForecasters working for Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) produce a 7-day forecast in two key steps: first they choose a model guidance dataset to base the forecast on, and then they use graphical software to manually edit these data. Two types of edits are commonly made to the wind fields that aim to improve how the influences of boundary layer mixing and land–sea-breeze processes are represented in the forecast. In this study the diurnally varying component of the BoM’s official wind forecast is compared with that of station observations and unedited model guidance datasets. Coastal locations across Australia over June, July, and August 2018 are considered, with data aggregated over three spatial scales. The edited forecast produces a lower mean absolute error than model guidance at the coarsest spatial scale (over 50 000 km2), and achieves lower seasonal biases over all spatial scales. However, the edited forecast only reduces errors or biases at particular times and locations, and rarely produces lower errors or biases than all model guidance products simultaneously. To better understand physical reasons for biases in the mean diurnal wind cycles, modified ellipses are fitted to the seasonally averaged diurnal wind temporal hodographs. Biases in the official forecast diurnal cycle vary with location for multiple reasons, including biases in the directions that sea breezes approach coastlines, amplitude biases, and disagreement in the relative contribution of sea-breeze and boundary layer mixing processes to the mean diurnal cycle.

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May, Peter T., Charles N. Long, and Alain Protat. "The Diurnal Cycle of the Boundary Layer, Convection, Clouds, and Surface Radiation in a Coastal Monsoon Environment (Darwin, Australia)." Journal of Climate 25, no. 15 (August 1, 2012): 5309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00538.1.

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Abstract The diurnal variation of convection and associated cloud and radiative properties remains a significant issue in global NWP and climate models. This study analyzes observed diurnal variability of convection in a coastal monsoonal environment examining the interaction of convective rain clouds, their associated cloud properties, and the impact on the surface radiation and corresponding boundary layer structure during periods where convection is suppressed or active on the large scale. The analysis uses data from the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) as well as routine measurements from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. Both active monsoonal and large-scale suppressed (buildup and break) conditions are examined and demonstrate that the diurnal variation of rainfall is much larger during the break periods and the spatial distribution of rainfall is very different between the monsoon and break regimes. During the active monsoon the total net radiative input to the surface is decreased by more than 3 times the amount than during the break regime—this total radiative cloud forcing is found to be dominated by the shortwave (SW) cloud effects because of the much larger optical thicknesses and persistence of long-lasting anvils and cirrus cloud decks associated with the monsoon regime. These differences in monsoon versus break surface radiative energy contribute to low-level air temperature differences in the boundary layer over the land surfaces.

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Schulz, Eric W., Jeffrey D. Kepert, and Diana J. M. Greenslade. "An Assessment of Marine Surface Winds from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Numerical Weather Prediction Systems." Weather and Forecasting 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf996.1.

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Abstract A method for routinely verifying numerical weather prediction surface marine winds with satellite scatterometer winds is introduced. The marine surface winds from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s operational global and regional numerical weather prediction systems are evaluated. The model marine surface layer is described. Marine surface winds from the global and limited-area models are compared with observations, both in situ (anemometer) and remote (scatterometer). A 2-yr verification shows that wind speeds from the regional model are typically underestimated by approximately 5%, with a greater bias in the meridional direction than the zonal direction. The global model also underestimates the surface winds by around 5%–10%. A case study of a significant marine storm shows that where larger errors occur, they are due to an underestimation of the storm intensity, rather than to biases in the boundary layer parameterizations.

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Junkermann, W., J. Hacker, T. Lyons, and U. Nair. "Land use change suppresses precipitation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 3 (May 8, 2009): 11481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-11481-2009.

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Abstract. A feedback loop between regional scale deforestation and climate change was investigated in an experiment using novel, small size airborne platforms and instrument setups. Experiments were performed in a worldwide unique natural laboratory in Western Australia, characterized by two adjacent homogeneous observation areas with distinctly different land use characteristics. Conversion of several ten thousand square km of forests into agricultural land began more than a century ago. Changes in albedo and surface roughness and the water budget of soil and the planetary boundary layer evolved over decades. Besides different meteorology we found a significant up to now overseen source of aerosol over the agriculture. The enhanced number of cloud condensation nuclei is coupled through the hydrological groundwater cycle with deforestation. Modification of surface properties and aerosol number concentrations are key factors for the observed reduction of precipitation. The results document the importance of aerosol indirect effects on climate due to nanometer size biogenic aerosol and human impact on aerosol sources.

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Junkermann, W., J. Hacker, T. Lyons, and U. Nair. "Land use change suppresses precipitation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 17 (September 10, 2009): 6531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6531-2009.

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Abstract. A feedback loop between regional scale deforestation and climate change was investigated in an experiment using novel, small size airborne platforms and instrument setups. Experiments were performed in a worldwide unique natural laboratory in Western Australia, characterized by two adjacent homogeneous observation areas with distinctly different land use characteristics. Conversion of several ten thousand square km of forests into agricultural land began more than a century ago. Changes in albedo, surface roughness, the soil water budget and the planetary boundary layer evolved over decades. Besides different meteorology, we found a significant up to now overlooked source of aerosol over the agriculture area. The enhanced number of cloud condensation nuclei is coupled through the hydrological groundwater cycle with deforestation. Modification of surface properties and aerosol number concentrations are key factors for the observed reduction of precipitation. The results document the importance of aerosol indirect effects on climate due to nanometer size biogenic aerosol and human impact on aerosol sources.

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Zhang, Yang, Chinmay Jena, Kai Wang, Clare Paton-Walsh, Élise-Andrée Guérette, Steven Utembe, Jeremy David Silver, and and Melita Keywood. "Multiscale Applications of Two Online-Coupled Meteorology-Chemistry Models during Recent Field Campaigns in Australia, Part I: Model Description and WRF/Chem-ROMS Evaluation Using Surface and Satellite Data and Sensitivity to Spatial Grid Resolutions." Atmosphere 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10040189.

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Air pollution and associated human exposure are important research areas in Greater Sydney, Australia. Several field campaigns were conducted to characterize the pollution sources and their impacts on ambient air quality including the Sydney Particle Study Stages 1 and 2 (SPS1 and SPS2), and the Measurements of Urban, Marine, and Biogenic Air (MUMBA). In this work, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF/Chem) and the coupled WRF/Chem with the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) (WRF/Chem-ROMS) are applied during these field campaigns to assess the models’ capability in reproducing atmospheric observations. The model simulations are performed over quadruple-nested domains at grid resolutions of 81-, 27-, 9-, and 3-km over Australia, an area in southeastern Australia, an area in New South Wales, and the Greater Sydney area, respectively. A comprehensive model evaluation is conducted using surface observations from these field campaigns, satellite retrievals, and other data. This paper evaluates the performance of WRF/Chem-ROMS and its sensitivity to spatial grid resolutions. The model generally performs well at 3-, 9-, and 27-km resolutions for sea-surface temperature and boundary layer meteorology in terms of performance statistics, seasonality, and daily variation. Moderate biases occur for temperature at 2-m and wind speed at 10-m in the mornings and evenings due to the inaccurate representation of the nocturnal boundary layer and surface heat fluxes. Larger underpredictions occur for total precipitation due to the limitations of the cloud microphysics scheme or cumulus parameterization. The model performs well at 3-, 9-, and 27-km resolutions for surface O3 in terms of statistics, spatial distributions, and diurnal and daily variations. The model underpredicts PM2.5 and PM10 during SPS1 and MUMBA but overpredicts PM2.5 and underpredicts PM10 during SPS2. These biases are attributed to inaccurate meteorology, precursor emissions, insufficient SO2 conversion to sulfate, inadequate dispersion at finer grid resolutions, and underprediction in secondary organic aerosol. The model gives moderate biases for net shortwave radiation and cloud condensation nuclei but large biases for other radiative and cloud variables. The performance of aerosol optical depth and latent/sensible heat flux varies for different simulation periods. Among all variables evaluated, wind speed at 10-m, precipitation, surface concentrations of CO, NO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10, aerosol optical depth, cloud optical thickness, cloud condensation nuclei, and column NO2 show moderate-to-strong sensitivity to spatial grid resolutions. The use of finer grid resolutions (3- or 9-km) can generally improve the performance for those variables. While the performance for most of these variables is consistent with that over the U.S. and East Asia, several differences along with future work are identified to pinpoint reasons for such differences.

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Monk, Khalia, Elise-Andrée Guérette, Clare Paton-Walsh, Jeremy D. Silver, Kathryn M. Emmerson, Steven R. Utembe, Yang Zhang, et al. "Evaluation of Regional Air Quality Models over Sydney and Australia: Part 1—Meteorological Model Comparison." Atmosphere 10, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070374.

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The ability of meteorological models to accurately characterise regional meteorology plays a crucial role in the performance of photochemical simulations of air pollution. As part of the research funded by the Australian government’s Department of the Environment Clean Air and Urban Landscape hub, this study set out to complete an intercomparison of air quality models over the Sydney region. This intercomparison would test existing modelling capabilities, identify any problems and provide the necessary validation of models in the region. The first component of the intercomparison study was to assess the ability of the models to reproduce meteorological observations, since it is a significant driver of air quality. To evaluate the meteorological component of these air quality modelling systems, seven different simulations based on varying configurations of inputs, integrations and physical parameterizations of two meteorological models (the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM)) were examined. The modelling was conducted for three periods coinciding with comprehensive air quality measurement campaigns (the Sydney Particle Studies (SPS) 1 and 2 and the Measurement of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air (MUMBA)). The analysis focuses on meteorological variables (temperature, mixing ratio of water, wind (via wind speed and zonal wind components), precipitation and planetary boundary layer height), that are relevant to air quality. The surface meteorology simulations were evaluated against observations from seven Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) Automatic Weather Stations through composite diurnal plots, Taylor plots and paired mean bias plots. Simulated vertical profiles of temperature, mixing ratio of water and wind (via wind speed and zonal wind components) were assessed through comparison with radiosonde data from the Sydney Airport BoM site. The statistical comparisons with observations identified systematic overestimations of wind speeds that were more pronounced overnight. The temperature was well simulated, with biases generally between ±2 °C and the largest biases seen overnight (up to 4 °C). The models tend to have a drier lower atmosphere than observed, implying that better representations of soil moisture and surface moisture fluxes would improve the subsequent air quality simulations. On average the models captured local-scale meteorological features, like the sea breeze, which is a critical feature driving ozone formation in the Sydney Basin. The overall performance and model biases were generally within the recommended benchmark values (e.g., ±1 °C mean bias in temperature, ±1 g/kg mean bias of water vapour mixing ratio and ±1.5 m s−1 mean bias of wind speed) except at either end of the scale, where the bias tends to be larger. The model biases reported here are similar to those seen in other model intercomparisons.

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Kulessa, A. S., A. Barrios, J. Claverie, S. Garrett, T. Haack, J. M. Hacker, H. J. Hansen, et al. "The Tropical Air–Sea Propagation Study (TAPS)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 517–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00284.1.

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Abstract The purpose of the Tropical Air–Sea Propagation Study (TAPS), which was conducted during November–December 2013, was to gather coordinated atmospheric and radio frequency (RF) data, offshore of northeastern Australia, in order to address the question of how well radio wave propagation can be predicted in a clear-air, tropical, littoral maritime environment. Spatiotemporal variations in vertical gradients of the conserved thermodynamic variables found in surface layers, mixing layers, and entrainment layers have the potential to bend or refract RF energy in directions that can either enhance or limit the intended function of an RF system. TAPS facilitated the collaboration of scientists and technologists from the United Kingdom, the United States, France, New Zealand, and Australia, bringing together expertise in boundary layer meteorology, mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP), and RF propagation. The focus of the study was on investigating for the first time in a tropical, littoral environment the i) refractivity structure in the marine and coastal inland boundary layers; ii) the spatial and temporal behavior of momentum, heat, and moisture fluxes; and iii) the ability of propagation models seeded with refractive index functions derived from blended NWP and surface-layer models to predict the propagation of radio wave signals of ultrahigh frequency (UHF; 300 MHz–3 GHz), super-high frequency (SHF; 3–30 GHz), and extremely high frequency (EHF; 30–300 GHz). Coordinated atmospheric and RF measurements were made using a small research aircraft, slow-ascent radiosondes, lidar, flux towers, a kitesonde, and land-based transmitters. The use of a ship as an RF-receiving platform facilitated variable-range RF links extending to distances of 80 km from the mainland. Four high-resolution NWP forecasting systems were employed to characterize environmental variability. This paper provides an overview of the TAPS experimental design and field campaign, including a description of the unique data that were collected, preliminary findings, and the envisaged interpretation of the results.

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Schroeter, Benjamin J. E., Phil Reid, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, and Kelvin Michael. "Antarctic Verification of the Australian Numerical Weather Prediction Model." Weather and Forecasting 34, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 1081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-18-0171.1.

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Abstract The Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator-Global (ACCESS-G) features an atmosphere-only numerical weather prediction (NWP) suite used operationally by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to forecast weather conditions for the Antarctic. The current operational version of the forecast model, the Australian Parallel Suite v2 (APS2), has been used operationally since early 2016. To date, the performance of the model has been largely unverified for the Antarctic and anecdotal reports suggest challenges for model performance in the region. This study investigates the performance of ACCESS-G south of 50°S over 2017 and finds that model performance degrades toward the poles and in proportion to forecast horizon against a range of performance metrics. The model exhibits persistent negative surface and mean sea level pressure biases around the Adelie Land coast, which is linked to the underrepresentation of model winds to the west, and driven by positive screen temperature biases that inhibit modeled katabatic outflow. These results suggest that an improved representation of boundary layer parameterization could be implemented to improve model performance in the region.

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Speer, MS, LM Leslie, JR Colquhoun, and E. Mitchell. "The Sydney Australia Wildfires of January 1994 - Meteorological Conditions and High Resolution Numerical Modeling Experiments." International Journal of Wildland Fire 6, no. 3 (1996): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9960145.

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Southeastern Australia is particularly vulnerable to wildfires during the spring and summer months, and the threat of devastation is present most years. In January 1994, the most populous city in Australia, Sydney, was ringed by wildfires, some of which penetrated well into suburban areas and there were many other serious fires in coastal areas of New South Wales (NSW). In recent years much research activity in Australia has focussed on the development of high resolution limited area models, for eventual operational prediction of meteorological conditions associated with high levels of wildfire risk. In this study, the period January 7-8, 1994 was chosen for detailed examination, as it was the most critical period during late December 1993/early January 1994 for the greater Sydney area. Routine forecast guidance from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models was very useful in that both the medium and short range models predicted synoptic patterns suggesting extreme fire weather conditions up to several days in advance. However, vital information of a detailed nature was lacking. A new high resolution model was run at the operational resolution of 150 km and the much higher resolutions of 25 km and 5 km. The new model showed statistically significant greater skill in predicting details of wind, relative humidity and temperature patterns both near the surface and above the boundary layer. It also produced skilful predictions of the Forest Fire Danger Index.

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Prasad, Abhnil Amtesh, and Merlinde Kay. "Assessment of Simulated Solar Irradiance on Days of High Intermittency Using WRF-Solar." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020385.

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Improvements in the short-term predictability of irradiance in numerical weather prediction models can assist grid operators in managing intermittent solar-generated electricity. In this study, the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model when simulating different components of solar irradiance was tested under days of high intermittency at Mildura, a site located on the border of New South Wales and Victoria, Australia. Initially, four intermittent and clear case days were chosen, later extending to a full year study in 2005. A specific configuration and augmentation of the WRF model (version 3.6.1) designed for solar energy applications (WRF-Solar) with an optimum physics ensemble derived from literature over Australia was used to simulate solar irradiance with four nested domains nudged to ERA-Interim boundary conditions at grid resolutions (45, 15, 5, and 1.7 km) centred over Mildura. The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) station dataset available at minute timescales and hourly derived satellite irradiance products were used to validate the simulated products. Results showed that on days of high intermittency, simulated solar irradiance at finer resolution was affected by errors in simulated humidity and winds (speed and direction) affecting clouds and circulation, but the latter improves at coarser resolutions; this is most likely from reduced displacement errors in clouds.

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Zhang, Wang, Jena, Paton-Walsh, Guérette, Utembe, Silver, and Keywood. "Multiscale Applications of Two Online-Coupled Meteorology-Chemistry Models During Recent Field Campaigns in Australia, Part II: Comparison of WRF/Chem and WRF/Chem-ROMS and Impacts of Air-Sea Interactions and Boundary Conditions." Atmosphere 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2019): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10040210.

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Air-sea interactions play an important role in atmospheric circulation and boundary layer conditions through changing convection processes and surface heat fluxes, particularly in coastal areas. These changes can affect the concentrations, distributions, and lifetimes of atmospheric pollutants. In this Part II paper, the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF/Chem) and the coupled WRF/Chem with the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) (WRF/Chem-ROMS) are intercompared for their applications over quadruple-nested domains in Australia during the three following field campaigns: The Sydney Particle Study Stages 1 and 2 (SPS1 and SPS2) and the Measurements of Urban, Marine, and Biogenic Air (MUMBA). The results are used to evaluate the impact of air-sea interaction representation in WRF/Chem-ROMS on model predictions. At 3, 9, and 27 km resolutions, compared to WRF/Chem, the explicit air-sea interactions in WRF/Chem-ROMS lead to substantial improvements in simulated sea-surface temperature (SST), latent heat fluxes (LHF), and sensible heat fluxes (SHF) over the ocean, in terms of statistics and spatial distributions, during all three field campaigns. The use of finer grid resolutions (3 or 9 km) effectively reduces the biases in these variables during SPS1 and SPS2 by WRF/Chem-ROMS, whereas it further increases these biases for WRF/Chem during all field campaigns. The large differences in SST, LHF, and SHF between the two models lead to different radiative, cloud, meteorological, and chemical predictions. WRF/Chem-ROMS generally performs better in terms of statistics and temporal variations for temperature and relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed and direction at 10 m, and precipitation. The percentage differences in simulated surface concentrations between the two models are mostly in the range of ±10% for CO, OH, and O3, ±25% for HCHO, ±30% for NO2, ±35% for H2O2, ±50% for SO2, ±60% for isoprene and terpenes, ±15% for PM2.5, and ±12% for PM10. WRF/Chem-ROMS at 3 km resolution slightly improves the statistical performance of many surface and column concentrations. WRF/Chem simulations with satellite-constrained boundary conditions (BCONs) improve the spatial distributions and magnitudes of column CO for all field campaigns and slightly improve those of the column NO2 for SPS1 and SPS2, column HCHO for SPS1 and MUMBA, and column O3 for SPS2 at 3 km over the Greater Sydney area. The satellite-constrained chemical BCONs reduce the model biases of surface CO, NO, and O3 predictions at 3 km for all field campaigns, surface PM2.5 predictions at 3 km for SPS1 and MUMBA, and surface PM10 predictions at all grid resolutions for all field campaigns. A more important role of chemical BCONs in the Southern Hemisphere, compared to that in the Northern Hemisphere reported in this work, indicates a crucial need in developing more realistic chemical BCONs for O3 in the relatively clean SH.

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Hänel, G. "Introduction to boundary layer meteorology." Atmospheric Research 26, no. 2 (April 1991): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(91)90034-t.

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Sorbjan, Zbigniew. "Recent topics in boundary-layer meteorology." Acta Geophysica 56, no. 1 (March 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11600-007-0044-0.

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Hu, Xiao-Ming, Jianping Huang, Jose D. Fuentes, Renate Forkel, and Ning Zhang. "Advances in Boundary-Layer/Air Pollution Meteorology." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2825019.

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Rotach, M. W., R. Vogt, C. Bernhofer, E. Batchvarova, A. Christen, A. Clappier, B. Feddersen, et al. "BUBBLE – an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 81, no. 3-4 (March 31, 2005): 231–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0117-9.

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Garratt, J. R., and E. Fedorovich. "Introducing Research Letters to Boundary-Layer Meteorology." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 154, no. 3 (January 9, 2015): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9998-z.

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Garratt, John. "50th Anniversary Issue of Boundary-Layer Meteorology." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 177, no. 2-3 (September 12, 2020): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00566-1.

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LeMone, Margaret A., Wayne M. Angevine, Christopher S. Bretherton, Fei Chen, Jimy Dudhia, Evgeni Fedorovich, Kristina B. Katsaros, et al. "100 Years of Progress in Boundary Layer Meteorology." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2019): 9.1–9.85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0013.1.

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AbstractOver the last 100 years, boundary layer meteorology grew from the subject of mostly near-surface observations to a field encompassing diverse atmospheric boundary layers (ABLs) around the world. From the start, researchers drew from an ever-expanding set of disciplines—thermodynamics, soil and plant studies, fluid dynamics and turbulence, cloud microphysics, and aerosol studies. Research expanded upward to include the entire ABL in response to the need to know how particles and trace gases dispersed, and later how to represent the ABL in numerical models of weather and climate (starting in the 1970s–80s); taking advantage of the opportunities afforded by the development of large-eddy simulations (1970s), direct numerical simulations (1990s), and a host of instruments to sample the boundary layer in situ and remotely from the surface, the air, and space. Near-surface flux-profile relationships were developed rapidly between the 1940s and 1970s, when rapid progress shifted to the fair-weather convective boundary layer (CBL), though tropical CBL studies date back to the 1940s. In the 1980s, ABL research began to include the interaction of the ABL with the surface and clouds, the first ABL parameterization schemes emerged; and land surface and ocean surface model development blossomed. Research in subsequent decades has focused on more complex ABLs, often identified by shortcomings or uncertainties in weather and climate models, including the stable boundary layer, the Arctic boundary layer, cloudy boundary layers, and ABLs over heterogeneous surfaces (including cities). The paper closes with a brief summary, some lessons learned, and a look to the future.

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Lee, Xuhui, Zhiqiu Gao, Chaolin Zhang, Fei Chen, Yinqiao Hu, Weimei Jiang, Shuhua Liu, et al. "Priorities for Boundary Layer Meteorology Research in China." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): ES149—ES151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00278.1.

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Garratt, John, James Wilczak, Albert Holtslag, Hans Peter Schmid, Andrey Grachev, Anton Beljaars, Thomas Foken, et al. "Commentaries on Top-Cited Boundary-Layer Meteorology Articles." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 177, no. 2-3 (August 29, 2020): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00563-4.

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Lyons, Gregory W., and Nathan E. Murray. "Characterization of wind noise by the boundary layer meteorology." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4899714.

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Varley, M. J. "The use of kites to investigate boundary layer meteorology." Meteorological Applications 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1350482797000431.

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Schumann, U. "A review of: “An introduction to boundary layer meteorology”." Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 50, no. 4 (February 1990): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091929008204108.

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PEARSON, GN, and CG COLLIER. "A pulsed coherent CO] lidar for boundary-layer meteorology." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 125, no. 559 (October 1, 1999): 2703–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/smsqj.55917.

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Belcher, S. E., I. P. Castro, M. K. MacVean, and N. Wood. "UWERN Report No. 3: Boundary-layer meteorology and dispersion." Weather 53, no. 10 (October 1998): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb06345.x.

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Pearson, G. N., and C. G. Collier. "A pulsed coherent CO2 lidar for boundary-layer meteorology." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 125, no. 559 (October 1999): 2703–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555918.

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Fuentes, Jose D., and Dennis W. Thomson. "John C. Wyngaard: His Career in Boundary-Layer Meteorology." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 145, no. 1 (July 10, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-012-9749-y.

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Cuxart, J., and A. A. Boone. "Evapotranspiration over Land from a Boundary-Layer Meteorology Perspective." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 177, no. 2-3 (August 7, 2020): 427–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00550-9.

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Tignat-Perrier, Romie, Aurélien Dommergue, Timothy M. Vogel, and Catherine Larose. "Microbial Ecology of the Planetary Boundary Layer." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121296.

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Aerobiology is a growing research area that covers the study of aerosols with a biological origin from the air that surrounds us to space through the different atmospheric layers. Bioaerosols have captured a growing importance in atmospheric process-related fields such as meteorology and atmospheric chemistry. The potential dissemination of pathogens and allergens through the air has raised public health concern and has highlighted the need for a better prediction of airborne microbial composition and dynamics. In this review, we focused on the sources and processes that most likely determine microbial community composition and dynamics in the air that directly surrounds us, the planetary boundary layer. Planetary boundary layer microbial communities are a mix of microbial cells that likely originate mainly from local source ecosystems (as opposed to distant sources). The adverse atmospheric conditions (i.e., UV radiation, desiccation, presence of radicals, etc.) might influence microbial survival and lead to the physical selection of the most resistant cells during aerosolization and/or aerial transport. Future work should further investigate how atmospheric chemicals and physics influence microbial survival and adaptation in order to be able to model the composition of planetary boundary layer microbial communities based on the surrounding landscapes and meteorology.

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Slater, Jessica, Juha Tonttila, Gordon McFiggans, Paul Connolly, Sami Romakkaniemi, Thomas Kühn, and Hugh Coe. "Using a coupled large-eddy simulation–aerosol radiation model to investigate urban haze: sensitivity to aerosol loading and meteorological conditions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 20 (October 22, 2020): 11893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11893-2020.

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Abstract. The aerosol–radiation–meteorology feedback loop is the process by which aerosols interact with solar radiation to influence boundary layer meteorology. Through this feedback, aerosols cause cooling of the surface, resulting in reduced buoyant turbulence, enhanced atmospheric stratification and suppressed boundary layer growth. These changes in meteorology result in the accumulation of aerosols in a shallow boundary layer, which can enhance the extent of aerosol–radiation interactions. The feedback effect is thought to be important during periods of high aerosol concentrations, for example, during urban haze. However, direct quantification and isolation of the factors and processes affecting the feedback loop have thus far been limited to observations and low-resolution modelling studies. The coupled large-eddy simulation (LES)–aerosol model, the University of California, Los Angeles large-eddy simulation – Sectional Aerosol Scheme for Large Scale Applications (UCLALES-SALSA), allows for direct interpretation on the sensitivity of boundary layer dynamics to aerosol perturbations. In this work, UCLALES-SALSA has for the first time been explicitly set up to model the urban environment, including addition of an anthropogenic heat flux and treatment of heat storage terms, to examine the sensitivity of meteorology to the newly coupled aerosol–radiation scheme. We find that (a) sensitivity of boundary layer dynamics in the model to initial meteorological conditions is extremely high, (b) simulations with high aerosol loading (220 µg m−3) compared to low aerosol loading (55 µg m−3) cause overall surface cooling and a reduction in sensible heat flux, turbulent kinetic energy and planetary boundary layer height for all 3 d examined, and (c) initial meteorological conditions impact the vertical distribution of aerosols throughout the day.

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Flagg, D. D., and P. A. Taylor. "Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to urban morphology." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2010): 25909–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-25909-2010.

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Abstract. Mesoscale modeling of the urban boundary layer requires careful parameterization of the surface due to its heterogeneous morphology. Model estimated meteorological quantities, including the surface energy budget and canopy layer variables, will respond accordingly to the scale of representation. This study examines the sensitivity of the surface energy balance, canopy layer and boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban surface representation in a real urban area (Detroit-Windsor (USA-Canada)) during several dry, cloud-free summer periods. The model used is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with its coupled single-layer urban canopy model. Some model verification is presented using measurements from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) 2007 field campaign and additional sources. Case studies span from "neighborhood" (10 s ~ 30 m) to very coarse (120 s ~ 3.7 km) resolution. Small changes in scale can affect the classification of the surface, affecting both the local and grid-average meteorology. Results indicate high sensitivity in turbulent latent heat flux from the natural surface and sensible heat flux from the urban canopy. Small scale change is also shown to delay timing of a lake-breeze front passage and can affect the timing of local transition in static stability.

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Bergot, Thierry. "An introduction to boundary layer meteorology - Par Roland B. Stull." La Météorologie 8, no. 8 (1994): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/53468.

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Lapworth, Alan. "Reply by Alan Lapworth, an expert on boundary-layer meteorology." Weather 64, no. 11 (November 2009): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.508.

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Flagg, D. D., and P. A. Taylor. "Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban representation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 6 (March 30, 2011): 2951–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2951-2011.

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Abstract. Mesoscale modeling of the urban boundary layer requires careful parameterization of the surface due to its heterogeneous morphology. Model estimated meteorological quantities, including the surface energy budget and canopy layer variables, will respond accordingly to the scale of representation. This study examines the sensitivity of the surface energy balance, canopy layer and boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban surface representation in a real urban area (Detroit-Windsor (USA-Canada)) during several dry, cloud-free summer periods. The model used is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with its coupled single-layer urban canopy model. Some model verification is presented using measurements from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) 2007 field campaign and additional sources. Case studies span from "neighborhood" (10 s ~308 m) to very coarse (120 s ~3.7 km) resolution. Small changes in scale can affect the classification of the surface, affecting both the local and grid-average meteorology. Results indicate high sensitivity in turbulent latent heat flux from the natural surface and sensible heat flux from the urban canopy. Small scale change is also shown to delay timing of a lake-breeze front passage and can affect the timing of local transition in static stability.

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Anderson, P. S., and W. D. Neff. "Boundary layer physics over snow and ice." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 4, 2007): 7625–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-7625-2007.

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Abstract. A general understanding of the physics of advection and turbulent mixing within the near surface atmosphere assists the interpretation and predictive power of air chemistry theory. The theory of the physical processes involved in diffusion of trace gas reactants in the near surface atmosphere is still incomplete. Such boundary layer theory is least understood over snow and ice covered surfaces, due in part to the thermo-optical properties of the surface. Polar boundary layers have additional aspects to consider, due to the possibility of long periods without diurnal forcing and enhanced Coriolis effects. This paper provides a review of present concepts in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice surfaces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP.

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40

Bruin, Henk De, and Frans Nieuwstadt. "Joost Businger–His Career In Boundary-Layer Meteorology In A Nutshell." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 116, no. 2 (August 2005): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-7957-9.

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41

Anderson, P. S., and W. D. Neff. "Boundary layer physics over snow and ice." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 13 (July 7, 2008): 3563–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3563-2008.

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Abstract. Observations of the unique chemical environment over snow and ice in recent decades, particularly in the polar regions, have stimulated increasing interest in the boundary layer processes that mediate exchanges between the ice/snow interface and the atmosphere. This paper provides a review of the underlying concepts and examples from recent field studies in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice surfaces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP that focus on processes linking halogens to the depletion of boundary layer ozone in coastal environments, mercury transport and deposition, snow photochemistry, and related snow physics. In this context, observational approaches, stable boundary layer behavior, the effects of a weak or absent diurnal cycle, and transport and mixing over the heterogeneous surfaces characteristic of coastal ocean environments are of particular relevance.

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42

Karlický, Jan, Peter Huszár, Tereza Nováková, Michal Belda, Filip Švábik, Jana Ďoubalová, and Tomáš Halenka. "The “urban meteorology island”: a multi-model ensemble analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 15061–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15061-2020.

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Abstract. Cities and urban areas are well-known for their impact on meteorological variables and thereby modification of the local climate. Our study aims to generalize the urban-induced changes in specific meteorological variables by introducing a single phenomenon – the urban meteorology island (UMI). A wide ensemble of 24 model simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model and the Regional Climate Model (RegCM) on a European domain with 9 km horizontal resolution were performed to investigate various urban-induced modifications as individual components of the UMI. The results show that such an approach is meaningful, because in nearly all meteorological variables considered, statistically significant changes occur in cities. Besides previously documented urban-induced changes in temperature, wind speed and boundary-layer height, the study is also focused on changes in cloud cover, precipitation and humidity. An increase in cloud cover in cities, together with a higher amount of sub-grid-scale precipitation, is detected on summer afternoons. Specific humidity is significantly lower in cities. Further, the study shows that different models and parameterizations can have a strong impact on discussed components of the UMI. Multi-layer urban schemes with anthropogenic heat considered increase winter temperatures by more than 2 ∘C and reduce wind speed more strongly than other urban models. The selection of the planetary-boundary-layer scheme also influences the urban wind speed reduction, as well as the boundary-layer height, to the greatest extent. Finally, urban changes in cloud cover and precipitation are mostly sensitive to the parameterization of convection.

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Toro, Ivan Mauricio Cely, Ricardo Acosta Gotuzzo, Débora Regina Roberti, and Jackson Ernani Fiorin. "Avaliação de modelos de footprint para análise de fluxos obtidos por Eddy-Covariance em pequenas-áreas." Ciência e Natura 40 (March 22, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x30701.

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Two models for footprint calculations are compared employing flux measurements in the planetary boundary layer. The calculationsare based on the analytical models by Kormann e Meixner (2001) [An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification.Boundary-Layer Meteorology 99, 207–224] and by Schuepp et al. (1990) [Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the difussion equation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 50, 355-373]. The footprint density functions of a flux sensor are determined using eddy-covariance data. Those functions are integrated over surfaces given by quadrangular rectangles, in this case an agricultural field. This work ilustrates the features of each footprint model employing flux measurements with an eddy-covariance system of the SULFLUX network, installed on a agricultural field. Finally, it is presented the model that describes in a better way the flux measurements in small fields.

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44

Fuentes, Jose D., Marcelo Chamecki, Rosa Maria Nascimento dos Santos, Celso Von Randow, Paul C. Stoy, Gabriel Katul, David Fitzjarrald, et al. "Linking Meteorology, Turbulence, and Air Chemistry in the Amazon Rain Forest." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 2329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00152.1.

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Abstract We describe the salient features of a field study whose goals are to quantify the vertical distribution of plant-emitted hydrocarbons and their contribution to aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei production above a central Amazonian rain forest. Using observing systems deployed on a 50-m meteorological tower, complemented with tethered balloon deployments, the vertical distribution of hydrocarbons and aerosols was determined under different boundary layer thermodynamic states. The rain forest emits sufficient reactive hydrocarbons, such as isoprene and monoterpenes, to provide precursors of secondary organic aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei. Mesoscale convective systems transport ozone from the middle troposphere, enriching the atmospheric boundary layer as well as the forest canopy and surface layer. Through multiple chemical transformations, the ozone-enriched atmospheric surface layer can oxidize rain forest–emitted hydrocarbons. One conclusion derived from the field studies is that the rain forest produces the necessary chemical species and in sufficient amounts to undergo oxidation and generate aerosols that subsequently activate into cloud condensation nuclei.

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Heinemann, Günther. "The polar regions: a natural laboratory for boundary layer meteorology a review." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 17, no. 5 (October 27, 2008): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0327.

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Tong, Zheming, Yujiao Chen, and Ali Malkawi. "Estimating natural ventilation potential for high-rise buildings considering boundary layer meteorology." Applied Energy 193 (May 2017): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.041.

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Raupach, M. R., and J. J. Finnigan. "Scale issues in boundary-layer meteorology: Surface energy balances in heterogeneous terrain." Hydrological Processes 9, no. 5-6 (June 1995): 589–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360090509.

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Peña, Alfredo, Rogier Floors, Ameya Sathe, Sven-Erik Gryning, Rozenn Wagner, Michael S. Courtney, Xiaoli G. Larsén, Andrea N. Hahmann, and Charlotte B. Hasager. "Ten Years of Boundary-Layer and Wind-Power Meteorology at Høvsøre, Denmark." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 158, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0079-8.

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Bou-Zeid, Elie, William Anderson, Gabriel G. Katul, and Larry Mahrt. "The Persistent Challenge of Surface Heterogeneity in Boundary-Layer Meteorology: A Review." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 177, no. 2-3 (July 24, 2020): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00551-8.

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Renggono, F., H. Hashiguchi, S. Fukao, M. D. Yamanaka, S. Y. Ogino, N. Okamoto, F. Murata, et al. "Precipitating clouds observed by 1.3-GHz boundary layer radars in equatorial Indonesia." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 8 (August 31, 2001): 889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-889-2001.

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Abstract. Temporal variations of precipitating clouds in equatorial Indonesia have been studied based on observations with 1357.5 MHz boundary layer radars at Serpong (6.4° S, 106.7° E) near Jakarta and Bukittinggi (0.2° S, 100.3° E) in West Sumatera. We have classified precipitating clouds into four types: stratiform, mixed stratiform-convective, deep convective, and shallow convective clouds, using the Williams et al. (1995) method. Diurnal variations of the occurrence of precipitating clouds at Serpong and Bukittinggi have showed the same characteristics, namely, that the precipitating clouds primarily occur in the afternoon and the peak of the stratiform cloud comes after the peak of the deep convective cloud. The time delay between the peaks of stratiform and deep convective clouds corresponds to the life cycle of the mesoscale convective system. The precipitating clouds which occur in the early morning at Serpong are dominated by stratiform cloud. Concerning seasonal variations of the precipitating clouds, we have found that the occurrence of the stratiform cloud is most frequent in the rainy season, while the occurrence of the deep convective cloud is predominant in the dry season.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (convective processes; precipitation; tropical meteorology)

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Journal articles on the topic 'Boundary layer (Meteorology) Australia'

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