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Journal articles on the topic 'Botrytis cinerea'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 June 2024

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1

Chen, Tong, Zhanquan Zhang, Yong Chen, Boqiang Li, and Shiping Tian. "Botrytis cinerea." Current Biology 33, no. 11 (June 2023): R460—R462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.058.

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2

Chetelat, R. T., and L. Stamova. "TOLERANCE TO BOTRYTIS CINEREA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 487 (March 1999): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.487.48.

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3

Adjebli, Ahmed, Abdelaziz Messis, Riad Ayeche, and Kamel Aissat. "Phenotypic variability of Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis pseudocinerea isolates." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1703rjbt2026.

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In the present study, eight single-spore strains of Botrytis cinerea were isolated from tomato greenhouses located in Bejaia regions (Northern Algeria). Isolates were molecularly characterized by nine microsatellite markers. Isolates were assigned to B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea with four isolates of each species. Morphological characterization was established using two cultures media Potato Dextrose Agar and Malt Extract Agar. All isolates inoculated on PDA medium were exclusively Sclerotial and Mycelial on MEA medium. Aggressiveness of both species was similar on tomato leaves and apple fruits. Moreover, B. cinerea isolates were more aggressive than B. pseudocinerea on lettuce leaves. Tomato and lettuce leaves were significantly more susceptible to the both fungi. A negative correlation was established between aggressiveness and morphological type. Phenotypic variability is considered of major importance to explain the epidemiology of the two cryptic species.
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4

Vinogradova, Svetlana, Elena Porotikova, Emiliya Navrotskaya, Zsuzsanna Nagyne Galbacs, Sébastien Massart, and Eva Varallyay. "The First Virome of a Russian Vineyard." Plants 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2023): 3292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12183292.

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Among other pathogens, more than 80 viruses infect grapevine. The aim of this work was to study the virome diversity of grapevine viruses and mycoviruses of a vineyard using high-throughput sequencing technologies. The grapevine virome was studied in symptomatic vines of the Rkatsiteli cultivar (V. vinifera) collected at the vineyards of the Krasnodar Krai in Russia. Ribosomal-depleted total RNA and isolated small RNAs were used for library preparation and high-throughput sequencing. Six grapevine-infecting viruses and two viroids were validated by RT-PCR and analyzed phylogenetically. We identified the presence of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3, grapevine Pinot gris virus, grapevine virus T, grapevine rupestris stem-pitting-associated virus, grapevine fleck virus, and grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus, as well as two viroids, grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 and hop stunt viroid. We also studied the mycovirome of the vineyard and identified nine viruses with single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes: alternaria arborescens mitovirus 1, botrytis cinerea mitovirus 1, botrytis cinerea mitovirus 2, botrytis cinerea mitovirus 3, botrytis cinerea mitovirus 4, sclerotinia sclerotiorum mitovirus 3, botrytis cinerea hypovirus 1, grapevine-associated narnavirus 1, and botrytis virus F. In addition, we identified botrytis cinerea hypovirus 1 satellite-like RNA and two single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses. This is the first study of grapevine mycoviruses in Russia. The obtained result will contribute to the development of biocontrol strategies in the future.
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5

Guetsky, Ruth, D. Shtienberg, Y. Elad, E. Fischer, and A. Dinoor. "Improving Biological Control by Combining Biocontrol Agents Each with Several Mechanisms of Disease Suppression." Phytopathology® 92, no. 9 (September 2002): 976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.9.976.

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Two biocontrol agents, a yeast (Pichia guilermondii) and a bacterium (Bacillus mycoides), were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves and plants. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant inhibition of Botrytis cinerea conidial germination in the presence of Pichia guilermondii, whereas Bacillus mycoides caused breakage and destruction of conidia. When both biocontrol agents were applied in a mixture, conidial destruction was more severe. The modes of action of each of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the relative quantitative contribution of each mechanism to suppression of Botrytis cinerea was estimated using multiple regression with dummy variables. The improvement in control efficacy achieved by introducing one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated. Pichia guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose, sucrose, adenine, histidine, and folic acid. Viability of the yeast cells played a crucial role in suppression of Botrytis cinerea and they secreted an inhibitory compound that had an acropetal effect and was not volatile. Bacillus mycoides did not compete for any of the sugars, amino acids, or vitamins examined at a level that would affect Botrytis cinerea development. Viable cells and the compounds secreted by them contributed similarly to Botrytis cinerea suppression. The bacteria secreted volatile and non-volatile inhibitory compounds and activated the defense systems of the host. The nonvolatile compounds had both acropetal and basipetal effects. Mixture of Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides resulted in additive activity compared with their separate application. The combined activity was due to the summation of biocontrol mechanisms of both agents. This work provides a theoretical explanation for our previous findings of reduced disease control variability with a mixture of Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides.
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6

Qiu, Lu, Hai Han Yang, Fang Lei, Shu Guo Fan, Mei Hua Xie, and Zhen Ji Wang. "Studies on the Bacteriostasis of Nano-Silver on the Pathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea from Illed Plants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.352.

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Obiective is studing the bacteriostasis of nanosilver on the pathogenic fungus Botryticinerea from illed plants. Five strains of Botrytis cinerea were used as the experimental materials. 0.3 % carbendazim and 0.3 % chlorothalonil were used as comparing chemistry bacteriostatic agents. The inhibitionand effects of bacteriostatic agents on the growth of mycelia, spore’s germination, size of the inhibitory zone, electrical conductivity, morphology and structure of Botrytis cinerea were studied. Results is that the bacteriostatic effects of nanosilver is significantly better than blank comparing experiment, and there are differentiation in strains. The bacteriostasis effece of carbendazim is better than chlorothalonil. The chlorothalonil is better than nanosilver. Conclusion is that There is better bacteriostasis against Botrytis cinerea for nanosilver. The The principle of bacteriostasis is that nanosilver disrupts permeation of cell mombrance of Botrytis cinerea.
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7

Ahmed, AU, S. Zaman, MA Mazid, MM Rahman, MMR Sarkar, L. Arbia, MM Ud-deen, and G. Kabir. "Studies of Botrytis cinerea causing botrytis gray mold disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)." Journal of Bio-Science 22 (October 21, 2016): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v22i0.30011.

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Context: To investigate the morphological and pathological information on causal organism Botrytis cinerea for better understanding of the infection process and controlling outbreaks of the most damaging disease, Botrytis Gray Mold (BGM),of chickpea.Objectives: To study the cultural and morphological characteristics and growth requirements of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr. This study was also aimed to know about the cytological and genetic behavior of B. cinerea in relation to its pathogenicity and the infection process on chickpea.Materials and Methods: A total of 83 isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr. collected from the major chickpea growing areas of Bangladesh were studied under 5 and 2 different groups based on their cultural and morphological characteristics, respectively. Four different types of isolates were observed and characterized considering the arrangement of sclerotia by growing them on PDA. Cultural characteristics such as colony color, shape, margin and texture of B. cinerea isolates were observed on the prepared PDA medium. Morphological characteristics in terms of sclerotia color, shape and size, ability of sclerotia production and their arrangement were observed on PDA medium after three days of incubation at 20°C. The prepared samples were placed in a platinum coater providing 10 mA current flow and then placed into the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for obtaining the image. The conidial observation was taken using aqua suspension under the fluorescence microscope at 19V/100W. SEM observation was made to study the infection process of B. cinerea. Data on quantitative and qualitative cultural characteristics were put into analytical software 'SPSS 11.5 for Windows' and nonhierarchical clustering was performed.Results: The mean sizes of five isolates of B. cinerea were 8.02-12.3x 5.1-9.0 ?m (volume 158.12-445.38 ?m3). The pathogen B. cinerea grew well on malt-extract agar (MEA) and chickpea dextrose agar (CDA) medium. The highest (81.26 mm) average mycelial radial growth was obtained on MEA followed by CDA (81.11 mm). Maximum disease in the shortest incubation period was produced with the inoculum concentration of 2.5×104. More pathogenicity and higher disease score was performed by the isolates containing higher mean number of nucleus per conidia than the isolates containing lower values. Optimum temperature and incubation time for conidial germination was observed at 20°C and 24 h, respectively. More than 90% relative humidity was needed for the germination of B. cinerea conidia. B. cinerea survived in all plant parts up to next cropping season. Sclerotia of B. cinerea were also found to survive in the soil up to 9 months. All the 5 isolates of B. cinerea remained viable after 3 years of storage in sterile water at -80°C and in sand at 4°C with same pathogenicity.Conclusion: The cyto-pathological observations including cultural and morphological information of the causal pathogen B. cinerea might be useful in controlling the outbreaks of the disease BGM and ultimately reducing the yield loss of the valuable crop chickpea.J. bio-sci. 22: 69-76, 2014
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8

Guerrero Prieto, Víctor Manuel, Juan Luis Jacobo Cuéllar, Rafael Ángel Parra Quezada, Marcos Iván Linares Marrufo, Damaris Leopoldina Ojeda Barrios, Ofelia Adriana Hernández Rodríguez, Loreto Robles Hernández, David Ignacio Berlanga Reyes, and Iván Javier Cabanillas Mata. "Botrytis cinerea Pers. in postharvest apple fruit, control with Candida oleophila Montrocher strains and/or synthetic fungicides." Nova Scientia 11, no. 22 (May 29, 2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21640/ns.v11i22.1645.

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As an alternative control method, to improve control and to reduce synthetic fungicide use, three Candida oleophila strains and/or four commercial synthetic fungicides were used to control Botrytis cinerea damage on postharvest apple fruit. Synthetic commercial fungicides; Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil, Thiabendazole and Benomyl, allowed Candida oleophila strains colony growth when challenged to the pressure of these fungicides. Synthetic commercial fungicide Captan did not allow any Candida oleophila strains colony growth. Control of Botrytis cinerea expressed in % of damage and damage reduction, gave an average control of; 100% for Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil; Captan, 97.5%; Thiabendazole, 94.1% and Benomyl, 93.7% All Candida oleophila strains, individually, gave a 100% control. Thiabendazole and Benomyl improved their efficiency to control Botrytis cinerea when combined with Candida oleophila. Control of Botrytis cinerea damage on postharvest Golden Delicious apple fruit can be achieved up to 100% either with Candida oleophila strains individually and/or with Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil alone. The use of Candida oleophila as an alternative method to control Botrytis cinerea damage on postharvest apple fruit means a reduction of synthetic fungicide use, plus avoiding fungicide residues on the treated apple fruit and on the environment, thus reducing the risk for human health damage.
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9

Komalaningrat, Devi ayu, Efi Toding Tondok, and Widodo Widodo. "Identitas Spesies Botrytis pada Tanaman Hortikultura Di Jawa Barat, Indonesia." Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 14, no. 6 (February 27, 2019): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14692/jfi.14.6.205.

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Identity of Botrytis Species on Horticultural Crops In West Java, IndonesiaBotrytis species are economically important pathogens with a very broad host range including more than 200 horticultural crops. The identity of these fungus found in Indonesia has not been investigated and need to be reconfirmed due to the species variations of Botrytis found worldwide. The aims of this research were to identify Botrytis species infecting crops in West Java based on its morphology and molecular characteristics, as well as its pathogenicity traits. Based on morphological characters, all 25 isolates found were identified as B. cinerea. ITS-based sequences of the 8 isolates showed 96-100% similarity to reported B. cinerea in GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed that all collected B. cinerea were grouped in the same cluster with Australia, Netherlands, and other Asian region isolates. Pathogenicity tests using strawberry fruits demonstrated that all isolates were pathogenic as indicated by grey mold symptom development; the isolates from orchid showed the highest virulence. This research is the first report confirming Botrytis cinerea identity based on morphology and molecular methods in Indonesia, and also confirmed B. cinerea as the only species of Botrytis found in West Java.
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10

Ripardo-Filho, Haroldo da Silva, Víctor Coca Ruíz, Ivonne Suárez, Javier Moraga, Josefina Aleu, and Isidro G. Collado. "From Genes to Molecules, Secondary Metabolism in Botrytis cinerea: New Insights into Anamorphic and Teleomorphic Stages." Plants 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030553.

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The ascomycete Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr., classified within the family Sclerotiniaceae, is the agent that causes grey mould disease which infects at least 1400 plant species, including crops of economic importance such as grapes and strawberries. The life cycle of B. cinerea consists of two phases: asexual (anamorph, Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr.) and sexual (teleomorph, Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Wetzel). During the XVI International Symposium dedicated to the Botrytis fungus, which was held in Bari in June 2013, the scientific community unanimously decided to assign the most widely used name of the asexual form, Botrytis, to this genus of fungi. However, in the literature, we continue to find articles referring to both morphic stages. In this review, we take stock of the genes and metabolites reported for both morphic forms of B. cinerea between January 2015 and October 2022.
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11

Amiri, Achour, Adrian I. Zuniga, and Natalia A. Peres. "Prevalence of Botrytis Cryptic Species in Strawberry Nursery Transplants and Strawberry and Blueberry Commercial Fields in the Eastern United States." Plant Disease 102, no. 2 (February 2018): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-17-1065-re.

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Botrytis isolates from strawberry transplants originating from Canada and the northern United States as well as isolates collected from strawberry and blueberry commercial fields in the southeastern United States were investigated for the frequency of Botrytis cinerea, other cryptic Botrytis spp. reported recently, and the transposable elements (TE) using six genetic markers. B. cinerea sensu stricto was predominant (94%) in strawberry and blueberry in all surveyed regions. Botrytis group S, a newly reported clade on strawberry from Germany, was found at low frequencies (6%) in strawberry in the United States and Canada and on blueberry isolates from Florida. Neither B. caroliniana nor B. pseudocinerea were detected in the U.S. or Canadian populations. Transposa isolates containing the TE boty and flipper accounted for 74% of 410 isolates studied herein. Isolates containing boty only or flipper only elements were found at 21 and 2%, respectively. However, boty isolates were predominant in the blueberry population with more than 50%. The TE were found in B. cinerea and Botrytis group S at similar frequencies, except that flipper was more frequent (10.7%) in Botrytis group S, compared with 1.6% in B. cinerea. The sensitivity of 256 Botrytis isolates from the different genetic groups described above was evaluated to seven fungicides registered to control gray mold in commercial fields. Results indicate that B. cinerea and transposa isolates have higher resistance frequencies to almost all fungicides tested compared with the other Botrytis genotypes or species, whereas the TE flipper may be related to resistance to fludioxonil. Similarities observed between nursery and commercial field populations and their impact on gray mold development and management are discussed.
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12

Cook, D. WM, F. M. Dewey, P. G. Long, and N. Benhamou. "The influence of simple sugars, salts, andBotrytis-specific monoclonal antibodies on the binding of bacteria and yeast to germlings ofBotrytis cinerea." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-091.

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The influence of simple sugars, salts, and Botrytis-specific monoclonal antibodies on the binding of three bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche & Edwards, Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche & Edwards, and Ochrobactrum anthropii gen.nov.) and three yeasts (Candida sake (Sarto & Ota) van Uden & Buckley, Candida pulcherrima (Lindner) Windisch, and Trichosporon pullulans (Lindner) Diddens & Lodder) to Botrytis cinerea (Persoon:Fr) was examined. Solutions of 0.1 M D(+)-galactose, L-fucose, or Botrytis-specific monoclonal antibodies significantly reduced populations of E. aerogenes and E. cloacae adhering to pathogen germlings, whereas 0.1 M raffinose significantly reduced C. sake or C. pulcherrima adhesion. In cytochemical studies, lectin-gold labeling demonstrated the presence of galactose moieties in the walls or matrix of E. aerogenes, and this labeling was diminished in bacteria that were attached to B. cinerea. Immunolabeling with a Botrytis-specific monoclonal antibody that recognizes a glycoprotein was particularly intense in condensed regions of the pathogen matrix associated with adherent E. aerogenes, whereas C. sake - B. cinerea interactions revealed a loose encapsulation of adherent yeast cells by the matrix of B. cinerea. Results from this study suggest the presence of several adhesion mechanisms that can be distinguished according to yeast or bacterial binding and further defined according to the genus.Key words: adhesion, bacteria, biocontrol, Botrytis cinerea, ultrastructure, yeast.
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13

Bergmann, Ben A., and John M. Dole. "Ethylene Exposure Exacerbates Botrytis Damage in Cut Roses1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-38.3.80.

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Abstract Separate experiments showed that current cut rose (Rosa × hybrida) cultivars vary considerably in Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) susceptibility and ethylene (ET) sensitivity. There was no pattern when considering these two traits together for the 26 cultivars used, and neither trait appeared predictive of the other. Four cultivars were identified that included one each that is Botrytis susceptible/ET sensitive, Botrytis non-susceptible/ET sensitive, Botrytis susceptible/ET insensitive, and Botrytis non-susceptible/ET insensitive. Exposing these cultivars to ET often resulted in reduced vase life and more pronounced negative Botrytis responses (flower Botrytis damage, leaf Botrytis incidence, and frequency of termination due to Botrytis). This was true for ET sensitive and insensitive cultivars, Botrytis susceptible and non-susceptible cultivars, Botrytis inoculated and non-inoculated stems, and stems exposed to ET either before or after Botrytis inoculation and incubation. Thus, even if ET is not thought to have a major influence on a given cut rose cultivar in terms of classic negative ET responses (leaf drop, petal wilt, altered opening rate), ET exposure could have a significant negative impact on that cultivar by exacerbating Botrytis damage. Shipping temperatures and methods can have a strong influence on Botrytis damage, with pre-cooling of shipping boxes before cold storage/transport being beneficial. Index words: Botrytis blight, Botrytis cinerea, cut flowers, floriculture, gray mold, Rosa L. hybrids. Species used in this study: Rose (Rosa × hybrida) focal cultivars ‘Cuenca', ‘Daphnee', ‘Freedom', ‘Vendela'; Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.). Chemicals used in this study: 1-methylcyclopropene (EthylBloc); ethylene; silver thiosulfate.
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Krahl, Kimberly H., and William M. Randle. "RESISTANCE TO BOTRYTIS CINEREA IN PETUNIA." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 525c—525. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.525c.

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Botrytis diseases are the most common and among the most destructive diseases affecting greenhouse-grown crops. Presently a combination of cultural control and fungicidal sprays are used to control the disease. Increasing energy and labor costs plus evidence of resistance of B. cinerea strains to commonly used fungicides has made the disease more difficult to control. A source of genetic resistance would provide an additional powerful and stable tool to control the incidence of Botrytis disease. In this study screening techniques for Botrytis resistance in petunia were developed and 40 petunia genotypes were screened for resistance to B. cinerea. A wide range of variability for resistance to B. cinerea was discovered in petunia. Results indicate the presence of useful quantitative-type resistance to B. cinerea in petunia.
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15

PIRCALABU, Liliana, Elena BRINDUSE, and Marian ION. "Prediction of Botrytis cinerea Risk in Vineyards Based on Weather Indicators." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 77, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2020.0038.

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Botrytis cinerea causes grey mould, a major disease occurring in vineyards worldwide, resulting in loss of grape production and wine quality. Predictive models of favorability of Botrytis cinerea were used. Therefore, a series of meteorological data from 2010 to 2019 was used. The results showed that the frequency of years with low risk of Botrytis cinerea was 10%, medium risk 10%, high risk 80%. The disease can drastically reduce both yield and wine quality (Ribereau Gayon et al., 1980). The harvest years 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014, favored the manifestation of an attack degree of 62.9% (2012) and 34.2% (2013). Positive correlations were observed in the case of Broome index and Bacchus index with the duration of sunlight (r2 = 0.935), respectively (r2 = 0.944) and the sum of the hours of moisture on the leaves (r2 = 0.833, r2 = 0.848). Based on the results a model for prediction of Botrytis cinerea risk will be developed.
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Ismagulova, A. B., A. D. Spanbaev, S. K. Nayekova, G. M. Salkhozhayeva, and Z. S. Sarmurzina. "Antifungal effect of Gliocladium catenulatum mushroom extract on phytopathogens Fusarium ohusrogim and Botrytis cinerea." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 145, no. 4 (2023): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2023-145-4-71-85.

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This article discusses the antifungal property of the Gliocladium catenulatum extraction on widespread phytopathogenic fungi of agricultural crops in Northern Kazakhstan as Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium Oxysporum. As a result of studies, this micromycete-antagonist isolated from the root of healthy strawberry Gliocladium catenulatum showed high antifungal activity, supressio zone 35±0.05 mm. It was revealed that Fusarium Oxysporum strains are more sensitive compared to Botrytis cinerea. For example, with optimal dilution of the extract 30 times, on average the suppression zone in Fusarium Oxysporumshowed 26±0.03 mm, whereas in Botrytis cinerea 24±0.03 mm.The optimal condition (nutrient medium, temperature, carbohydrate use, pH medium) for intensive growth and development of Gliocladium catenulatum producer by surface cultivation method was determined.The aim of the research is to evaluate the fungicidal property of Gliocladium catenulatum against Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium оxysporum and further use this micromycete as a biological preparation against phytopathogenic fungi to increase crop yields.
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Mojtaba Asadollahi, Éva Fekete, Erzsébet Fekete, Levente Karaffa, and Erzsébet Sándor. "Pathogenicity differences between group I and group II of Botrytis cinerea." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 43 (October 30, 2011): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/43/2642.

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Botrytis cinerea has been reported as a species complex containing two cryptic species, groups I (Botrytis pseudocinerea) and II (B. cinerea sensu stricto). In order to compare the pathogenicity of group I and group II of B. cinerea, we have selected 4 strains of group I and 4 strains of group II. The results demonstrated that competitive infection of group II was more on grape, cucumber and paprika leaves, than group I. However the results on bean leaves did not correlate the applied B. cinerea group.
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Liu, Shixia, Xi Yuan, Yuyan Wang, Hui Wang, Jiali Wang, Zhihui Shen, Yizhou Gao, Jiating Cai, Dayong Li, and Fengming Song. "Tomato Stress-Associated Protein 4 Contributes Positively to Immunity Against Necrotrophic Fungus Botrytis cinerea." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 5 (May 2019): 566–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-18-0097-r.

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Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) are A20 and AN1 domain–containing proteins, some of which play important roles in plant stress signaling. Here, we report the involvement of tomato SlSAP family in immunity. SlSAPs responded with different expression patterns to Botrytis cinerea and defense signaling hormones. Virus-induced gene silencing of each of the SlSAP genes and disease assays revealed that SlSAP4 and SlSAP10 play roles in immunity against B. cinerea. Silencing of SlSAP4 resulted in attenuated immunity to B. cinerea, accompanying increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and downregulated expression of jasmonate and ethylene (JA/ET) signaling-responsive defense genes. Transient expression of SlSAP4 in Nicotiana benthamiana led to enhanced resistance to B. cinerea. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate partially restored the resistance of the SlSAP4-silenced plants against B. cinerea. SlSAP4 interacted with three of four SlRAD23 proteins. The A20 domain in SlSAP4 and the Ub-associated domains in SlRAD23d are critical for SlSAP4-SlRAD23d interaction. Silencing of SlRAD23d led to decreased resistance to B. cinerea, but silencing of each of other SlRAD23s did not affect immunity against B. cinerea. Furthermore, silencing of SlSAP4 and each of the SlRAD23s did not affect immunity to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. These data suggest that SlSAP4 contributes positively to tomato immunity against B. cinereal through affecting JA/ET signaling and may be involved in the substrate ubiquitination process via interacting with SlRAD23d.
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Ferenc Takács, Mojtaba Asadollahi, and Erzsébet Karaffa. "Azoxystrobin resistance of Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. isolates." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 43 (October 30, 2011): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/43/2638.

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Fungicide resistance is one of the most important problems endangering the effectivity of practical plant protection today. The frequent and subsequent usage of specific fungicides results the emergence of resistant fungal populations. This threatens is especially high in case of Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. being an endemic pathogen with frequent infection. Nowadays the main method of protection as against Botrytis cinerea is the application of chemical fungicides chemicals. Therefore, a better knowledge of local populations is necessary for the planning of the protection procedures.Based on the results of our examinations we may establish that the growth of the examined samples showed a significant difference under in vitro circumstances, which shows a great deal of variability of the Botrytis cinerea populations in Hungary. Twenty-five Botrytis cinerea samples from different hosts were analyzed in this study. High resistance was found towards azoxistrobin in seven cases, and low resistance in eight cases.It was also proved, that the B. cinerea is able to bypass the inhibition site of the azoxistrobin via the alternative oxidase. The presence of this altermative mitocondrial electrotransport route considerably reduces the effectivity of the chemical.
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NAKAJIMA, M., and K. AKUTSU. "Virulence factors of Botrytis cinerea." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 80, no. 100th_Anniversary (2014): S56—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.80.s56.

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Wang, Qiong, Qi Zou, Zhaoji Dai, Ni Hong, Guoping Wang, and Liping Wang. "Four Novel Mycoviruses from the Hypovirulent Botrytis cinerea SZ-2-3y Isolate from Paris polyphylla: Molecular Characterisation and Mitoviral Sequence Transboundary Entry into Plants." Viruses 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14010151.

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A hypovirulent SZ-2-3y strain isolated from diseased Paris polyphylla was identified as Botrytis cinerea. Interestingly, SZ-2-3y was coinfected with a mitovirus, two botouliviruses, and a 3074 nt fusarivirus, designated Botrytis cinerea fusarivirus 8 (BcFV8); it shares an 87.2% sequence identity with the previously identified Botrytis cinerea fusarivirus 6 (BcFV6). The full-length 2945 nt genome sequence of the mitovirus, termed Botrytis cinerea mitovirus 10 (BcMV10), shares a 54% sequence identity with Fusarium boothii mitovirus 1 (FbMV1), and clusters with fungus mitoviruses, plant mitoviruses and plant mitochondria; hence BcMV10 is a new Mitoviridae member. The full-length 2759 nt and 2812 nt genome sequences of the other two botouliviruses, named Botrytis cinerea botoulivirus 18 and 19 (BcBoV18 and 19), share a 40% amino acid sequence identity with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein (RdRp), and these are new members of the Botoulivirus genus of Botourmiaviridae. Horizontal transmission analysis showed that BcBoV18, BcBoV19 and BcFV8 are not related to hypovirulence, suggesting that BcMV10 may induce hypovirulence. Intriguingly, a partial BcMV10 sequence was detected in cucumber plants inoculated with SZ-2-3y mycelium or pXT1/BcMV10 agrobacterium. In conclusion, we identified a hypovirulent SZ-2-3y fungal strain from P. polyphylla, coinfected with four novel mycoviruses that could serve as potential biocontrol agents. Our findings provide evidence of cross-kingdom mycoviral sequence transmission.
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van Kan, J. A. L. "INFECTION STRATEGIES OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 669 (February 2005): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.669.9.

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23

Chagué, Véronique, Yigal Elad, Radwan Barakat, Paul Tudzynski, and Amir Sharon. "Ethylene biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 40, no. 2 (May 2002): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00946.x.

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24

Chagué, V. "Ethylene biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 40, no. 2 (May 2002): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6496(02)00222-2.

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25

Qadir, Altaf, Errol W. Hewett, and Peter G. Long. "Ethylene production by Botrytis cinerea." Postharvest Biology and Technology 11, no. 2 (June 1997): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5214(97)00016-1.

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26

Nakajima, Masami, and Katsumi Akutsu. "Virulence factors of Botrytis cinerea." Journal of General Plant Pathology 80, no. 1 (October 10, 2013): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-013-0492-0.

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27

Espino, José J., Gerardo Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Nélida Brito, Punit Shah, Ron Orlando, and Celedonio González. "The Botrytis cinerea early secretome." PROTEOMICS 10, no. 16 (June 16, 2010): 3020–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201000037.

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28

Doss, Robert P., James K. Christian, Sandra W. Potter, Alfred H. Soeldner, and Gary A. Chastagner. "The conidial surface ofBotrytis cinereaand several otherBotrytisspecies." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-068.

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Surfaces of conidia of Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr. and several other Botrytis species were studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with carbon–platinum replicas. The surface of dry conidia of B. cinerea was rough with numerous short (200–250 nm) protuberances. Upon hydration and redrying these protuberances disappeared. The surfaces of conidia of other Botrytis species were similar to the surface of B. cinerea. The basket-weave pattern of hydrophobin rodlets present on the surfaces of spores of many fungal species was not observed on conidia of any of the Botrytis species. Rodlets were seen when the methods employed in this study were used to examine conidia of Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter, Neurospora crassa Shear et Dodge, or Penicillium camembertii Thom:, fungal species known to possess rodlets. Key words: hydrophobicity, conidial surface, Botryotinia, electron microscopy.
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Muñoz, Melissa, James E. Faust, William C. Bridges, and Guido Schnabel. "Relationship of Pink Pigmentation in Rose Petals and Botrytis cinerea." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-12-19-0100-rs.

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Pink pigmentation on rose (Rosa × hybrida) petals in the form of round spots or irregular-shaped discoloration has been associated with Botrytis cinerea infection, but scientific evidence has been lacking to support this hypothesis. The unfounded association between pink pigmentation and Botrytis blight has been sufficient to warrant rejection of international shipments during inspection at the ports of entry. The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationship between pink pigmentation symptoms on rose petals and B. cinerea infection. Four shipments of ‘Vendela’ and ‘Brighton’ roses were received from a commercial grower. Intact rose flowers and detached petals were assessed separately, and symptom development and Botrytis blight incidence were evaluated. In addition, tissue pieces with and without pink pigmentation were placed in culture media to determine the frequency of B. cinerea isolation. Results showed that Botrytis blight incidence in whole flowers and petals of cut roses with and without pink pigmentations was not significantly different. B. cinerea was not isolated more frequently from pink-pigmented tissue compared with tissues lacking pink pigmentation. These results show that pink pigmentation in the form of round spots or irregular-shaped discoloration along the petal margins is not associated with B. cinerea infections.
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Latinovic, Nedeljko, Marko Sabovljevic, Milorad Vujicic, Jelena Latinovic, and Aneta Sabovljevic. "Bryophyte extracts suppress growth of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea." Botanica Serbica 43, no. 1 (2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb1901009l.

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In this study, the extracts of three selected bryophyte species are shown to have inhibitory effects on grey mould disease (Botrytis cinerea). Methanol extracts of one leafy liverwort (Porella platyphylla) and two mosses, one aquatic (Cinclidotus fontinaloides) and one terrestrial (Anomodon viticulosus), were applied in vitro to Botrytis cinerea, after which tests showed suppression of fungal development.
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Koulali, Yahya, Jean Louis Fonvieille, Abbes Es-Sgaouri, and Robert Dargent. "Influence de la monensine sur la composition lipidique et protéique des culots membranaires chez Botrytis cinerea Pers. et Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-086.

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Membranes of young hyphae of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotium rolfsii in the presence or absence of monensin were isolated and their chemical content was determined. Monensin induced a reduction of protein/lipid and sterol/phospholipid ratios. These modifications show that monensin affects vesicular traffic and also both the normal biosynthesis and growth.Key words: monensin, membranes, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotium rolfsii.
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Dowling, Madeline E., Meng-Jun Hu, and Guido Schnabel. "Identification and Characterization of Botrytis fragariae Isolates on Strawberry in the United States." Plant Disease 101, no. 10 (October 2017): 1769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-17-0316-re.

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Gray mold is a devastating disease on strawberry, and may be caused by several species of Botrytis. The goal of this study was to better understand and characterize the species of Botrytis with reduced sensitivity to the fungicide Polyoxin D, particularly Botrytis fragariae. In total, 78 Botrytis isolates of unknown species that were sensitive (28 isolates; S), moderately sensitive (22 isolates; MS), or reduced sensitive (28 isolates; RS) to Polyoxin-D were collected from commercial strawberry fields of five states in the United States, identified to the species level, and characterized. The majority (75%) of S isolates were Botrytis cinerea and the majority (79%) of RS isolates were the recently described species B. fragariae, indicating an innate ability of B. fragariae to tolerate Polyoxin-D. B. fragariae produced fluffy, white mycelium and was less likely to sporulate on potato dextrose agar than B. cinerea. Isolates from a commercial field recovered from blossoms in early spring were all B. fragariae, those from leaves of the same plants in late spring were a mixture of B. fragariae and B. cinerea, and those from fruit in early summer were all B. cinerea, indicating that B. fragariae may preferentially colonize blossom tissue. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay was developed based on NEP2 sequence variability to distinguish B. fragariae from other Botrytis spp. that have been reported on strawberry, including B. cinerea, B. mali, B. caroliniana, and B. ricini. None of the isolates collected from Canada, California, or North Carolina nurseries were B. fragariae, indicating that the newly described species may not exist or not be widely distributed in planting stock.
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Moreno, Ana Beatriz, Álvaro Martínez del Pozo, Marisé Borja, and Blanca San Segundo. "Activity of the Antifungal Protein from Aspergillus giganteus Against Botrytis cinerea." Phytopathology® 93, no. 11 (November 2003): 1344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.11.1344.

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Botrytis blight (gray mold), caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most widely distributed diseases of ornamental plants. In geranium plants, gray mold is responsible for important losses in production. The mold Aspergillus giganteus is known to produce and secrete a basic low-molecular-weight protein, the antifungal protein (AFP). Here, the antifungal properties of the Aspergillus AFP against various B. cinerea isolates obtained from naturally infected geranium plants were investigated. AFP strongly inhibited mycelial growth as well as conidial germination of B. cinerea. Microscopic observations of fungal cultures treated with AFP revealed reduced hyphal elongation and swollen hyphal tips. Washout experiments in which B. cinerea was incubated with AFP for different periods of time and then washed away revealed a fungicidal activity of AFP. Application of AFP on geranium plants protected leaves against Botrytis infection. Cecropin A also was active against this pathogen. An additive effect against the fungus was observed when AFP was combined with cecropin A. These results are discussed in relation to the potential of the afp gene to enhance crop protection against B. cinerea diseases.
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Krahl, Kimberly H., and William M. Randle. "Resistance of Petunia Phenotypes to Botrytis cinerea." HortScience 34, no. 4 (July 1999): 690–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.4.690.

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Although Petunia hybrida Vilm., a major bedding plant, is susceptible to many diseases, no formal disease resistance studies have been conducted. Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. is a ubiquitous pathogen, causing great damage to greenhouse-grown ornamental crops, including petunia. In this study, a screening procedure for B. cinerea resistance in petunia was developed and 48 diverse petunia phenotypes were screened for resistance to B. cinerea in two seasons, spring and fall. The range of variability for resistance to B. cinerea in petunia was wide and continuous. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between seasons were significant and moderate. While the majority of phenotypes displayed less than a 10% difference in mean percent infection in spring vs. fall seasons, several phenotypes displayed large differences that require further testing. One cultivar, `Pink Sensation Improved', exhibited low and consistent mean percent infection in both spring and fall and, therefore, may be a useful source of resistance to B. cinerea in petunia.
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Sellal, Zineb, Jamila Dahmani, Rachid Benkirane, Amina Ouazzani Touhami, and Allal Douira. "Pathogenic Capacity of Botrytis cinerea on Leaves of Pyrus mamorensis, an Endemic Tree of Mamora Forest in Morocco." Atlas Journal of Biology 2, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5147/ajb.v2i2.159.

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A survey in the Mamora forest was done in the spring of 2010 and revealed that 67% of buds and 27% of leaves of Pyrus mamorensis (Trabut) samples collected had lesions with a gray felting. The pathogenic fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea by the filter – paper technic. Koch´s postulate was verified by inoculating healthy leaves. The estimated disease severity on P. mamorensis leaves was respectively 75.56% and 68.81% for inoculation by conidial suspension and the mycelial disks. Conidia production of Botrytis cinerea on inoculated leaves by conidial suspension was 1.03.105 conidia.cm-2 and by mycelial disks was 0.60.105 conidia.cm-2. This was the first report of gray mold disease of Mamora pear caused by Botrytis cinerea in Morocco.
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Shen, Fengying, Zigang Liu, Chenyang Du, Junhai Yuan, Weigang Wu, and Dong Wei. "Induction of Resistance of Antagonistic Bacterium Burkholderia contaminans to Postharvest Botrytis cinerea in Rosa vinifera." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (June 29, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7134161.

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In order to study the problem that grapes are vulnerable to microbial infection and decay during storage, a method based on antagonistic Burkholderia contaminans against postharvest Botrytis cinerea of Rosa vinifera was proposed in this paper. The method tested the resistance induction mechanism of Botrytis cinerea after harvest and determined the fruit decay rate treated by antagonistic Burkholderia contaminans. The results showed that the antagonistic bacterium B-1 had bacteriostatic effect on many common pathogens of fruits and vegetables to a certain extent, and the bacteriostatic range was wide. Among them, the inhibition rate of Fusarium moniliforme was 75.5% and that of Botrytis cinerea was 51.2%. After testing, it can be found that antagonistic bacteria have an inhibitory effect on pathogenic fungi and have an effect on phenylpropane metabolic pathway, reactive oxygen species metabolic pathway, and the activities of other resistance-related enzymes. Through comparison, it can be found that the antagonistic Burkholderia contaminans has a strong antibacterial mechanism against Botrytis cinerea of rose grape after harvest. The fruit treated with antagonistic B Burkholderia B-1 has significantly reduced the decay rate and increased the activity of antibacterial active protein.
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Carreño, Alexander, Dayán Páez-Hernández, Plinio Cantero-López, César Zúñiga, Jan Nevermann, Angélica Ramírez-Osorio, Manuel Gacitúa, et al. "Structural Characterization, DFT Calculation, NCI, Scan-Rate Analysis and Antifungal Activity against Botrytis cinerea of (E)-2-{[(2-Aminopyridin-2-yl)imino]-methyl}-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol (Pyridine Schiff Base)." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 2741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122741.

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Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous necrotrophic filamentous fungal phytopathogen that lacks host specificity and can affect more than 1000 different plant species. In this work, we explored L1 [(E)-2-{[(2-aminopyridin-2-yl)imino]-methyl}-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol], a pyridine Schiff base harboring an intramolecular bond (IHB), regarding their antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, we present a full characterization of the L1 by NMR and powder diffraction, as well as UV–vis, in the presence of previously untested different organic solvents. Complementary time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were performed, and the noncovalent interaction (NCI) index was determined. Moreover, we obtained a scan-rate study on cyclic voltammetry of L1. Finally, we tested the antifungal activity of L1 against two strains of Botrytis cinerea (B05.10, a standard laboratory strain; and A1, a wild type strains isolated from Chilean blueberries). We found that L1 acts as an efficient antifungal agent against Botrytis cinerea at 26 °C, even better than the commercial antifungal agent fenhexamid. Although the antifungal activity was also observed at 4 °C, the effect was less pronounced. These results show the high versatility of this kind of pyridine Schiff bases in biological applications.
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Hu, Meng-Jun, Scott Cosseboom, and Guido Schnabel. "atrB-Associated Fludioxonil Resistance in Botrytis fragariae Not Linked to Mutations in Transcription Factor mrr1." Phytopathology® 109, no. 5 (May 2019): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-18-0341-r.

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Resistance to fludioxonil in Botrytis cinerea and B. fragariae was previously found to be linked to either overexpression of the drug efflux pump atrB activated by mutations in transcription factor mrr1 or to mutations in the osmoregulation gene os1. In the present study, isolates of B. cinerea, Botrytis group S, or B. fragariae collected from strawberry fields in the United States were resistant to fludioxonil with half-maximal effective concentration values ranging from 0.04 to 0.43 µg/ml for B. cinerea, 0.03 to 1.03 µg/ml for Botrytis group S, and 0.28 to 3.48 µg/ml for B. fragariae. Analyses of mrr1 sequences revealed various mutations linked to fludioxonil resistance in B. cinerea and Botrytis group S isolates. However, no mutations in mrr1 correlated with atrB overexpression-mediated resistance in B. fragariae isolates. Neither nucleotide variations in the 1,370-bp upstream region of atrB nor increased atrB copy numbers could explain the atrB overexpression in these B. fragariae isolates. Mutations in os1 conferred resistance to iprodione in B. cinerea and Botrytis group S isolates; none correlated with resistance to fludioxonil in B. fragariae. In contrast to European isolates, U.S. B. fragariae isolates contained a 3-bp insertion in the coding region of os1. These isolates were more sensitive to osmotic stress but it is unclear whether the insertion is responsible for this phenotype. Our findings suggest that atrB overexpression-associated fludioxonil resistance is an across-species mechanism of resistance to fludioxonil that can be induced by mutations in mrr1 and other, still-unknown mechanisms.
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White, Gerard J., and James A. Traquair. "Necrotrophic mycoparasitism ofBotrytis cinereaby cellulolytic and ligninocellulolytic Basidiomycetes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-141.

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Twenty-six isolates representing 17 species of aphyllophoraceous, wood-decaying Basidiomycetes and five species of agaricoid, turf-borne, thatch-decaying Basidiomycetes were screened for their abilities to degrade cellulose, lignin, and melanin by using colorimetric degradation assays on agar media. Selected ligninocellulolytic Basidiomycetes capable of degrading melanin were screened for antagonism of Botrytis cinerea Per.:Fr. The greatest inhibition of Botrytis colony and hyphal growth in vitro was observed in confrontations with Irpex lacteus (Fr.) Fr., Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilat, and Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.:Fr.) Pouzar. Hyphal interference and necrotrophic mycoparasitism by these ligninocellulolytic Basidiomycetes were recognized microscopically as coagulation and degeneration of Botrytis cytoplasm and as coiling and invasion of hyphae, conidiophores, and conidia, respectively. Sclerotia of B. cinerea were killed and parasitized in agar media, straw mulch, or moist sand infested separately with these three mycoparasites.Key words: hyperparasitism, hyphal interference, wood-decay fungi, melanin degradation, biocontrol, Botrytis cinerea, sclerotia, Trametes versicolor, Irpex lacteus, Chondrostereum purpureum.
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40

Kaur, Gurvinder, Hoshiyar Singh Negi, and Pallavi Ghosh. "The Cultural and Morphological Variability of Botrytis sp. isolates Causing Grey Mould of Gladiolus in India." JOURNAL OF ECO-FRIENDLY AGRICULTURE 18, no. 2 (2023): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jefa.2023.18.02.31.

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The gladiolus is one of the important cut flower with the utmost commercial value in India. Gladiolus has about 180 species and over 30,000 cultivars, of which over 20 are produced in India for production of flowers commercially. Botrytis grey mould (BGM) caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive disease of the gladiolus. In a present study, a total 35 isolates of Botrytis were obtained from the gladiolus surveyed area. Colony morphological studies (texture, form, color, production and degree of sporulation) has been conducted using three types of solid media i.e. PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar), Czapeck’sDox Agar, Kritzmen and Netzer Agar medium. All B. cinerea strains gave maximum fungal mycelium growth on PDA (90.0 mm to 87.5mm) and CDA than K and N medium. Spores of Botrytis cinerea was also observed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Phase Contrast Microscope (PCM) for conidial size and number of conidia. Maximum conidial size was recorded on PDA in comparison to CDA and KN media.
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41

Pu, Te, Jing Shi, Li-hong Tao, Li-ming Fan, Fa-wu Su, and Min Ye. "Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Piperine against Botrytis cinerea." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 50, no. 2 (March 31, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2023.012.

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P iperine is a major component of plants of the Piperaceae family which is widely used in medical science. Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important phytopathogenic fungi causes postharvest losses in fruits and vegetables. To verify the possibility of using piperine as a botanical fungicide against B. cinerea, we determined the in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity of piperine against B. cinerea and investigated its antifungal mechanism effects on the mycelial surface, membrane integrity, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, succinate dehydrogenase and the malondialdehyde content of B. cinerea. The in vitro antifungal activity assay indicated that the EC50 value of piperine against B. cinerea was 58.66 μg/mL and the in vivo antifungal assay showed that piperine at 400 μg/mL suppressed 93.88% growth of B. cinerea on Lycopersic esculentum. The antifungal mechanism assay showed that piperine could inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea by reducing antioxidant activity, inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid pathway, and lysing the cell membrane. All these results indicated that piperine as a natural component has the potential to control B. cinerea and can be considered as a botanical fungicide for postharvest disease control of gray mold.
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Fatma, Tehsin, Zeeshan Zafar, Sidra Fatima, Rehan Zafar Paracha, Fazal Adnan, Zeshan, Nasar Virk, and Muhammad Faraz Bhatti. "Computational Assessment of Botrytis cinerea Lipase for Biofuel Production." Catalysts 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2021): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11111319.

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The demand for ecofriendly green catalysts for biofuel synthesis is greatly increasing with the effects of fossil fuel depletion. Fungal lipases are abundantly used as biocatalysts for the synthesis of biofuel. The use of Botrytis cinerea lipase is an excellent approach for the conversion of agroindustrial residues into biofuel. In this study, phylogenetic analyses were carried out and the physicochemical properties of B. cinerea lipase were assessed. Furthermore, the protein structure of B. cinerea lipase was predicted and refined. Putative energy-rich phytolipid compounds were explored as a substrate for the synthesis of biofuel, owing to B. cinerea lipase catalysis. Approximately 161 plant-based fatty acids were docked with B. cinerea lipase in order to evaluate their binding affinities and interactions. Among the docked fatty acids, the top ten triglycerides having the lowest number of binding affinities with B. cinerea lipase were selected, and their interactions were assessed. The top three triglycerides having the greatest number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were selected for simulations of 20 ns. The docking and simulations revealed that docosahexaenoic acid, dicranin, and hexadeca-7,10,13-trienoic acid had stable bonding with the B. cinerea lipase. Therefore, B. cinerea lipase has the potential to be used for the transesterification of fatty acids into biofuels, whereas docosahexaenoic acid, dicranin, and hexadeca-7,10,13-trienoic acid can be used as substrates of B. cinerea lipase for biofuel synthesis.
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43

Chu, C. L., W. T. Liu, T. Zhou, and R. Tsao. "Control of postharvest gray mold rot of modified atmosphere packaged sweet cherries by fumigation with thymol and acetic acid." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-108.

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Hedelfingen sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) were inoculated with spores of Botrytis cinerea and then fumigated with 30 mg L−1.of thymol, acetic acid, or ethanol for 25 min before sealing in modified atmosphere packages and placing into cold storage. After 10 wk of storage, thymol or acetic acid reduced gray mold rot of B. cinerea inoculated cherries from 36 to 0.5% or 6%, respectively. Ethanol was not effective in controlling gray mold rot. Sweet cherries inoculated with B. cinerea and fumigated with thymol had lower total soluble solids, higher titratable acidity and higher stem browning than other treated or non-treated cherries. Key words: Cherry, fumigation, modified atmosphere packaging, storage, Botrytis cinerea
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44

Valero-Jiménez, Claudio A., Maikel B. F. Steentjes, Jason C. Slot, Xiaoqian Shi-Kunne, Olga E. Scholten, and Jan A. L. van Kan. "Dynamics in Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters in Otherwise Highly Syntenic and Stable Genomes in the Fungal Genus Botrytis." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 12 (October 14, 2020): 2491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa218.

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Abstract Fungi of the genus Botrytis infect >1,400 plant species and cause losses in many crops. Besides the broad host range pathogen Botrytis cinerea, most other species are restricted to a single host. Long-read technology was used to sequence genomes of eight Botrytis species, mostly pathogenic on Allium species, and the related onion white rot fungus, Sclerotium cepivorum. Most assemblies contained <100 contigs, with the Botrytis aclada genome assembled in 16 gapless chromosomes. The core genome and pan-genome of 16 Botrytis species were defined and the secretome, effector, and secondary metabolite repertoires analyzed. Among those genes, none is shared among all Allium pathogens and absent from non-Allium pathogens. The genome of each of the Allium pathogens contains 8–39 predicted effector genes that are unique for that single species, none stood out as potential determinant for host specificity. Chromosome configurations of common ancestors of the genus Botrytis and family Sclerotiniaceae were reconstructed. The genomes of B. cinerea and B. aclada were highly syntenic with only 19 rearrangements between them. Genomes of Allium pathogens were compared with ten other Botrytis species (nonpathogenic on Allium) and with 25 Leotiomycetes for their repertoire of secondary metabolite gene clusters. The pattern was complex, with several clusters displaying patchy distribution. Two clusters involved in the synthesis of phytotoxic metabolites are at distinct genomic locations in different Botrytis species. We provide evidence that the clusters for botcinic acid production in B. cinerea and Botrytis sinoallii were acquired by horizontal transfer from taxa within the same genus.
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Stamelou, Maria-Lavrentia, Ilektra Sperdouli, Ioanna Pyrri, Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis, and Michael Moustakas. "Hormetic Responses of Photosystem II in Tomato to Botrytis cinerea." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030521.

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Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen that causes gray mold, is damaging more than 200 plant species, and especially tomato. Photosystem II (PSII) responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves to Botrytis cinerea spore suspension application were evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that was detected 30 min after Botrytis application with an increasing trend up to 240 min, is possibly convening tolerance against B. cinerea at short-time exposure, but when increasing at relative longer exposure, is becoming a damaging molecule. In accordance, an enhanced photosystem II (PSII) functionality was observed 30 min after application of B. cinerea, with a higher fraction of absorbed light energy to be directed to photochemistry (ΦPSΙΙ). The concomitant increase in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis (NPQ) resulted in a significant decrease in the dissipated non-regulated energy (ΦNO), indicating a possible decreased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation, thus specifying a modified reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Therefore, 30 min after application of Botrytis spore suspension, before any visual symptoms appeared, defense response mechanisms were triggered, with PSII photochemistry to be adjusted by NPQ in a such way that PSII functionality to be enhanced, but being fully inhibited at the application spot and the adjacent area, after longer exposure (240 min). Hence, the response of tomato PSII to B. cinerea, indicates a hormetic temporal response in terms of “stress defense response” and “toxicity”, expanding the features of hormesis to biotic factors also. The enhanced PSII functionality 30 min after Botrytis application can possible be related with the need of an increased sugar production that is associated with a stronger plant defense potential through the induction of defense genes.
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46

Zhang, Junrui, and Sandun D. Fernando. "Identification of Fungicide Combinations Targeting Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea Fungicide Resistance Using Machine Learning." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051341.

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Downy mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola) and gray mold (caused by Botrytis cinerea) are fungal diseases that significantly impact grape production globally. Cytochrome b plays a significant role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of the two fungi that cause these diseases and is a key target for quinone outside inhibitor (QoI)-based fungicide development. Since the mode of action (MOA) of QoI fungicides is restricted to a single active site, the risk of developing resistance to these fungicides is deemed high. Consequently, using a combination of fungicides is considered an effective way to reduce the development of QoI resistance. Currently, there is little information available to help in the selection of appropriate fungicides. This study used a combination of in silico simulations and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) machine learning algorithms to screen the most potent QoI-based fungicide combinations for wild-type (WT) and the G143A mutation of fungal cytochrome b. Based on in silico studies, mandestrobin emerged as the top binder for both WT Plasmopara viticola and WT Botrytis cinerea cytochrome b. Famoxadone appeared to be a versatile binder for G143A-mutated cytochrome b of both Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea. Thiram emerged as a reasonable, low-risk non-QoI fungicide that works on WT and G143A-mutated versions of both fungi. QSAR analysis revealed fenpropidin, fenoxanil, and ethaboxam non-QoIs to have a high affinity for G143A-mutated cytochrome b of Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea. Above-QoI and non-QoI fungicides can be considered for field studies in a fungicide management program against Plasmopara viticola- and Botrytis cinerea-based fungal infections.
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47

Vojnich, Viktor József, and Adrienn Szarvas. "Comparison of the geranium (Pelargonium) pathological results of 2016-2017." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/2/5749.

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The research was carried out in a Gyenes Flower gardening between 2016 and 2017 in Kecskemét. The gardening was founded in 1978. Initially, the main plants were gerbera (Gerbera) and yucca (Yucca), later replaced by the geranium (Pelargonium) cultivation as a result of market demand. In horticulture, there are about than 80 variety geranium of the standing, running, semi-trailer types and English gnawing. The Pelargonium had different sizes and colors. The study was set up in 1,000–1,000 pieces of geraniums each year. The following pathogens have damaged the geranium stock: Botrytis cinerea, Pythium debaryanum, with a rare occurrence of Alternaria porri, Phytophthora cryptogea. The greatest destruction was caused by botrytis (Botrytis cinerea). In the first experimental year, 42% of the 1,000 geraniums tested were infected with fungal diseases (30% B. cinerea, 8% P. debaryanum, 4% other fungi). In 2017, fungal infections were detected on 380 geraniums in the 1,000 tested geraniums (290 Botrytis cinerea, 70 Pythium and 20 other fungal diseases). In addition to the use of fungicides, we increased the spatial position of geraniums, early irrigation and frequent ventilation to ensure successful control. By 2017, we were able to reduce the damage caused by pathogens by 4 percent.
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48

Self, Rachel A., Mark D. Harrison, Valentino S. Te’o, and Steve Van Sluyter. "Development of simple, scalable protease production from Botrytis cinerea." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 106, no. 5-6 (February 16, 2022): 2219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11817-1.

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Abstract Heat haze-forming proteins are stable during winemaking and are typically removed via adsorption to bentonite. Proteolytic degradation is an alternative method to prevent wine-haze and offers the opportunity to reduce the environmental impacts and labor cost of the process. Herein, we describe the development of a production system for Botrytis cinerea proteases for the enzymatic degradation of heat haze-forming proteins. The effect of culture medium on the secretion of glucan by B. cinerea was investigated and methods to inactivate B. cinerea laccase in liquid culture medium were assessed. Protease production by B. cinerea was scaled up from 50 mL in shake flasks to 1 L in bioreactors, resulting in an increase in protease yield from 0.30 to 3.04 g L−1. Glucan secretion by B. cinerea was minimal in culture medium containing lactose as a carbon source and either lactic or sulfuric acid for pH control. B. cinerea laccases were inactivated by reducing the pH of culture supernatant to 1.5 for 1 h. B. cinerea proteases were concentrated and partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. SWATH-MS identified aspartic acid protease BcAP8 amongst the precipitated proteins. These results demonstrate a simple, affordable, and scalable process to produce proteases from B. cinerea as a replacement for bentonite in winemaking. Key points • Isolates of B. cinerea that produce proteases with potential for reducing wine heat-haze forming proteins were identified. • Media and fermentation optimization increased protease yield tenfold and reduced glucan secretion. • Low pH treatment inactivated laccases but not proteases. Graphical abstract
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49

Bergmann, Ben A., and John M. Dole. "Influence of Essential Oils on Post-infection Botrytis Damage in Cut Roses1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/jeh-d-17-0012.1.

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Abstract We assessed the degree to which 16 post-infection treatments controlled Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.) damage in cut roses (Rosa × hybrida). Additional experiments examined whether essential oils (EO) of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) leaf (CLO), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) bud (CBO), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (TO) could reduce damage in Botrytis-infected cut roses. The 16 treatments applied to ‘Light Orlando' cut roses differed in reducing Botrytis damage and causing phytotoxicity damage. Only the synthetic fungicide fludioxonil [applied as 0.23 g · L−1 (0.00024 oz · fl oz−1) Medallion®] resulted in the desirable combination of greatly reduced stem termination frequency due to Botrytis damage and relatively minor flower phytotoxicity. When applied to cut rose ‘Freedom' or cultivars with light colored flowers (‘Cool Water', ‘Jessika', ‘Polar Star', ‘Tiffany'), all EO aqueous solutions caused pronounced phytotoxicity damage, but only TO reduced Botrytis damage significantly compared to untreated flowers. Roses exposed to EO vapor rather than an aqueous solution tended to exhibit less phytotoxicity. Vapors of CLO and CBO tended to reduce Botrytis damage less and caused greater flower phytotoxicity than TO vapor and aqueous fludioxonil. Thyme oil vapor exposures of 4.6 and 9.1 ppm warrant further investigation. Index words: Botrytis blight, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., cut flowers, floriculture, fungicide, gray mold, Rosa × hybrida. Chemicals used in this study: Bacillus subtilis (Cease®), bleach (Clorox®), chlorothalonil (Daconil®), copper sulphate (Phyton® 27), fenhexamide (Elevate®), fludioxonil (Medallion®), hydrogen peroxide (ZeroTol® 2.0), iprodione (Chipco® 26019 Flo), potassium bicarbonate (Milstop®), pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pageant® Intrinsic®). Species used in this study: Rose (Rosa × hybrida) ‘Cool Water', ‘Freedom', ‘Jessika', ‘Polar Star', ‘Tiffany', Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.).
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50

Szojka, Anikó, and Erzsébet Sándor. "Study of alternative oxidase as possible molecular marker for phylogenetic analysis of the Botrytis cinerea." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 56 (March 11, 2014): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/56/1948.

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Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel) is able to attack several economically important plants causing gray rot. Botrytis cinerea species complex includes two cryptic species (B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea) that tolerate fungicides differently. On the basis of classical taxonomic markers, the two related species are very difficult to be distinguished; therefore, their separation is usually performed using molecular methods based on the time-consuming molecular analysis of several markers. Our goal was to find markers, which are suitable for the differentiation. Testing the nucleotide sequences of the alternative oxidase encoding gene, B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea strains were clearly differentiated. Moreover, the analysis of the protein sequences of the enzyme with the maximum likelihood method reflected well the taxonomic relationships of the different fungi.
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