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1
Singh, Tvisha. "Generation of microplastics from the opening and closing of disposable plastic water bottles." Journal of Water and Health 19, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.025.
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Abstract There has recently been a significant increase in interest regarding the prevalence of microplastics in bottled water. Previous studies have shown that the composition of many of the microplastics in bottled water is consistent with the materials of the bottle and bottle cap. The focus of this study is to quantify microplastic particle generation from the cap and bottle interaction during open and close cycles. Nile Red dye was used for the detection of microplastics >4.7 μm in size. Microplastic contamination levels in the water were found to increase as the bottle cap is opened and closed repeatedly. The rate of generation of particles with bottle opening and closing cycles (553 ± 202 microplastics/L/cycle) is adequate to account for the total particle density in the water. This clearly demonstrates that the abrasion between the bottle cap and bottleneck is the dominant mechanism for the generation of microplastic contamination detected in bottled water. A large spread between the maximum and minimum levels of microplastic contamination for bottles from the same lot, regardless of the number of times the cap is opened and closed, suggests that mechanical tolerances in the manufacturing of bottles and caps might play an important role in microplastic generation.
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Susanti, Ari Diana, Diaz Dzulriyana Jalesaputri, Fadhilah Rahmatul Hasanah, Achmad Tegar Romadhoni, and Alvin Petrus Gultom. "The Study of Selection Bottle Packaging for Carbonated Beverages." Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering 6, no. 2 (January 3, 2023): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.62623.
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The growth of the packaged beverages market in Indonesia is overgrowing. One sector of packaged beverages is carbonated beverages and bottled water. The main problem with packaged beverages containing dissolved gases is maintaining product quality during shelf life. Packaging materials and packaging lids cause a decrease in dissolved gas levels in beverages. Therefore, this study aims to analyze leaks in polyethylene terephthalate and glass bottles so that can use them to estimate the shelf life of the product. This study uses water, 3 types of glass bottles, and 1 type of plastic bottle. Bottles filled with water with various filling volumes of 40%v/v, 60%v/v, and 80%v/v were then analyzed for bottle leakage for 8 days. The results showed that effectively used a glass bottle with a volume of 250mL filled with more than 80%v/v, this was because it had the least leakage rate compared to others. In addition, this bottle has an attractive visual, easy labeling, and the size is not too large (ergonomic).
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Weisser, Jana, Irina Beer, Benedikt Hufnagl, Thomas Hofmann, Hans Lohninger, Natalia P. Ivleva, and Karl Glas. "From the Well to the Bottle: Identifying Sources of Microplastics in Mineral Water." Water 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060841.
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Microplastics (MP) have been detected in bottled mineral water across the world. Because only few MP particles have been reported in ground water-sourced drinking water, it is suspected that MP enter the water during bottle cleaning and filling. However, until today, MP entry paths were not revealed. For the first time, this study provides findings of MP from the well to the bottle including the bottle washing process. At four mineral water bottlers, five sample types were taken along the process: raw and deferrized water samples were filtered in situ; clean bottles were sampled right after they left the bottle washer and after filling and capping. Caustic cleaning solutions were sampled from bottle washers and MP particles isolated through enzymatic and chemical treatments. The samples were analyzed for eleven synthetic and natural polymer particles ≥11 µm with Fourier-transform infrared imaging and random decision forests. MP were present in all steps of mineral water bottling, with a sharp increase from <1 MP L−1 to 317 ± 257 MP L−1 attributed to bottle capping. As 81% of MP resembled the PE-based cap sealing material, abrasion from the sealings was identified as the main entry path for MP into bottled mineral water.
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Triadi, Muhammad Bagus Firman, Bagus Juliyanto, and Firdaus Ubaidillah. "APLIKASI KURVA BEZIER PADA DESAIN BOTOL MINUMAN." Majalah Ilmiah Matematika dan Statistika 20, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/mims.v20i1.17217.
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The beverage bottle consists of several parts. There are mouth, neck, shoulders and body of the beverage bottle. This study aims to modeled the shape of the beverage bottles use Bezier curves with degrees less than or equal to six (n ≤ 6), for obtain a varied and symmetrical shape of the beverage bottles. This research method are divided into several stages. First, modeled the mouth of the beverage bottle. Second, modeled the neck of the beverage bottle. Third, modeled the body of the beverage bottle. Fifth, combined the parts of the beverage bottle. The results of this study was obtained a procedure for modeled varied and symmetrical beverage bottles using Bezier curves with degrees less than or equal to six (n ≤ 6). Keywords: Beverage Bottle, Bezier Curve, Computer Aided Geometric Design
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Yuan, Wei, Li Hua Xie, Gai Mei Zhang, Da Zhi Liao, and Jian Dong Lu. "Structural Analysis and Design Optimization of PET Beer Bottles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.21.
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According to the formula of the resistance to internal pressure, the main factors of the strength of the beer bottles are analyzed. Using ANSYS finite element analysis software, PET beer bottles damaged boundary conditions are determined. PET beer bottle model is established, and have the stress analysis. The internal pressure and the bottle top pressure are applied on PET beer bottles. PET beer bottles strain is analyzed in two loads with different thickness and different bottle diameter. Thickness and bottle diameter influence of the mechanical properties of PET beer bottles are obtained. It provides a method and basis of the structure to optimize the design of PET beer bottles.
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Yuan, Wei, Li Hua Xie, Gai Mei Zhang, Da Zhi Liao, and Jian Dong Lu. "Research on PET Beer Bottle Structural Parameters and it’s Strength." Advanced Materials Research 641-642 (January 2013): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.488.
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According to the formula of the resistance to internal pressure, the main factors of the strength of the beer bottles are analyzed. Using ANSYS finite element analysis software, PET beer bottles damaged boundary conditions are determined. PET beer bottle model is established, and have the stress analysis. The internal pressure and the bottle top pressure are applied on PET beer bottles. PET beer bottles strain is analyzed in two loads with different thickness and different bottle diameter. Thickness and bottle diameter influence of the mechanical properties of PET beer bottles are obtained. It provides a method and basis of the structure to optimize the design of PET beer bottles.
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Greenwood, M. H., W. L. Hooper, and J. C. Rodhouse. "The source ofYersiniaspp. in pasteurized milk: an investigation at a dairy." Epidemiology and Infection 104, no. 3 (June 1990): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047373.
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SUMMARYPasteurized bottled milk supplied by a single dairy was frequently found to be contaminated withYersiniaspp. Investigations were carried out at the dairy in an effort to pinpoint the source of these organisms. Viable counts obtained from milk bottle rinses indicated that bottle washing was often unsatisfactory, and on one occasionY. frederikseniiwas isolated from the pooled rinse water of six bottles. Samples of milk were taken on arrival at the dairy and at various stages following pasteurization. Heat resistance tests carried out on strains of yersinia isolated from pasteurized milk indicated that they would not survive the pasteurization process. However two strains of yersinia were isolated from a sample of milk taken immediately after pasteurization but before bottling. The thermograph indicated that the time/temperature conditions applied during pasteurization were adequate. The presence of yersinia strains in the milk at this stage therefore suggests that undetectable levels of raw milk were being allowed to contaminate the pasteurized milk. The absence of yersinia in cartoned samples produced on the same day as contaminated bottled samples indicated that environmental contamination of the bottle filler valve also may have occurred at times. Results of this investigation indicate that increased vigilance is required to ensure proper operation of pasteurizers and bottle washers.
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Willis, Kathryn, Chris Wilcox, Joanna Vince, and Britta Denise Hardesty. "The Success of Water Refill Stations Reducing Single-Use Plastic Bottle Litter." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 5232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195232.
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Bottled water is one sector of the beverage industry that has recently experienced substantial growth. The littering of plastic water bottles and the carbon emissions produced from bottled water production results in harmful effects on the environment. To reduce the harm of bottled water production and litter, government and non-government organisations have implemented litter abatement and behavioural change strategies targeting bottled water consumption and subsequent loss of bottles to the environment. Our study evaluated the success of one of these strategies, which is a filtered water refill station, implemented along the Brisbane River in Queensland, Australia. We found plastic bottle litter decreased after a water refill station was put into operation. However, given the location of the refill station, we suggest the behavioural change strategy employed did not reach its full potential. We highlight factors that could be employed to achieve maximum benefits when implementing similar behavioural change strategies.
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Choate, Beth, Brittany Y. Davis, and Jacqueline Verrecchia. "Campus bottled water bans, not always the solution." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 19, no. 5 (July 2, 2018): 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-06-2017-0089.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify how to reduce bottled water use on our campus, given that the majority of students were bringing it onto campus from outside sources. Bottled water bans have been implemented on several college and university campuses in an effort to reduce the consumption of bottled water and the associated waste. Observations on the campus of Allegheny College demonstrated that while bottled water was being consumed, students were not purchasing those bottles on campus. Design/methodology/approach To identify methods to reduce bottled water prevalence on campus, alter negative perceptions of local tap water and create behavioral changes among student, an environmental science class surveyed the student body. Students were asked about their preferred type of drinking water and why they preferred one type to another, as well as additional questions about reusable bottle ownership and usage. Findings The data identified that disposable bottled water was most commonly consumed by first year students, with rates of use decreasing the longer students are on campus. Many students were concerned about the safety of tap water and did not like the taste. Originality/value As a result of this survey, Allegheny College has increased the number of filtered, bottle refill stations throughout campus and provides a high-quality, metal water bottle to all students upon beginning their first year. Students are also provided information about the safety of Meadville tap water, as well as the environmental and social benefits of choosing tap water over bottled water.
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Zhang, Lei, Ya Wei Luo, Bin Deng, and Hua Liu. "Improving Moisture Proof of PET by Blending with PEN for Soya Bean Oil Packaging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.216.
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The improvement of the moisture barrier properties of PET via blending with PEN was studied. The microstructure of the bottle parisons and bottles were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The transesterification reaction during PET/PEN injection molding and blow molding were confirmed by 1H-NMR. Water vapor permeability of PET bottle and PET/PEN blends bottle was determined. Water and volatile matter concentration and acid value were determined during store of soya bean oil: without any package; packed in the PET bottles; and PET/PEN blends bottles under 24±2°C and RH80% condition to compare the difference between PET and PET/PEN blends bottles. The result indicated that the transesterification reaction happening during PET/PEN blends injection and blow molding improved compatibility of PET and PEN. The microstructure of PET/PEN blends was continuous and compact. It means that the PET/PEN blends bottle had better moisture barrier properties. The result showed that for soya bean oil packaging the moisture barrier ability of PET/PEN blends bottle was increased 77.4% comparing with PET bottle.
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Butot, S., T. Putallaz, C. Croquet, G. Lamothe, R. Meyer, H. Joosten, and G. Sánchez. "Attachment of Enteric Viruses to Bottles." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 16 (June 22, 2007): 5104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00450-07.
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ABSTRACT Storage of water that was deliberately contaminated with enteric viruses in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles led to a rapid decrease of the apparent viral load, thereby hampering the development of samples for a collaborative evaluation of viral detection methods for bottled water. To determine if this decrease was due to spontaneous inactivation or to adhesion, an elution protocol was developed and combined with a rapid and sensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR-based method to quantify adsorbed norovirus (NV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and rotavirus (RV) on bottle walls. The NV retention on PET bottle walls after 20 and 62 days reached an average level of 85% and 95% of the recovered inoculum, respectively. HAV and RV also showed adsorption onto PET bottles, reaching 90% and 80%, respectively, after 20 days of storage. NV and RV attachment was demonstrated to be dependent on the presence of autochthonous flora, whereas HAV adsorption was independent of it. Application of the elution and viral detection protocol to 294 commercially available water bottles obtained from 25 different countries did not give any positive result, thereby providing further evidence that the sources used for this product are free from enteric viruses and support for the theory that bottled water is not a vehicle for viral diseases.
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Muyen, Z., TN Barna, and MN Hoque. "Strength properties of plastic bottle bricks and their suitability as construction materials in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i3.30833.
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Among several waste reduction strategies, one that is gaining momentum is the development of construction materials that reuses a number of solid wastes. The bottle brick is one such invention. Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles packed with other dry solid wastes or sand and earth has been successfully used in a number of countries around the world. This study looked into the strength properties of waste PET bottles filled with fine sand. Five different sizes (250, 500, 1250, 1500 and 2000ml) of waste PET bottle bricks were tested for compressive strength and the largest bricks gave a compressive strength of 17.44MPa. The 1000ml bottle brick filled cubes with 9 and 12 bottles were prepared and tested. The 9 bottle brick filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 35MPa and the 12 bottle bricks filled cubes gave a compressive strength of 33.7MPa. These bottle brick filled cylinders exhibited double the compressive strength of conventional concrete cylinders.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 362-368, 2016
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Bethurem, Matthew, Beth Choate, and Stephanie Bramwell. "Stop Piling on: Assessing Efforts to Reduce Single-Use Water Bottles at Allegheny College." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 8, 2021): 8864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168864.
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Plastic waste represents one of the largest environmental problems of the modern era and disposable water bottles comprise a substantial portion of that waste in the U.S. Colleges are in a unique position to create systems that foster sustainable behaviors among their constituents. Since 2015, Allegheny College has installed water refill stations, and initiated a free water bottle program and an awareness campaign to reduce single-use bottles on the college’s campus. Two surveys were distributed to the student body between 2018 and 2019 to assess the efficacy of those initiatives and learn about any barriers. Bottled water use has reduced significantly since 2014, with the majority of students stating that they most commonly drink water from refill stations while on campus. Demographic factors like income, sex, or place of origin were not related to the amount of bottled water consumption or type of water preference among students. The primary barrier to students eliminating disposable water bottle use was found to be a lack of water refill stations in dormitories. Research aimed at changing behaviors to benefit the environment should consider the barrier of convenience. This research provides a valuable lesson that can extend beyond college campuses and into public settings.
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Ventura, Alison K., Patsy Garcia, and Andrew A. Schaffner. "Associations between bottle-feeding intensity and maternal encouragement of bottle-emptying." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 17 (September 12, 2017): 3090–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002166.
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AbstractObjectiveTo explore longitudinal associations between bottle-feeding and maternal encouragement of infant bottle-emptying during the first 6 months of infancy.DesignMothers completed questionnaires during the third trimester of pregnancy, then monthly during the first 6 months postpartum. Questionnaires assessed family demographics, maternal and infant weight status, infant feeding patterns and maternal encouragement of infant bottle-emptying.SettingThe Infant Feeding Practices Study 2, conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration.SubjectsMothers (n 1776).ResultsRepeated-measures regression was used to explore associations between bottle-feeding intensity (BFI; defined as the percentage of daily feedings that were from a bottle) and encouragement of bottle-emptying. Mothers who reported consistently high or consistently low BFI also exhibited consistently higher or lower frequency of encouraging their infants to empty the bottle (respectively) across the first 6 months of infancy, whereas mothers who reported increases in their BFI also exhibited concomitant increases in the frequency to which they encouraged their infants to finish the bottle. More frequent encouragement of bottle-emptying was also associated with feeding expressed breast milk (P<0·001), and lower parity (P=0·01), pre-pregnancy BMI (P=0·002) and infant birth weight (P=0·001).ConclusionsMore frequent use of bottles for infant feeding was significantly associated with more frequent encouragement of bottle-emptying. Further research using causal designs is needed to better understand whether the use of bottles promotes this controlling feeding practice or whether mothers with more controlling feeding practices opt to bottle-feed.
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Hakim, Mumin, Hina Walia, Mahmood Rafiq, Timothy Grannell, Richard S. Cartabuke, and Joseph D. Tobias. "Oxymetazoline Metered Dose Spray: Factors Affecting Delivery Volume." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.247.
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OBJECTIVES: The current study compared the amount of oxymetazoline delivered by various anesthesia providers when holding the bottle in the upright and inverted position. Additionally, the amount delivered from a full bottle and a half-full bottle was also investigated. METHODS: Using an analytical balance that was calibrated to zero, we evaluated the impact the position of the bottle and the volume of oxymetazoline in the bottle had on the amount being delivered by both anesthesia staff and trainees. RESULTS: When using both filled and half-filled bottles, the amount delivered increased significantly when comparing the upright versus inverted position. With a full bottle, the amount delivered when the bottle was inverted increased almost 10-fold from 62 ± 80 to 606 ± 366 μL (p < 0.0001). Similarly, even with a half-filled bottle, the amount delivered increased in the inverted positions from 41 ± 48 to 645 ± 393 μL. Regardless of the scenario, we also noted significant variation from provider to provider. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that several factors may affect the amount of oxymetazoline delivered for metered dose bottles. Given the potential for severe end-organ effects with excessive dosage, alternative means of delivery are needed for its perioperative use.
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Lynch, Joanna M., David M. Barbano, George Houghton, and J. Richard Fleming. "Babcock Bottle Certification Appparatus Performance Evaluation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 2 (March 1, 1995): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.2.463.
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Abstract The use and performance of a computer-controlled apparatus for certification of Babcock bottles used for payment testing were evaluated. The apparatus delivered mercury into the bottle neck using a syringe mounted on a motorized pump. Syringe movement and the collection and calculation of data were controlled by computer. The apparatus was evaluated using four 8% milk bottles (total volume 1.600 mL; bottles rejected if deviation was ≥0.008 mL) and four 50% short-neck cream bottles (total volume 5.000 mL; bottles rejected if deviation was ≥0.050 mL). Six milk and 5 cream bottle trials were conducted; each bottle was read 5 consecutive times for each trial. As a percentage of the rejection criteria, average repeatability was 5–6% and reproducibility was 9–10%. These values were similar for both types of bottles. The evaluation of the apparatus demonstrated acceptable within- and between- days performance in relation to the rejection criteria and volumes measured. Because the apparatus creates a closed system during certification, an additional experiment was conducted with 50% short-neck cream bottles to determine the effect of internal pressure within a bottle on volume estimates. Four trials were conducted, as previously described, using 4 control and 4 experimental bottles. Volume between the 0 and 50% marks (5 mL) was determined. Holes were drilled in the experimental bottles to eliminate internal pressure for the final 2 trials. The estimated volume of bottles under pressure was 0.0054 ± 0.0012 mL greater than without internal pressure (i.e., about 11% of the rejection criteria). We concluded that any pressure effect was small relative to other factors that affect volume determination.
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Aslani, Hassan, Parisa Pashmtab, Abdolreza Shaghaghi, Asghar Mohammadpoorasl, Hassan Taghipour, and Mahsa Zarei. "Tendencies towards bottled drinking water consumption: Challenges ahead of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste management." Health Promotion Perspectives 11, no. 1 (February 7, 2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.09.
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Background: The main objective of this study was to investigate the logics behind tendencies towards bottled drinking water usage in spite of availability of treated tap water. The amount of waste bottle is also estimated in Iran and managing principles for resolving the issue presented. Methods: A questionnaire was used to survey the logics behind tendencies toward bottled drinking water consumption among 120 participants. In order to estimate the quantities of the PET wastes produced in the country, data about bottled water production rate as well as volume of the imported and exported drinking bottled water were collected from 1962 to 2015 and applied in the calculations. Results: Findings suggested that about 0.026 to 3.86 billion liters (about 1.04 billion literson average) of bottled water was consumed annually between 2000 and 2015. Furthermore, bottled water consumption increased from 0.41 to 48.9 L/capita-year within the same time period. In the meantime, the plastic bottle waste generation rate rose from 12.84 to 1519.38 g/capita-year. There is no efficient and suitable system for managing and recycling waste bottles in the country. The perceived unreliability of tap water quality was the main reason of bottled water consumption among 74% of the respondents. Conclusion: To reduce bottled water consumption and the associated harmful environmental and health consequences, measures such as informing people, validating public water supply quality, preventive rules enactment, and establishing extended producer responsibility (EPR) are highly recommended.
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Ni'mah, Lailan, Isna Syauqiah, Agus Mirwan, Doni Rahmat Wicakso, and Hesti Wijayanti. "BATAKO DARI LIMBAH BOTOL PLASTIK : TINJAUAN KUAT TEKAN." AL ULUM JURNAL SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 5, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/ajst.v5i1.2560.
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This research was conducted with the aim of plastic bottle waste utilization in the manufacture of plastic bricks and to find out how much the compressive strength of plastic bricks produced. The variations used in this study are plastic bottle waste:glue = 1:1; plastic bottle waste:sand = 1:1 (without layer) and plastic bottle waste:sand = 1:1 (with 3 layers). From the test results show that the plastic brick with a variation of plastic bottle waste:glue = 1:1 has a compressive strength of 34980 N / mm2; plastic bottle waste:sand = 1:1 (without layer) has compressive strength of 18340 N / mm2 and plastic bottle waste:sand = 1:1 (with 3 layers) has compressive strength of 40750 N / mm2. Keywords: Waste Plastic Bottles, Plastic Bricks, Compressive Strength
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Nentwig, C., S. Steinhoff, J. Adamec, and S. N. Kunz. "Head/skull injury potential of empty 0.5-l beer glass bottles vs. 0.33-l Coke bottles." International Journal of Legal Medicine 135, no. 5 (March 30, 2021): 2091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02562-7.
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AbstractThe medical and biomechanical assessment of injuries from blows to the head is a common task in forensic medicine. In the context of a criminal justice process, the injury potential of different striking weapons is important. The article at hand compares the injury potential of assaults with a 0.5-l beer bottle and a 0.33-l Coke bottle, both made of glass. The research team hit 30 used empty 0.5-l beer bottles and 20 used empty 0.33-l Coke bottles manually on an aluminum dummy skull set on a force measuring plate, using acrylic and pork rind as a scalp surrogate. There was no significant difference in fracture threshold and energy transfer between the examined beer and Coke bottles. Both glass bottles are able to cause fractures to the facial bones while cranial bone fractures are primarily not to be expected. Blows with a 0.5-l beer bottle or with a 0.33-l Coke bottle to the head can transfer up to 1.255 N and thus are able to cause severe blunt as well as sharp trauma injuries.
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Hankin, Lester, Alphonse Wickrosk, and Lois Hornig. "Calibration of Skim Milk-Test Bottles." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 3 (May 1, 1985): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.3.605.
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Abstract The method described uses a 250 μL syringe to calibrate skim milktest bottles. Mercury is injected into the bore of the test bottle, and the amount is recorded. The bore of the bottle can contain 100 μL mercury, and those bottles shown to contain between 98 and 102 μL are acceptable for certification.
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Honda, Seidai, Hidetoshi Sakamoto, Yoshifumi Ohbuchi, Shinjiro Kawabe, Shigeru Itoh, and Yasunori Nakamura. "High Speed Fracture Phenomena by Underwater Shockwave of Explosive Energy and Large Current Pulse in Glass Container." Key Engineering Materials 627 (September 2014): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.253.
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Recently, many countries are promoting the collection, the reproduction and the use of consumer goods；aluminum cans, PET bottles, and so on. On the other hand, the reproduction of the glass bottles is not so active excluding use as a returnable bottle, because the recycle cost is high. The glass bottles are fractured by the small fragment for reproduction. The small crushing fragments are called ‘Cullet’. The cullet is melted and molded again as glassware. The surface area is enlarged by making the bottle cullet, and it is possible to melt these efficiently. As a result, it becomes possible to shorten the time to melt the glass bottle and reduce a consumption of the fuel oil. The reasons with not active recycling of the glass bottle are that large-scale crushing equipment is required and it takes a lot of time and cost. This study proposed a new recycling technique for fracturing the glass bottle by using an underwater shockwave by explosive and electric pulse. The shock wave pressures produced by the explosive and the electric pulse energy were measured and the optimum crushing conditions were discussed.
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Kofonow, Jennifer M., Aditi Bhuskute, Laurel Doghramji, James N. Palmer, Noam A. Cohen, and Alexander G. Chiu. "One-way Valve Bottle Contamination Rates in the Immediate Post–functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Period." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 25, no. 6 (November 2011): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3664.
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Background Sinonasal saline irrigation has become an accepted practice in the immediate postoperative management of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) patients. Recent studies have found that valveless delivery systems of sinonasal irrigation are colonized with bacteria. An alternative delivery system uses a one-way valve to reduce saline backflow and may limit bottle contamination. Our sole objective was to determine whether this system in post-FESS patients eliminates microbial bottle contamination. Methods Eight patients undergoing FESS were given one-way valve irrigation bottles to use immediately after surgery. Bottles were collected after 1 week of use and another set of bottles after an additional week. Endoscopic-directed cultures of the middle meatus were performed at the time of surgery. Returned used bottles were swabbed for bacteria and the valve system of the bottle was analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the presence of bacteria. Results All sinus swabs collected at the time of surgery grew bacteria with Staphylococcus sp. present in all samples. After the 1st week of use, 5/8 bottles grew bacterial cultures and showed bacterial presence on the valves by SEM. After the 2nd week, 4/5 bottles had positive culture results and also showed bacterial presence on the valves by SEM. Conclusion Despite commercial claims that the use of valves and limit of backflow into the bottle will eliminate contamination, our study showed that one-way valve delivery systems become contaminated with bacteria after 1 week of use. We also showed that the bottle valves themselves harbor bacteria after 1 week of use.
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Nagata, Kosuke, Hidetoshi Sakamoto, Yoshifumi Ohbuchi, Hiroyuki Kuramae, and Eiji Nakamachi. "Observation of High Speed Glass Bottle Fracture Behaviors by Underwater Shockwave." Advanced Materials Research 586 (November 2012): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.586.151.
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This paper described new effective glass bottle fracture process for glass recycling by underwater shockwave. The high-speed fracture behaviors of glass bottles by explosive energy were discussed. In the proposed technique, the washing process can be skipped because the bottle crushing process execute in water. As a result, the recycling cost can be decreased. In order to clarify the behaviors of glass bottle fracture, the bottle was painted by 5 colors. The crushing experiment was executed under four explosive conditions. The influence of various explosive conditions on the cullet sizes were calcified by using painted bottle.
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Acosta, Rima K., Grace Q. Chen, Hailin Huang, Hui Liu, and Kirsten L. White. "902. Unreturned Pill Bottles in the 1489 and 1490 Clinical Trials: An Important Measure of Poor Adherence that Is Often Ignored in Pill Count Calculations." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S542—S543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1097.
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Abstract Background Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is important for HIV suppression. In clinical trials, adherence is commonly measured by pill count; limitations are that unreturned pills may not have been taken and unreturned pill bottle data are omitted. This analysis focuses on the relationship between unreturned pill bottles as a measure of poor adherence and the overall effect on virologic success rates across all treatment groups. Methods Pill bottle return category (all bottles returned or ≥1 bottle unreturned) and return rates for participants across all treatment groups from two treatment-naïve INSTI clinical trials (Studies 1489 and 1490) were calculated. Association of bottle return category or rates with virologic events through week 144, including last on-treatment observation carried forward (LOCF) outcome, was determined; comparisons used Fisher’s exact or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results Virologic suppression with ≥95% adherence by pill count can differ for those with unreturned pill bottles (Figure). In these studies, 60% of participants returned all their pill bottles through week 144; if one visit with ≥1 unreturned bottle was allowed, this percentage increased to 81%. The mean bottle return rate was 94% and did not differ by study, treatment arm, or sex. Failure to return pill bottles was significantly associated with lower suppression rates. Additionally, significant differences in pill bottle return rate (p < 0.01) were observed by week 144 LOCF outcome (95% vs 77% mean return rate for those with HIV RNA < 50 c/mL vs ≥50 c/mL), need for resistance testing (95% vs 77% return rate for those not tested vs tested), confirmed virologic failure (VF) (94% vs 90% return rate for those without VF vs with VF) and blip status (95% vs 92% return rate for those without blips vs with blips). HIV-1 Viral Loads of Two Participants with ≥95% Adherence by Pill Count through Week 144 Conclusion In these treatment-naïve INSTI clinical trials, failure to return pill bottles was associated with lower suppression rates. Although the calculated adherence rates in these studies was relatively high (median ≥95%), these calculations did not account for unreturned pill bottles. We believe that assessing adherence by both pill count and pill bottle return rate may provide a more complete picture of adherence in clinical trials. Disclosures Rima K. Acosta, BS, Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Grace Q. Chen, BS, Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Employee) Hailin Huang, PhD, Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Hui Liu, PhD, Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Kirsten L. White, PhD, Gilead Sciences, Inc (Employee, Shareholder)
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Nur Farah Hani Muhamad, Faridah Hussin Hussin, and Norlelawati Arifin Arifin. "Effect of Packaging Materials and Storage on Physicochemical Properties and Anthocyanin Contents of Red Cabbage-Roselle Blended Drink." Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology 8, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/2022239.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of different packaging materials on physicochemical properties and anthocyanins content of red cabbage-roselle blended drink during 6-month storage. The pasteurised blended drink was hot-filled into three different packaging materials: glass bottle, beverage can, and polypropylene (PP) bottle, then stored in a dark place at ambient temperature (29 ± 2 °C). Packaging materials and storage time were found to affect physicochemical properties significantly and anthocyanins content of red cabbage-roselle blended drink packed in a glass bottle, can, and PP bottle during storage. Results show that pH, total soluble solids, colour L* (lightness), and b* (yellowness) of red cabbage-roselle blended drink increase significantly (p<0.05) during storage at the ambient temperature, whereas titratable acidity, colour a* (redness) and total anthocyanins content decrease significantly irrespective to packaging materials used. Blended drink packed in glass bottles significantly (p<0.05) has the highest red colour retention and anthocyanins content, followed by blended drink stored in cans and PP bottles. Hence, glass bottles should be preferred as the most appropriate packaging material to store the blended drink, followed by cans and PP bottles as glass bottles provide better anthocyanins stability for a red cabbage-roselle blended drink.
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KOVESI, THOMAS, and HENRY LEVISON. "The "Companion Bottle": A Useful Predictor of Children at Risk for the Development of Nursing Bottle Caries." Pediatrics 89, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 976–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.5.976b.
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To the Editor.— Bottle caries result from prolonged contact between sugar-containing fluids and the teeth of children put to bed with a nursing bottle,2 and can lead to serious dental morbidity. Although inquiry into children's nighttime use of bottles should be included in preventive health surveys,3 it may be omitted in the busy pediatric office or ward. We tested the hypothesis that children carrying a bottle in a clinic setting were also more likely to receive a bottle in the crib or bed at home.
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Munib, J. A., and T. S. Pitana. "Utilization of plastic bottle waste in eco-friendly wayang design for childrens." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012034.
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Abstract Plastic bottle waste can damages the environment in the sea and land. Plastic bottles are non-biodegradable, it takes decades to decompose. The author got a creative idea to utilizing plastic bottle waste into eco friendly wayang design. The research using qualitative methods and prototype designs as a result of research, this program directed at creative process in responding to environmental sustainability and growing childrens awareness used of plastic bottle waste. New concept to answer in the environmental problems and introduces wayang as Indonesian culture which is made from plastic bottle waste.
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Nurwidiana, Nurwidiana, and Wiwiek Fatmawati. "Sofabotik program assistance as a solution to the accumulation of plastic bottle waste." Community Empowerment 7, no. 3 (April 15, 2022): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ce.6135.
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As the use of plastic grows in both industry and households, it is becoming a more serious environmental issue. Used plastic bottles of bottled drinking water are one source of plastic waste. This activity designed to educate participants about the dangers of plastic waste and equip them with the skills to turn it into useful items. Counseling and training are the methods used. The program was successful in raising partner awareness of the dangers of plastic waste. Partners also know how to deal with plastic bottle waste by turning it into a sofa with economic value. In addition to the financial benefits, this program allows more and more used bottles to be reused, reducing the amount of plastic waste that is dumped into the environment.
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Lee, Gyeong Hee. "Classification and Development of Bottle Caps in Unified Silla." Yeongnam Archaeological Society 94 (September 30, 2022): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.47417/yar.2022.94.97.
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The use of the lid would have been essential in that the bottle is a container for storing or transporting the contents. However, unlike the Gobae and Hap lid of Silla, which are often used as the basis for historical records, there has been an aspect that has not been mentioned abou“t Iyeong-gae(lid with unusual shape)”as a bottle cap. In this paper categorized bell-shaped lids and disk-shaped lids with high frequency of excavation among the variant lids often found in set relationships with bottles and assigned temporality to each. In addition, the correlation with the Silla bottles was investigated by paying attention to the formal changes in Iyeong-gae. Accordingly, the development patterns of Iyeong-gae of the Unified Silla were divided into three stages.
The first stage (mid/late 6th century ~ mid 7th century) is the appearance period of a bottle cap, and it is the time when the disk-shaped lids aperars along with the formation of attached rim. The second stage (late 7th century to mid 8th century) is the transition period of a bottle cap, and it is a time when it transitions from diskshaped lids to bell-shaped lids with the advent of small bottles. The third stage (late 8th century to 10th century) is the spread period of a bottle cap, and it is a time when the use of bell-shaped lids is expanded to special class spaces due to the fashion of small bottles. This overall change shows that Iyeong-gae is changing together according to the development of the bottles.
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Indarto, Denny Tjatur, and Niken Sulistyowati. "The Affecting Factors of Reject Bottles in Bottle Washing Machine." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (September 11, 2020): 1431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug832.
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Technological developments and business today are in a very fierce competition, many companies are trying to become the fronliner of the market leaders of their products, therefore many companies are trying to find innovation and diversification to be different from the others. The quality parameter is one of the most important things for the development of the company's business, without maintaining quality it is impossible for the business to develop, and to run smoothly and generate optimum profit. This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of dirty bottle conditions, caustic concentration, contact time and temperature on reject bottles in bottle washing machines in relation to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of production machines in a beverage company. This type of research is a causal associative explanation to determine the cause and effect relationship of several parameters and this study uses the measurement from several different parameters. This study uses SPSS version 23 software application to describe, analyze correlation and multiple regression of the effect of reject bottles. Based on the research results, it was found that a significant influence between the independent variables (bottle condition, caustic concentration, contact time and temperature) had an effect on the percentage of reject bottles, but of the four parameters the most significant parameter for reject bottles was the bottle condition factor. It is necessary to sort the condition of the bottles, the caustic concentration must be maintained, the caustic solution is deposited to remove impurities so as to improve its performance, longer contact times and high temperatures can increase the cleaning process so as to reduce bottle rejects.
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Aquilina, CO, AL Aquilina, J. Webb, M. Albur, and MR Whitehouse. "Are multiple-use bottles of chlorhexidine solutions at risk of contamination in joint replacement surgery?" Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 104, no. 6 (June 2022): 434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2021.0217.
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Introduction Chlorhexidine gluconate 2% w/v in isopropanol 70% solutions in multiple-use bottles is commonly used in surgery as a cost-effective method for skin disinfection. However, multiple-use bottles risk contamination. This study aims to test whether bacterial contamination of multiple-use bottles or their solutions occurs once open and on use between different patients. Methods Consecutive samples were taken each time a chlorhexidine bottle was used over a 7-day study period. Samples were tested using blood culture, agar plate and mass spectrometry. Results No growth was observed in 52 samples taken from 18 bottles inoculated into blood culture bottles. Four growths on agar plate culture were determined to be contaminants from the sampling process. Conclusions This study supports the use of multiple-use bottled chlorhexidine solutions as safe and cost-effective in surgical practice.
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Wen Zhen, Lim, Quoc B. Thai, Thanh X. Nguyen, Duyen K. Le, Jason Kai Wei Lee, Yee Qing Xiang, and Hai M. Duong. "Recycled Cellulose Aerogels from Paper Waste for a Heat Insulation Design of Canteen Bottles." Fluids 4, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4030174.
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Exercising in a tropical climate with constant high temperatures and high humidity increases the risk of heatstroke for active people who frequently train outdoors. For these active persons, a cooling source of water nearby can be essential, and this is usually carried in canteen bottles. However, commercially available water canteen bottles have limited thermal insulation capability to keep the liquid content cooled for the required period. This work proposed an engineering solution to enhance the heat insulation performance of water canteen bottles, using recycled cellulose aerogels made from paper waste for the first time as an insulating layer. Recycled cellulose aerogels wrapped around the water canteen bottle provides excellent thermal insulation performance, while not adding significant weight to the bottle. The temperature of the ice slurry in the canteen bottle was measured periodically over four hours with a mercury thermometer. The effects of the static and dynamic conditions on the temperature rate were also quantified. A 1.5 cm thickness of 1.0 wt.% recycled cellulose aerogel wrapped around the canteen bottle can provide an excellent thermal insulation performance with the lowest rise in temperature, achieving a low final temperature of the ice slurry content of 3.5 °C after 4 h. This result is much better than that provided by available commercial bottles under the same conditions.
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Bereciartua-Perez, Arantza, Gorka Duro, Jone Echazarra, Francico Javier González, Alberto Serrano, and Liher Irizar. "Deep Learning-Based Method for Accurate Real-Time Seed Detection in Glass Bottle Manufacturing." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 11192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111192.
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Glass bottle-manufacturing companies produce bottles of different colors, shapes and sizes. One identified problem is that seeds appear in the bottle mainly due to the temperature and parameters of the oven. This paper presents a new system capable of detecting seeds of 0.1 mm2 in size in glass bottles as they are being manufactured, 24 h per day and 7 days per week. The bottles move along the conveyor belt at 50 m/min, at a production rate of 250 bottles/min. This new proposed method includes deep learning-based artificial intelligence techniques and classical image processing on images acquired with a high-speed line camera. The algorithm comprises three stages. First, the bottle is identified in the input image. Next, an algorithm based in thresholding and morphological operations is applied on this bottle region to locate potential candidates for seeds. Finally, a deep learning-based model can classify whether the proposed candidates are real seeds or not. This method manages to filter out most of false positives due to stains in the glass surface, while no real seeds are lost. The F1 achieved is 0.97. This method reveals the advantages of deep learning techniques for problems where classical image processing algorithms are not sufficient.
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Hamad, D., M. Betrouni, P. Biela, and J. G. Postaire. "Neural Networks Inspection System for Glass Bottles Production." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 12, no. 04 (June 1998): 505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001498000324.
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This paper describes a vision system that detects cracks in glass bottles production. The first step consists in collecting prototypes of bottles with and without defects. A sequence of 16 images is captured by a matrix camera while each bottle rotates in front of a specific lighting system. The second step is concerned with morphometric and photometric features extraction. The subsequent decision step is performed by different neural networks, such as MLP, RBF, PNN and LVQ. Finally, performances of these networks have been compared. All the images of bottles without defects have been recognized but a few images with small cracks, which are very important defects, have not been identified. However, since each bottle is represented by a sequence of 16 images, cracks will appear in at least three or four images, so that a defective bottle can be detected at least one time through the sequence. Therefore the decision system recognizes good and defective bottles with a very high rate of success.
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Dearden, James A., Xiaohui Guo, and Chad D. Meyerhoefer. "Restaurant Wines: Bottle Margins and the By-the-Glass Option." Journal of Wine Economics 16, no. 3 (August 2021): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2021.25.
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AbstractUsing a sample of New York City restaurants, we examine the relationship between a wine's bottle margin and whether the restaurant offers that same wine by the glass. We find that restaurants offer less expensive wines by the glass but set higher margins on these bottles than for similar wines offered only in bottles. Overall, offering wine by the glass is associated with a 5.0% increase in the bottle price and a 12.2% increase in the bottle margin. We find similar results for retail and wholesale markups of wine bottles. Our results offer evidence that settles a theoretical ambiguity in the menu-pricing literature (Anderson and Dana, 2009) about whether to raise or lower the price of a high-quantity package when introducing a low-quantity package of a good, as it applies to restaurant wine pricing. (JEL Classifications: L11, L83)
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Jenik, Alejandro, Carlos Fustiñana, Maritza Marquez, David Mage, Gloria Fernandez, and Gonzalo Mariani. "A New Bottle Design Decreases Hypoxemic Episodes during Feeding in Preterm Infants." International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/531608.
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Oxygen saturation is lower during bottle feeding than during breastfeeding in preterm infants. Our objective was to compare two different bottle systems in healthy preterm infants before discharge in terms of SpO2and oral feeding efficiency (rate of milk intake). Infants without supplement oxygen needs were evaluated twice on the same day during two consecutive feeds, by the same nurse. Infants served as their own controls for comparison of two systems of bottles, the order of which was randomized. The new bottle's nipple design mimics mom's breast in shape and feel, and the bottle vents to air when the child sucks on the nipple. The other system was the hospital's standard plastic bottle with silicone nipple. The rate of milk intake was calculated as the total volume transferred minus volume lost divided by time of feeding, mL/min. Thirty-four infants (BW:1,163±479.1 g) were studied at35.4±1.3weeks after-conception. SpO2was significantly higher in infants fed with the new bottle design. Milk intake rate was significantly higher with the new bottle than with the standard bottle design. The new bottle design improves oral feeding performance in preterm infants near to discharge when compared to that of a standard bottle.
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Wogalter, Michael S., Amy Barlow Magurno, Kevin L. Scott, and David A. Dietrich. "Facilitating Information Acquisition for Over-the-Counter Drugs using Supplemental Labels." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 14 (October 1996): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001403.
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This study examined the effect of the presence and color of a supplemental cap label on medication information acquisition and container preference. Participants were 75 elders from a retirement community who were asked to examine one of five manipulated labels on a fictitious but realistic-appearing over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceutical product container and then to respond to questions concerning their knowledge about the medication. Later they were shown all five manipulated bottle labels and asked which they preferred in effectively communicating medication information. The five bottles differed in the use of labeled surface area and color. Two bottles, displaying labels only on the body of the bottle, served as controls. One control had only a front label, and the other control was conventionally labeled with printed information on the front, back and sides of the bottle. The three other bottles were identical to the conventionally labeled control bottle except they included a supplemental cap label that reprinted the most critical product-use information in large type on three different colored backgrounds. The results showed greater medication-related knowledge for the bottles with supplemental cap labels compared to bottles without the supplemental cap label, with no significant difference among the different colored caps. Participants indicated a strong preference for the bottles with supplemental cap labels over the two control bottles. A distinctive cap color (different from the main label color) was most preferred. Making use of extended surface areas on medication containers to print important information in a more noticeable, legible form benefits elders' knowledge about proper use and hazards.
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Ali Fahad Fahem. "A STUDY FOR CONVERSION OF MECHANICAL CONTROL SYSTEM TO ELECTRICAL CONTROL SYSTEM." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2012.05108.
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This paper study the conversion of the mechannical control system to electrical control system for the softdrink machine which use gears as timers in the process of counting the number of the bottles and in the process of controlling the level of the softdrink in the bottle. The electricl control system use electronical components such as integrate circuits (counters , timers , LCD display ) , using the counter to count the number of the bottles with the use of the photosensor ( in our paper counting every four bottles )and adjusting the level of the fluid by one of the following methods. The first method of controling the level of the liquid is by the timer which is fixed at time which is required to fill the bottle to the adequate level and it is adjustable according to the volume of the bottle. The Second method for conteroling the level of the liquid is the ultrasonic device which use the ultrasonic sensor to control the level of the fluid and it is adjustable according to the distance between the sensor and the bottle. The results of the electrical and mechanical models achived the satisfication results
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Gómez-Carmona, Diego, Serafín Cruces-Montes, Pedro Pablo Marín-Dueñas, César Serrano-Domínguez, Alberto Paramio, and Antonio Zayas García. "Do You See It Clearly? The Effect of Packaging and Label Format on Google Ads." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1648–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16050093.
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The nature of e-commerce prevents the perception of the intrinsic and sensory attributes of wine. In the virtual environment, visual cues allow consumers to perceive the product, determine their attitude and form a preference. Users will choose one product or another based on the visual appeal of the advertisements they have seen. Wine marketers must consider the importance of the advertisement elements and attract the consumer’s attention. Optimizing the elements included in these messages can help capture consumers’ attention and achieve a higher click-through rate on the ads. The main objective of this work is to analyse the awareness that different advertisements achieve. Specifically, we use a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design where we manipulate the packaging format (single bottle vs. pack), labelling (bottle without label vs. labelled bottle) for wine ads (white and red). To analyse attention, we used an eye-tracking methodology. The main results suggest that attention is captured more quickly with an individual bottle without a label than with a particular bottle with a label in Google ads. However, ads showing packs of bottles with labels get more attention than ads using packs of bottles without labels.
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Kim, S. L. "Effect of equilibration time on the properties of reheat blown 2L pet bottles." Journal of Polymer Engineering 5, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-1985-0203.
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Abstract Thermal gradients in the walls of polyester parisons play a major role in determining the morphology and superstructure in the walls of the stretch blow molded bottles. This is associated with both the variation in material characteristics with temperature and the greater stretch ratios on the inner surface of the bottle. The influence of thermal equilibration time following a constant preheating period on bottle appearance, void content, oxygen permeability and other bottle characteristics was studied.
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Guiso, Antonio, Alessandro Parenti, Piernicola Masella, Lorenzo Guerrini, Fabio Baldi, and Paolo Spugnoli. "Environmental impact assessment of three packages for high-quality extra-virgin olive oil." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.515.
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Life cycle assessments of food packaging technologies have shown that they contribute considerably to the environmental impact of products. This study analyses the life cycle impact of three packaging solutions for high-quality extra-virgin olive oil. Two of them are widely used solutions, namely tin plated cans and dimmed glass bottles. The third one is a stainless steel bottle, which has been proposed recently. The analysis was performed with a cradle to grave approach and it takes into account raw materials extraction and processing, packaging production processes and several end-of-life scenarios. Impacts due to distribution were considered separately to assess uncertainties due to distribution distances. The results show that, for same sizes, dimmed glass bottles have the lowest overall impact value for all the six indicators selected except for ozone layer depletion, whereas stainless steel bottles have the highest impact values for all the other indicators. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine how impact varies in function of distance and packaging weight. It shows that it is possible to set a breakeven point over which the impact of glass overcomes the one of the other packaging systems. Packaging shows a significant contribution to impact of bottled oil. For small packaging, such as a 0.100 L stainless steel bottle, this contribution can be as relevant as 60% of the overall global warming potential.
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Cantu, Annegret, Jillian Guernsey, Mauri Anderson, Shelley Blozis, Rebecca Bleibaum, Danielle Cyrot, and Andrew L. Waterhouse. "Wine Closure Performance of Three Common Closure Types: Chemical and Sensory Impact on a Sauvignon Blanc Wine." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 5881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185881.
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A Napa Valley Sauvignon blanc wine was bottled with 200 each of a natural cork, a screw cap, and a synthetic cork. As browning is an index for wine oxidation, we assessed the brown color of each bottle with a spectrophotometer over 30 months. A random-effects regression model for longitudinal data on all bottles and closure groups found a browning growth trajectory for each closure group. Changes in the wine’s browning behavior at 18 months and 30 months showed that the browning of the wine bottles appeared to slow down later in the storage period, especially for natural corks. The between-bottle variation was the highest for the natural cork. At 30 months, we separated the bottles by the extent of browning and samples were pulled from the high, mid, and low levels of browning levels for each closure. The degree of browning is inversely correlated with free SO2 levels ranging from 5 to 12 mg/L. However, a Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA™) sensory panel could not detect any difference in their aroma and flavor profile between closure types regardless of browning level. Even low levels of free SO2 retain protection against strong oxidation aromas, and visual browning detected by spectrophotometer seemed to precede oxidative aroma and flavor changes of the aging Sauvignon blanc.
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Niyomukiza, J. B., A. Bitekateko, J. Nsemerirwe, B. Kawiso, and M. Kiwanuka. "Investigating the effect of PET plastic bottle strips on the strength and compressibility properties of clayey soil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012021.
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Abstract The production of plastic bottles by the manufacturing industry has increased drastically over the last six decades across the globe. This rapid production has led to the generation of many waste plastic bottles, thus causing environmental pollution. About 180 tonnes of plastics are generated daily in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, and around 50% is dumped into the Kiteezi landfill. Instead of putting pressure on the landfill, these plastic bottle wastes could be reused in stabilizing soils with poor engineering properties. The current study investigates the engineering properties of clayey soil reinforced with Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the geotechnical and engineering properties of the soil reinforced with waste plastic bottle strips at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of the dry unit weight of the soil and non-stabilized soil were determined by conducting laboratory tests, such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction test and California Bearing Ratio. The results revealed that the California Bearing Ratio of the soil reinforced with Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips increased with the increase in the percentage of Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips up to 0.3%. Beyond 0.3%, a drop in California Bearing Ratio was observed. It indicates that 0.3% Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips is the optimum percentage for stabilizing low plasticity clayey soils.
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Nugroho, Danang Adi, Arief Goeritno, and Anang Dwi Purnomo. "Sistem Tertanam Berbasis PLC pada Simulator Pemberian Label dan Pemisahan Botol." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 5, no. 5 (October 24, 2021): 884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v5i5.3455.
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Utilization of photoelectric and fiberoptic sensors equipped with a number of actuators have been integrated into an embedded system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC). The labeling mechanism is based on the detection of the photoelectric sensor due to the photoelectric effect, while the bottle separation process is based on the detection of the fiberoptic sensor for two different colors. The objectives of this research includes three things, namely (i) produce a simulator controlled by a PLC system with assisted the help of sensors and actuators, (ii) create a ladder-based program structure, and (iii) measure the performance of the embedded system based on the performance of sensors and actuators. The research methods are conducted based on the research objectives through three stages, namely (i) the assembly of the conveyor frame, installation of the entire device, and integrated wiring; (ii) providing a 64-bit CX-Programmer, determining algorithms, compiling ladder, and compiling and uploading the entire program structure; and (iii) synchronization conditions and readings of on-board sensors for activation of all devices in the output line, and measurement of the processing time of stamping and bottle separation assisted by a pneumatic system. The results of the system performance during the labeling process for green and red bottles were fifteen times each, as was the case with the bottle separation process for green and red bottles, fifteen times each. The performance of the system is based on the success rate during the labeling process of 100%, while the success rate during the bottle separation process is 73.33%. The unsuccessful separation of bottles by 26.67% occurred in green bottles. The general conclusion is that a fabricated embedded system can be used as a simulator for a mechanical system of labeling and separating bottles based on bottle color.
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Muhamad, N. F. H., F. Hussin, and N. Arifin. "Effect of packaging materials and storage time on anthocyanins stability of red cabbage-roselle mixed drink." Food Research 6, Supplementary 2 (February 10, 2023): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(s2).030.
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This study aimed to investigate the effect of different packaging materials on anthocyanins' stability of red cabbage-roselle mixed drink during 6-month storage. The mixed drink was pasteurised and hot-filled into three different packaging materials, i.e., transparent glass bottle, beverage metal can, and polypropylene (PP) bottle, then stored at ambient temperature (29±2°C). During storage, packaging materials and storage time significantly affect the anthocyanin content, colour density, and polymeric colour percentage of red cabbage-roselle mixed drink packed in a glass bottle, can, and PP bottle. Polymeric colour percentage and degradation index of red cabbage-roselle mixed drink were found to increase significantly during storage at the ambient temperature, whereas total anthocyanin content and colour density decreased significantly irrespective of packaging materials used. The correlation analysis reveals that total anthocyanin content has a significant positive correlation with colour density but negatively correlates with polymeric colour percentage and degradation index regardless of packaging materials used. The total anthocyanin content decreases significantly irrespective of the packaging materials used. The mixed drink in glass bottles significantly (p<0.05) has the highest retention of anthocyanins content, followed by mixed drinks stored in cans and PP bottles. Therefore, glass bottles should be chosen as the most suitable packaging material to store the mixed drink, followed by cans and PP bottles as glass bottles provide better stability of anthocyanins for a red cabbage-roselle mixed drink.
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dos Santos, Ana M. P., Daniel C. Lima, Robson M. de Jesus, and Sergio L. C. Ferreira. "Homogeneity and Stability Studies During the Preparation of a Laboratory Reference Material of Soy Leaves for the Determination of Metals." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 1906–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.10-303.
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Abstract The homogeneity and stability of metals were tested in a candidate laboratory reference material of soy leaves. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was used to quantify calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and vanadium. A 6 kg amount of the material, which was dried, ground, and classified as mesh 60, was distributed among 100 bottles. The between-bottle homogeneity test was established by analyzing two subsamples from nine bottles. For the within-bottle test, five determinations of each element of a single bottle were performed. The stability test was performed at temperatures of –10, +27, and +40°C, and after storage times of 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. The obtained results indicated that the material was homogeneous and stable under the conditions studied.
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Putri, Arinda Soraya, and Bagus Imron Rosydi. "Analysis of raw material inventory for insecticide packaging bottle with material requirement planning: a case study." Jurnal Sistem dan Manajemen Industri 4, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/jsmi.v4i2.2765.
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PT. Agricon mostly produces 1L package (bottle) pesticides named Spontan insecticide. This study was conducted to analyze and determine the stock inventory of 1L bottles for determining an effective ordering schedule based on the calculation of safety stock and reorder points to optimize planning and inventory. Material Requirement Planning (MRP) method used to determine the effective scheduling of 1L bottle products. Material Requirement Planning is one method used to determine scheduling with advantages such as reducing inventory, reducing set up costs, and reducing idle time. The proposed order scheme for ordering 1L insecticide packaging bottle improve the company on reducing the frequency for ordering bottles from 7 times to 5 times and inventory is more stable and close to demand quantity
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Bradley, Robert L., G. Albright, P. Alioto, J. Deaver, R. Fleming, B. Riesterer, D. Stukenberg, W. Thompson, J. Treleven, and S. Ward. "Accuracy of Gercock™ Milkfat Test Bottles: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 5 (September 1, 1986): 831–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.5.831.
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Abstract No novel approaches to improving the accuracy of the Babcock test glassware for milkfat determination have appeared in years. Recent development of a test bottle wherein the calibrated neck of a Gerber bottle was attached to the bulb of a Babcock bottle showed promise. When the normal calibrated portion of the neck was changed from 8% to 5%, accuracy was further improved. Divisions between each percentage mark allowed 2× the accuracy in reading. Eight qualified testing laboratories collaboratively studied both 8% and 5% Gercock milkfat test bottles, using the AOAC method 16.065. Results were similar to those obtained by the Mojonnier method. Standard deviations were smaller among laboratories when the 5 % Gercock test bottle was used. Use of the 5% Gercock bottle has been adopted official first action as an addition in 16.065.
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Wawrzyniak, Paweł, and Waldemar Karaszewski. "Blowing Kinetics, Pressure Resistance, Thermal Stability, and Relaxation of the Amorphous Phase of the PET Container in the SBM Process with Hot and Cold Mold. Part I: Research Methodology and Results." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081749.
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The technology of filling drinks without preservatives (such as fresh juices, iced tea drinks, vitaminized drinks) is carried out using hot filling. Mainly due to the production costs and lower carbon footprint, polyethylene terephthalate bottles, commonly called PET, are increasingly used in this technology. In this paper, the main aim is to describe the statistical analysis methodology of the influence of the temperature of the blow mold in the SBM process and the method of hot filling on the macroscopic and microscopic bottle properties. The macroscopic bottle properties were defined by the thickness profile, pressure resistance, thermal stability, and the coefficients of blowing kinetics. Moreover, the influence of the SBM (stretch blow moulding) process on the microscopic PET material properties (in the bottle) relative to the microscopic preform properties was analyzed. The microscopic properties were defined by the degree of crystallite, density, and relaxation of the amorphous phase of the PET material. For this purpose, response surface experiments were performed for the two analyzed factors (independent variables), i.e., the temperature of the blow mold and the method of hot filling. The sample size was investigated to determine the minimum number of repetitions (number of bottles in the measurement series) required to achieve acceptable measurement uncertainty. The research conducted shows that despite fulfilling the postulate of acceptable measurement uncertainty, in terms of the power of ANOVA (analysis of variance) in DOE (design of experiment) the accepted number of bottles in the measurement series is too small. The tests of the bottle material density, material crystallite, and relaxation of amorphous phase relative to the preform material density, material crystallite, and relaxation of amorphous phase show that the microcavity effects occur during the deformation of the PET material, and that these are associated with the orientation of the microstructure. The blow kinetics study shows that there is a gradient of flow of the bottle material over the thickness of the bottle wall during blowing, and it has been deduced that the air temperature between the blow mold and the wall of the blown bottle has an impact on the kinetics of blowing the bottle.
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Wawrzyniak, Paweł, and Waldemar Karaszewski. "Blowing Kinetics, Pressure Resistance, Thermal Stability, and Relaxation of the Amorphous Phase of the PET Container in the SBM Process with Hot and Cold Mold. Part II: Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Tests." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081761.
Full textAbstract:
The technology of filling drinks without preservatives (such as fresh juices, iced tea drinks, and vitaminized drinks) is carried out using hot filling. Mainly due to the production costs and lower carbon footprint, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are increasingly used in this technology. In this paper, the main aim is to describe and interpret the results of statistical analysis of the influence of the temperature of the blow mold in the SBM (stretch blow molding) process and the method of hot filling on the macroscopic and microscopic bottle properties. The macroscopic bottle properties were defined by the thickness profile, pressure resistance, thermal stability, and the coefficients of blowing kinetics. In addition, the influence of the SBM process on the microscopic PET material properties (in the bottle) relative to the microscopic preform properties was analyzed. The microscopic properties were defined by the degree of crystallite, density, and relaxation of the amorphous phase of the PET material. For this purpose, response surface experiments were performed for the two analyzed factors, i.e., the temperature of the blow mold and the method of hot filling. The sample size was investigated to determine the minimum number of repetitions (number of bottles in the measurement series) required to achieve acceptable measurement uncertainty. The research conducted shows that, despite fulfilling the postulate of acceptable measurement uncertainty, in terms of the power of ANOVA (analysis of variance) in DOE (design of experiment), the accepted number of bottles in the measurement series is too small. The tests of the bottle material density, material crystallite, and relaxation of amorphous phase relative to the preform material density, material crystallite, and relaxation of amorphous phase show that microcavity effects occur during the deformation of the PET material, and that these are associated with the orientation of the microstructure. The blow kinetics study shows that there is a gradient of flow of the bottle material over the thickness of the bottle wall during blowing, and it has been deduced that the air temperature between the blow mold and the wall of the blown bottle has an impact on the kinetics of blowing the bottle.