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1
Leban, JM, and G. Duchanois. "SIMQUA : un logiciel de simulation de la qualité du bois." Annales des Sciences Forestières 47, no. 5 (1990): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:19900506.
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Tindale, Christopher W. "Perelman, Informal Logic and the Historicity of Reason." Informal Logic 26, no. 3 (February 28, 2008): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v26i3.457.
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In a posthumous paper, Perelman discusses his decision to bring his theory of argumentation together with rhetoric rather than calling it an informal logic. This is due in part because of the centrality he gives to audience, and in part because of the negative attitude that informal logicians have to rhetoric. In this paper, I explore both of these concerns by way of considering what benefits Perelman’s work can have for informal logic, and what insights the work of informal logicians might bring to the project of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca.
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Turner, Ray. "A theory of properties." Journal of Symbolic Logic 52, no. 2 (June 1987): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274394.
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Frege's attempts to formulate a theory of properties to serve as a foundation for logic, mathematics and semantics all dissolved under the weight of the logicial paradoxes. The language of Frege's theory permitted the representation of the property which holds of everything which does not hold of itself. Minimal logic, plus Frege's principle of abstraction, leads immediately to a contradiction. The subsequent history of foundational studies was dominated by attempts to formulate theories of properties and sets which would not succumb to the Russell argument. Among such are Russell's simple theory of types and the development of various iterative conceptions of set. All of these theories ban, in one way or another, the self-reference responsible for the paradoxes; in this sense they are all “typed” theories. The semantical paradoxes, involving the concept of truth, induced similar nightmares among philosophers and logicians involved in semantic theory. The early work of Tarski demonstrated that no language that contained enough formal machinery to respresent the various versions of the Liar could contain a truth-predicate satisfying all the Tarski biconditionals. However, recent work in both disciplines has led to a re-evaluation of the limitations imposed by the paradoxes.In the foundations of set theory, the work of Gilmore [1974], Feferman [1975], [1979], [1984], and Aczel [1980] has clearly demonstrated that elegant and useful type-free theories of classes are feasible. Work on the semantic paradoxes was given new life by Kripke's contribution (Kripke [1975]). This inspired the recent work of Gupta [1982] and Herzberger [1982]. These papers demonstrate that much room is available for the development of theories of truth which meet almost all of Tarski's desiderata.
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Babatoundé, IDRISSOU Akim, GUEDENON D. Janvier, NOBIME Georges, and GIBIGAYE S. Moussa. "Etat Des Lieux De La Production De Sculptures Sur Bois Dans L’Atlantique Et Du Littoral Au Sud Du Benin." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 38, no. 2 (May 30, 2023): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v38.2.5344.
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La sculpture sur bois est une activité artisanale qui se pratique dans certaines localités des départements de l’Atlantique et du Littoral au sud du Bénin. Son exercice, bien que pénible, continue de mobiliser quelques rares artisans passionnés. Malgré que cette activité soit progressivement délaissée, ses productions sont cependant d’un attrait pour les touristes. Pour la sauvegarde de cette activité, cette étude a visé à réaliser un état des lieux de sa pratique dans ces deux départements.L’approche méthodologique adoptée est axée sur la recherche documentaire, la collecte des données, leur traitement et l’analyse des résultats. La méthode de la boule de neige a permis d’enquêter 19 sculpteurs du bois de la zone d’étude. Les logiciels Excel, Sphinx Plus2 ont aidé au traitement des données.Les résultats obtenus de l’étude montrent que la sculpture sur bois continue à être pratiquée dans les départements de l’Atlantique et du Littoral. L’activité est favorisée par plusieurs facteurs. Il existe plusieurs espèces ligneuses permettant de disposer de bois variés. Ces départements disposent aussi d’une ressource humaine de qualité et d’expérience dans la sculpture du bois. Au plan technique et organisationnel, la mise en place par l’Etat du Fonds de Développement de l’Artisanat et l’institution du Certificat de Qualification aux Métiers (CQM) pour les artisans des différents corps de métiers en fin de formation au Bénin sont aussi d’un atout capital.
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Trébuchon, Jean-François. "Bois et Forêts des Tropiques évolue en partenariat avec la recherche au Sud." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 343 (April 7, 2020): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.343.a31854.
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Depuis fin 2018, le fonctionnement de la revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques a évolué.
En remplacement de Jacques Tassin, Jean-François Trébuchon a pris la suite des opérations en tant que rédacteur en chef et coordinateur éditorial.
Une équipe de rédaction a été constituée, incluant six rédacteurs scientifiques : Kévin Candelier, Antoine Galiana, Laurent Gazull, Valéry Gond, Jean Gérard et Jacques Tassin. Leur mission consiste à examiner le fond scientifique des manuscrits soumis, à piloter leur évaluation en double-aveugle avec l’aide de relecteurs internationaux du Nord et du Sud, et à accompagner les auteurs dans la rédaction finale lorsque l’article est retenu comme publiable.
Le processus d’évaluation des manuscrits s’articule donc en trois temps : (i) avis du comité de rédaction sur la recevabilité du dossier de soumission vis-à-vis de la ligne éditoriale et de la note aux auteurs, (ii) pilotage de l’évaluation, de manière constructive et bienveillante, conduite en double-aveugle par les pairs, et (iii) vérification de la prise en compte des recommandations des pairs et accompagnement à la rédaction avant mise en édition et publication.
Fin 2019, le Comité éditorial a été renouvelé. Il rassemble une trentaine de chercheurs internationaux, référents de renom, intervenant dans les zones tropicales et méditerranéennes, et affiliés à des universités ou des centres de recherche internationaux. Une nouvelle fois, ce comité associe des chercheurs du Nord et du Sud, jeunes ou confirmés, selon une parité du genre et un équilibre des continents. Leur engagement est de trois années et court de 2020 à 2022. Leur mission est (i) de veiller à la qualité du contenu de la revue, en lien avec les évolutions thématiques des recherches sur l’environnement de la forêt, de l’arbre et du bois, (ii) d’assurer ponctuellement le rôle de relecteur ou de suggérer d’autres relecteurs, et (iii) bien entendu de proposer des manuscrits, en tant que co-auteur ou simple « rabatteur ».
Pour le respect des exigences éthiques et déontologiques inhérentes aux pratiques de recherche, la revue s’est dotée d’un logiciel de reconnaissance et d’analyse de plagiat et d’auto-plagiat. L’outil épaule l’équipe éditoriale pour émettre un premier avis sur le manuscrit.
Afin de favoriser le libre accès aux publications, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques a substitué la licence CC-BY à la licence Creative Commons, offrant ainsi une grande liberté dans la réutilisation des manuscrits publiés. La préservation du droit d’auteur et du copyright, dans le respect des auteurs et de la revue, n’en est pas moins garantie.
Pour faciliter l’accès et le repérage pour les auteurs et les lecteurs, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques a également fait évoluer le logiciel gérant le site web et la soumission d’articles en ligne, tout en maintenant son référencement dans les bases de données bibliographiques internationales.
Enfin, notre revue reste gratuite, en accès libre et soutenue financièrement par le Cirad, conformément au mandat de partenariat porté par l’institution, au service de la publication de travaux de recherche assurés dans le domaine des sciences forestières, en soutien et en coopération avec la recherche au Sud. Publiée en français ou en anglais, elle demeure un tremplin pour les jeunes chercheurs et les chercheurs chevronnés œuvrant dans l’univers de la recherche appliquée.
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Searle, John R. "The Structure and Functions of Language." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0001.
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Abstract This paper will discuss the nature of language. I find the present state of the subject, the Philosophy of Language, and the present state of Lin- guistics to be both, for different reasons, unsatisfactory. The problem with the Philosophy of Language is that its practitioners tend to lose sight of the psy- chological reality of language, i.e. of speaking and writing. Historically this is because the Philosophy of Language began with Frege’s logic and has continued to the present day to be heavily influenced by considerations of formal logic. Logicians need not be interested in the psychological reality of logical systems. Frege’s logical system is much more powerful than Aristotle’s, but for all I know Aristotle may be closer to the way people actually think. It does not matter to logicians.
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Rohrbacher, Bernhard. "JEWISH LAW AND MEDIEVAL LOGIC: WHY EATING HORSE MEAT IS A PUNISHABLE OFFENSE." Journal of Law and Religion 30, no. 2 (June 2015): 295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2015.18.
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AbstractThis article presents a case study of the influence of Muslim and Christian logicians on medieval Jewish law. The case in question is why it is a punishable offense for Jews to eat mammals that do not have either sign of purity—that is, neither have split hooves nor chew their cud—and the article examines the answers given by three medieval Jewish sages: Rashi, Maimonides, and Naḥmanides. The Written Law of the Torah explicitly allows the consumption of mammals, such as cattle, with both signs of purity. It also explicitly prohibits the eating of mammals, such as camels or pigs, with one sign but not the other. It does not, however, appear to explicitly prohibit the consumption of mammals, such as horses, with neither sign. Using a fortiori logic, Rashi derives a punishable prohibition against eating horses from the prohibition against eating camels and pigs. Maimonides ascribes this prohibition to the Oral Law of the Talmud. Naḥmanides, by contrast, attributes it directly to the Written Law without relying on either a fortiori logic or the Oral Law. This article argues that this solution was available to Naḥmanides because he adopted inclusive disjunction from Christian logicians, but it was not available to Maimonides because he adopted exclusive disjunction from Muslim logicians. The choice between inclusive and exclusive disjunction is shown to continue to be of importance in modern American law.
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Gellot, François, Stéphane Lecasse, Bernard Riera, and Alexandre Philippot. "Retour d’expérience sur l’utilisation d’un jumeau numérique pour l’enseignement de l’automatisme." J3eA 22 (2023): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/j3ea/20231024.
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Dans le cadre d’un enseignement progressif de l’automatisme, nous verrons dans cet article qu’il est intéressant d’utiliser un jumeau numérique d’un système réel pour aller vers la programmation de systèmes complexes industriels. Nous utilisons pour cela trois logiciels Siemens communiquant ensemble à savoir NX MCD, pour le jumeau numérique, PLC SIM Advanced pour le simulateur d’automate et TIA Portal pour la partie programmation. Les TP utilisant le jumeau numérique pour réaliser la commande d’un poste de notre cellule flexible ayant été réalisés par deux profils d’élèves ingénieurs en apprentissage de niveau bac+4, un questionnaire leur a été soumis afin de récupérer leur retour et leur perception du jumeau numérique. Globalement les retours sont bons même s’il faut distinguer dans l‘analyse du questionnaire les profils automaticiens, des profils plus maintenance.
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Nubiola, Jaime. "Juan Luis Vives y Charles S. Peirce." Anuario Filosófico 26, no. 1 (October 4, 2018): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/009.26.29938.
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Connections between J.L. Vives and C.S. Peirce are shown. Not only is reflection on language and meaning central in both thinkers, but Peirce also knew Vives' thought especially through W. Hamilton and the Scottish common sense school. Peirce credited Vives with being a forerunner of the use of diagrams in logic, and both share a critical view of late medieval nominalistic logicians and a social and hierarchical conception of knowledge.
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Waheed, Salma, Moyun Wang, Abdul Waheed, and Sana Habib. "Truth Logic of Modalities Consistent and Incompatible: A Computational Program and Experimental Studies among College Students." American Journal of Human Psychology 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajhp.v1i1.1906.
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College students give true judgment routinely, logicians can infer modal inferences, i.e., inferences that concern three alethic modalities; necessary (⸧), possible (◊), and impossible (⟢) from the premises that are logically consistent and incompatible. To achieve the desired results, logicians have intermingled alethic modalities with logical consistency and incompatibility, i.e., necessary consistent, impossible incompatible, possible consistent, or possible incompatible, and write them in classical modal logic as ⸧C (necessary consistent), ◊C (possible consistent) or ◊I (possibly incompatible) and ⟢I (impossible incompatible). M paradigm [Modality, Mental logic theory (MLT), and Mental model theory (MMT)] have been built to enlighten this truth logic. The basic idea of this study is to examine the theory; how do students judge whether two or more different propositions are possible? and, whether their judgment is true. Truth logic is used to construct some principles that help to justify the above theory. First, inferences have either ◊C/ ◊I or ⸧C but assertions are consistent. Second, each ◊C/ ◊I inference and premise is evaluated for both single and double model assertions, and they have consistency (i.e., ⸧C/◊C) and incompatibility (i.e., ◊I or ⟢I). As logicians have predicted, students mostly endorse inferences as ◊C/ ◊I rather than ⸧C and the ⟢I rate is higher in multi-model assertions. Syllogistic logical reasoning with conditionals (if, then...), conjunctions (and), disjunctions (or), and quantifiers “all” and “some” have been used in the M paradigm to evaluate predictions. Moreover, a computational program and experimental studies have strongly supported the all given principles and predictions.
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Waheed, Salma, Moyun Wang, Abdul Waheed, and Sana Habib. "Truth Logic of Modalities Consistent and Incompatible: A Computational Program and Experimental Studies among College Students." Journal of Tertiary Education and Learning 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/jtel.v1i2.2008.
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College students give true judgment routinely, logicians can infer modal inferences, i.e., inferences that concern three alethic modalities; necessary (⸧), possible (◊), and impossible (⟢) from the premises that are logically consistent and incompatible. To achieve the desired results, logicians have intermingled alethic modalities with logical consistency and incompatibility, i.e., necessary consistent, impossible incompatible, possible consistent, or possible incompatible, and write them in classical modal logic as ⸧C (necessary consistent), ◊C (possible consistent) or ◊I (possibly incompatible) and ⟢I (impossible incompatible). M paradigm [Modality, Mental logic theory (MLT), and Mental model theory (MMT)] have been built to enlighten this truth logic. The basic idea of this study is to examine the theory; how do students judge whether two or more different propositions are possible? and, whether their judgment is true. Truth logic is used to construct some principles that help to justify the above theory. First, inferences have either ◊C/ ◊I or ⸧C but assertions are consistent. Second, each ◊C/ ◊I inference and premise is evaluated for both single and double model assertions, and they have consistency (i.e., ⸧C/◊C) and incompatibility (i.e., ◊I or ⟢I). As logicians have predicted, students mostly endorse inferences as ◊C/ ◊I rather than ⸧C and the ⟢I rate is higher in multi-model assertions. Syllogistic logical reasoning with conditionals (if, then...), conjunctions (and), disjunctions (or), and quantifiers “all” and “some” have been used in the M paradigm to evaluate predictions. Moreover, a computational program and experimental studies have strongly supported the all given principles and predictions.
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Savadogo, Salfo, Amadé Ouédraogo, and Adjima Thiombiano. "Perceptions, mode de gestion et végétation des bois sacrés au nord du Burkina Faso." Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 13 (January 1, 2010): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/fvss.13.11.
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L’étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la valorisation des bois sacrés dans un contexte de conservation de la biodiversité, elle a pour objectifs de recenser les différents bois sacrés au nord du Burkina Faso, d’évaluer leur richesse floristique et d’appréhender leurs mécanismes de gestion par les populations locales. Des prospections ont été conduites sur l’ensemble de la zone d’étude en vue de recenser les bois sacrés. Dans chaque localité des enquêtes ont été conduites auprès des populations directement ou indirectement impliquées dans la gestion de ces formations. Des relevés phytosociologiques ont été réalisés dans les différentes formations végétales (bois sacrés et formations adjacentes) suivant la méthode Braun-Blanquet (1932) sur des placeaux de 1000 m2 et de 100 m2 respectivement pour les ligneux et les herbacées, en vue de déterminer les différentes phytocoenoses. 190 bois sacrés ont été recensés dont 35 ont fait l’objet d’inventaires phytosociologiques. 35 formations adjacentes ont également fait l’objet d’inventaires afin de mieux apprécier l’importance des bois sacrés dans la conservation des espèces. Le traitement des données phytosociologiques s’est effectué sur la base de 162 relevés, au moyen du logiciel CAP (Community Analysis Package). Les résultats ont révélé que les systèmes de gestion des ressources naturelles dans les bois sacrés sont basés sur des règles et des principes traditionnels. Ces bois sont pour la plupart des cimetières (50% du total), fétiches (17% du total) et fétiche-cimetières (27% du total). Le traitement des données phytosociologiques a permis de discriminer 11 groupements végétaux dont 05 pour la strate ligneuse et 06 pour la strate herbacée. Les relevés de 7 groupements ont été réalisés dans les bois sacrés et ceux de 4 groupements hors des bois sacrés. L’analyse de la richesse floristique d’ensemble (bois sacrés et environs) des ligneux a révélé la dominance de la famille des Leguminosae-Mimosoideae (16%) et des Combretaceae (12%). La flore herbacée quant à elle est dominée par les Poaceae (24%) et les Leguminosae- Papilionoideae (12%).
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MCLARTY, COLIN. "FOUNDATIONS AS TRUTHS WHICH ORGANIZE MATHEMATICS." Review of Symbolic Logic 6, no. 1 (May 9, 2012): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020312000159.
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The article looks briefly at Feferman’s most sweeping claims about categorical foundations, focuses on narrower points raised in Berkeley, and asks some questions about Feferman’s own foundations. Among many different senses of foundations, the one that mathematics needs in practice is a recognized body of truths adequate to organize definitions and proofs. Finding concise principles of this kind has been a huge achievement by mathematicians and logicians. We put ZFC and categorical foundations both into this context.
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Campelli, Enzo. "Elogio della vaghezza Riflessione quasi epistemologica sul tempo presente." SOCIOLOGIA E RICERCA SOCIALE, no. 89 (December 2009): 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sr2009-089002.
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- Numerous forms of vagueness and indeterminateness characterize linguistic interaction of daily life, as well as conceptualization and language of the social sciences. This is a problem that logicians and philosophers of science and language have faced repeatedly, in the attempt to eliminate this undesirable trait or limit the damage caused to the achievement of truth. Endeavoring to overturn this perspective, the essay aims to show the fertility and productiveness of this insurmountable margin of vagueness, both from a point of view of scientific creation and from that of safeguarding the fundamental critical state of thought and knowledge.
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Krause, Décio. "Models and Modeling in Science: the role of metamathematics." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 26, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2022.e86052.
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The use of models of scientific theories should not be done without qualifications about the mathematics being used to build the models. This looks obvious, at least for logicians, but generally, it is not to the philosopher of science. Thus, some details about this point seem useful for both. Since any quick revision in the literature shows that in most cases, mainly after the raising of the semantic approach (to scientific theories), the models are taken to be set-theoretical structures, in discussing the issue we shall be concerned more with set theories, the locus where the play is usually developed (yet sometimes unconsciously).
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Russinoff, I. Susan. "The Syllogism's Final Solution." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 5, no. 4 (December 1999): 451–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/421118.
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In 1883, while a student of C. S. Peirce at Johns Hopkins University, Christine Ladd-Franklin published a paper titled On the Algebra of Logic, in which she develops an elegant and powerful test for the validity of syllogisms that constitutes the most significant advance in syllogistic logic in two thousand years. Sadly, her work has been all but forgotten by logicians and historians of logic. Ladd-Franklin's achievement has been overlooked, partly because it has been overshadowed by the work of other logicians of the nineteenth century renaissance in logic, but probably also because she was a woman. Though neglected, the significance of her contribution to the field of symbolic logic has not been diminished by subsequent achievements of others.In this paper, I bring to light the important work of Ladd-Franklin so that she is justly credited with having solved a problem over two millennia old. First, I give a brief survey of the history of syllogistic logic. In the second section, I discuss the logical systems called “algebras of logic”. I then outline Ladd-Franklin's algebra of logic, discussing how it differs from others, and explain her test for the validity of the syllogism, both in her symbolic language and the more familiar language of modern logic. Finally I present a rigorous proof of her theorem. Ladd-Franklin developed her algebra of logic before the methods necessary for a rigorous proof were available to her. Thus, I do now what she could not have done then.
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Kulicki, Piotr. "Aristotle’s Syllogistic as a Deductive System." Axioms 9, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms9020056.
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Aristotle’s syllogistic is the first ever deductive system. After centuries, Aristotle’s ideas are still interesting for logicians who develop Aristotle’s work and draw inspiration from his results and even more from his methods. In the paper we discuss the essential elements of the Aristotelian system of syllogistic and Łukasiewicz’s reconstruction of it based on the tools of modern formal logic. We pay special attention to the notion of completeness of a deductive system as discussed by both authors. We describe in detail how completeness can be defined and proved with the use of an axiomatic refutation system. Finally, we apply this methodology to different axiomatizations of syllogistic presented by Łukasiewicz, Lemmon and Shepherdson.
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El-Rouayheb, Khaled. "POST-AVICENNAN LOGICIANS ON THE SUBJECT MATTER OF LOGIC: SOME THIRTEENTH- AND FOURTEENTH-CENTURY DISCUSSIONS." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 22, no. 1 (February 27, 2012): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423911000105.
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AbstractIn the thirteenth century, the influential logician Afḍal al-Dīn al-Khūnajī (d. 1248) departed from the Avicennan view that the subject matter of logic is “second intentions”. For al-Khūnajī, the subject matter of logic is “the objects of conception and assent”. His departure elicited intense and sometimes abstruse discussions in the course of subsequent centuries. Prominent supporters of Khūnajī's view on the subject matter of logic included Kātibī (d. 1277), Ibn Wāṣil (d. 1298) and Taftāzānī (d. 1390). Defenders of Avicenna's view included Ṭūsī (d. 1274), Samarqandī (d. 1303) and Quṭb al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 1365). This article presents the outline of the development of this discussion down to the end of the fourteenth century and attempts to reconstruct the major arguments of both sides.
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Blackburn, Patrick, and Maarten Marx. "Constructive interpolation in hybrid logic." Journal of Symbolic Logic 68, no. 2 (June 2003): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1052669059.
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AbstractCraig's interpolation lemma (if φ → ψ is valid, then φ → θ and θ → ψ are valid, for θ a formula constructed using only primitive symbols which occur both in φ and ψ) fails for many propositional and first order modal logics. The interpolation property is often regarded as a sign of well-matched syntax and semantics. Hybrid logicians claim that modal logic is missing important syntactic machinery, namely tools for referring to worlds, and that adding such machinery solves many technical problems. The paper presents strong evidence for this claim by defining interpolation algorithms for both propositional and first order hybrid logic. These algorithms produce interpolants for the hybrid logic of every elementary class of frames satisfying the property that a frame is in the class if and only if all its point-generated subframes are in the class. In addition, on the class of all frames, the basic algorithm is conservative: on purely modal input it computes interpolants in which the hybrid syntactic machinery does not occur.
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Mok, Olivia. "Accessibility of Specialized Lexicon as Criterion for Quality Assessment of Legal Translations." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 41, no. 4 (January 1, 1995): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.41.4.02mok.
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Le chercheur est convaincu que la traduction juridique se caractérise par des aspects linguistiques qui correspondent à des impressions ressenties par les assesseurs, et qu'imaginer une méthodologie permettant d'identifier ces aspects linguistiques frappants représente non seulement une ligne de conduite pour la traduction juridique mais qu'elle permet aussi de contribuer à l'enseignement de la traduction juridique aux étudiants dont la langue maternelle est le chinois et la seconde langue l'anglais. On a demandé à des étudiants de traduire un texte juridique du chinois en anglais, sans l'aide de dictionnaires. Les copies d'examen ont été corrigées et cotées par cinq assesseurs. Ensuite, l'ordinateur a procédé à une analyse discriminatoire. Les logiciels deBase Plus et SPSS/PC+, le progiciel de statistique pour PC IBM, ont permis d'établir, par ordre alphabétique, des listes de mots et des listes comparatives de caractéristiques linguistiques associées à de bonnes ou de mauvaises traductions. L'étude fait apparaître la manière dont des caractéristiques linguistiques identifiables dans un texte juridique contribuent à la qualité d'un texte traduit et correspondent aux impressions ressenties par les assesseurs. L'étude révèle que l'accessibilité au lexique spécialisé, en ce qu'il est la caractéristique linguistique la plus facilement identifiable, constitue l'un des critères suscitant des cotes favorables, mais non l'unique. L'étude a non seulement permis d'établir l'ordre d'accessibilité du lexique spécialisé parmi les traducteurs juridiques mais aussi le niveau d'accessibilité du lexique spécialisé pour les bons étudiants, les étudiants moyens et les étudiants faibles. Ce système a également permis d'identifier certains autres paramètres relevant spécifiquement d'une bonne traduction juridique ainsi que des modèles d'erreurs commises par des étudiants.
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Marenbon, John, and Heine Hansen. "Introduction: Special Issue on the Twelfth-Century Logical Schools." Vivarium 60, no. 2-3 (August 17, 2022): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-06002001.
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Abstract This special issue grew out of a small conference The Known & the Unknown: Exploring Twelfth-Century Philosophy, which was funded by the Carlsberg Foundation, hosted by the Saxo Institute, and held at the University of Copenhagen in April 2018. Its central topic was the many, mostly unexplored, commentaries on Aristotle, Boethius, and Porphyry that constitute the key textual evidence for a fascinating phenomenon that, although it played a pivotal role in the philosophical revival of Western Europe, remains frustratingly underexplored to this day: the logical schools of the twelfth century. The present introduction has two parts. In the first part, John Marenbon lays out the background to this special issue of Vivarium as a whole, explaining both what the philosophical project pursued by twelfth-century logicians was and how, and how far, the historical project of understanding it has progressed over the last two hundred years. In the second part, Heine Hansen briefly presents the issue and its contents.
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Rönnedal, Daniel. "The Highest Good and the Relation between Virtue and Happiness." Symposion 8, no. 2 (2021): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/symposion20218212.
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The paper develops a Kantian view of the highest good and the relation between virtue and happiness. Several Kantian theses are defended, among them the thesis that the highest good is realized only if every virtuous individual is happy, the view that virtue is neither necessary nor sufficient for happiness, and the proposition that virtue is both necessary and sufficient for the worthiness of being happy. The author argues that the highest good ought to be realized and that it ought to be that everyone who is virtuous is happy. To prove these claims, the author will use techniques developed by modern deontic logicians. According to Kant, we do not have an immediate duty to promote our own happiness, the aim of morality being not personal satisfaction but rather virtue and the good will. The important question is not “How do I become happy?” but “How do I become good?”. The arguments in this paper support this view.
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GAO, TIANTIAN, PAUL FODOR, and MICHAEL KIFER. "Querying Knowledge via Multi-Hop English Questions." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 19, no. 5-6 (September 2019): 636–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068419000103.
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AbstractThe inherent difficulty of knowledge specification and the lack of trained specialists are some of the key obstacles on the way to making intelligent systems based on the knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) paradigm commonplace.Knowledge and query authoringusing natural language, especiallycontrollednatural language (CNL), is one of the promising approaches that could enable domain experts, who are not trained logicians, to both create formal knowledge and query it. In previous work, we introduced theKALMsystem (Knowledge Authoring Logic Machine) that supports knowledge authoring (and simple querying) with very high accuracy that at present is unachievable via machine learning approaches. The present paper expands on the question answering aspect of KALM and introducesKALM-QA(KALM for Question Answering) that is capable of answering much more complex English questions. We show that KALM-QA achieves 100% accuracy on an extensive suite of movie-related questions, calledMetaQA, which contains almost 29,000 test questions and over 260,000 training questions. We contrast this with a published machine learning approach, which falls far short of this high mark.
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Djaho, Deo Gratias, H. Doussou-Yoyo, L. Badirou, D. Lanvedou, E. Affedjou, and Z. Zomalhèto. "Formes cliniques et aspects thérapeutiques des tendinopathies des membres pelviens au CNHU-HKM de cotonou." Rhumatologie Africaine Francophone 7, no. 1 (February 16, 2024): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.62455/raf.v7i1.51.
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Résumé Objectif : Etudier les formes cliniques et aspects thérapeutiques des tendinopathies des membres pelviens (TMP) chez les patients consultant dans le service de rhumatologie du CNHU/HKM de Cotonou (Bénin). Méthodes : Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale descriptive et analytique ayant porté sur 94 patients atteints de TMP. Les informations ont été recueillies sur une fiche de collecte ou d’enquête préparée à cet effet. L’analyse des données a été effectuée avec le logiciel Epi-info version 7.2.1.0.Résultats : Quatre-vingt-quatorze (94) patients ont été recrutés dont 85,11% de femmes et l’âge moyen était de 57,55±3,64ans. Cliniquement la cheville et le pied étaient les sièges les plus touchés dans 40,42% des cas. Les diagnostics les plus retenus étaient par ordre d’importance : la talagie plantaire (28,72%), la tendinopathie de la patte d’oie (25,53%), les tendinopathies tibiales (14,89%), les tendinopathies du moyen fessier (14,89%), les tendinopathies fibulaires (13,83%). Les anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens ont donné de bons résultats thérapeutiques (76,60%). Le stress et le facteur majeur lié à l’évolution du traitement p=0,004. Conclusion : Les TMP atteignent en majorité les femmes d’âge mur. Elles touchent préférentiellement la cheville et le pied. Le stress est un facteur majeur lié à l’évolution du traitement. Il convient donc de lutter efficacement contre le stress pour limiter les poussées douloureuses.Mots clés : Tendinopathie, membre pelvien, traitement, Bénin.
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Aknouche, Hamid, Giacomo Goli, Rémy Marchal, Jakub Sandak, Abdellatif Zerizer, and Jean-Claude Butaud. "Mesure des efforts de défonçage et de la qualité finale en usinant en différents angles du fil : comparaison entre le pin Douglas et le pin d'Alep." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 313, no. 313 (September 1, 2012): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2012.313.a20499.
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Comparaison entre un bois très commun et usiné en Europe comme le pin Douglas et une essence pas très utilisée comme le pin d'Alep de provenance algérienne. Pour cette comparaison, une nouvelle méthode a été mise au point afin d'évaluer les efforts de coupe et la qualité des surfaces usinées dans le processus du défonçage. Cette méthode a été expérimentée sur du pin d'Alep en coupe orthogonale allant de façon continue de 90°/0° à 90°/90° dans le sens du fil et contrefil afin de juger également de l'aptitude à l'usinage de ce bois par rapport à d'autres essences plus communément usinées. L'outil de coupe est une fraise circulaire comportant deux plaquettes en carbure. Elle est utilisée pour usiner le chant de disques de pin d'Alep prélevés dans une planche, ce qui induit une variation de l'angle du fil continue de 0° à 360°. La mesure des forces de coupe a été faite avec l'emploi d'une table piézoélectrique Kistler 9257A à trois axes montée sur la table d'une défonceuse à commande numérique, couplée à un PC et une carte d'acquisition. Les données sont traitées à l'aide d'un logiciel Dasylab. Parallèlement, des tests de qualité des surfaces usinées avec un outil comportant une arête de coupe neuve sur une moitié et usée artificiellement sur l'autre ont été réalisés par une nouvelle méthode sans contact développée par l'équipe de recherche Cnr/Ivalsa. Les résultats indiquent que les efforts de coupe sont un peu plus grands pour le pin Douglas que pour le pin d'Alep. En revanche, la qualité des surfaces obtenues est bien meilleure pour le pin d'Alep que pour le pin Douglas.
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Fernandez, David. "A polynomial translation of S4 into intuitionistic logic." Journal of Symbolic Logic 71, no. 3 (September 2006): 989–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1154698587.
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It is known that both S4 and the Intuitionistic prepositional calculus Int are P-SPACE complete. This guarantees that there is a polynomial translation from each system into the other.However, no sound and faithful polynomial translation from S4 into Int is commonly known. The problem of finding one was suggested by Dana Scott during a very informal gathering of logicians in February 2005 at UCLA. Grigori Mints then brought it to my attention, and in this paper I present a solution. It is based on Kripke semantics and describes model-checking for S4 using formulas of Int.A simple translation from Int into S4, the Gödel-Tarski translation, is wellknown; given a formula φ of Int, one obtains by prefixing □ to every subformula. For example,.That the translation is sound and faithful can be seen by considering topological semantics, which assign open sets both to □-formulas of S4 and arbitrary formulas of Int; the interpretation of φ and turn out to be identical. See Tarski's paper [6] for details. Gödel's original paper can be found in [3].In [2], Friedman and Flagg present a kind of inverse to Gödel-Tarski. Given a formula φ of S4 and a finite set of formulas Γ of Int, for each ε ∈ Γ one gets an intuitionistic formula given recursively by
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Dori, Daniel, Frédéric Eric Sawadogo, B. Josias Gérard Yaméogo, Nicolas Méda, and Rasmané Semdé. "Etude des pratiques des délégués médicaux et de la qualité des informations fournies aux agents de santé lors des visites de promotion des produits de santé." Journal Africain de Technologie Pharmaceutique et Biopharmacie (JATPB) 2, no. 2 (November 15, 2023): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.57220/jatpb.v2i2.57.
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Introduction : La justesse, la fiabilité et la qualité des informations pharmaco-thérapeutiques fournies par les visiteurs médicaux aux agents de santé participent à une meilleure prise en charge des patients. La présente étude a pour objectif d’analyser les pratiques des délégués médicaux et la qualité des informations fournies aux agents de santé lors des visites de promotion des produits de santé
Méthodes : Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale descriptive qui a concerné les visiteurs médicaux de la Commune de Ouagadougou et leurs outils de promotion des produits de santé. Elle a été réalisée par enquête dans les formations sanitaires en des grilles d’observation. Les données ont été compilées et analysées à l’aide du logiciel Sphynx V.
Résultats : La visite médicale était faite à l’improviste par 75,0% des visiteurs médicaux avec des supports d’information dont plus de 60% avaient un contenu ne respectant pas toujours la règlementation en vigueur. Des non-conformités ont été trouvées sur plus de 50% des supports documentaires. En outre, les visiteurs médicaux omettaient souvent de mentionner certaines informations pharmaco-thérapeutiques pourtant obligatoires. Plusieurs techniques promotionnelles utilisées telles que les dons d’échantillons médicaux gratuits, de gadgets, de collations ou de bons d’achat, l’organisation de pause-café et les campagnes d’échantillons bonus étaient non conformes aux bonnes pratiques.
Conclusion : Les pratiques de promotion des visiteurs médicaux n’étaient pas conformes la règlementation. Des contrôles et des mesures sont à mettre en œuvre pour une mise à disposition d’informations médicales de qualité au profit des agents de santé.
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BALDWIN, JOHN T. "FORMALIZATION, PRIMITIVE CONCEPTS, AND PURITY." Review of Symbolic Logic 6, no. 1 (September 19, 2012): 87–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020312000263.
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AbstractWe emphasize the role of the choice of vocabulary in formalization of a mathematical area and remark that this is a particular preoccupation of logicians. We use this framework to discuss Kennedy’s notion of ‘formalism freeness’ in the context of various schools in model theory. Then we clarify some of the mathematical issues in recent discussions of purity in the proof of the Desargues proposition. We note that the conclusion of ‘spatial content’ from the Desargues proposition involves arguments which are algebraic and even metamathematical. Hilbert showed that the Desargues proposition implies the coordinatizing ring is associative, which in turn implies the existence of a three-dimensional geometry in which the given plane can be embedded. With W. Howard we give a new proof, removing Hilbert’s ‘detour’ through algebra, of the ‘geometric’ embedding theorem.Finally, our investigation of purity leads to the conclusion that even the introduction of explicit definitions in a proof can violate purity. We argue that although both involve explicit definition, our proof of the embedding theorem is pure while Hilbert’s is not. Thus the determination of whether an argument is pure turns on the content of the particular proof. Moreover, formalizing the situation does not provide a tool for characterizing purity.
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Jaini, Padmanabh S. "The Sanskrit fragments of Vinītadeva's Triṃśikā-ṭīkā." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48, no. 3 (October 1985): 470–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00038441.
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Scholars conversant with the history of the Yogācāra/Vijñnavāda school are familiar with the names of Vasubandhu and his renowned commentator, Sthiramati; the Buddhist logicians Dignāga and Dharmakīrti, who are also associated with that school, are equally well known for their scholastic achievements. A later commentator important in both schools is Vinītadeva (c. 645–715), who has received a great deal of attention in recent years. No less than a dozen of his commentaries, most of them called ṭīkās, are preserved in Tibetan translation. Sylvain Levi's publication in 1925 of Sthiramati's Triṃśikāvijñaptibhāṣya first aroused scholarly interest in Vinītadeva's commentaries. The eminent buddhologist, Theodore Stcherbatsky, was probably the first scholar to study Vinītadeva's work in depth; Stcherbatsky utilized the Tibetan translation of Vinītadeva's Nyāyabinduṭīkā; in his pioneering translation of the Nyāyabindu which appeared in 1930 in his massive two-volume publication, Buddhist logic. The first complete translation of the Tibetan rendering of two of Vinītadeva's ṭīkās, namely, the Viṃśatikā-ṭikā and the Triṃśikā-ṭīkā. was undertaken by Yamaguchi Susumu and Nozawa Josho, respectively; this appeared in Japanese in 1953. More recently, in 1971, M. Gangopadhyaya published a Sanskrit reconstruction with English translation of Vinītadeva's Nyāyabindu-Ṡīkā. A still more recent work appears in the 1975 Ph.D. thesis of Dr. Leslie Kawamura of the University of Saskatchewan.
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Avron, Arnon. "Natural 3-valued logics—characterization and proof theory." Journal of Symbolic Logic 56, no. 1 (March 1991): 276–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274919.
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Many-valued logics in general and 3-valued logic in particular is an old subject which had its beginning in the work of Łukasiewicz [Łuk]. Recently there is a revived interest in this topic, both for its own sake (see, for example, [Ho]), and also because of its potential applications in several areas of computer science, such as proving correctness of programs [Jo], knowledge bases [CP] and artificial intelligence [Tu]. There are, however, a huge number of 3-valued systems which logicians have studied throughout the years. The motivation behind them and their properties are not always clear, and their proof theory is frequently not well developed. This state of affairs makes both the use of 3-valued logics and doing fruitful research on them rather difficult.Our first goal in this work is, accordingly, to identify and characterize a class of 3-valued logics which might be called natural. For this we use the general framework for characterizing and investigating logics which we have developed in [Av1]. Not many 3-valued logics appear as natural within this framework, but it turns out that those that do include some of the best known ones. These include the 3-valued logics of Łukasiewicz, Kleene and Sobociński, the logic LPF used in the VDM project, the logic RM3 from the relevance family and the paraconsistent 3-valued logic of [dCA]. Our presentation provides justifications for the introduction of certain connectives in these logics which are often regarded as ad hoc. It also shows that they are all closely related to each other. It is shown, for example, that Łukasiewicz 3-valued logic and RM3 (the strongest logic in the family of relevance logics) are in a strong sense dual to each other, and that both are derivable by the same general construction from, respectively, Kleene 3-valued logic and the 3-valued paraconsistent logic.
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Kroll, J. L. "Disputation in Ancient Chinese Culture." Early China 11 (1985): 118–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800003989.
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During the Warring States, Ch'in, and Han periods the influence of the arts of disputation and rhetoric increased. Disputation affected the form and content of philosophical arguments and, mainly during the Han dynasty, contributed to the process of ideological synthesis. Furthermore, debate and argumentation came to play a central role in resolving social difficulties and determining government policy. Along with rhetoric, as represented by the Chan-kuo-ts'e, disputation also helped define the style and nature of a wide variety of literary genres, espeically the Fu and historiographical works of the Han period.In this paper, the “program” for disputation attributed to Tsou Yen in the Shih chi is presented and its influence on other philosophical schools traced. Then the tradition of debate, both court debates from their Warring States origins on into the Han, and the rise of legal disputes within society as a whole are examined. Finally, the role of the Tsung Heng school in creating, preserving, and transmitting a tradition of rhetoric Is described. Analysis of the rhetorical devices of this school suggests the close connection of debaters, persuaders, logicians, and authors of Fu.In conclusion, the author seeks to identify some of the social and economic causes for the increasing influence of disputation, such as the emergence of private property and the concept of “individualism,” the development of a scholar class and patrons, and the increase of cultural and intellectual pluralism and diversity.
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Ezhkova, Viсtoria Andreevna. "Two traditions of studying modality: plan of expression." Litera, no. 12 (December 2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.12.34740.
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This article advances a hypothesis on the existence of two linguistic traditions of studying modality from the perspective of the plan of expression. The first tradition – the national one – stems from the works of V. V. Vinogradov. The second tradition – the foreign one – harks back to the studies of the philosophers and logicians. The author explores the views of the scholars of both traditions, concluding on their ways of expressing modality. It is noted that researchers use different principles of grouping the modal means; divide them into the markers of objective and subjective modality, epistemic and non-epistemic modality, grammatical and lexical, as well as implicit and explicit. At the same time, there is no uniform systemic representation on the ways of expressing modality in different languages or in a particular language (in this context – Russian). Solution to this problem requires demarcating modality and subjectivity as the different categories of modus. Modality is a way of expressing irreality of events with regards to semantics (current status of a sentence) and pragmatics (illocutive function of a statement). Subjectivity is a method of conveying emotional and mental attitudes of the speaker in relation to the content of his utterance, reality, as well as other parties to communication. Therefore, modal means should include the linguistic units, which introduce the irreal plan of the possibility and necessity. Leaning on such interpretation of the category, the author lists the means of expressing modality in the Russian language.
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Carl, J. Posy. "Brouwer versus Hilbert: 1907–1928." Science in Context 11, no. 2 (1998): 291–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003021.
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The ArgumentL. E. J. Brouwer and David Hubert, two titans of twentieth-century mathematics, clashed dramatically in the 1920s. Though they were both Kantian constructivists, their notorious Grundlagenstreit centered on sharp differences about the foundations of mathematics: Brouwer was prepared to revise the content and methods of mathematics (his “Intuitionism” did just that radically), while Hilbert's Program was designed to preserve and constructively secure all of classical mathematics.Hilbert's interests and polemics at the time led to at least three misconstruals of intuitionism, misconstruals which last to our own time: Current literature often portrays popular views of intuitionism as the product of Brouwer's idiosyncratic subjectivism; modern logicians view intuitionism as simply applying a non-standard formal logic to mathematics; and contemporary philosophers see that logic as based upon a pure assertabilist theory of meaning. These pictures stem from the way Hilbert structured the controversy.Even though Brouwer's own work and behavior occasionally reinforce these pictures, they are nevertheless inaccurate accounts of his approach to mathematics. However, the framework provided by the Brouwer-Hilbert debate itself does not supply an adequate correction of these inaccuracies. For, even if we eliminate these mistakes within that framework, Brouwer's position would still appear fragmented and internally inconsistent. I propose a Kantian framework — not from Kant's philosophy of mathematics but from his general metaphysics — which does show the coherence and consistency of Brouwer's views. I also suggest that expanding the context of the controversy in this way will illuminate Hilbert's views as well and will even shed light upon Kant's philosophy.
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Heyd, David. "Can Virtue Ethics Account for Supererogation?" Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 77 (September 16, 2015): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246115000193.
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In his classical article, ‘Saints and Heroes’, James Urmson single-handedly revived the idea of supererogation from it astonishingly long post-Reformation slumber. During the first two decades after its publication, Urmson's challenge was taken up almost exclusively by either utilitarians or deontologists of some sort. On the face of it, neither classical utilitarianism nor Kant's categorical imperative makes room for action which is better than the maximizing requirement, on the one hand, or beyond the requirement of duty, on the other. Nevertheless, both utilitarians and Kantians, as well as deontic logicians, offered more flexible and sophisticated versions of their respective theories which could accommodate supererogatory action. In my 1982 book on supererogation I tried to address the question whether virtue ethics could capture that new category of actions which are praiseworthy though not strictly required. But the focus of my discussion was mostly Aristotle (and Seneca) and accordingly more interpretive in nature. However, that was just before the tremendous surge of interest in virtue ethics and the vast literature debating the merits of agent-based vs. action-based approaches in moral theory. It turned out that fitting supererogation into virtue-based moral theory proved to be a more difficult task than doing so in consequentialist and deontological theories. Some argued that supererogation could nevertheless be accounted for in aretaic terms; others held that it could not and that this fact attested to either a theoretical weakness – even if not a refutation – of virtue-based ethics, or to the incoherence of the concept of supererogation.
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Serény, György. "Gödel, Tarski, Church, and The Liar." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 9, no. 1 (March 2003): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/bsl/1046288723.
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The fact that Gödel's famous incompleteness theorem and the archetype of all logical paradoxes, that of the Liar, are related closely is, of course, not only well known, but is a part of the common knowledge of the community of logicians. Indeed, almost every more or less formal treatment of the theorem makes a reference to this connection. Gödel himself remarked in the paper announcing his celebrated result (cf. [7]):The analogy between this result and Richard's antinomy leaps to the eye;there is also a close relationship with the ‘liar’ antinomy, since … we are… confronted with a proposition which asserts its own unprovability.In the light of the fact that the existence of this connection is commonplace it is all the more surprising that very little can be learnt about its exact nature except perhaps that it is some kind of similarity or analogy. There is, however, a lot more to it than that. Indeed, as we shall try to show below, the general ideas underlying the three central theorems concerning internal limitations of formal deductive systems can be taken as different ways to resolve the Liar paradox. More precisely, it will turn out that an abstract formal variant of the Liar paradox, which can almost straightforwardly inferred from its original ordinary language version, is a possible common generalization of (both the syntactic and semantic versions of) Gödel's incompleteness theorem, the theorem of Tarski on the undefinability of truth, and that of Church concerning the undecidability of provability.
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Pabijutaitė, Živilė. "Logic and Metaphysics in Vilnius during 16th–18th Centuries: The Most Important Sources of Vilnius Libraries." Civitas. Studia z Filozofii Polityki 24 (June 28, 2019): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/civ.2019.24.08.
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The aim of the article is to present the results of research conducted as part of the project Polonica Philosophica Orientalia: namely, to give an overview of the most important logical and metaphysical treatises (both manuscripts and printed editions) written in Vilnius between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries that are currently accessible in some of the Vilnius libraries. Although the research focused primarily on the Vilnius University Library and its resources, some interesting results were also obtained while researching the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Most sources containing information about the state and the nature of metaphysical and logical investigations conducted in Vilnius during the period discussed are the manuscripts of lecture courses delivered for the students of Vilnius University and other schools. The analysis of those manuscripts has revealed a strong and long-lasting influence of scholastic Aristotelianism in both logic and metaphysics. Namely, up to the mid-eighteenth century, the main questions discussed in logic were Aristotelian syllogism, the square of opposition and the medieval topics of semantical antinomies, modalities and supposition theory, while investigations into metaphysical issues were limited to commentaries on Aristotle’s theoretical treatises without seriously questioning their main theses. In the second part of the eighteenth century, a moderate shift towards subjectivism and psychologism was observed in both of these disciplines. This was influenced by modern epistemologists (George Berkeley, John Locke and others). Logicians and metaphysicians of Vilnius University developed an interest in the topics of human understanding and cognition. However, this shift did not take a radical form – while the majority of eighteenth-century authors sought a combination of scholastic and modern ideas, a critical and even hostile stance towards modern philosophy and science is still noticeable in many of the analysed sources. An overview of the research supported by statistical data is followed by some preliminary remarks on how and where investigation of this topic might be continued in the future.
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Rodrigue Geoffroy, Zanli Bi Sehi, and Prisca Justine Ehui. "Genre et Addiction au Smartphone chez les Adolescents en Côte d’Ivoire." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 35 (December 31, 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n35p40.
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L'objet de la présente étude est d'analyser la fréquence d'utilisation et la prévalence de l'addiction au smartphone en les associant au genre chez les adolescents en Côte d'Ivoire. L'étude a été réalisée auprès de 373 adolescents (garçons et filles) âgés de 12 à 19 ans, fréquentant le collège privé Merajea de Yopougon. Au moyen d'un questionnaire adapté à la version abrégée de l'échelle SAS (SAS-SV), ils ont été interrogés suite à une sélection par convenance et une participation volontaire. La version 20 du logiciel SPSS a été utilisée comme outil de traitement des données recueillies, présentées à travers des tableaux statistiques. Les résultats traitent initialement de l'identification des élèves possédant un smartphone en fonction du niveau d’étude et du sexe, puis examinent la fréquence d'utilisation du smartphone selon le sexe, et enfin évaluent le degré d'addiction en fonction du genre. En prenant en considération ces résultats, il apparaît que le genre se révèle être un indicateur significatif dans le contexte de l'addiction au smartphone.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the frequency of smartphone use and the prevalence of smartphone addiction, associating them with gender among adolescents in Côte d'Ivoire. The study was conducted with 373 adolescents (both boys and girls) aged 12 to 19, attending the private Merajea College. Using a questionnaire adapted to the shortened version of the SAS scale (SAS-SV), the participants were surveyed following a convenience sampling and voluntary participation. SPSS software (20 Version) was employed as a tool for processing the collected data, presented through statistical tables. The results initially focus on identifying students with smartphones based on the level of study and gender, then examine the frequency of smartphone use by gender, and finally assess the degree of addiction based on gender. Considering these findings, it becomes evident that gender proves to be a significant indicator in the context of smartphone addiction.
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Schimmerling, Ernest. "THE ABC'S of Mice." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 7, no. 4 (December 2001): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2687795.
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This is the introductory half of a lecture given at the Association for Symbolic Logic Annual Meeting in Philadelphia in March, 2001. Our goal is to give logicians and advanced students who are unfamiliar with inner model theory a taste of what the subject is about at a level where it is possible to say something meaningful about the intuitions and proofs. At the same time, we wish to avoid overwhelming the reader, so we will leave out many well known closely related theorems and give only short proof sketches. Neither the results nor the proofs found here are due to the author. We will begin near the beginning but still touch on some modern aspects of the theory. The proofs and historical notes that we leave out can be found in the books and articles listed in the references. Our approach to the theory of 0# is a combination of that taken by Dodd in his book and by Steel in his lectures to students. Dodd's introduction is one of the author's favorite essays on inner model theory; another is the introduction to Martin-Steel [6]. In Section 2, we review the theory of 0# in a form that touches on some of the techniques that have been and continue to be generalized. These combine what is commonly called iteration and fine structure. In Section 3, we give a superficial description of what comes after 0#. Those interested in learning about more recent developments in inner model theory are encouraged to see the articles Lowe-Steel [5] and Steel [8], both of which are currently available online at http://www.math.berkeley.edu/~ steel.
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Kroger, James K., Patricia W. Cheng, and Keith J. Holyoak. "Evoking the Permission Schema: The Impact of Explicit Negation and a Violation-Checking Context." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 46, no. 4 (November 1993): 615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749308401030.
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Cheng and Holyoak (1985) proposed that realistic reasoning in deontic contexts is based on pragmatic schemas such as those for assessing compliance with or violation of permission and obligation rules, and that the evocation of these schemas can facilitate performance in Wason's (1966) selection task. The inferential rules in such schemas are intermediate in generality between the content-independent rules proposed by logicians and specific cases stored in memory. In one test of their theory, Cheng and Holyoak demonstrated that facilitation could be obtained even for an abstract permission rule that is devoid of concrete thematic content. Jackson and Griggs (1990) argued on the basis of several experiments that such facilitation is not due to evocation of a permission schema, but, rather, results from a combination of presentation factors: the presence of explicit negatives in the statement of cases and the presence of a violation-checking context. Their conclusion calls into question both the generality of content effects in reasoning and the explanation of these effects. We note that Jackson and Griggs did not test whether the same combination of presentation factors would produce facilitation for an arbitrary rule that does not involve deontic concepts, as their proposal would predict. The present study tested this prediction. Moreover, we extended Jackson and Griggs’ comparisons between performance with an abstract permission rule versus an arbitrary rule, introducing clarifications in the statement of each. No facilitation was observed for an arbitrary rule even when explicit negatives and a violation-checking context were used, whereas strong facilitation was found for the abstract permission rule under the same conditions. Performance on the arbitrary rule was not improved even when the instructions indicated that the rule was conditional rather than biconditional. In contrast, a small but reliable degree of facilitation was obtained for the abstract permission rule, with violation-checking content even in the absence of explicit negatives. The theory of pragmatic reasoning schemas can account for both the present findings and those reported by Jackson and Griggs.
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Bobrova, Angelina S. "“Logic of the Future” as C.S. Peirce Understood It (First Volumes of Peirceana)." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 57, no. 3 (2020): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202057349.
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Finally, the first book started Peirceana. Peirceana is expected as a new series that provides access to both Peirce’s mostly unpublished late works and secondary papers, in which ideas of this American philosopher are developed. This edition is opened with three volumes on Peirce’s manuscripts on “Logic of the Future.” The thinker gave this definition to his theory of existential graphs, i.e., a diagrammatical logical project that includes three sections. The sections can roughly correspond to propositional logic, first-order logic and modal logic. The theory of existential graphs is a particular conception. It predicts ideas of proof theory, mathematics of continuity, and cognitive sciences. Besides, it has an impressive philosophical foundation and perfectly emphasizes the importance of diagrammatic notations. Since many writings are published here for the first time, the edition per se is a significant event for the history of logic. However, Peirceana can do more than this. It urges to think of how the logic of 20‒21st centuries would have looked like if Peirce’s intentions were discovered earlier. At the same time, it clarifies the ground for contemporary investigations. Today we have a bunch of papers about various non-classical modifications, extensions, restrictions, and applications of the original theory. Peirceana is projected as the publication that can gather specialists (logicians, philosophers, as well as IT and cognitive science scholars) who are interested in the development of Peirce’s approach. It lets the readers reconsider our ordinary logical conceptions (e.g., reasoning, logical and language analysis, and others) as well as the conventional understanding of the evolution of modern logic. The current paper has two objectives: firstly, it estimates this diplomatic partly critical edition with its several thoroughly elaborated introductions, and secondly, it briefly introduces the existential graphs theory. A set of examples demonstrates the basic principles of this system.
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ISAAC, JOEL. "W. V. QUINE AND THE ORIGINS OF ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNITED STATES." Modern Intellectual History 2, no. 2 (August 2005): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244305000405.
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W. V. Quine is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential philosophers of the twentieth century. Quine wrote and lectured on logic, philosophy of language, and epistemology throughout his long career, and was one of the American figures who did most to establish the analytic tradition of philosophy in the United States. Until recently, the historical development of both Quine's philosophy and the analytic tradition of which it is a part remained unexamined by historians and philosophers alike. In the last decade or so, however, analytic philosophers have begun to assess the history of their enterprise, and Quine's place within it. Building on this welcome development with the tools of intellectual history, this essay examines Quine's philosophical apprenticeship in the late 1920s and 1930s.The basic tenets of Quine's mature thought set in early in his studies. Most notably, he displayed in his student writings a commitment to science as the primary theory of the world within which philosophical inquiry should take place. Yet he found the uncertain direction of interwar American philosophy uncongenial to his views. During a year of postdoctoral research in Europe, Quine encountered the work of analytic philosophers and logicians such as Rudolf Carnap and Alfred Tarski. Their scientific program for philosophy captivated Quine, who returned to Harvard a champion of their work. For the rest of the 1930s, Quine was an indefatigable advocate of the analytic tradition; he brought news of European logic and scientific philosophy to American universities. His purpose in doing so was to move American philosophy towards science and away from what he saw as its metaphysical entanglements. The reception and transformation of analytic philosophy in the United States is shown to have involved a complex dynamic between foreign and domestic conceptions of philosophy.
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Kapeu-Kokhanova, Madina, Dana Zhunusbekovna Zhumabekova, Akshay Zhalalova, Jamila Dosmagambetova, and Manifa Sarkulova. "Correlation of the terms "concept" and "meaning" in modern linguistics." XLinguae 16, no. 1 (January 2023): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2023.16.01.14.
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The concept (from Lat. conceptio – understanding, system) – a certain way of understanding, interpreting any phenomena, the main point of view, the guiding idea for their coverage; a system of views on phenomena in the world, in nature, in society; a leading idea, a constructive principle in scientific, artistic, technical, political and other activities; a set of views related to each other and arising from one another, a system of ways to solve the chosen problem; a way of understanding, distinguishing and interpreting any phenomena that generate considerations and conclusions inherent only for this method. The concept defines the strategy of actions. Different concepts have their own terminological apparatus. This article examines the issues of differentiation of such terms as "concept", "concept" and "meaning". The linguistic differentiation of these terms is determined by comparing their content, basis and scope. The correlation of the terms “concept” is considered from the point of view of various linguistic schools and directions. The content of terms in the research of philosophers, logicians and psychologists is described. The list of basic characteristics of the concept that distinguish it from the concept is given. The cognitive essence of the concept as a meaningful unit of the conceptual system and human memory is characterized. One of the debatable issues of the communicative-cognitive paradigm is the ratio of "concept" and "meaning". The article examines the most common points of view of researchers on this issue as they appear. The dilution of these concepts is an important aspect in the lexicographic description of cognitive linguistics terms. This article analyzes the conceptual range of terms "concept", "meaning", closely related to each other and in constant interaction in modern linguistics. The analyzed terms have both unifying and distinctive properties. These are one ordinal, but not equivalent categories of thinking: they are considered in various communication systems.
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Ahsan, Abbas. "The logical inconsistency in making sense of an ineffable God of Islam." Philotheos 20, no. 1 (2020): 68–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philotheos20202016.
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With the advent of classical logic we are continuing to observe an adherence to the laws of logic. Moreover, the system of classical logic exhibits a prominent role within analytic philosophy. Given that the laws of logic have persistently endured in actively defining classical logic and its preceding system of logic, it begs the question as to whether it actually proves to be consistent with Islam. To consider this inquiry in a broader manner; it would be an investigation into the consistency between Islam and the logic which has been the predominant driving force of analytic philosophy. Despite the well documented engagement and novel contributions made in the field of logic by Arab and Islamic theologians/logicians, I think this question deserves examination not just in terms of classical logic but also from perspectives which go beyond classical logic, namely, non-classical logic. Doing so, would I believe, retain this inquiry within the purview of analytic philosophy despite the reference to non-classical logic. To be more specific, this question would be directed toward the Islamic theologian who espouses the system of classical logic in attempting to make sense of an absolute ineffable God of Islam. The inquiry would seek to determine if classical logic is consistent (amenable) in making sense of an absolute ineffable God of Islam. This would principally involve an analysis which determines whether the metaphysical assumptions of the laws of logic (more specifically the law of non-contradiction) are consistent in making sense of an absolute ineffable God of Islam. I shall argue that it is inconsistent. I shall establish my position on this matter by demonstrating why classical logic is inconsistent (not amenable) with an absolute ineffable God of Islam. Although, I am principally concerned with classical logic, my argument is as applicable to all earlier systems of logic as much as it is to classical logic. This is on the basis that both systems of logic, namely, all preceding systems and classical logic, consider the laws of logic as defining features.
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Corbalán, María Inés. "From Generative Linguistics to Categorial Grammars: Overt Subjects in Control Infinitives." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 27, no. 2 (June 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bsl.2021.32.
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AbstractThe present thesis lies at the interface of logic and linguistics; its object of study are control sentences with overt pronouns in Romance languages (European and Brazilian Portuguese, Italian and Spanish). This is a topic that has received considerably more attention on the part of linguists, especially in recent years, than from logicians. Perhaps for this reason, much remains to be understood about these linguistic structures and their underlying logical properties. This thesis seeks to fill the lacunas in the literature or at least take steps in this direction by way of addressing a number of issues that have so far been under-explored. To this end, we put forward two key questions, one linguistic and the other logical. These are, respectively, (1) What is the syntactic status of the surface pronoun? and (2) What are the available mechanisms to reuse semantic resources in a contraction-free logical grammar? Accordingly, the thesis is divided into two parts: generative linguistics and categorial grammar. Part I starts by reviewing the recent discussion within the generative literature on infinitive clauses with overt subjects, paying detailed attention to the main accounts in the field. Part II does the same on the logical grammar front, addressing in particular the issues of control and of anaphoric pronouns. Ultimately, the leading accounts from both camps will be found wanting. The closing chapter of each of Part I and Part II will thus put forward alternative candidates, that we contend are more successful than their predecessors. More specifically, in Part I, we offer a linguistic account along the lines of Landau’s T/Agr theory of control. In Part II, we present two alternative categorial accounts: one based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar, the other on Type-Logical Grammar. Each of these accounts offers an improved, more fine-grained perspective on control infinitives featuring overt pronominal subjects. Finally, we include an Appendix in which our type-logical proposal is implemented in a categorial parser/theorem-prover.Abstract prepared by María Inés Corbalán.E-mail: inescorbalan@yahoo.com.arURL: http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/331697
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Jean-Aimé, Assué Yao, and Gnepehi Dje Gnamian Gildas. "Secteur Informel, lternative au Sous-Emploi des Jeunes dans la Sous-Préfecture de Toumodi." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 14 (May 31, 2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n14p19.
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L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser la contribution du secteur informel dans l’insertion professionnelle des jeunes dans la Sous-préfecture de Toumodi avec ses effets induits au plan économique et social en 2022. La méthodologie s’appuie sur les recherches documentaires et une enquête de terrain de quatre mois entre les mois de Janvier et Avril 2022. La recherche est à la fois qualitative et quantitative afin de rendre compte au mieux du poids du secteur informel dans l’activité économique des jeunes et des effets induits de cette contribution. Elle a pris en compte 421 jeunes, 62 activités informelles et 08 personnes ressources dans la Sous-Préfecture. Les données recueillies ont été traitées manuellement et à l’ordinateur grâce au logiciel SPSS for Windows 17.0, Excel, Adobe Illustrator CS.11 et Arcview GIS 3.3 ; ce qui a permis de présenter les résultats sous forme de tableaux et graphiques. Il ressort de cette enquête, que le secteur informel qui regroupe le commerce, l’artisanat et le transport est le principal secteur d’activité des jeunes avec 70% des emplois. Le revenu moyen annuel des jeunes actifs dans ce secteur est 76 000 FCFA. Ces revenus servent à payer le loyer et à se nourrir. C’est pourquoi une réorganisation des activités du secteur informel et une formation des jeunes exerçant dans ce secteur s’imposent.
The objective of this research is to analyze the contribution of the informal sector in the professional integration of young people in the region of Toumodi with its induced effects at the economic and social level in 2022. The methodology is based on the documentary research and a four-month field survey between January and April 2022. The research is both qualitative and quantitative in order to better reflect the weight of the informal sector in the economic activity of young people and the induced effects of this contribution. It took into account 421 young people, 62 informal activities, and 08 resource persons in the area. The data collected were processed manually and on the computer using SPSS for Windows 17.0, Excel, Adobe Illustrator CS.11, and Arcview GIS 3.3 software; which made it possible to present the results in the form of tables and graphics. This survey shows that the informal sector, which includes trade, crafts, and transport, is the main sector of activity for young people with 70% of jobs. The average annual income of young workers in this sector is 76,000 FCFA. This income is used to pay the rent and to eat. This is why a reorganization of activities in the informal sector and training of young people working in this sector is essential.
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Blagova, A. R. "Definition as a Logical and Linguistic Category." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-1-13-72-83.
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Definition is a logical and linguistic category that for a long time has been the subject of logicians’ and philosophers’ research. Today we understand a definition as a logical method that allows us to discover a word’s content, i.e. what it means in everyday use or what a speaker intends it to mean for this speaker’s own specific purposes. A definition consists of two parts: definiendum (that what is defined) and definiens (that which defines). The definiendum refers to the exact object, action, state etc., that is to be defined. The definiens contains the information necessary to define this object, action, state etc. This information is obtained during the process of definition. In the language, a definition can mean both the process of developing a sentence and the result of this process, i.e. the sentence itself. When composing an explanation of a word’s lexical meaning, we should draw on the vast experience of Russian lexicography. Practical lexicography gave us a wide range of kinds of word definitions which are now being extensively researched as theoretical generalizations and conclusions. This article explores methods of explanation of word meanings in the context of different possible logical relations between definiendum and definiens: inclusion, overlap, complementarity, adjacency. The existing word definitions (hyponymic, identifying, enumerative, synonymic, antonymic) can be distributed between those kinds of logical relations. Descriptive explanations are regarded as a specific kind of definition. Theoretical generalizations and conclusions are backed by examples from the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.The conclusion is drawn that parts of a word definition can enter into different kinds of logical relations. Exploration of those relations is highly important for educational purposes as methodological basis for correct definitions of word meanings as well as for the composition of lexicographic explanations. At the same time, we shouldn’t forget that there are various ways to define a word’s lexical meaning. One and the same word can be defined in a number of ways, so the lexicographers’ main task is still to choose the best way or combination of ways that can fully and accurately discover the meaning of the word being defined.
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Barnhurst, Kevin G., and Andrew W. Nightingale. "Time, realism, news." Journalism 19, no. 1 (January 22, 2017): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916689150.
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News time has since the late 19th century moved away from storytelling to embrace modern progress. But time in news is elusive. The digital era splinters time, leaving news practice and research behind. A project to track US news into the 21st century documents a history of time in news: the realism of ‘who’, ‘where’, and ‘what’ declined, and the modernism contexts of ‘when’ and ‘why’ expanded. All five Ws moved contrary to expectation. Modernism tries to map time, but its definition is undecidable – even among logicians. Practitioners of news grapple with their topic: the realist now, and try to fit it into the modernist ‘standard time’, a time regime that imposes a big-picture interpretation onto their readers. The modern view equates clock time, a purely social invention, to quantifiable nature. Clock time offers an artificial view of the passage of time, but scientists dictated another big picture. ‘For us’, wrote Einstein, ‘who are convinced physicists, the distinction between past, present, and future has no other meaning than that of an illusion, though a tenacious one’. Time, although quantifiable, does not pass; its passing is an illusion and the objective view of the world is an immutable one. Coming to grips with the elusiveness of time, as it slips away from reporters and the grasp of scientists, creates opportunities for practitioners of news to align with contemporary mediated experiences. Facing the problem of time is done through Alfred North Whitehead, in whom the present moments is not a point of infinitessimal length on a single modernist time-line but an indivisible event that ‘grows literally by buds or drops’ of experience (William James in Whitehead), a landing ground which he calls the ‘actual occasion.’ Past, present, and future are not illusions, but symptoms of the subjective experience of process, which is not only real; it is part of the fundamental actual occasion. Weaving in Arendt’s distinction between ephemeral labor and permanent work illustrates how process philosophy can be grounded in both the labor and work of journalists, allowing news practitioners to adapt to digital times.
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Oleniak, Mariana. "Historiography of Simile Research: The Middle Ages." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu Serìâ Fìlologìâ 14, no. 25 (2021): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2021-14-25-245-253.
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The article deals with the study of medieval concepts of simile in both Western and Eastern traditions. It highlights the transition from the classical fundamentals to their medieval interpretation in the European specialized literature, as well as rather independent research of this category outside Europe. The correlation of terminology of different epochs is established and the dependence of scientific thought on the historical stage of society development is outlined. The paper demonstrates that the explorations of ancient philosophers, logicians, orators, and writers determined the vectors of further research in which initial ideas were partially reconsidered in the Middle Ages. It is shown that in the early Middle Ages, almost all European research is conducted in Latin, and different types of simile are named by the transliterated Aristotelian terms “icon”, “parabola” and “paradigm”, the latter of which he himself never connected with the first two. All of them were thought to form the newly introduced concept of “homoeosis”, which actually corresponds to simile. In Western European works (at least in the Anglo-Saxon ones) simile acquires a sacred origin in the Middle Ages and becomes one of the profound methods of Christian enlightenment. It is perceived as one of the main ways in which God communicates with people. Medieval attempts to organize the figures of speech and tropes associated with figurativeness into a hierarchical paradigm, which were made in Western Europe and Kyiv Rus`, are generally characterized as quite successful and effective because at this stage the commonality of the essence of “icon” and “parabola” is recognized. The paper proves that since simile was seen as a rhetorical figure, the interest in it was limited to specific practical tasks related to the art of eloquence and, to a lesser extent, artistic style. The content, scope and hierarchy of terms for its designation vary depending on the authors of the books on rhetoric, reflecting the nuances of translation of ancient Greek and Latin texts, the development of linguistic thought, as well as deepening the analysis of ancient Greek and Roman studies. The difference in approaches to the study of simile is clearly noticeable at such an early stage: European (Western) tradition is more focused on the functional and semantic content of the phenomenon for both poetic and purely practical, as well as religious purposes, while the Eastern tradition focuses on structural variety of ways of poetry decoration. These two directions developed independently, and only one of them (the first one) became the foundation for the active study of simile in the Renaissance period.
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Abdou, Rabiou, Oumarou Issoufou, Ahmed Lamine, Moutari Mahamane Jinaidou, Agbo So Timothée Kouassi, and Bakasso Yacoubou. "La Radio Communautaire Damergou et la Promotion des Bonnes Pratiques Agricoles Face au Changement Climatique dans la Commune Urbaine de Tanout (Zinder/Niger)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 13 (April 30, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n13p123.
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Le présent travail a pour objectif d’analyser et de dégager l’apport de la radio communautaire “Damergou” dans la promotion et le développement d’une agriculture performante et durable dans un contexte de changement climatique. La méthodologie utilisée s’est appuyée sur la recherche documentaire, l’analyse de documents de la grille des programmes de la radio, les enquêtes de terrain auprès des agricultures. L’analyse des données a été faite à l’aide du logiciel Excel de Microsoft office dans sa version 2013. Les résultats ont montré que les hommes ainsi que les femmes participent aux émissions de la radio avec une proportion élevée d’hommes (52,08 % contre 25 % de femmes). Il ressort aussi des résultats de l’étude que 96,15 % des producteurs participent avec le téléphone contre seulement 3,85 % pour la visite à la radio. En plus, les émissions sur la conservation du niebé avec des sacs (93,75 %), l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires (91,25 %) et la production du compost (73,75 %) sont les plus ecoutées par les agriculteurs. Enfin, l’etude a montré que les contenus de ces émissions ont été egalement les plus adoptées par les agriculteurs. Ainsi, les radios communautaires constituent un moyen efficace pour promouvoir l’agriculture et le développement rural à travers le partage d’informations et de connaissances sur les bonnes pratiques agricoles. La radio communautaire “Damergou” de Tanout est donc un moyen important dans le partage et la promotion des bonnes pratiques agricoles dans cette localité à vocation agro-sylvo-pastorale.
The aim of this study was to analyze and identify the contribution of the “Damergou” community radio station in the promotion and development of efficient and sustainable agriculture in the context of climate change. The methodology used was based on documentary research, the analysis of documents from the radio program schedule, field surveys of farmers. Data analysis was done using Microsoft office Excel software 2013 version. The results showed that both men and women participate in radio broadcasts with a high proportion of men (52.08 % against 25 % of women). The results of the study also show that 96.15 % of producers participate by telephone against only 3.85 % for the radio visit. In addition, programs on the conservation of cowpea with bags (93.75 %), the use of phytosanitary products (91.25%) and the production of compost (73.75 %) are the most listened to by farmers. Finally, the study showed that the contents of these broadcasts were also the most adopted by farmers. Thus, community radios are an effective way of promoting agriculture and rural development through the sharing of information and knowledge on good agricultural practices. The “Damergou” community radio in Tanout is therefore an important way in the sharing and promotion of good agricultural practices in this locality with an agro-sylvopastoral vocation.
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Tahirou, Seydou, Patrice Zerbo, Yacouba Sanou, Samuel Pare, and Manan Nassirou Ado. "Perceptions Paysannes Des Aléas Climatiques Sur La Production Du Riz Sur Le Périmètre Irrigué De Saga Dans La Vallée Du Fleuve Niger." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n3p217.
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L’objectif général poursuivi est d’analyser la perception des aléas climatiques auprès des exploitants en milieu urbain. Pour ce faire, des entretiens semi-structurés et des enquêtes ont été effectués. Au total 140 exploitants disponible ont été enquêtés. Un critère d’âge de sélection des exploitants variant de 15 à 50 ans a permis de s’assurer que les stratégies développées font suite à une perception effective des changements. L’analyse des données a été faite par le logiciel Access et Excel pour le calcul des paramètres statistiques descriptifs et la réalisation de graphiques. Ces derniers observent l’existence des paramètres climatiques qui interviennent dans leur pratique à 90%. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent que 66 % des exploitants ont un niveau d’instruction assez bas. Face aux aléas climatiques les exploitants mettent en œuvre des stratégies durables d’adaptations qui participent à l’amélioration des rendements.80 % des exploitants font recourt aux variétés locales et adoptent des stratégies diverses à la pratique d’irrigation et Le drainage et le curage des cours d’eau (30%) ;adoption des variétés résistantes au stress thermique et de variétés de cycle court (65%), décalage des dates de semis et irrigation (15%).Les principaux déterminants de l’adoption des stratégies adaptatives sont variables de perception. De ce fait, la nature et l’efficacité des stratégies utilisées mettent en évidence le caractère vulnérable des exploitants par des contraintes matérielles, financières et techniques et l’accès à l’information. Ainsi, malgré les stratégies mises en place, les exploitants sont soumis d’une part à une vulnérabilité tant sociale qu’aux vulnérabilités de production.
The general objective is to analyze the perception of climatic hazards among farmers in urban areas. To do this, semi-structured interviews and surveys were conducted. A total of 140 available farmers were surveyed. An age criterion for the selection of farmers ranging from 15 to 50 years old was used to ensure that the strategies developed were based on an effective perception of changes. The data was analyzed using Access and Excel software to calculate descriptive statistical parameters and to produce graphs. The graphs show the existence of climatic parameters that are involved in 90% of their practices. The results of the research reveal that 66% of the farmers have a fairly low level of education. Faced with climatic hazards, farmers implement sustainable adaptation strategies that help improve yields. 80% of farmers use local varieties and adopt various strategies for irrigation and drainage (30%); adoption of heat stress resistant varieties and short cycle varieties (65%); and shifting of sowing dates and irrigation (15%).The main determinants of the adoption of adaptive strategies vary in perception. As a result, the nature and effectiveness of the strategies used highlight the vulnerability of farmers due to material, financial and technical constraints and access to information. Thus, despite the strategies implemented, farmers are subject to both social and production vulnerabilities.