Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bot Mitigation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Bot Mitigation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Bot Mitigation"

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Jun, Jae-Bum, Jae-Sue Lee, and Sam-Su Lee. "Default Risk Mitigation Effect of Financial Structure and Characteristic in BOT Project Finance." Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 12, no. 2 (March 31, 2011): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.6106/kjcem.2011.12.2.121.

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Park, Semi, and Kyungho Lee. "Improved Mitigation of Cyber Threats in IIoT for Smart Cities: A New-Era Approach and Scheme." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061976.

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Cybersecurity in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has become critical as smart cities are becoming increasingly linked to industrial control systems (ICSs) used in critical infrastructure. Consequently, data-driven security systems for analyzing massive amounts of data generated by smart cities have become essential. A representative method for analyzing large-scale data is the game bot detection approach used in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. We reviewed the literature on bot detection methods to extend the anomaly detection approaches used in bot detection schemes to IIoT fields. Finally, we proposed a process wherein the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was applied to identify features for efficiently detecting anomalous behavior in smart cities. Experimental results using random forest show that our extracted features based on a game bot can achieve an average F1-score of 0.99903 using 10-fold validation. We confirmed the applicability of the analyzed game-industry methodology to other fields and trained a random forest on the high-efficiency features identified by applying a DEA, obtaining an F1-score of 0.997 using the validation set approach. In this study, an anomaly detection method for analyzing massive smart city data based on a game industry methodology was presented and applied to the ICS dataset.
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Still, Andy. "Bot mitigation – how gapsin understanding and ownership are exposingbusinesses to greater threats." Network Security 2020, no. 11 (November 2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(20)30128-8.

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Mahjabin, Tasnuva, Yang Xiao, Tieshan Li, and C. L. Philip Chen. "Load Distributed and Benign-Bot Mitigation Methods for IoT DNS Flood Attacks." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7, no. 2 (February 2020): 986–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2947659.

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Opawole, Akintayo, Kahilu Kajimo-Shakantu, Oluwaseyi Olalekan Alao, and Chinanu Patience Ogbaje. "Risk factors associated with procuring university hostel facilities through build-operate-transfer model." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 17, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 136–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-05-2018-0079.

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PurposeThe build-operate-transfer (BOT) model is fast becoming a sustainable tool for remedying the deficiencies of public financing of hostel facilities in Nigeria. Being a new concept in Nigeria, this study aims to assess clients’ organizations perspective of risk factors associated with BOT model with a view to providing information for their effective management.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative descriptive analysis was used, which was based on primary data obtained through questionnaire survey. The respondents included architects, engineers (structural/civil/mechanical/electrical), builders and quantity surveyors who were officials in the physical planning development and works departments of five sampled universities in the southwestern Nigeria who executed at least one BOT hostel project. A total number of 45 copies of questionnaire were administered, out of which 35 copies representing a response rate of 77.8 per cent were retrieved. Data analysis was undertaken using descriptive statistics: percentages, mean item score and relative importance index.FindingsSeverity of the risk factors specific to BOT model for hostel development was revealed. Besides, conceptual allocations and mitigation measures were suggested against each risk factor.Practical implicationsPrivate sector investor would find the results of this research useful in preparing robust BOT contract packages through the understanding of the nature of risk factors associated with the procurement model.Originality/valueWith limited evaluation of BOT in hostel facilities procurement, this study developed a simplified approach to management of risk factors associated with BOT model in the education sector.
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Aladağ, Hande, and Zeynep Işık. "Design and construction risks in BOT type mega transportation projects." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 10 (November 18, 2019): 2223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-08-2018-0351.

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Purpose In build-operate-transfer (BOT) transportation projects, design and construction phases are critical in terms of their effect on time and cost overruns. The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of risk factors affecting these phases and their significance level for BOT transportation projects. Design/methodology/approach Design and construction risks were determined and then validated by focus group discussions. Afterwards, an illustrated case study was presented to better understand the effects of determined risks in a BOT mega transportation project. As the last step of the study, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process method was used to prioritize risk factors. Findings The prominent risk factors were found out as occupational accidents, integration between design and construction phases and excessive design variations. Research limitations/implications Different kinds of BOT transportation projects in different countries might be executed very differently considering specific social, political, economic and other factors. However, the results of the study are important in terms of the specific lessons learned from the case study that can be used as a foundation for developing possible risk mitigation measures. Originality/value Though the risk management of BOT projects has been investigated frequently in the literature, there is a knowledge gap in the quantitative evaluation of risk significance specific to design and construction risks. The prioritization of determined risks with an associated case from a mega transportation project will contribute to the BOT project practitioners about possible challenges in design and construction phases in BOT mega transportation projects.
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Zhang, Liukuan, Xiaoxiao Shi, and Qing Chang. "Exploring Adaptive UHI Mitigation Solutions by Spatial Heterogeneity of Land Surface Temperature and Its Relationship to Urban Morphology in Historical Downtown Blocks, Beijing." Land 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040544.

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Heat stress brought on by the intensification of urban heat island (UHI) has caused many negative effects on human beings, which were found to be more severe in highly urbanized old towns. With the inconsistent findings on how urban spatial morphological characteristics influence land surface temperature (LST) and gaps between design practices being found, we chose Beijing Old Town (BOT) as the study area and took the basic planning implementation module “block” as a study to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of LST and its relationship to multiple urban morphological characteristics with higher spatial resolution calculated via WorldView3. Our results have shown that (1) UHI effect was significant and spatially heterogeneous in BOT, and significant hot areas with high LST value and small LST differences were found, as cold areas were the exact opposite. (2) The proportion of vegetated area, water, impervious surface, and urban spatial structure indicators i.e., building coverage ratio, mean height, highest building index, height fluctuation degree, space crowd degree and sky view factor were identified as significantly affecting the LST of blocks in BOT. (3) The effects of GBI components and configuration on LST varied within different block types; generally, blocks with GBI with larger patches that were more complex in shape, more aggregated, and less fragmented were associated with lower LST. Finally, in the context of integrating our study results with relevant planning and design guidelines, a strategy sample of adaptive GBI planning and vegetation design for blocks with different morphological features was provided for urban planners and managers to make a decision on UHI mitigation in the renewal process of BOT.
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ZHOU, Cheng, Zhongyou MA, Lin ZHU, Jiansheng GUO, Xianghuan CUI, Jian ZHU, and Jianfei WANG. "Activated expression of EsHD1 enhances drought tolerance in tobacco plants via mitigation of reactive oxygen species-mediated membrane damage." TURKISH JOURNAL OF BOTANY 39 (2015): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/bot-1506-15.

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Alzahrani, Rami J., and Ahmed Alzahrani. "A Novel Multi Algorithm Approach to Identify Network Anomalies in the IoT Using Fog Computing and a Model to Distinguish between IoT and Non-IoT Devices." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan12020019.

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Botnet attacks, such as DDoS, are one of the most common types of attacks in IoT networks. A botnet is a collection of cooperated computing machines or Internet of Things gadgets that criminal users manage remotely. Several strategies have been developed to reduce anomalies in IoT networks, such as DDoS. To increase the accuracy of the anomaly mitigation system and lower the false positive rate (FPR), some schemes use statistical or machine learning methodologies in the anomaly-based intrusion detection system (IDS) to mitigate an attack. Despite the proposed anomaly mitigation techniques, the mitigation of DDoS attacks in IoT networks remains a concern. Because of the similarity between DDoS and normal network flows, leading to problems such as a high FPR, low accuracy, and a low detection rate, the majority of anomaly mitigation methods fail. Furthermore, the limited resources in IoT devices make it difficult to implement anomaly mitigation techniques. In this paper, an efficient anomaly mitigation system has been developed for the IoT network through the design and implementation of a DDoS attack detection system that uses a statistical method that combines three algorithms: exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and the cumulative sum algorithm (CUSUM). The integration of fog computing with the Internet of Things has created an effective framework for implementing an anomaly mitigation strategy to address security issues such as botnet threats. The proposed module was evaluated using the Bot-IoT dataset. From the results, we conclude that our model has achieved a high accuracy (99.00%) with a low false positive rate (FPR). We have also achieved good results in distinguishing between IoT and non-IoT devices, which will help networking teams make the distinction as well.
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Zaen, Mohammad Taufan Asri, Ahmad Tantoni, and Maulana Ashari. "DDoS ATTACK MITIGATION WITH INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM (IDS) USING TELEGRAM BOTS." JISA(Jurnal Informatika dan Sains) 4, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31326/jisa.v4i2.1043.

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In the current IS/IT era, service to consumers is an absolute must to be prepared to survive in business competition. Physical and logical attacks with the aim of disrupting information technology services for individuals/agencies/companies or reducing the performance of IS/IT used. The development of IoT in the industrial revolution 4.0, which is all online, is a challenge in itself, from a negative point of view, all of them are able to carry out attacks on ISP servers, often carried out by hackers. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks are the most common attacks. The development of software for DDoS attacks is very much on the internet, including UDP Unicorn software to attack very easily and can be done by anyone. Software for real-time monitoring of DDoS attacks, one of which is the Telegram bot. Telegram is a messaging system centered on security and confidentiality, while bots are computer programs that do certain jobs automatically. Telegram bot is free, lightweight and multiplatform. In the case study, this research contains 10 access points to the internet that will be mitigated from DDoS attacks. In this study, it was found that DDoS attacks caused traffic to become very high/congested by fulfilling upload traffic so that legitimate traffic users could not access the internet, connection to the internet was slow, the traffic was also unnatural, making it unable to connect to wireless devices and making Mikrotik login page becomes unable to appear. The purpose of this study is to mitigate DDoS attacks with the help of telegram bots so as to facilitate the notification of DDoS attacks in the event of an attack so that it is fast to deal with and find the perpetrators of the attack. The conclusion of this study is that DDoS attacks using UDP unicorn software resulted in a traffic spike of 53.5 Mbps on the upload traffic side, causing traffic for legitimate/authenticated users to slow down. By using telegram bots to know DDoS attacks occur in real time with a success rate of attack detection up to 100% notifications on telegram bots. Mitigation of DDoS attacks takes steps to track users using the torch feature on the routerboard interface menu, trace internet connection lines using wired or wireless transmission media, and ensure always monitoring the proxy interface from winbox.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bot Mitigation"

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Vašek, Dominik. "Bezpečnostní systém pro eliminaci útoků na webové aplikace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449291.

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Nowadays, botnet attacks that aim to overwhelm the network layer by malformed packets and other means are usually mitigated by hardware intrusion detection systems. Application layer botnet attacks, on the other hand, are still a problem. In case of web applications, these attacks contain legitimate traffic that needs to be processed. If enough bots partake in this attack, it can lead to inaccessibility of services provided and other problems, which in turn can lead to financial loss. In this thesis, we propose a detection and mitigation system that can detect botnet attacks in realtime using statistical approach. This system is divided into several modules that together cooperate on the detection and mitigation. These parts can be further expanded. During the testing phase, the system was able to capture approximately 60% of botnet attacks that often focused on spam, login attacks and also DDoS. The number of false positive addresses is below 5%.
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Al-Azemi, Khalid. "Risk management for build, operate and transfer projects within Kuwait." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10979.

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Infrastructure projects, based on the Build-Operate-Transfer, (BOT), method, have been of interest to governments of developed and developing countries for some time, resulting in their worldwide use. Using the BOT method enables governments to reallocate risks and rewards to the private sector for larger infrastructure projects throughout the projects' operating life. In order to implement a BOT infrastructure project successfully, one of the essential requirements is to carry out a thorough analysis of risks relating to the project including the social, economic, environmental, political, legal, and the financial aspects. Due to the fact that the type of risk study required for large-scale projects is so sophisticated, and therefore expensive and time consuming, the government, due to lack of expertise and time, often obtains a project viability study from the private sector. This can cause problems in that the private sector may incur financial losses or even bankruptcy, unless the host government guarantees compensation to the losers of the bid. Because all parties have different targets which they wish to achieve from the project, a may conflict arise and cause lengthy negotiations, sometimes lasting for years which often result in the death of the project. The greatest opportunity for a successful outcome for a BOT project is obtained when the extensive efforts and costs involved in the risk study process are shared by all parties. The responsibility of the decision maker is to identify, understand and analyze the many risk factors both, qualitative, (linguistic in nature) and quantitative, that will affect funding, procurement, developing, construction and operation, before proceeding with the build stage of the project. Firstly, it is necessary to evaluate the quantitative Risk Factors subjectively, and list them in order of importance. Secondly, conduct an evaluation of the qualitative factors and since the consideration of qualitative factors is subjective, the decision maker will often limit the number of factors being evaluated possibly resulting in inconsistent results. This study proposes a decision framework, which would be useful in determining the influence of the qualitative Risk Factors on the project management of BOT infrastructure projects. A methodology is provided to enable the identification of interrelationships between the Risk Factors and their influence on the project. Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques, which model the relationships between the Risk Factors, a validation of this approach will be sought using a decomposed evaluation method and also information obtained from three existing case studies, (the Channel Tunnel, Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Plant and Marsa Allam Airport). The results of the decomposed approach were compared to experts' holistic evaluations for the same case studies mentioned above. The findings indicate that the decomposed approach showed a strong correlation to the holistic approach. An evaluation of the risks for the Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Plant study is provided and suggestions made to highlight risks attached to such a project before it is actually undertaken. Using the decomposed approach enables the decision maker to see the contribution of each risk compared to all of the risks in the total project and will help to determine and subsequently minimize or preventing any risk factors and so considerably improving the risk management of the project.
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Chiapponi, Elisa. "Detecting and Mitigating the New Generation of Scraping Bots." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS490.

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Chaque jour, une guerre invisible pour les données se déroule entre les sites de commerce électronique et les acteurs qui,en siphonnent les données, sont appelés "scrapers'' . Les sites de commerce électronique détiennent les données au cœur du conflit et souhaitent les fournir uniquement aux utilisateurs légitimes. Les scrapers veulent un accès illimité et continu aux données susmentionnées pour en tirer profit. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les scrapers envoient de grandes quantités de requêtes aux sites de commerce électronique, ce qui leur cause des problèmes financiers. Cela a conduit l'industrie de la sécurité à s'engager dans une course aux armements contre les scrapers afin de créer de meilleurs systèmes pour détecter et contrer leurs activités. À l'heure actuelle, la bataille se poursuit, mais les scrapers semblent avoir le dessus, notamment grâce à leur utilisation de Proxies IP Résidentiels (RESIPs). Dans cette thèse, nous visons à rééquilibrer la balance des forces en introduisant de nouvelles techniques de détection et d'atténuation qui surmontent les limitations des méthodes actuelles. Nous proposons une technique inspirée des "pots de miel'' qui piège les scrapers en leur faisant croire qu'ils ont obtenu les données visées tandis qu'ils reçoivent des informations modifiées. Nous présentons deux nouvelles techniques de détection basées sur des mesures de réseau qui identifient les requêtes émanant de scrapers cachés derrière les infrastructures RESIP. À travers un partenariat en cours avec Amadeus IT Group, nous validons nos résultats en utilisant des données opérationnelles réelles. Conscients que les scrapers ne cesseront pas de chercher de nouvelles façons d'éviter la détection et l'atténuation, nous offrons des contributions qui peuvent aider à élaborer les prochaines armes défensives pour lutter contre les scrapers. Nous proposons une caractérisation complète des RESIPs, la plus puissante arme actuellement à la disposition des scrapers. De plus, nous examinons la possibilité d'acquérir des renseignements sur les menaces liées aux scrapers en les géolocalisant lorsqu'ils envoient des demandes via un RESIP
Every day an invisible war for data takes place between e-commerce websites and web scrapers. E-commerce websites own the data at the heart of the conflict and would like to provide it only to genuine users. Web scrapers aim to have illimited and continuous access to the above-mentioned data to capitalize on it. To achieve this goal, scrapers send large amounts of requests to e-commerce websites, causing them financial problems. This led the security industry to engage in an arms race against scrapers to create better systems to detect and mitigate their requests. At present, the battle continues, but scrapers appear to have the upper hand, thanks to the usage of Residential IP Proxies (RESIPs). In this thesis, we aim to shift the balance by introducing novel detection and mitigation techniques that overcome the limitations of current state-of-the-art methods. We propose a deceptive mitigation technique that lures scrapers into believing they have obtained their target data while they receive modified information. We present two new detection techniques based on network measurements that identify scraping requests proxied through RESIPs. Thanks to an ongoing collaboration with Amadeus IT Group, we validate our results on real-world operational data. Being aware that scrapers will not stop looking for new ways to avoid detection and mitigation, this thesis provides additional contributions that can help in building the next defensive weapons for fighting scrapers. We propose a comprehensive characterization of RESIPs, the strongest weapon currently at the disposal of scrapers. Moreover, we investigate the possibility of acquiring threat intelligence on the scrapers by geolocating them when they send requests through a RESIP
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一磨, 長谷, and Kazuma Hase. "Strategies for mitigation of signal jamming in bat biosonar." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115601/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115601/?lang=0.

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Leung, Ching-lam, and 梁靜琳. "Of bats and houses: bat mitigation measures in architectural conservation projects." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48345842.

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Bats are always found in heritage buildings in Hong Kong, especially the vernacular Chinese-style buildings. This is because the natural environment which suitable for bat roosting is reducing and the structure and low disturbance of the heritage buildings are suitable for bats to roost. As conservation of heritage buildings arouse more and more attention in recent years, there are more and more conservation work projects in heritage buildings too. When planning conservation work in a heritage building with the existence of bats, what are the issues to be concerned? Since bats are protected by the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap.170), it will be an offence if works to be carried out which will hurt bats and destroy their roosts. However, sometimes conservationists seem face a difficult choice in keeping the bats or carry out the conservation work. The work may impose adverse impacts to bats such as destroying their roost and disturbing them. But keeping the btas in the heritage buildings without the conservation work, the building may become dilapidated or even collapse. As there is no comprehensive bat mitigation guideline for conservation work for heritage buildings in Hong Kong. Although there are some guidelines available in Europe and USA, are they applicable in Hong Kong? The aim of this dissertation is to provide a preliminary guide for building professionals/ conservationists to handle the bat issue when planning conservation work to heritage buildings with bat existence. The facts of bats in Hong Kong is studied then followed by the examination of mitigation measures proposed by Natural England with assessments and adjustments to fit the use in Hong Kong. Two local cases are studied and evaluation of the bat mitigation has been carried out. Finally, some points to note when carrying out conservation work in heritage buildings in Hong Kong have been discussed.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation
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Peterson, Andrew William. "Simulation and Testing of Wave-Adaptive Modular Vessels." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54555.

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This study provides a comprehensive performance analysis of Wave-Adaptive Modular Vessels (WAM-V) using simulations and testing data. WAM-Vs are a new class of marine technology that build upon the advantages of lightweight, low-draft, catamaran construction. Independent suspensions above the hulls isolate the passengers and equipment from the harsh sea environment. Enhanced understanding of the relationship between suspension and vehicle performance is critical for future missions of interest to the U.S. Navy. Throughout this study, the dynamic properties of three different WAM-Vs were evaluated. A multi-body dynamics simulation was developed for the 100-ft WAM-V 'Proteus' based on an automotive 4-post shaker rig. The model was used to characterize the sensitivities of different suspension parameters and as a platform for future models. A 12-ft unmanned surface vessel (USV) was instrumented and sea trials were conducted in the San Francisco Bay. A dynamic 4-post simulation was created for the USV using displacement inputs calculated from acceleration data via a custom integration scheme. The data was used to validate the models by comparing the model outputs to sensor data from the USV. A vertical hydrodynamics testing rig was developed to investigate the interaction between the pontoons and the water surface to improve the understanding of how hydrodynamic forces affect suspension performance. A model was created to accurately simulate the hydrodynamic forces that result from vertical pontoon motion. The model was then scaled to fit a 33-ft WAM-V prototype. The 33-ft WAM-V was instrumented and sea trials were conducted in Norfolk, VA. The WAM-V's suspension was upgraded based on the testing results. A 2-post rig was also built for evaluating the 33-ft WAM-V's dynamics. Two dynamic models were made for the 33-ft WAM-V to evaluate different suspension designs. The results from this study have numerous impacts on the naval community and on the development of WAM-Vs. The methodology for testing and evaluation will allow for future WAM-V designs to be compared under controlled circumstances. The performance of WAM-Vs can then be compared against conventional platforms to determine their suitability for future missions. Simulation development will enable future WAM-Vs to be evaluated prior to undergoing sea trials. The hydrodynamic models become a powerful design tool that can be easily scaled and combined with the 4-post models. By providing the simulations and test data to future vessel designers, the designers will be able to intelligently evaluate numerous iterations early in the design phase, improving performance and safety.
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Huang, Jin [Verfasser], Ehrenfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Zschech, Christian [Gutachter] Boit, and Wolfhard [Gutachter] Möller. "Advanced Focused Ion Beam: Preparation Optimization and Damage Mitigation / Jin Huang ; Gutachter: Christian Boit, Wolfhard Möller ; Betreuer: Ehrenfried Zschech." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1226899218/34.

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Kelkar, Anand, Norm Lamarra, and Daniel Gonzalez. "FROM RF TO BITS WITH SYNTHETIC BEAMFORMING." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604414.

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ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
A Synthetic Beamforming antenna was built for Airborne Telemetry. Low-Noise Block-converters translated RF to IF suitable for direct analog-to-digital conversion. Then all telemetry functions were performed digitally via parallel FPGAs for 10 independent sources. Monopulse tracking and optimal diversity combination was performed using 4 antenna quadrants at two orthogonal polarizations. Novel estimation approaches drove digital demodulation, symbol- and bit- synchronization. Final telemetry outputs include: digital, analog (video), and analog IF (e.g., for downlink relay). This program has incubated several concepts that we believe have the combined potential to significantly improve the future of telemetry.
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Calfat, Mariana Marques. "A mitigação dos prejuízos sob a perspectiva do Direito brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19300.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-09T10:49:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Marques Calfat.pdf: 1015342 bytes, checksum: e6813079af0a5619862081215ae600dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-13
The paper is a study of the doctrine of avoidable damages under the light of the Brazilian law, which, unlike other systems, does not expressly predict the existence of the burden of mitigation. It tries to insert the concept of the duty to mitigate losses in this specific context, pointing out the main features of its institution, foundations, structure and growth prospects. Synthetically, this dissertation is divided into six chapters. The first chapter, theoretical framework, consists of opening remarks on the standards surrounding mitigation. The second chapter highlights international initiatives. The third and fourth chapters deal with the implementation of duty to mitigate losses in the Brazilian civil law. The fifth chapter develops the question of assessing the reasonableness of mitigation measures. The sixth chapter moves away from the individual-patrimonial approach and proposes the inclusion of the burden of mitigation as a guideline for governing the use of social wealth, going to the economic repercussions arising from the institution of the concept. Throughout this study, it is sought to demonstrate that the law imposes a specific conduct in order to mitigate losses resulting from default, given that the institutionalization of the concept would bring greater security to the parties involved, including judges. Finally, using the method of economic analysis of the law, it was found that the rule of mitigation could be used as a guideline governing the use of social wealth, fostering cooperation that should exist between individuals in order to avoid waste of relevant economic and social resources
O trabalho consiste no estudo da doutrina dos danos evitáveis à luz do Direito brasileiro que, diferente de outros ordenamentos, não previu expressamente a existência do ônus da mitigação. Buscou-se inserir o duty to mitigate the loss em contexto próprio, assinalando as principais características do instituto, seus fundamentos, estrutura e perspectivas de expansão. Sinteticamente, esta dissertação está dividida em seis capítulos. O primeiro capítulo, referencial teórico, faz considerações iniciais sobre a norma da mitigação. O segundo capítulo destaca as iniciativas internacionais. O terceiro e quarto capítulos tratam da aplicação da norma da mitigação no direito civil brasileiro. No quinto capítulo desenvolve-se a questão da aferição da razoabilidade das medidas mitigadoras. O sexto capítulo afasta-se do enfoque individual-patrimonialista da regra e propõe a inserção do ônus da mitigação enquanto norma orientadora que disciplina o usar da riqueza social, passando-se às repercussões econômicas oriundas do instituto. Através do presente trabalho, buscou-se demonstrar que o direito impõe uma conduta no sentido de se mitigar os prejuízos decorrentes do inadimplemento, sendo certo que a positivação do instituto traria uma maior segurança às partes e aos julgadores. Por fim, utilizando-se o método da análise econômica do direito, constatou-se que a regra da mitigação pode ser utilizada enquanto norma orientadora que disciplina o usar da riqueza social, fomentando a cooperação que deve existir entre os indivíduos a fim de evitar o desperdício de recursos econômico e socialmente relevantes
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Olivarez, Nathan. "Mitigating the Effects of Ionospheric Scintillation on GPS Carrier Recovery." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/245.

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Ionospheric scintillation is a phenomenon caused by varying concentrations of charged particles in the upper atmosphere that induces deep fades and rapid phase rotations in satellite signals, including GPS. During periods of scintillation, carrier tracking loops often lose lock on the signal because the rapid phase rotations generate cycle slips in the PLL. One solution to mitigating this problem is by employing decision-directed carrier recovery algorithms that achieve data wipe-off using differential bit detection techniques. Other techniques involve PLLs with variable bandwidth and variable integration times. Since nearly 60% of the GPS signal repeats between frames, this thesis explores PLLs utilizing variable integration times and decision-directed algorithms that exploit the repeating data as a training sequence to aid in phase error estimation. Experiments conducted using a GPS signal generator, software radio, and MATLAB scintillation testbed compare the bit error rate of each of the receiver models. Training-based methods utilizing variable integration times show significant reductions in the likelihood of total loss of lock.
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Books on the topic "Bot Mitigation"

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Anderson, John E., Christian Bucher, Bruno Briseghella, Xin Ruan, and Tobia Zordan, eds. Sustainable Structural Engineering. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed014.

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<p>Sustainability is the defining challenge for engineers in the twenty-first century. In addition to safe, economic, and effi-cient structures, a new criterion, sustainable, must be met. Furthermore, this new design paradigm–addressing social, economic, and environmental aspects–requires prompt action. In particular, mitigation of climate change requires sustainable solutions for new as well as existing structures. Taking from both practice and research, this book provides engineers with applicable, timely, and innovative information on the state-of-the-art in sustainable structural design. <p>This Structural Engineering Document addresses safety and regulations, integration concepts, and a sustainable approach to structural design. Life-cycle assessment is presented as a critical tool to quantify design options, and the importance of existing structures–in particular cultural heritage structures–is critically reviewed. Consideration is also given to bridge design and maintenance, structural reassessment, and disaster risk reduction. Finally, the importance of environmentally friendly concrete is examined. Consequently, structural engineers are shown to have the technical proficiency, as well as ethical imperative, to lead in designing a sustainable future.
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Guffey, Patrick J., and Martin Culwick. Adverse Event Prevention and Management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0009.

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Adverse events are an unfortunate reality of caring for patients in our current healthcare system. Preventing and mitigating these events are an important part of quality improvement. First, an understanding of what events occur and how often they are occurring is critical to planning improvements. Incident reporting systems are one way of gathering this information. Then, events should be categorized and analyzed for improvement. The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and bow-tie diagram are two tools for this purpose. Once an event has occurred, consideration should be given to the caregivers as well as the patient when managing and resolving adverse events. Prevention requires strong analysis of events and recognition of both latent (system) and human causes. Interventions have different degrees of effectiveness, ranging from highly effective forcing functions, to marginally effective encouraging statements. There are four steps to event management: mitigation, immediate management, refractory management, and follow-up.
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McSheffrey, Shannon. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798149.003.0008.

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Through the 1530s sanctuary remained an option for fleeing felons, but by about 1545 it had ceased. The conclusion to the book looks back on how various strands interwove to create conditions for sanctuary’s growth between 1400 and the late 1530s—mercy, mitigation, jurisdiction, aristocratic honour—and considers how that cloth rather suddenly unravelled between 1535 and 1545. A 1540 statute attempted to save the sanctuary system after the closure of the religious houses in whose precincts sanctuary seekers had sought refuge; although this legislation was not designed to fail, it was poorly thought-out and never became fully operational. An important means of mitigating harsh capital penalties died with it; for the elite, other paths around the hangman could be found, and for the poor, execution rates climbed.
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Ovodenko, Alexander. Downstream Consumers and Climate Change Mitigation in the Airlines and Shipping Industries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677725.003.0002.

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The chapter contrasts multilateral negotiations on energy efficiency in the airlines and shipping sectors to explain the importance of consumer demand in the politics of multilateral negotiations on climate change mitigation. Since the analysis focuses on how governments have handled the same issue over the same time span but across two different sectors, both of which are oligopolistic, it is possible to isolate the impacts of downstream markets on the politics of emissions mitigation. The research design examines the impacts of price elasticity, product substitution, and asset requirements among consumers on the economics of emissions mitigation, referencing the differential outcomes in the multilateral negotiations. The findings show that consumer preferences in the airlines industry have made the economics of emissions mitigation unfavorable for building large coalitions in support of global regulation, in contrast to the more traditional coalitions formed around maritime emissions.
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Wilson, Robyn S., Sarah M. McCaffrey, and Eric Toman. Wildfire Communication and Climate Risk Mitigation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.570.

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Throughout the late 19th century and most of the 20th century, risks associated with wildfire were addressed by suppressing fires as quickly as possible. However, by the 1960s, it became clear that fire exclusion policies were having adverse effects on ecological health, as well as contributing to larger and more damaging wildfires over time. Although federal fire policy has changed to allow fire to be used as a management tool on the landscape, this change has been slow to take place, while the number of people living in high-risk wildland–urban interface communities continues to increase. Under a variety of climate scenarios, in particular for states in the western United States, it is expected that the frequency and severity of fires will continue to increase, posing even greater risks to local communities and regional economies.Resource managers and public safety officials are increasingly aware of the need for strategic communication to both encourage appropriate risk mitigation behavior at the household level, as well as build continued public support for the use of fire as a management tool aimed at reducing future wildfire risk. Household decision making encompasses both proactively engaging in risk mitigation activities on private property, as well as taking appropriate action during a wildfire event to protect personal safety. Very little research has directly explored the connection between climate-related beliefs, wildfire risk perception, and action; however, the limited existing research suggests that climate-related beliefs have little direct effect on wildfire-related action. Instead, action appears to depend on understanding the benefits of different mitigation actions and in engaging the public in interactive, participatory communication programs that build trust between the public and natural resource managers. A relatively new line of research focuses on resource managers as critical decision makers in the risk management process, pointing to the need to thoughtfully engage audiences other than the lay public to improve risk management.Ultimately, improving the decision making of both the public and managers charged with mitigating the risks associated with wildfire can be achieved by carefully addressing several common themes from the literature. These themes are to (1) promote increased efficacy through interactive learning, (2) build trust and capacity through social interaction, (3) account for behavioral constraints and barriers to action, and (4) facilitate thoughtful consideration of risk-benefit tradeoffs. Careful attention to these challenges will improve the likelihood of successfully managing the increasing risks that wildfire poses to the public and ecosystems alike in a changing climate.
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Rønne, Anita. Smart Cities and Smart Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0004.

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Increasing focus on sustainable societies and ‘smart cities’ due to emphasis on mitigation of climate change is simultaneous with ‘smart regulation’ reaching the forefront of the political agenda. Consequently, the energy sector and its regulation are undergoing significant innovation and change. Energy innovations include transition from fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources and application of new computer technology, interactively matching production with consumer demand. Smart cities are growing and projects are being initiated for development of urban areas and energy systems. Analysis from ‘Smart Cities Accelerator’, developed under the EU Interreg funding programme that includes Climate-KIC,——provides background for the focus on a smart energy system. Analysis ensures the energy supply systems support the integration of renewables with the need for new technologies and investments. ‘Smart’ is trendy, but when becoming ‘smart’ leads to motivation that is an important step towards mitigating climate change.
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Burger, John. Side Effects of Medications and Mitigation Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190461508.003.0009.

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Sexual dysfunction is a common side effect of many common medications, including the first-line agents for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have been especially well studied. This chapter reviews the different classes of medications used to treat PTSD, TBI, and ADHD that can cause sexual side effects as well as several strategies important in understanding the source of sexual symptoms. Specific mitigation strategies are then reviewed, including changing the dose, switching within a class, switching to a different class, adding an augmenting agent, watching and waiting, and taking drug holidays. Key research supporting each strategy is presented and discussed with consideration for the typical responses of both men and women. Strength of research is also weighed. Finally, some considerations for future treatment strategies are considered.
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O'Sullivan, Bob, and Charlotte Streck. A Jigsaw Waiting to be Assembled? Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0025.

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This chapter describes the current treatment of the land-use sector under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. It discusses how various financial incentive and accounting frameworks can complement each other under a future climate treaty. Despite recognizing the importance of forestry and agriculture, the climate change regime has failed to formulate incentives to encourage mitigation in the land-use sector while maintaining the ecological and social functions of landscapes. Unfortunately, the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol only formulate a fragmented set of rules, incentives, and obligations. The Protocol considers forest emissions in developed countries, but fails to create incentives for the sector’s highest emissions reduction and carbon storage potential in developing countries. This phenomenon highlights the importance of a new future climate treaty. Its discussion creates an integrated accounting and incentive framework that facilitates the formulation of robust and complementary adaptation and mitigation strategies.
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Curtis, William, Martin Kemper, Alexandra Miller, Robert Pawlosky, M. Todd King, and Richard L. Veech. Mitigation of Damage from Reactive Oxygen Species and Ionizing Radiation by Ketone Body Esters. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0027.

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Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, ROS and RNS, are ubiquitous in living cells. They have beneficial effects but are also the cause of a wide variety of diseases. However adding excessive amounts of reducing agents has a long history of clinical failure. This problem can be overcome by providing a novel ester of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate–R-1,3-butanediol, which is rapidly hydrolyzed to ketone bodies, the metabolism of which leads to the production of NADPH. The free cytosolic [NADP+]/[NADPH] redox potential is the most negative in the cell and sets the potential of the glutathione and ascorbic acid couples. Ketone bodies also act by inhibiting histone deacetylases, activating the transcription factor FOXO3 and increasing the transcription of enzymes involved in the destruction of ROS. Ketone esters would be effective in the treatment of a variety of disparate diseases where ROS play a role, ranging from Parkinson’s disease to radiation sickness and aging.
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Taylor, Peter, Geoff O'Brien, and Phil O'Keefe. Cities Demanding the Earth. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529210477.001.0001.

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Current climate change policy is necessary but insufficient. This is because the basic modus operandi – presenting scientific evidence to states for them to take action - misrepresents the complex process of anthropogenic climate change. The ‘anthropo’ bit is neglected in a misconceived supply-side (carbon) interpretation. The key question is, why is there so much demand for this carbon in the first place? This book introduces a demand-side interpretation bringing cities to the fore as central players in both generating climate changes and for finding solutions. Jane Jacobs’ urban analysis is combined with William F. Ruddiman’s historical tracing of greenhouse gases to provide a new understanding and narrative of anthropogenic climate change. The conclusion is that we are locked into a path to terminal consumption, which is accelerating as a consequence of Chinese urban growth, historically unprecedented in its sheer scale. To counter this we need to harness the power of cities in new ways, to steer urban demand away from its current destructive path. This is nothing less than re-inventing the city: not mitigation (the resilient city, necessary but not sufficient), not adaptation (sustainable city, also necessary but not sufficient) but stewardship, a process of dynamic stability creating the posterity city in sync with nature.
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Book chapters on the topic "Bot Mitigation"

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Goldberg, Ian, Graeme Jenkinson, and Frank Stajano. "Low-Cost Mitigation Against Cold Boot Attacks for an Authentication Token." In Applied Cryptography and Network Security, 36–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39555-5_3.

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Ruan, Hang, Lei Zhang, Feng Liu, and Zhou Zheng. "Research and Analysis of BOC(1,1) Multipath Mitigation Performance Based on ASPeCT." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 49–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37404-3_5.

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Dwivedi, Neha, and Pradeep Chhawcharia. "Power Mitigation in High-Performance 32-Bit MIPS-Based CPU on Xilinx FPGAs." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 44–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1423-0_6.

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Islam, Nafisa, Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin, Nazifa Rafa, and Mukesh Gupta. "Exploring Human-Elephant Conflicts and Mitigation Measures in and Around Rohingya Refugee Camps in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh." In Bow Ties in Process Safety and Environmental Management, 281–96. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003140382-17.

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Beckie, Hugh J., and Sara L. Martin. "Monitoring herbicide resistance gene flow in weed populations." In Gene flow: monitoring, modeling and mitigation, 86–102. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247480.0006.

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Abstract Although herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds can be regularly monitored in fields via surveys, areawide monitoring of both cropland and ruderal (non-crop disturbed) areas is required for species with high propagule mobility. With increasing occurrence of HR weed populations in many agro-ecoregions, the relative contribution of independent evolution through herbicide selection and movement of HR alleles via pollen or seed needs to be elucidated to inform management and help preserve the remaining public good and common resource of herbicide susceptibility. Molecular markers available for many weed species can be utilized to assess regional gene flow accurately. In this chapter, we outline recommended principles and protocols for areawide monitoring of herbicide resistance gene flow in weed populations, exemplified by a case study of glyphosate resistance in kochia (Bassia scoparia A.J. Scott syn. Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.) in western Canada. Since being introduced from Eurasia to the Americas over a century ago, both seed- and pollen-mediated gene flow in the species have aided rapid range expansion and the spread of herbicide resistance.
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Michoud, Bruno, and Manfred Hafner. "Risk Mitigation Instruments Targeting Specific Investment Risks." In Financing Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa, 119–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75829-5_7.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on instruments aimed at mitigating specific investment risks, including political, credit, currency and liquidity risks. It explores solutions emanating from both the public and private sectors.
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Zhang, Ziyuan, Meiqi Wang, Wencheng Chen, Han Qiu, and Meikang Qiu. "Mitigating Targeted Bit-Flip Attacks via Data Augmentation: An Empirical Study." In Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, 606–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10989-8_48.

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Yu, Nengjie, Jiantao Ruan, Qijia Dong, and Dun Wang. "Multipath Mitigation Method for BOC Signals Dual Estimation Technology Based on Synthesized Correlation Function." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 51–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0014-1_5.

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Qu, Bo, Longlong Li, Lang Bian, Xiaoliang Wang, and Yansong Meng. "An Unambiguous Multipath Mitigation Method Based on Double-Delta Correlator for BOC Modulation Signal." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 571–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0934-1_49.

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Ni, Shaojie, Jing Pang, Kai Zhang, Chengtao Xu, Zhe Liu, and Feixue Wang. "A Novel Unambiguous W2 CCRW Multipath Mitigation Algorithm Applied to BOC (n, n) Signals." In China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2016 Proceedings: Volume II, 107–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0937-2_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bot Mitigation"

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Djalaliev, P., M. Jamshed, N. Farnan, and J. Brustoloni. "Sentinel: Hardware-Accelerated Mitigation of Bot-Based DDoS Attacks." In 17th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccn.2008.ecp.123.

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Hemmatpour, Masoud, Changgang Zheng, and Noa Zilberman. "E-Commerce Bot Traffic: In-Network Impact, Detection, and Mitigation." In 2024 27th Conference on Innovation in Clouds, Internet and Networks (ICIN). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icin60470.2024.10494459.

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De, Anirban, Alberto N. Morgante, and Thomas F. Zimmie. "Mitigation of Blast Effects on Underground Structure Using Compressible Porous Foam Barriers." In Fifth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412992.116.

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Wells, Michael, Tim Marvel, and Chad Beuershausen. "Bit Balling Mitigation in PDC Bit Design." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/114673-ms.

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Gallardo, Moises Navarro, Gonzalo Seco Granados, Gustavo Lopez Risueno, and Massimo Crisci. "Code smoothing for BOC ambiguity mitigation." In 2013 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss.2013.6577260.

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Navarro-Gallardo, Moisés, Gonzalo Seco-Granados, Gustavo López-Risueño, and Massimo Crisci. "Code Smoothing for BOC Ambiguity Mitigation." In 31st AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-5614.

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Riley, Michael R., and Timothy W. Coats. "A Comparison of Whole-Body Vibration and Shock Response Spectra Parameters for Quantifying Mitigation Characteristics of Marine Shock Isolation Seats." In SNAME Chesapeake Power Boat Symposium. SNAME, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/cpbs-2016-010.

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This paper presents an analysis of the applicability of the vibration dose value (VDV) as a performance measure in single-impact laboratory testing of shock isolation seats. Acceleration data for individual wave slam events recorded on a shock isolation seat in a high-speed craft is used to compare the efficacy of the candidate VDV performance measure with a shock response spectra (SRS) performance measure. SRS and VDV numerical methods are described, computational results are summarized, and conclusions are presented.
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Nagy, Kornel, Karine Redeuil, Marine Nicolas, and Xanthippe Theurillat. "Mitigation of MCPD in physically refined palm oil." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ogej8369.

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This talk will discuss synergistic opportunities between the effects of recently explored MCPD mitigation concepts in palm oil and sunflower oil. The discussed laboratory concepts will include dry versus wet removal of residual sediments, various degumming conditions and the role the bleaching clay in mitigating or catalyzing the formation of MCPD. The effects of the discussed mitigation concepts were studied by integrating them into the physical refining of crude oil, including water-based degumming and sealed ampoule tests mimicking the thermal conditions of edible oil deodorization. Key experiments were also reproduced in laboratory benchtop deodorizer. The MCPD levels were monitored by both direct LC-HRMS and indirect GC-MS based approaches. Beyond reviewing the MCPD mitigation effects and pros/cons of the investigated concepts, particular emphasis will be put on assessing whether the observed effects are due to correlation or causality between the refining parameters and the MCPD levels.
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He, Changhua, George Reilly, and Wei Huang. "Goal-Based Approach for Safety Assessment of Multi-Purpose Offshore Support Vessels." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2013-p28.

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Goal-based procedures described in this paper provide a practical methodology for being able to demonstrate that a mechanism is in place for addressing the effects of hazards associated with an offshore support vessel’s (OSV) multiple functions and the means of mitigation selected. The tools described help the reader, through visual means, to gain an insight into the interactive relationships of the multiple functions of OSVs. With a better visualization, the functional requirements of the ‘mitigations’ are more readily and effectively captured. The mitigations can include engineering solutions or appropriate procedures, or a combination of both. The results of this paper will assist in providing guidelines, which are sufficiently clear, transparent, verifiable, implementable and achievable to all parties in the value chain, including energy majors, designers, ship builders, owners, operators, regulatory bodies and underwriters.
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Sun, Feng, He Xu, Liye Jiao, Zitong Zhao, and Min Cheng. "A Method for Anti-Erosion of Water Hydraulic Valve Plug Based on Variable Stiffness and Energy Mitigating Mechanism." In ASME/BATH 2019 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2019-1612.

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Abstract Researches on erosion resistance of valves from the perspective of variable stiffness and energy mitigating are rarely to be seen so far. The ballistic protection for body armor usually requires both high strength and high energy mitigation. Based on the above characteristics of the body armor, ballistic protection for body armor is analogous to the valve plug erosion resistance. In this work, we introduce a new energy mitigating body armor inspired valve plug (EMAVP) to improve its anti-erosion performance. The EMAVP has a gradient hierarchical structure in hardness, variable stiffness materials and structures. The authors analyze the variety of stiffness and energy mitigating of the EMAVP. The fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method is used to simulate the erosion performance, the EMAVP and normal valve plug specimens were tested in the comprehensive experimental system of water hydraulic valve and jet erosion facility. Results show that the EMAVP is superior to normal valve plug, with higher energy mitigating and better anti-erosion performance.
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Reports on the topic "Bot Mitigation"

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Frosch, Robert J., Christopher S. Williams, Ryan T. Molley, and Ryan T. Whelchel. Concrete Box Beam Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Volume 1—Evolution and Performance. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317117.

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Frosch, Robert J., Christopher S. Williams, Ryan T. Molley, and Ryan T. Whelchel. Concrete Box Beam Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Volume 2—Evaluation and Structural Behavior. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317118.

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K. A. Gano, J. G. Lucas, C. T. Lindsey. Identification and Protection of a Bat Colony in the 183-F Clearwell: Mitigation of Bat Habitat on the Hanford Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945221.

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Pilla, Ernani, Sean Casto, Julia Willmott, E. Allison Costello, Caleb Gordon, Genevieve Beaulac, and Greg Forcey. Bird and Bat Collision Risks & Wind Energy Facilities. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006988.

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The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has seen its portfolio of wind power projects increase substantially, a trend which is expected to continue. This report is intended to provide expert guidance regarding wind wildlife risk issues, and to ensure that environmental impact considerations are sufficiently incorporated into the IDB's wind energy projects. Guidance is provided in 3 specific areas corresponding to the 3 chapters of this report as follows: Efficacy of bird and bat impact minimization/mitigation measures (Chapter 1); Efficacy of preconstruction collision risk prediction models (Chapter 2); and Postconstruction fatality monitoring protocols for birds and bats (Chapter 3).
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Alexander, Serena E., Mariela Alfonzo, and Kevin Lee. Safeguarding Equity in Off-Site Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Mitigation in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2027.

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Historically, the State of California assessed the environmental impacts of proposed developments based on how it was projected to affect an area’s level of service (LOS). However, as LOS focused on traffic delays, many agencies simply widened roads, which was an ineffective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). With the passage of Senate Bill (SB)743 in 2013, LOS was replaced by Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) as a more appropriate metric by which to gauge the environmental impacts of proposed development. Additionally, SB 743 presented an opportunity for off-site VMT mitigation strategies through banking and exchanges– allowing multiple development projects to fund a variety of strategies to reduce VMT elsewhere in the city or region. While the shift from LOS to VMT has generally been lauded, concerns remain about how to apply SB 743 effectively and equitably. This study aimed to: 1) understand how local governments are addressing this shift toward VMT while ensuring equity, including its approaches to off-site VMT mitigation; and 2) evaluate the various built environment factors that impact VMT, which should be considered by local governments, using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The study posited that both micro and macro level aspects of the built environment needed to be considered when evaluating the impacts of proposed development on VMT, not only to ensure higher accuracy VMT models, but also because of the potential equity implications of off-site mitigation measures. Using multiple linear regression, the study shows that macroscale built environment features such as land use, density, housing, and employment access have a statistically significant impact on reducing VMT (35%), along with transit access (15%), microscale features such as sidewalks, benches, and trees (13%), and income (6%). More notably, a four-way interaction was detected, indicating that VMT is dependent on the combination of macro and micro level built environment features, public transit access, and income. Additionally, qualitative interviews indicate that transportation practitioners deal with three types of challenges in the transition to VMT impact mitigation: the lack of reliable, standardized VMT measure and evaluation tools; the lack of a strong legal foundation for VMT as a component of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); and the challenge of distributing off-site VMT mitigation equitably. Overall, findings support a nuanced, multi-factor understanding of the context in which new developments are being proposed, both in terms of modeling VMT, but also when considering whether offsite mitigation would be appropriate. The results of this study can help California ensure equitable VMT mitigation that better aligns with the state’s climate goals.
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Cavalcanti, Tiago, Zenia Hasna, and Cezar Santos. Climate Change Mitigation Policies: Aggregate and Distributional Effects. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004535.

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We evaluate the aggregate and distributional effects of climate change mitigation policies using a multi-sector equilibrium model with intersectoral input-output linkages and worker heterogeneity calibrated to different countries. The introduction of carbon taxes leads to changes in relative prices and inputs reallocation, including labor. For the United States, reaching its original Paris Agreement pledge would imply at most a 0.8% drop in output. This impact is distributed asymmetrically across sectors and individuals. Workers with a comparative advantage in dirty energy sectors who do not reallocate suffer a welfare loss at least six times larger than workers in other sectors, but constitute less than 2% of the US labor force.
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Galiani, Sebastián, Omar O. Chisari, and Sebastián J. Miller. Optimal Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change in Small Environmental Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011515.

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This paper compares the optimal dynamic choices between policies of mitigation and adaptation for three economies: Brazil, Chile and the United States. The focus is on the optimal role of mitigation and adaptation for "environmentally small economies", i. e. , economies that are witnessing an exogenous increase in emissions to which they are contributing very little. The simulations lead to three main conclusions. First, small economies should concentrate their environmental efforts, if any, on adaptation. This is not a recommendation that such economies indulge in free-riding. Instead, it is based on considerations of cost effectiveness, ceteris paribus. Second, small economies that are unable to spend enough on adaptation may end up spending less on mitigation owing to their impoverishment as a result of negative climate shocks. Third, higher mitigation expenditures may arise not only as a result of greater optimal adaptation expenditures, but also because of increased adaptation to the incentives for mitigation provided by richer countries.
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timmons, shane, and pete lunn. Public understanding of climate change and support for mitigation. ESRI, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs135.

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In this study, a large, representative sample of the Irish population undertook a multiple-choice quiz about climate change. The 10-minute quiz was designed to engage participants and to measure their understanding, not of facts and figures, but of the scientific relationships behind climate change – of what causes what, and how. The study was conducted in mid-October 2021. As well as revealing how well the population understands climate change, the central focus of the study was the relationship between understanding and willingness to act. To investigate this, the study contained an experiment that tested whether exposing people to the answers to the quiz questions altered their attitudes to climate policy and individual behaviour. Half the sample was randomly assigned to see the answers to the quiz questions, while the other half was not.We then measured support for climate mitigation policy (in particular, a carbon tax) and judgements of individual behaviour. In this way, we conducted an experimental test of whether engaging with accurate scientific information about climate change has an impact on willingness to tackle it.
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Giovando, Jeremy, Chandler Engel, Daniel Vandevort, and Christina Chow. Summary of ice jams and mitigation techniques in Alaska. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47069.

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Ice is an important part of the Alaska ecosystems and can form through dynamic (e.g., frazil) or static (e.g., thermal) processes. In Alaska, both freeze-up and breakup ice jams occur, however breakup jams during the spring snowmelt period are most common. Historically there have been many river systems in Alaska that have chronic ice jam issues. These ice jams have resulted in several significant ice jam floods. There are ice jam mitigation techniques that can be used to either provide state and local emergency managers warnings of a potential ice jam or reduce the impacts of a jam. Common relatively low-cost mitigation methods that can be implemented prior to a jam forming are monitoring and detection of movement, mechanical or thermal weakening of the ice cover. Permanent measures are also effective and maybe the best option in specific locations. These measures include structures to keep flood waters from inundating areas (e.g., levee) or they can be designed to hold back ice fragments moving downstream (e.g., ice boom and pier structures). Climate change impacts to ice processes are important for Alaska and additional investigations will be needed to quantify the ecologic, hydrologic, and societal impacts.
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Crocker, Fiona, Mark Fuller, and Kayla Clark. Bioaugmentation for enhanced mitigation of explosives in surface soil. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48450.

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Residual munition constituents (MCs) generated from live-fire training exercises persist in soil and can migrate to groundwater, surface waters, and off-range locations. Techniques to mitigate this potential migration are needed. Since the MC hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) can be biodegraded, soil inoculation with RDX-degrading bacteria (i.e., bioaugmentation) was investigated as a means to reduce the migration potential of RDX. Metagenomic studies using contaminated soils have suggested that a greater diversity of bacteria are capable of RDX biodegradation. However, these bacteria remain uncultivated and are potentially a source of novel enzymes and pathways for RDX biodegradation. In situ soil cultivation of a novel soil array was used to isolate the uncultivated bacteria that had been inferred to degrade RDX. Approximately 10.5% of the bacteria isolated from the soil arrays degraded RDX by the aerobic denitration pathway. Of these, 26.5% were possibly novel species of RDX-degrading bacteria, based on 16S rRNA sequence similarity. Both cell encapsulation in hydrogels and coating cells onto granules of polymeric carbon sources were investigated as carrier/delivery approaches for soil inoculation. However, neither of these approaches could confirm that the observed RDX degradation was by the inoculated bacteria.
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