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Journal articles on the topic 'Botrytis fabae'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Abou-Zeid, N. M., I. H. Dorriah, and A. A. Marwa. "Application of molecular methods for characterization of Botrytis fabae and Botrytis cinerea of faba bean." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10479-pps.

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Application of the RAPD methods allowed to clearly characterization of isolates of Botrytis fabae and isolates of B. cinerea. Results from RAPD-PCR analysis indicate different groups. Clusters were related with groups based on conidial morphology, morphological characters of the isolates of Botrytis spp.

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2

Sharga, Boris M. "Bacillus isolates as potential biocontrol agents against chocolate spot on Faba beans." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-132.

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Chocolate spot caused by Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis fabae is a serious disease of Vicia faba L. beans. Aggressive infection of that disease can result in severe yield losses (up to 100%). Genetic resistance to chocolate spot in V. faba L. is weak. Chemical control of the disease gives only partial crop protection because of widespread fungicide resistance in both chocolate spot agents. Biological control with applications of bacteria antagonistic to Botrytis may provide a useful alternative to chemicals. Of 270 Bacillus isolates tested, 54 (20%) were found to cause necrosis and (or) chlorosis when placed on leaves of V. faba L. Only 14 strains (6.5%) were able to prevent chocolate spot symptoms from developing in vivo and all of these antagonised Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis fabae in vitro by antibiosis. Bacillus macerans BS 153 was selected for biocontrol experiments in both the greenhouse and field in which plants were sprayed with bacterial suspensions. Detached leaves were inoculated with Botrytis at intervals after Bacillus macerans BS 153 application. The beneficial effect of the biocontrol agent persisted much longer in greenhouse-grown plants. The estimated ED50 was 1.3 times less in the greenhouse spray than in the field spray. From the high number of bacteria required and the rate of decline of introduced Bacillus population in field-grown plants, it was concluded that biocontrol of chocolate spot by Bacillus is impractical unless improved formulations and spray application techniques are developed.Key words: chocolate spot, Bacillus isolates, biocontrol.

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3

Madeira, A. C., K. P. Fryett, S. Rossall, and J. A. Clark. "Interaction between Ascochyta fabae and Botrytis fabae." Mycological Research 97, no. 10 (October 1993): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81288-4.

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4

Castillejo, María Ángeles, Ángel M. Villegas-Fernández, Tamara Hernández-Lao, and Diego Rubiales. "Photosystem II Repair Cycle in Faba Bean May Play a Role in Its Resistance to Botrytis fabae Infection." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2021): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112247.

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Chocolate spot, which is caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis fabae, is a major foliar disease occurring worldwide and dramatically reducing crop yields in faba bean (Vicia faba). Although chemical control of this disease is an option, it has serious economic and environmental drawbacks that make resistant cultivars a more sensible choice. The molecular mechanisms behind the defense against B. fabae are poorly understood. In this work, we studied the leave proteome in two faba bean genotypes that respond differently to B. fabae in order to expand the available knowledge on such mechanisms. For this purpose, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) in combination with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI-TOF/TOF). Univariate statistical analysis of the gels revealed 194 differential protein spots, 102 of which were identified by mass spectrometry. Most of the spots belonged to proteins in the energy and primary metabolism, degradation, redox or response to stress functional groups. The MS results were validated with assays of protease activity in gels. Overall, they suggest that the two genotypes may respond to B. fabae with a different PSII protein repair cycle mechanism in the chloroplast. The differences in resistance to B. fabae may be the result of a metabolic imbalance in the susceptible genotype and of a more efficient chloroplast detoxification system in the resistant genotype at the early stages of infection.

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5

Fan, Xuan, Jing Zhang, Long Yang, Mingde Wu, Weidong Chen, and Guoqing Li. "Development of PCR-Based Assays for Detecting and Differentiating Three Species of Botrytis Infecting Broad Bean." Plant Disease 99, no. 5 (May 2015): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0701-re.

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Botrytis cinerea, B. fabae, and B. fabiopsis are known to cause chocolate spot on broad bean. This study was conducted to develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays to detect and differentiate these three species. Two sets of primers, Bc-f/Bc-r for B. cinerea and Bfab-f/Bfab-r for B. fabiopsis, were designed based on two sequence-characterized amplified region markers derived from two random amplified polymorphic DNA assays. The other primer set, Bfa-f/Bfa-r for B. fabae, was designed based on the necrosis and ethylene-inducing protein 1 gene sequence. The three primer sets were highly specific for the corresponding species of Botrytis in both single and multiplex PCR assays. The PCR detection limit was 40, 40, and 400 pg of DNA per 25-μl reaction mixture for B. fabae, B. fabiopsis, and B. cinerea, respectively. Presence of the broad bean DNA in the PCR reactions at 1:1000 (Botrytis DNA/broad bean DNA [wt/wt]) had negligible effects on detection of the targeted Botrytis spp. The multiplex PCR assay was able to detect three Botrytis spp. in artificially infected and naturally infected broad bean leaves. These results suggest that the multiplex PCR assay developed in this study could be used to monitor the epidemics of chocolate spot of broad bean in the field.

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6

Gavilanes Quizhpi, Petronio, Vladimir Alexander Aguirre Yela, Pedro Rachid Romero Saker, and Vicente Apolonio Delgado Rodriguez. "Determinación de la acción del azufre nanoencapsulado en liposomas aplicado al cultivo in vitro del hongo Botrytis fabae." Ciencia 21, no. 3 (December 2, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24133/ciencia.v21i3.1528.

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Este trabajo de investigación inició de la pregunta de si se produce inhibición en el crecimiento del hongo patógeno Botrytis fabae con el uso de liposomas y nanopartículas de azufre. El objetivo fue explicar cómo utilizando concentraciones 0,001 M de nanopartículas de azufre encapsulado en liposomas de fosfatidilcolina en mezclas de limoneno y octanol, actúan sobre el cultivo in vitro del hongo Botrytis fabae. Durante esta investigación se obtuvieron nanopartículas de azufre. Se demostró que la fosfatidilcolina abarcaba azufre y forma liposomas. Así mismo se identificó el hongo Botrytis fabae por el cultivo in vitro. La impregnación de los discos se realizó inmediatamente en la siembra del hongo y se detectó la inhibición completa por el componente octanol- fosfatidilcolina con nanoparticulas de azufre usados en la síntesis de los liposomas, con una sensibilidad alta de un radio de 45 mm y sin efecto por los liposomas de fosfatidilcolina con limoneno. Comparado con el tratamiento del producto comercial carbendazim, el cual formó un halo de inhibición de 17 mm de radio que corresponde a una sensibilidad intermedia. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar (DCA) y el método de sensibilidad en disco.

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7

Mitiku, Misgana. "INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHOCOLATE SPOT (BOTRYTIS FABAE) DISEASE OF FABA BEAN (VICIA FABA L.) IN ETHIOPIA: A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 9 (September 30, 2017): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i9.2017.2231.

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The primary producers of pulses are small-scale farmers with small and dispersed plots under rain-fed conditions with substantially lower yields of less than 0.9 t/ha as compared to the improved faba bean varieties and international yields. There are many biotic and abiotic factors which hampers faba bean production in Ethiopia. From biotic factors chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) is the major fungal disease hampering faba bean production in Ethiopia.). It is a highly prevalent and destructive disease, causing yield loss up to 61% on a susceptible and 34% on tolerant faba bean genotypes in the central highlands. But we can manage this economically important disease in manner which comprises all available diseases management methods in combination that is IPM (Integrated Pest management). So, the objective of this review work was to review available integrated pest management option for management of chocolate spot disease of faba bean in Ethiopia. We can control the disease by using different methods from these late sowing of faba bean, mixed cropping of faba bean with cereal crops and mancozeb spray reduced the disease and increased the grain yield and seed weight over sole and mixed cropping with field pea; also cereal mixing with faba bean has advantages over faba bean mixing with field pea. Suppressive effects can be ascribed to a combination of host biomass reduction, altered microclimate and physical barriers to spore dispersal. Also creation of a physical barrier in the form of non-host plants prevents some of the dispersed spores from being deposited on the host tissue by interception. In Ethiopia, study has revealed that the biological control agents for chocolate spot of faba bean and Bacilli are natural residents of faba bean leaves. Additionally recommendation have been given that, further study has to be done to explore the mode of action by bacillus subtilis against fabae.

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8

Kantar, F., P. D. Hebblethwaite, and C. J. Pilbeam. "Factors influencing disease resistance in high and low tannin Vicia faba." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 1 (August 1996): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007739x.

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SUMMARYThe in vitro resistance of five white and four coloured-flowered lines and cultivars of Vicia faba to seed and root inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogenic soil-borne fungi, Fusarium culmorum and Pythium debaryanum, was investigated under aseptic conditions in the UK. The presence of foliar diseases was also assessed in the field in 1989/90. White-flowered lines were more susceptible than coloured genotypes to fungal infection during germination but equally resistant during seedling growth. High-tannin containing seed coats had chemical and physical properties which protected seeds against fungal infection during germination. Frequent cracking of the seed coat in a zero-tannin line was associated with a greater fungal contamination of seeds. Resistance to the foliar diseases Uromyces viciae-fabae and Botrytis fabae was not related to flower colour. The results are discussed in relation to emergence in white-flowered types.

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9

Villegas-Fernández, A. M., J. C. Sillero, A. A. Emeran, J. Winkler, B. Raffiot, J. Tay, F. Flores, and D. Rubiales. "Identification and multi-environment validation of resistance to Botrytis fabae in Vicia faba." Field Crops Research 114, no. 1 (October 2009): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.07.005.

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10

Urbanek, H., E. Gajewska, R. Karwowska, and M. Wielanek. "Generation of superoxide anion and induction of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in bean leaves infected with pathogenic fungi." Acta Biochimica Polonica 43, no. 4 (December 31, 1996): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1996_4464.

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Generation of superoxide anion (O2-.) and peroxidase activity were significantly increased in bean leaves infected with incompatible and compatible pathogens: Botrytis fabae and Botrytis cinerea, respectively, but the induction was greater on direct inoculation with B. fabae, than with B. cinerea. A slightly higher O2-. level was also detected in the parts of leaves surrounding the inoculation side. Overproduction of O2-. was observed earlier than the increase in peroxidase activity. Pretreatment of the leaves with methyl jasmonate enhanced both O2-. production and peroxidase activity following inoculation with B. cinerea. Induction of superoxide dismutase activity after the infection was less pronounced than changes in O2-. level. The differences in the rate of NADH oxidation in the extracts from control and inoculated leaves, correlated with the differences in the rate of O2-. production. The results indicate that O2-. level is one of the essential factors responsible for the difference in the interactions between bean plant and compatible and incompatible pathogens.

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11

Harrison, J. G., and Jacqueline Heilbronn. "Production of Conidia by Botrytis fabae grown in vitro." Journal of Phytopathology 122, no. 4 (August 1988): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1988.tb01023.x.

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12

Khazaei, H., W. Link, K. Street, and F. L. Stoddard. "ILB 938, a valuable faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accession." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 5 (August 6, 2018): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262118000205.

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AbstractHere we review the potential of ILB 938 (IG 12132 – doi: 10.18730/60FD2), a unique faba bean accession originating from the Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador, maintained at ICARDA – International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, with resistance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses and carrying some useful morphological markers. It has been used as a donor of leaf-related drought adaptation traits and chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) resistance genes in faba bean breeding programmes worldwide. From generated populations of recombinant inbred lines, quantitative traits loci associated with these useful traits have been mapped. Other markers, such as a lack of stipule-spot pigmentation and clinging pod wall, show the presence of unusual changes in biochemical pathways that may have economic value in the future.

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13

Marcellos, H., KJ Moore, and A. Nikandrow. "Influence of foliar-applied fungicides on seed yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 1 (1995): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950097.

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The effects of 5 foliar-applied fungicides on seed yield of faba bean (Vicia faba) cv. Fiord were studied over 3 years at Tamworth in northern New South Wales. In 2 seasons when the diseases chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) and rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) were significant, 5 applications of foliar fungicides after flowering increased yield, by up to 1.6 t/ha in 1990 and nearly 0.9 t/ha in 1992, compared with the unsprayed treatment.Mancozeb, dichlofluanid, and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides for preventing yield reduction, and vinclozolin and procymidone had little or no effect. Mancozeb and tebuconazole were effective in reducing the severity of both diseases, whereas procymidone was only active against chocolate spot. Differences between the most effective fungicides when applied 5 times or twice (at early and mid flowering) were seldom significant. Seed yields following 2 applications of tebuconazole were significantly higher than from 1 application, but for mancozeb, 2 applications were better than 1 in 1992 only. It was estimated that rust accounted for most of the yield loss in 1990 and 1992, and did so mainly by reducing seed size. Application of mancozeb early and during late flowering provided an effective and economical increase in grain yield in 1990 and 1992.

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14

Rubiales, Diego, Ana Moral, and Fernando Flores. "Agronomic Performance of Broomrape Resistant and Susceptible Faba Bean Accession." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061421.

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The faba bean (Vicia faba) is a temperate grain legume, that is regaining interest due to the high demand for food and feed uses and the environmental services provided. The parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche crenata) appears as the major constraint to agricultural production in the Mediterranean Basin. The yield stability can be managed by adjusting agronomic practices and breeding for adaptation. In this study, we compared the performance of three susceptible faba bean accessions with that of eight lines previously selected for their broomrape resistance, in multi-environment field trials. Results confirmed that the grain yield in the region was negatively affected, mainly by broomrape infection, followed at a distance by ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae), whereas the grain yield was little affected by the low occurring levels of chocolate spot infection (Botrytis fabae). The yield was favored by rain at flowering and was reduced by low temperatures at pre-flowering and flowering, and by high temperatures at flowering and grain-filling. The combined ANOVA showed significant effects of the genotype, environment, and genotypex environment interaction. The weighted average of the absolute scores biplot (WAASB), a heat map with 21 scenarios based on the WAASB ratio and the multi-trait stability index (MTSI) were utilized to determine the mean performance and stability of the faba bean genotypes. Quijote, Navio6, Baraca and FaraonSC are proposed as ideal lines for cultivation in the region and to be further used in future breeding programs.

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15

Sahile, Samuel Woldemariam, Zewdu Teshome, and Mulugeta Kibret. "Integrated management of faba bean chocolate spot caused by Botrytis fabae in Gondar, Ethiopia." Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 51, no. 9-10 (June 15, 2018): 461–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2018.1482648.

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16

Hanounik, S. B. "New Sources of Resistance in Vicia faba to Chocolate Spot Caused by Botrytis fabae." Plant Disease 72, no. 8 (1988): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-72-0696.

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17

Beyene, Asnakech Tekalign, John Derera, Julia Sibiya, and Asnake Fikre. "Gene action determining grain yield and chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) resistance in faba bean." Euphytica 207, no. 2 (August 29, 2015): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1536-7.

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18

Creighton, N. F., A. Bainbridge, and B. D. L. Fitt. "Epidemiology and control of chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) on winter field beans (Vicia faba)." Crop Protection 4, no. 2 (June 1985): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(85)90021-3.

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19

Koike, S. T. "Severe Outbreak of Chocolate Spot of Fava Bean, Caused by Botrytis fabae, in California." Plant Disease 82, no. 7 (July 1998): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.7.831b.

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A damaging disease developed on commercial fava bean (Vicia faba L.) in coastal California following heavy rains in January through March, 1998. Two symptom types were observed. The most common symptoms on leaves and stems were small (1 to 5 mm), circular to oblong, dark red spots. As disease progressed, spots coalesced and caused large red areas on leaves and stems. Secondly, large (8 to 12 mm), oblong to irregular, dark brown necrotic spots with concentric circles formed on leaves, resulting in blighting and death of foliage. Severely affected plants lost over 50% of foliage and pod development was poor. Botrytis fabae was consistently isolated from both types of spots (1,2). Ellipsoidal to ovoid conidia measured 17 to 22 × 11 to 17 μm, and all isolates formed profuse, small (1 to 3 mm), spherical to oblong, black sclerotia. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating isolates onto fava bean plants, incubating them in a humidity chamber for 48 h, then maintaining plants in a greenhouse. Inoculated plants developed both types of symptoms, and B. fabae was reisolated. Uninoculated controls developed no symptoms. The experiment was repeated and results were the same. While chocolate spot of fava bean has been observed previously in various parts of the state, this is the first documentation of this disease in California. The disease was also confirmed on fava bean grown as a winter cover crop in the same coastal area of California. References: (1) J. G. Harrison. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 83:631, 1984. (2) J. G. Harrison. Plant Pathol. 37:168, 1988.

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20

Heilbronn, Jacqueline, and J. G. Harrison. "Effects of Bean Leaf Age on Pathogenicity by Botrytis fabae." Journal of Phytopathology 126, no. 3 (July 1989): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1989.tb01114.x.

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21

Tewodros, Tesfaye Negash, Azanaw Asfaw, Tilahun Getachew, Mulat Kibersew, and Sahile Woldemariam Samuel. "Evaluation of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties against chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) in North Gondar, Ethiopia." African Journal of Agricultural Research 10, no. 30 (July 23, 2015): 2984–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2014.9344.

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22

Migahed, Fatma F., and Ashraf M. Nofel. "Leaf Exudates of Vicia faba and their Effects on Botrytis fabae and Some Associated Fungi." Mycobiology 29, no. 4 (December 2001): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2001.12015788.

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23

BAINBRIDGE, A., B. D. L. FITT, N. F. CREIGHTON, and G. R. CAYLEY. "Use of fungicides to control chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) on winter field beans (Vicia faba)." Plant Pathology 34, no. 1 (March 1985): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1985.tb02754.x.

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24

El-Shatoury, Sahar A., Fuad Ameen, Heba Moussa, Omar Abdul Wahid, Ahmed Dewedar, and Saleh AlNadhari. "Biocontrol of chocolate spot disease (Botrytis cinerea) in faba bean using endophytic actinomycetes Streptomyces: a field study to compare application techniques." PeerJ 8 (March 9, 2020): e8582. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8582.

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Sustainable agriculture is needing economic applications for disease control. One possibility is offered by local medical plants. Endophytes of medical plants, such as actinomycetes Streptomyces sp. have previously shown antagonistic activities against fungal phytopathogens. In the present field experiment, we aimed to verify the efficiency of endophytic Streptomyces against one of the common pathogens, Botrytis cinerea, causing chocolate spot disease for faba bean (Vicia fabae L.). We tested two strains of Streptomyces (MG788011, MG788012) and three techniques to apply the biocontrol agent: (1) coating the seeds with spores, (2) spraying mycelia and (3) spraying the crude metabolites over the plants. The technique using the crude metabolites was the most efficient to prevent the disease symptoms. Both of the endophytic strains diminished the disease symptoms and improved the plant growth. The study offers a potential biological control technique to prevent chocolate spot disease and, at the same time, increase the yields of faba bean in sustainable agriculture.

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25

Sahile, Samuel, Chemeda Fininsa, P. K. Sakhuja, and Seid Ahmed. "Effect of mixed cropping and fungicides on chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) of faba bean (Vicia faba) in Ethiopia." Crop Protection 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.06.003.

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26

Teshome, Ermias, Chemeda Fininsa, and Samuel Sahile. "In vitro Antagonistic Potential of Fungal Isolates Against Botrytis fabae Sard." Asian Journal of Plant Pathology 7, no. 1 (December 15, 2012): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajppaj.2013.42.53.

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27

Fitt, B. D. L., N. F. Creighton, and A. Bainbridge. "Role of wind and rain in dispersal of Botrytis fabae conidia." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 85, no. 2 (September 1985): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80193-5.

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28

McEwen, J., and D. P. Yeoman. "Effects of row spacing and the control of pests and pathogens on four cultivars of spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba)." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 3 (December 1989): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600070064.

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SUMMARYExperiments in 1986–88 compared the spring field bean cultivars Alfred, Minden, Ticol and Troy, grown on clay-with-flints soil at Rothamsted, at row spacings of 12 and 48 cm, and compared two pest and pathogen control programmes based on (i) ‘standard’ control of Ascochyta fabae, Ditylenchus dipsaci and seed-borne viruses and (ii) ‘enhanced’ control of Sitona lineatus, bean leaf roll virus via the vector Acyrthosiphon pisum, Botrytis fabae and Uromyces viciae-fabae in addition to the pests and pathogens in the ‘standard’ control.With standard control, Minden had the largest mean seed yield of 4·6 t/ha; with enhanced control, Alfred was best with 6·1 t/ha.The yield benefits of enhanced control ranged from 0·2 t/ha on Ticol in 1986 to 2·4 t/ha on Alfred in 1988. They were related to the control of weevils (S. lineatus), chocolate spot (B. fabae) and rust (U. viciae-fabae). At 1989 prices, the cost of materials used for enhanced control would be repaid by a yield increase of 0·3 t/ha.The closer row spacing increased yields by 0·15 t/ha on average but effects differed greatly between years. Benefits were largest in 1986 when plants were shortest and in that year were largest for the shorter cultivars.It is suggested that trials of field bean cultivars should always include a test of pest and pathogen control.

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29

Kora, Dagne, and Ermias Teshome. "Yield loss of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) due to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) in Sinana, Southeastern Oromia." Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 7, no. 3 (March 21, 2018): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14196/sjpas.v7i3.2512.

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30

Leroch, Michaela, Cecilia Plesken, Roland W. S. Weber, Frank Kauff, Gabriel Scalliet, and Matthias Hahn. "Gray Mold Populations in German Strawberry Fields Are Resistant to Multiple Fungicides and Dominated by a Novel Clade Closely Related to Botrytis cinerea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 1 (October 19, 2012): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02655-12.

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ABSTRACT The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a major threat to fruit and vegetable production. Strawberry fields usually receive several fungicide treatments against Botrytis per season. Gray mold isolates from several German strawberry-growing regions were analyzed to determine their sensitivity against botryticides. Fungicide resistance was commonly observed, with many isolates possessing resistance to multiple (up to six) fungicides. A stronger variant of the previously described multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype MDR1, called MDR1h, was found to be widely distributed, conferring increased partial resistance to two important botryticides, cyprodinil and fludioxonil. A 3-bp deletion mutation in a transcription factor-encoding gene, mrr1 , was found to be correlated with MDR1h. All MDR1h isolates and the majority of isolates with resistance to multiple fungicides were found to be genetically distinct. Multiple-gene sequencing confirmed that they belong to a novel clade, called Botrytis group S, which is closely related to B. cinerea and the host-specific species B. fabae . Isolates of Botrytis group S genotypes were found to be widespread in all German strawberry-growing regions but almost absent from vineyards. Our data indicate a clear subdivision of gray mold populations, which are differentially distributed according to their host preference and adaptation to chemical treatments.

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31

Abd – Rabh, M., E. Fayzallah, N. Abou - Zeid, and T. Aziza. "VARIATION AMONG ISOLATES OF Botrytis spp. AND INTERACTION BETWEEN B. fabae ISOLATES AND SOME FABA BEAN VARIETIES." Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2013.87271.

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32

Yitayih, Getnet, and Yehizbalem Azmeraw. "Evaluation of Faba Bean Varieties against Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae Sard) Disease at Farta, South Gondar, Ethiopia." Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 21, no. 1 (March 2018): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12892-017-0089-0.

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33

You, M. P., H. A. Yang, K. Sivasithamparam, and M. J. Barbetti. "A new leaf blight disease of Trifolium dasyurum caused by Botrytis fabae." European Journal of Plant Pathology 123, no. 1 (June 14, 2008): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9338-6.

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Kobayashi, Akio, Kohtatsu Hagihara, Shin-ichiro Kajiyama, Hiroshi Kanzaki, and Kazuyoshi Kawazu. "Antifungal Compounds Induced in the Dual Culture with Phytolacca americana Callus and Botrytis fabae." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 50, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1995): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1995-5-610.

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Abstract In order to investigate new metabolites which are only induced in a plant callus infected by a pathogenic fungus, dual cultures with combinations of 10 species of fungi and 6 plant cell lines from different species were established. Among the combinations tested, the methanolic extract of a dual culture consisting of a plant cell line, Phytolacca americana and a fungus, Botrytis fabae showed a marked antifungal activity to Cladosporium herbarum. The main active constituent of this extract was identified to be phytolaccoside B (Pls B) by the spectroscopic analyses.

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35

Aguilar-Luna, Jesús M. E., Salvador López-López, and Juan M. Loeza-Corte. "Susceptibility of fungi, mainly chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae sard.), to gamma irradiation in the faba bean crop (Vicia faba l.)." Enero-Abril 2021 33, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51372/bioagro331.4.

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Fungi causeconsiderable losses in the faba bean crop in many regions of the world. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the susceptibility of faba bean to fungi, mainly chocolate spot, and its effect on yield, using seeds exposed to gamma irradiation. Faba bean seeds were cultivated in three regions: Hidalgo, Puebla and Tlaxcala, Mexico; the seeds were irradiated with a dose rate of 4.90 Gy·min-1using a Gammacell 220 irradiator. The irradiation doseswere 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 160, 250 and 350 Gy of gamma rays with 60Co radioisotopes. The irradiated seeds showed acceptablegermination (75.70 %)without visible damages,and survival was 53.62 % until 118 days after sowing. When unirradiated seed was used, the susceptibility of the crop could reach 60 % and the disease severity up to 34 %, with a disease progress rate of 0.006 units·day-1. The 40 Gy dose offered the best response to control the disease; up to 58.80 g of dry weight was obtained for every 100 seeds and a production of 4,442 kg·ha-1. In faba bean crop, up to 77 % of the variation in yield was due toseverity of fungi, mainlythe chocolate spot.

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Taffa, Ermias T., Chemeda F. Gurmessa, and Samuel Sahile W. Mariam. "In vivo Assay for Antagonistic Potential of Fungal Isolates against Faba bean ( Vicia faba L. ) Chocolate Spot ( Botrytis fabae Sard. )." Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 3 (September 2013): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0001531.

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Bayoumi, Shokry, Asia Eid, and Ghoname Ammer. "INDUCTION OF DEFENSE RESPONSES IN FABA BEAN PLANTS AGAINST CHOCOLATE SPOT DISEASE CAUSED BY BOTRYTIS FABAE USING CHITOSAN." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 20, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 32–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jaesj.2021.244580.

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Jejelowo, Olufisayo A., H. A. S. Epton, and Anthony P. J. Trinci. "Effects of paramorphogens and 2-deoxy-d-glucose on development of lesions of Botrytis fabae on Vicia faba." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 91, no. 4 (December 1988): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80042-1.

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Soliman, Hoda M., G. M. Abdel-Fatt, and E. A. Metwally. "Antagonistic Interactions Between the Foliar Pathogen Botrytis fabae Sard. and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai." Asian Journal of Plant Pathology 10, no. 3 (June 15, 2016): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajppaj.2016.21.28.

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40

Bennett, AW, and SD Lane. "The potential role of Trichoderma viride in the integrated control of botrytis fabae." Mycologist 6, no. 4 (November 1992): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(09)80578-8.

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Malthus, Tim J., and Ana Carla Madeira. "High resolution spectroradiometry: Spectral reflectance of field bean leaves infected by Botrytis fabae." Remote Sensing of Environment 45, no. 1 (July 1993): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90086-d.

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Wakoya, Fikiru, Tola Abdissa, and Alemayehu Dugasa. "Epidemics of chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) disease on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) at Shambu and Guduru, Western Oromia, Ethiopia." Indian Phytopathology 74, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42360-021-00328-0.

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Firdu, Zewdineh, Larissa Maia, Jorge Teodoro, Tesfaye Alemu, and Fassil Assefa. "Characterization of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) rhizosphere associating rhizobacteria against Botrytis fabae AAUBF-12 and their plant growth-promoting properties." Heliyon 8, no. 2 (February 2022): e08861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08861.

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ÇOLAK ATEŞ, Ayşegül, Hakan FİDAN, Nihat YILMAZ, and Ayda KONUKSAL. "Botrytis fabae and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) are the most common diseases of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in TRNC." Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29278/azd.371067.

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Sahile, Samuel, Chemeda Fininsa, P. K. Sakhuja, and Seid Ahmed. "Yield loss of faba bean (Vicia faba) due to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) in sole and mixed cropping systems in Ethiopia." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 43, no. 12 (August 2010): 1144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400802343791.

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Mesele, Haile, Adugna Girma, and Lemessa Fikre. "Reactions of improved faba bean varieties to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) epidemics across contrasting altitudes in southwest Ethiopia." African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 10 (March 10, 2016): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2014.9316.

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., Mahmoud, H. El-Komy, Amgad A. Saleh, and Younes Y. Molan. "Resistance/susceptibility of Faba Bean to Botrytis fabae: The Causal Agent of Chocolate Spot with Respect to Leaf Position." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 17, no. 4 (July 1, 2015): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/14.0021.

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Hasan, Khadiga A., Hoda Soliman, Zakaria Baka, and Yasser M. Shabana. "Efficacy of nano-silicon in the control of chocolate spot disease of Vicia faba L. caused by Botrytis fabae." Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2314808x.2020.1727627.

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Jackson, A. J., D. R. Walters, and G. Marshall. "Evaluation of Penicillium chrysogenum and its antifungal extracts as potential biological control agents against Botrytis fabae on faba beans." Mycological Research 98, no. 10 (October 1994): 1117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80197-4.

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Cimmino, Alessio, Angel M. Villegas-Fernández, Anna Andolfi, Dominique Melck, Diego Rubiales, and Antonio Evidente. "Botrytone, a New Naphthalenone Pentaketide Produced by Botrytis fabae, the Causal Agent of Chocolate Spot Disease on Vicia faba." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, no. 17 (September 14, 2011): 9201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf202089y.

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