Academic literature on the topic 'BOUND STATE'

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Journal articles on the topic "BOUND STATE"

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Miyazawa, H., and K. Tanaka. "Relativistic Bound-State Problem." Progress of Theoretical Physics 87, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp/87.6.1457.

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Inoue, J., and K. Ohtaka. "Photon virtual bound state." Journal of Luminescence 108, no. 1-4 (June 2004): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2004.01.053.

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Filikhin, I., and B. Vlahovic. "Lower Bound for ppK– Quasi-Bound State Energy." Physics of Particles and Nuclei 51, no. 5 (September 2020): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063779620050032.

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Ashbaugh, Mark S., and Pavel Exner. "Lower bounds to bound state energies in bent tubes." Physics Letters A 150, no. 3-4 (November 1990): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(90)90118-8.

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Ng, Timothy, David Rappaport, and Kai Salomaa. "State Complexity of Suffix Distance." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 30, no. 06n07 (September 2019): 1197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054119400355.

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The neighbourhood of a regular language with respect to the prefix, suffix and subword distance is always regular and a tight bound for the state complexity of prefix distance neighbourhoods is known. We give upper bounds for the state complexity of the neighbourhood of radius [Formula: see text] of an [Formula: see text]-state deterministic finite automaton language with respect to the suffix distance and the subword distance, respectively. For restricted values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] we give a matching lower bound for the state complexity of suffix distance neighbourhoods.
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Chuang, C. H., D. N. Wu, and Q. Wang. "LQR for State-Bounded Structural Control." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 118, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801130.

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In order to prevent structural damages, it is more important to bound the vibration amplitude than to reduce the vibration energy. However, in the performance index for linear quadratic regulator (LQR), the instantaneous amplitude of vibration is not minimized. An ordinary LQR may have an unacceptable amplitude at some time instant but still have a good performance. In this paper, we have developed an LQR with adjustable gains to guarantee bounds on the vibration amplitude. For scalar systems, the weighting for control is switched between two values which give a low-gain control when the amplitude is inside the bound and a high-gain control when the amplitude is going to violate the given bound. For multivariable systems, by assuming a matching condition, a similar controller structure has been obtained. This controller is favored for application since the main structure of a common LQR is not changed; the additional high-gain control is required only if the vibration amplitude fails to stay inside the bound. We have applied this controller to a five-story building with active tendon controllers. The results show that the largest oscillation at the first story stays within a given bound when the building is subject to earthquake excitation.
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SOLDATOV, A. V. "CONTINUOUS UPPER BOUND ON THE GROUND-STATE ENERGY OF THE FRÖHLICH POLARON." Modern Physics Letters B 08, no. 08n09 (April 20, 1994): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984994000595.

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The upper bound on the ground-state energy for the Fröhlich polaron is derived by means of a new version of variational principle based on the Wick symbols formalism and the coherent states theory. The bound is continuous in some respect, i.e. it is valid for all values of coupling parameter including the intermediate regions. Asymptotic behavior of the bound for the weak coupling limit and for the strong coupling limit provides, in general, lower values than well-known existing bounds. The bound can be readily generalized for the case of nonzero magnetic field.
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Crater, H. C., and C. Y. Wong. "Possible New Positronium Bound State." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 548 (November 24, 2014): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/548/1/012004.

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Shevchenko, N. V., J. Mareš, and A. Gal. "Search for a bound state." Nuclear Physics A 790, no. 1-4 (June 2007): 659c—662c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.112.

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Babič, A., D. Štefánik, M. I. Krivoruchenko, and F. Šimkovic. "Bound-state double-beta decay." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1056 (July 2018): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1056/1/012002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "BOUND STATE"

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Althorpe, Stuart C. "Bound state calculations for van der Waals dimers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319937.

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Kana'ah, A. "ODMR studies of bound excitons in GaP." Thesis, University of Hull, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376371.

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Hart, A. C. D. "An algebraic approach to bound state quantum field theory." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233666.

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Dragan, Valer Carleton University Dissertation Physics. "Relativistic bound state equations for mesons in light-front momentum space." Ottawa, 1995.

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Nordling, Emil. "Generation of the Bound Entangled Smolin State and Entanglement Witnesses for Low-Dimensional Unitary Invariant States." Thesis, Uppsala University, Theoretical Physics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-130039.

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Quantum entanglement is employed as a resource throughout quantum information science. However, before entanglement can be put to intelligent use, the issues of its production and detection must be considered. This thesis proposes four schemes for producing the bound entangled Smolin state. Three of these schemes produce the Smolin state by means of general quantum gates acting on different initial states - an all-zero state, a GHZ-state and two combined Bell states. The fourth scheme is based on one-qubit operations acting on two-photon states produced by SPDC. Furthermore, a maximum overlap entanglement witness detecting entanglement in the Smolin state is derived. This witness is measurable in three measurement settings with the maximal noise tolerance p=2/3. Lastly, simplified entanglement witnesses for the 4-, 6- and 8-qubit unitary invariant states are derived. These witnesses are measurable in three measurement settings with noise tolerances p=0.1802..., p=0.1502... and p=0.0751..., respectively.

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Jentschura, Ulrich [Verfasser]. "Quantum Electrodynamic Bound-State Calculations and Large-Order Perturbation Theory / Ulrich Jentschura." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1174514426/34.

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Martin, Timothy James Semple. "UNIVERSAL BINDING AND RECOIL CORRECTIONS TO BOUND STATE g-FACTORS." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/810.

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The gyromagnetic ratio of bound particles is an active field of experimental and theoretical research. Early measurements of corrections to the bound g-factor came from experiments involving hydrogen-like ions. As the sensitivity of such experiments has increased, it has become possible to instead use them to measure the electron-ion mass ratio -- but only if the theoretical bound g-factor is known with sufficient precision for these systems. By constructing an effective nonrelativistic Lagrangian, we derive leading order binding and recoil corrections for systems comprised of particles with arbitrary spin. Lagrangians for spin one-half and spin one-theories are developed, before moving on to the more general case of arbitrary spin. In each case, an effective nonrelativistic Lagrangian taking into account all relevant terms is constructed. The coefficients of this Lagrangian are then fixed by calculating scattering processes in both the relativistic and nonrelativistic theories. A relativistic framework for dealing with particles of arbitrary spin is considered. In this framework the relevant terms in the scattering process are heavily constrained by the symmetries required of the electromagnetic current. This allows the determination of an effective Lagrangian valid for arbitrary spin. It is found that the only coefficients which depend upon the spin of the particle in question involve derivatives of the magnetic field. This general form is consistent with the previously derived Lagrangians for spin one-half and spin one particles. With this effective nonrelativistic Lagrangian, the leading order binding and recoil corrections to the bound gyromagnetic ratio are calculated. These corrections are found to be universal, independent of the spin of the particles involved. This is understood as a consequence of the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation.
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Le, calvez Kévin. "Signatures of a 4pi periodic Andreev bound state in topological Josephson junctions." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY099/document.

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Les isolants topologiques 3D sont un nouvel état de la matière décrit par un volume iso-lant électriquement et recouvert par des états de surface métalliques. Une jonction Joseph-son topologique (TJJ) formée autour de ces états de surface peut théoriquement contenirun mode lié d’Andreev ayant une périodicité doublée par rapport aux modes liés d’An-dreev conventionnels 2p périodiques. Le mode d’Andreev 4p périodique serait la briqueélémentaire de l’ordinateur quantique topologique. Ainsi, nous étudions la dynamique dece mode particulier lors de mesures de Shapiro sur des jonctions Josephson fabriquées surdes isolants topologiques à base de bismuth.A?n d’identi?er les e?ets d’un mode 4p-périodique dans une mesure de Shapiro, nousutilisons un model phénoménologique permettant de simuler la caractéristique courant-tension d’une TJJ lors de telles mesures. Nous prédisons deux signatures du mode 4p-périodique et estimons leur robustesse face aux e?ets de chau?age par e?et Joule et face àun modèle d’empoisonnement thermiquement activé du mode 4p-périodique.Par des mesures de Shapiro, nous étudions la dynamique des TJJ basées sur le matériausimple qu’est le Bi2Se3. L’observation des deux mêmes signatures précédemment anticipéespar nos simulations, à savoir un ordre d’apparition non conventionnel des pas de Shapiroainsi que la persistance d’un supercourant à la fermeture du plateau de Shapiro n = 0prouve la présence d’un mode 4p-périodique.Notre étude s’est également portée sur un autre isolant topologique le BiSbTeSe2. Nousavons e?ectué sa croissance par cristallisation liquide-solide et avons mis en évidence,par des mesures d’interférométrie supraconductrice une supraconductivité de surface sanstransport électronique par le volume
Three dimensional topological insulators (3D TI) are a new state of matter composedof an electrically insulating bulk covered by metallic surface states. Theoretically, a topo-logical Josephson junction composed of these surface states can host an Andreev Boundstate (ABS) that has twice the periodicity of the conventional 2p periodic ABSs. The4p periodic ABS is expected to be the building block of topological quantum computing.Therefore, we study the dynamic of this particular ABS by performing Shapiro measure-ment on Josephson junctions built with bismuth based 3D TI.To identify the e?ects of a 4p periodic ABS in a Shapiro measurement, we use a phe-nomenological model that simulates the voltage-current characteristics of a TJJ. We predicttwo signatures of the 4p periodic ABS and estimate their robustness against Joule heatingand thermally activated quasiparticle poisoning of the 4p periodic mode.We study the Josephson junctions dynamics by performing Shapiro measurements onjunctions built on Bi2Se3. We observe the two previously anticipated signatures, whichare the non-conventional appearance order of the Shapiro steps and the remaining of asupercurrent at the closing of the Shapiro step n = 0. They prove the presence of a 4pperiodic ABS.We also study the topological insulator BiSbTeSe2 that we have grown by using themelting growth method. By superconducting interferometric measurements, we show asuperconducting surface transport without bulk electronic conduction
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Singh, Asmita. "Illuminating the ultrafast excited state dynamics of protein-bound carotenoids in plants." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/63170.

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Global energy demands have escalated over the past few decades, creating a necessity for alternative energy sources. Solar technologies inspired by the primary solar energy storing process known on earth, photosynthesis, have subsequently gained popularity. The natural photosynthetic apparatus comprises a network of membrane-bound pigment-protein complexes, with the main plant light-harvesting complex (LHCII) consisting of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) pigments. Electronic excitation energy transfer (ET) of the harvested energy takes place amongst these pigments on ultrafast timescales. This energy is funnelled towards a photosynthetic reaction centre where charge separation is achieved, creating a Biobattery, which powers the subsequent manufacture of energy-rich chemical compounds for photosynthetic activity. Transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy has proven to be a useful technique for monitoring the evolution of the excited state dynamics, such as electronic transitions and excitation ET amongst Car and Chl pigments of LHCII trimers isolated from spinach leaves. This method was utilized to probe samples excited under four different conditions: at pump excitation wavelengths (𝜆𝑒𝑥) of 489 nm (preferentially exciting Cars Lutein1 and Neoxanthin) and 506 nm (targeting Cars Lutein2 and Violaxanthin), each with an intensity of either 800 nJ/pulse (relatively high) or 500 nJ/pulse (comparatively low). A global analysis was applied to each dataset using the robust, open-source Glotaran software, from which three kinetic decay lifetimes for the various processes were extracted. General spectral observations encompassed a negative pump ground state bleach (GSB) at each 𝜆𝑒𝑥; negative Chl b and Chl a GSBs, superimposed with negative stimulated emission (SE) signals; and a positive excited state absorption (ESA) band. The first lifetime of a few picoseconds corresponded mainly to Car-S2 depopulation, resulting either from energy relaxation towards Car-S1, or ET to Chls. Small, but distinct Chl b signals of less than 3 mOD were also detected on this timescale. The second lifetime, which is between 10 and 12 ps, was characteristic to the Lutein Car-S1 lifetime, mainly depicting Car-S1 ET to Chl a. The third lifetime, which extended from ~200 ps to the nanosecond timescale, was attributed to Chl a fluorescence. The 𝜆𝑒𝑥 of 489 nm directly excites the Chl Soret region, whilst excitation at 506 nm shows a pump intensity-dependence. Laser pulse photon density values were ~1014 photons·cm-2·pulse-1 for these datasets. Singlet-singlet annihilation calculations performed on the samples excited at 506 nm provided low annihilation probabilities of 9.0% and 11.5% for a low and high pump intensity, respectively, limiting the possibility of sample photobleaching. Optimization and redevelopment of the experimental setup significantly improved both the data quality and various recorded parameters, concluding that pump-probe spectroscopy was successful on the prepared LHCII trimers. Results acquired and calculations performed correlated with literature, where minimal changes were noticed in the timescales and ET pathways. The robustness of plant systems was confirmed through both excitation-wavelength and intensity dependence. This work paves the way for advanced studies on the role Cars play in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), a self-protection mechanism of plants against over-illumination; and for the tailoring of artificial light-harvesting antennas based on research conducted on their natural counterparts.
Globale energievereistes het oor die afgelope paar dekades toegeneem, wat die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe energiebronne noodsaaklik maak. Sontegnologieë, geïnspireer deur die primêre sonenergiebergingsproses op aarde, fotosintese, het daarom gewild geword. Die natuurlike fotosintetiese apparaat bestaan uit 'n netwerk van membraangebonde pigment-proteïenkomplekse, met die hoof ligversamelingskompleks in plante (LHCII) wat bestaan uit chlorofil- (Chl) en karotenoïed- (Car) pigmente. Die energie wat deur die pigmente geabsorbeer word, word tussen elektroniese opgewekte toestande op verskillende pigmente op ultravinnige tydskale oorgedra. Hierdie energie word na ʼn fotosintetiese reaksiesentrum gekanaliseer, waar 'n ladingskeiding geïnduseer word en 'n Biobattery sodoende geskep word. Die energie wat in dié battery gestoor is, word gebruik om energieryke chemiese verbindings te vervaardig — wat as brandstof vir die plant dien om sy lewensfunksies te verrig. Tydopgeloste-absorpsie-pomp-tasting-spektroskopie is 'n nuttige tegniek om die dinamika tussen opgewekte toestande te volg. ‘n Voorbeeld van sulke dinamika is die elektroniese opwekking en energie-oordrag tussen die Car- en Chl-pigmente van geïsoleerde LHCII-trimere in spinasieblare. Hierdie metode is gebruik om monsters onder vier verskillende toestande te ondersoek by pompgolflengtes (𝜆𝑒𝑥) van 489 nm (waar hoofsaaklik die Cars Luteïne1 en Neoksantine opgewek word) en 506 nm (vir Cars Luteïne2 en Violaksantine), en pompenergieë van ‘n relatief hoë 800 nJ/puls, of 500 nJ/puls vir elke golflengte.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Physics
MSc
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Jones, Billy Darwin. "Light-front Hamiltonian approach to the bound-state problem in quantum electrodynamics /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487946103569513.

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Books on the topic "BOUND STATE"

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Ziman, J. M. Prometheus bound: Science in a dynamic steady state. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Kollmann, Nancy Shields. By honor bound: State and society in early modern Russia. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1999.

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Jentschura, Ulrich. Quantum electrodynamic bound-state calculations and large-order perturbation theory. Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 2003.

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Joardder, Mohammad U. H., Monjur Mourshed, and Mahadi Hasan Masud. State of Bound Water: Measurement and Significance in Food Processing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99888-6.

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Kollmann, Nancy Shields. By honor bound: State and society in early modern Russia. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1999.

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J, Barron David, ed. City bound: How states stifle urban innovation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.

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Neave, Guy R. Prometheus bound or, the art of the state and higher education. Jordanstown: University of Ulster, 1993.

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Ziman, John. Prometheus bound: Science in a dynamic steadystate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Automatic verification of sequential infinite-state processes. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Automatic verification of sequential infinite-state processes. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "BOUND STATE"

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Stumpf, Harald, and Thomas Borne. "Bound State Calculations." In Composite Particle Dynamics in Quantum Field Theory, 106–28. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-83901-5_6.

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Simon, Barry. "Bound state problems." In Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, 61–66. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/surv/120/07.

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Fanchi, John R. "Bound State Models." In Parametrized Relativistic Quantum Theory, 173–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1944-3_12.

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Hoyer, Paul. "Bound State Epilogue." In SpringerBriefs in Physics, 137–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79489-7_9.

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Lindgren, Ingvar. "Dynamical Bound-State Processes." In Relativistic Many-Body Theory, 277–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15386-5_13.

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Bosch, Fritz. "Bound-State Beta Decay." In NATO ASI Series, 205–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1412-5_9.

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Glöckle, W. "Three-Body Bound-State Calculations." In Computational Nuclear Physics 1, 152–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76356-4_8.

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Steeb, Willi-Hans. "Two-Body Bound State Problem." In Hilbert Spaces, Wavelets, Generalised Functions and Modern Quantum Mechanics, 149–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5332-4_15.

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Indelicato, Paul, and Peter J. Mohr. "Introduction to Bound-State Quantum Electrodynamics." In Handbook of Relativistic Quantum Chemistry, 1–110. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41611-8_36-1.

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Indelicato, Paul, and Peter J. Mohr. "Introduction to Bound-State Quantum Electrodynamics." In Handbook of Relativistic Quantum Chemistry, 131–241. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40766-6_36.

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Conference papers on the topic "BOUND STATE"

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Sucher, J. "Bound state QED." In Relativistic, quantum electrodynamics, and weak interaction effects in atoms. AIP, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.38419.

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Bahari, B., J.-H. Choi, Y. G. N. Liu, D. N. Christodoulides, and M. Khajavikhan. "Majorana Bound State Cavities." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2021.fm4h.2.

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Payne, G. L. "The trinucleon bound-state system." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 162. AIP, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.36887.

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Ueda, T. "An ηNN quasi-bound state." In Particle production near threshold. AIP, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.40382.

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Sazdjian, H. "Gauge invariant quarkonium bound state equation." In QCD@WORK 2012: International Workshop on Quantum Chromodynamics: Theory and Experiment. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4763522.

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Kodigala, A., T. Lepetit, Q. Gu, B. Bahari, Y. Fainman, and B. Kanté. "Compact Lasing with Bound States in the Continuum." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.2016.ath5a.5.

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Miramontes, Ángel, and Hèlios Sanchis-Alepuz. "Resonance Effects in Bound State Interaction Kernels." In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Quarks and Nuclear Physics (QNP2018). Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpscp.26.022004.

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Yao, Ruizhe, Hang Li, Jun Ding, Chi-Sen Lee, Hualiang Zhang, and Wei Guo. "Electrically Reconfigurable Topological Bound-state Laser Array." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2018.fm4q.5.

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Kodigala, A., T. Lepetit, Q. Gu, B. Bahari, Y. Fainman, and B. Kanté. "Bound State in the Continuum Nanophotonic Laser." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2016.sm4e.1.

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Xu, Shi-Sheng, Meng-Liu, Zhi-Wei Wei, Ai-Ping Luo, Wen-Cheng Xu, and Zhi-Chao Luo. "Bound-State Pulses in a Mamyshev Oscillator." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2020.p5_13.

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Reports on the topic "BOUND STATE"

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Melnikov, Kirill. Expansion of Bound-State Energies in Powers of m/M. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784962.

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Brodsky, S. J. Hadronic light-cone wavefunctions and the unification of QCD bound-state phenomena. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753291.

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Chiba, S., P. T. Guenther, R. D. Lawson, and A. B. Smith. Neutron scattering from elemental indium, the optical model, and the bound-state potential. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6746540.

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Medved, J., S. Previdi, A. Farrel, and S. Ray. North-Bound Distribution of Link-State and Traffic Engineering (TE) Information Using BGP. Edited by H. Gredler. RFC Editor, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7752.

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Melnikov, Kirill. Expansion of Bound-State Energies in Powers of m/M and (1-m/M). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/798992.

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Althaus, Stacey. Application of solid state NMR for the study of surface bound species and fossil fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1342572.

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Sørensen, Marion. The effect on culture-bound evaluation by the Intercultural Communication Workshop (ICW) at Portland State University. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5273.

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Pandey, Bishnu. A Possible Observation of Sigma-nn Continuum Structures and A Bound Sigma-NN State Using the (e, e 'K+) Reaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1780609.

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Atkinson, D., M. Harada, and A. I. Sanda. Is there a P-wave bound state of W sub L W sub L On the dynamical generation of a. rho. meson in the. sigma. model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5006705.

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Bano, Masooda, and Zeena Oberoi. Embedding Innovation in State Systems: Lessons from Pratham in India. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/058.

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Abstract:
The learning crisis in many developing countries has led to searches for innovative teaching models. Adoption of innovation, however, disrupts routine and breaks institutional inertia, requiring government employees to change their way of working. Introducing and embedding innovative methods for improving learning outcomes within state institutions is thus a major challenge. For NGO-led innovation to have largescale impact, we need to understand: (1) what factors facilitate its adoption by senior bureaucracy and political elites; and (2) how to incentivise district-level field staff and school principals and teachers, who have to change their ways of working, to implement the innovation? This paper presents an ethnographic study of Pratham, one of the most influential NGOs in the domain of education in India today, which has attracted growing attention for introducing an innovative teaching methodology— Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) – with evidence of improved learning outcomes among primary-school students and adoption by a number of states in India. The case study suggests that while a combination of factors, including evidence of success, ease of method, the presence of a committed bureaucrat, and political opportunity are key to state adoption of an innovation, exposure to ground realities, hand holding and confidence building, informal interactions, provision of new teaching resources, and using existing lines of communication are core to ensuring the co-operation of those responsible for actual implementation. The Pratham case, however, also confirms existing concerns that even when NGO-led innovations are successfully implemented at a large scale, their replication across the state and their sustainability remain a challenge. Embedding good practice takes time; the political commitment leading to adoption of an innovation is often, however, tied to an immediate political opportunity being exploited by the political elites. Thus, when political opportunity rather than a genuine political will creates space for adoption of an innovation, state support for that innovation fades away before the new ways of working can replace the old habits. In contexts where states lack political will to improve learning outcomes, NGOs can only hope to make systematic change in state systems if, as in the case of Pratham, they operate as semi-social movements with large cadres of volunteers. The network of volunteers enables them to slow down and pick up again in response to changing political contexts, instead of quitting when state actors withdraw. Involving the community itself does not automatically lead to greater political accountability. Time-bound donor-funded NGO projects aiming to introduce innovation, however large in scale, simply cannot succeed in bringing about systematic change, because embedding change in state institutions lacking political will requires years of sustained engagement.
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