Journal articles on the topic 'Boston Children's Aid Society'

Community schools have a long history of helping students succeed in school by addressing the problems they face outside of school. But without specific data on students and the full range of their needs, community schools cannot be as effective as they would like to be. Driven by the desire to make more data-informed decisions, the Children’s Aid Society worked with City Connects, a program based at Boston College’s Lynch School of Education, to gather data, assess it, and develop more creative ways to meet the full range of children’s and their families’ needs.

Marita Conlan-McKenna's Under the Hawthorne Tree (1990) and James Berry's Ajeemah and His Son (1991) are children's novels that address foundational national or regional trauma (dealing with transatlantic slavery and the Irish potato famine respectively). Both employ historical fictive modes to bring the nineteenth century to life, in the process illustrating the extractive capitalism at the heart of the colonial endeavour. Links between Ireland and the Caribbean have long existed, Hilary Beckles observing the persistent characterization of the Irish as ‘one-dimensional colonial characters […] battered and bruised by a triumphant imperial Englishness that viewed them as “baggage” along the route from Cork and Limerick through Bristol to Boston and Barbados’ (Beckles ix). Expanding on this sense of Ireland and the Caribbean as jointly tethered to global imperial trends, this article focuses on the role of food and consumption, arguing that these novels make clear the ongoing role of food scarcity and land control within the cyclical crises of capitalist expansion. Ajeemah and His Son reinforces the importance of land ownership in Jamaica as its protagonist falls in line with the values of the society he has been thrust into, while Under the Hawthorne Tree frames famine as a representative crisis of the world-system.

This paper examines psychiatric symptoms and disorders in children in the care of a Children's Aid Society. Youth, caretaker and teacher scores on the Standardized Clinical Information System questionnaire were correlated with demographic and maltreatment data gathered from the files of children from a Children's Aid Society. Mean externalizing and internalizing scores for the study group were significantly elevated above the norm on the youth, caretaker and teacher reports; externalizing more so than internalizing. Forty-one percent to 63% of the children studied scored in the pathological range for one or more disorders. Conduct disorder was the most common disorder (30% to 50%). Within the study sample, temporary wards and children with a history of having been abused had more elevated scores. The authors conclude that children in foster care have significant psychiatric morbidity reflective of the extreme adversity and maltreatment they have experienced.

Abstract In the Arabic-speaking mahjar (diaspora), the plight of the working poor was the focus of women’s philanthropy. Scholarship on welfare relief in the interwar Syrian, Lebanese, and Palestinian diaspora currently situates it within a gendered politics of benevolence. This article reconsiders that frame and argues for a class-centered reassessment of “ladies aid” politics exploring the intersections of women’s relief with proletarian mutual aid strategies. Founded in 1917, the Syrian Ladies Aid Society (SLAS) of Boston provided food, shelter, education, and employment to Syrian workers. SLAS volunteers understood their efforts as mitigating the precarities imposed on Syrian workers by the global capitalist labor system. Theirs was both a women’s organization and a proletarian movement led by Syrian women. Drawing from SLAS records and the Syrian American press, the article centers Syrian American women within processes of working-class formation and concludes that labor history of the interwar mahjar requires focus on spaces of social reproduction beyond the factory floor.

Ancient traditions have employed powerful meditative practices at the time of death. This article explores one of these practices originating in Tibetan medicine,which relied upon specially trained practitioners in the science of consciousness. The goal is to maintain "clear mind and peaceful heart," which is accomplished by sharing a meditational breathing technique that brings about a deep state of relaxation. Studies in autonomic nervous system response and in the physiology of pain indicate that stress reduction is becoming a necessary modality in modern health care. This article describes a breathing and meditative procedure called "comeditation" to deal with anxieties and stress associated with life-threatening illness. This method involves no religious belief system and brings some of the psychological effects of the meditative state to patients who have never meditated. The meditative practices described in this article were transmitted through the Clear Light Society, Boston, Massachusetts(Patricia Shelton Harvey, executive director). I offer these techniques to deal with the pain and anxieties that may flood one's consciousness during a life-threatening illness. The methods can be used by anyone, sick or healthy,who wants to center his or her spinning mind and achieve serenity. Let your life lightly dance on the edges of time like dew on the tip of a leaf.–Rabindranath Tagore

Abstract This study of the Children's Aid Society in Halifax offers a challenge to traditional narratives which see the agency as a harbinger of de-institutionalisation and professionalisation in early twentieth-century Canada. In Halifax, the Society was not part of an imposed and deliberate programme of modernisation, but was seen as a means to reinforce the existing system during a period of social and economic upheaval. Its foundation was integrally linked to the peculiarities of the city's circumstances, to fears about threats to childhood ideals, and to the operation of the denominational imperatives of existing institutions. Indeed, there was continued strong support for denominational, institutional care in the city, fostered in large part by shared ideas between institutional and governmental child care workers about the priorities and philosophies of their child-welfare system.

What were these children like, these waifs who hustled New York City streets or lived in squalid orphanages with names like Home for the Friendless? What was it like to have been one of the more than 100,000 urban ragamuffins scooped up, put on trains and shipped to strange new lives on Midwestern farms [in] an exceedingly ambitious child-aid operation, the Orphan Trains. Starting in 1854 and continuing for the next 75 years, the Children's Aid Society, later joined by other agencies, took whole trainloads of children from vermin-infested city slums to new tomorrows in the heartland. The first participants and the majority of those to come later were from New York. Once arrived, they were lined up to be picked over by townspeople. Younger ones were adopted by families; older ones taken in and educated in return for work, and the unchosen shipped to the next town. One historian observed that not since the Children's Crusade in the 13th century had there been such a movement of children over such vast distances.

What were these children like, these waifs who hustled New York City streets or lived in squalid orphanages with names like Home for the Friendless? What was it like to have been one of the more than 100,000 urban ragamuffins scooped up, put on trains and shipped to strange new lives on Midwestern farms [in] an exceedingly ambitious child-aid operation, the Orphan Trains. Starting in 1854 and continuing for the next 75 years, the Children's Aid Society, later joined by other agencies, took whole trainloads of children from vermin-infested city slums to new tomorrows in the heartland. The first participants and the majority of those to come later were from New York. Once arrived, they were lined up to be picked over by townspeople. Younger ones were adopted by families; older ones taken in and educated in return for work, and the unchosen shipped to the next town. One historian observed that not since the Children's Crusade in the 13th century had there been such a movement of children over such vast distances.

PurposeThis paper seeks to understand children’s responses to food waste in school by exploring children’s views on food waste and empowering them to discuss and develop their own solutions.Design/methodology/approachUsing creative problem-solving approach and photovoice technique, the authors conducted focus group discussions with 28 primary school children in the UK.FindingsChildren have a clear understanding of the consequences of food waste for individuals, society and the environment. They displayed negative emotions concerning food waste and responded positively to the possibility of food recycling. Their solutions to reduce food waste will require multiple stakeholder engagement, including self-regulation, peer-monitoring, teacher supervision and family support. However, rather than relying on intervention schemes that require significant adult involvement, children placed a heavy emphasis on self-regulation, playing an active role in addressing food waste in school.Originality/valueThis research extends previous understanding, by showing children as agentic consumers who can shape food waste solutions in school. These findings are of use to primary teachers and local education authorities, to aid children in developing their own solutions to reduce food waste in their own schools.

Objective: Characterize clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of preterm neonates undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: Retrospective study of preterm neonates born less than 37 weeks’ gestational age undergoing continuous EEG in the neonatal intensive care unit at Boston Children’s Hospital over a 2-year period. Results: Fifty-two preterms (46% male) had a mean gestational age of 32.8 weeks (standard deviation = 4.17). Seizures were detected in 12/52 (23%), with EEG seizures detected in 4/12 (33%). The median time from EEG to the first seizure was 0.5 hours (interquartile range 0.24-4). Factors associated with seizures were male gender (odds ratio = 4.65 [95% confidence interval = 1.02-21.24], P = .047) and lack of EEG state change (odds ratio = 0.043 [95% confidence interval = 0.005-0.377], P = .04). Conclusion: Twenty-three percent of preterms undergoing continuous EEG had EEG seizures or electrographic seizures with no clear clinical correlate. This confirms recent American Clinical Neurophysiology Society guidelines suggesting that preterm neonates are at high risk for seizures.

AbstractThis paper is based on the latest findings of the Children's Bureau of Australia recently released study entitled Particular Care Reconsidered by Barbara Szwarc. The Study, being a follow-up to the 1979 Report by N.J. Smith and G. Gregory entitled Particular Care was based on an Australia wide survey conducted in June 1984 on all children living in Non-Government Childrens Homes and Foster Care. Particular concentration in the study has been given to children in disadvantageous positions.Also referred to in this paper is another report by Barbara Swarcz on A Study Into The Victorian Children's Aid Society Respite Care Program During the 1985-86 Holiday Period. This report was based primarily on the perceptions of parents of the children who used the program.Of particular concern in this paper is the amount of undue injustice and inequality that such children and their families suffer just because their children are disabled.

Since Nicaragua's endorsement of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the legislative passage of its own Code of Childhood and Adolescence, improvements in the welfare of marginalised youth have depended largely on community-based actions that are sponsored by NGOs and civic groups, many of which function in tangent with municipal government authorities and international aid agencies. In this article we review three community initiatives that have aimed at resolving problems associated with youth alienation and violence in a poor, heavily populated district of Managua. While some modest successes have been achieved, these relatively isolated initiatives have had no evident effect on either the magnitude or the systemic nature of youth marginalisation in Managua. In a context in which the central state is severely constrained by fiscal weakness and corporatist traditions, it is questionable whether in fact the organs of civil society do in fact possess the organisational capacity to generate the structural reforms necessary for the advancement of children's rights at community levels. Nevertheless, despite the amorphous nature of much of civil society in Nicaragua, in the long run children's rights legislation may help to foster growing solidarity among disparate civic forces working to improve the bleak livelihoods of many children.

Objective: One goal of marriage is to create a happy, dedicated family with children. Having children is one reason many marry. However, some marriages result in divorce. The breakup of a marriage doesn't change parents' child rights obligations. This study examines parental obligations for children's rights following divorce. Methode: The type of research in this study is empirical research in order to analyse the implementation of the Law in society, and to examine events or situations of the objects of research in details by collecting facts and to develop relevant concepts underlying the issues. Result: The study finds that court decisions in divorce cases generally give custody of the children to the mother. The main consideration being that children, especially young ones, are of age that still requires care from a mother. father’s inability in fulfilling these rights has implications on other areas of children's lives. In cases where mothers bear custody to the children, there is no prosecution from the mothers to the fathers regarding this condition where they are resigned to accepting the condition, especially when efforts that have been made to ask for the fathers’ obligations have not produced results. Suggestions: First, the government, in this case the court, and LBH APIK NTT, which helps women in divorce cases, should educate parents about children's rights after divorce. Second, mediation and legal action are needed to guarantee dads fulfill their children's rights.

Objective To discuss the contribution of consultative skills to the practice of child psychiatry and to develop curriculum which enhances the ability of residents to participate in community-based care. Method The development of a training site for residents and fourth year medical students in a weekly half-day travelling child psychiatry clinic to a rural children's aid society is described. A method of designing educational objectives for community-based training is reviewed and expanded to provide a template for constructing a comprehensive curriculum. Results The educational objectives specific to the rural training site chosen are provided and their contribution as a subset of the curriculum is defined. Conclusion The authors suggest that a more fulsome discussion of curriculum design and content in the Canadian literature will aid in the development of emerging practice patterns in child psychiatry.

Anarchist behavior, strife and brawls, vigilantism, an increasingly free transformation of global ethics, drug abuse if examined carefully, all begin ina crisis of morality. This is a problem in the life of society, nation, and state so that through character education programs applied in the scope of education can be a solution or solution. One of the efforts to instill character values in elementary school children can be done through children's songs. This study aims to determine and analyze the character values contained in the lyrics of children's songs by Abdulloh Totong Mahmud in the book of grade II elementary / mi students curriculum 2013. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach with literature research methods. The research subjects studied were thirteen children's songs by A.T Mahmud in the 2013 Curriculum Grade II student book. Based on the results of this study (1) religious values are found in happy songs of gathering, throwing garbage, rainbows, fireflies, cypresses, uncle come, scenery, thank God and the moon (2) nationalist values are found in father's bell songs (3) independent values are found in happy songs of gathering, rowing, my chicken, lizards (4) mutual aid values are contained in happy songs gathering (5) The value of integrity is contained in the song of throwing garbage.

A retrospective chart review of 115 siblings (from 48 families) simultaneously taken into the care of a Children's Aid Society was conducted. These children were a very neglected group at great risk of developing mental illness. There was a significant correlation between the number of symptoms the child had while in the receiving home and the time spent in foster care. Protective factors correlated with fewer symptoms at home but not while the child was in care. Being in care resulted in better performance at school, fewer symptoms and involvement in more extracurricular activities. High risk children made up their losses. While in foster care, 53% were eventually separated from their siblings. Children were more likely to be separated from their siblings if they were older, their father was physically ill or their parents were separated. Children who were separated from their siblings had more risk factors and placements while in care. However, they had fewer symptoms and better school performance while they were in foster care and fewer symptoms at discharge than the siblings who stayed together.

The journey of children with disabilities is marked by obstacles, and they require our firm support and understanding to overcome these obstacles and thrive in a world that often fails to accommodate their needs. This study evaluates the impact of the rehabilitation services provided by Helping Hand for Relief and Development (HHRD) to children with disabilities in Pakistan. The objectives were to identify the range of support services provided by HHRD and to assess parental satisfaction with these services. Data was collected from parents of 145 children at HHRD-CWDP Center in Bahawalpur, Pakistan, using a questionnaire. The findings indicate that HHRD provides a comprehensive range of therapies and material aid to children with disabilities. Parents expressed high levels of satisfaction with the services, highlighting the positive impact of HHRD’s services on their children's well-being. However, there is a clear need for further enhancement of learning assistance services to ensure holistic support for these children. The study also emphasizes that it is crucial to prioritize vocational training and other essential services to empower children with disabilities and promote their inclusion in society

Abstract: The editors’ intention in publishing this selection of 190 petitions to the English royal government from the county of Lincolnshire is to reveal the range of problems the king’s subjects faced in the region. They provide a fine introduction that discusses the characteristics of the records, including the rhetorical strategies employed in petitioning, and the political and economic background of life in the county. Lincolnshire was a large region, mostly agricultural in nature but there were a few mid-sized towns, notably the county seat, Lincoln, and the port of Boston. Their problems were rather different from those of the villages, and the editors devote a section of the introduction to these urban issues. Another section of the introduction addresses ecclesiastical matters, and a brief conclusion lays out the editorial protocols the editors have followed. The editors attempt to date each petition, offer a transcription and translation of each and provide copious and very helpful notes as well as other pertinent records to allow for the identification of parties and witnesses and the proper understanding of the disputes that led men and women – mostly men – of all stations to seek the aid of the crown. There is an excellent index, which will facilitate use of the volume.

Higher paternal age at offspring conception increases de novo genetic mutations. Based on evolutionary genetic theory we predicted older fathers' children, all else equal, would be less likely to survive and reproduce, i.e. have lower fitness. In sibling control studies, we find support for negative paternal age effects on offspring survival and reproductive success across four large populations with an aggregate N > 1.4 million. Three populations were pre-industrial (1670–1850) Western populations and showed negative paternal age effects on infant survival and offspring reproductive success. In twentieth-century Sweden, we found minuscule paternal age effects on survival, but found negative effects on reproductive success. Effects survived tests for key competing explanations, including maternal age and parental loss, but effects varied widely over different plausible model specifications and some competing explanations such as diminishing paternal investment and epigenetic mutations could not be tested. We can use our findings to aid in predicting the effect increasingly older parents in today's society will have on their children's survival and reproductive success. To the extent that we succeeded in isolating a mutation-driven effect of paternal age, our results can be understood to show that de novo mutations reduce offspring fitness across populations and time periods.

This essay identified peer victimization is a major societal problem that can have detrimental effects on kids' mental, emotional, and social development. It explores how peer victimization affects social behaviour and identifies coping mechanisms that can be applied to lessen these impacts. Examined along with the causes of peer victimization are the surrounding circumstances, including the family environment, community violence, and school atmosphere. The report emphasizes how crucial it is to address these issues to stop and lessen peer victimization. This study highlighted effective coping mechanisms to include self-advocacy and assertiveness, social support, mindfulness and relaxation practices, positive confession, problem-solving abilities, and cognitive restructuring. These coping mechanisms have been demonstrated to be successful in lessening the damaging effects of victimization and encouraging resilience in young children. The essay concluded that avoiding and reducing the prevalence of peer victimization requires the creation of a supportive, safe atmosphere that promotes children’s social development, mental health, and wellbeing. To foster strong relationships among students, encourage good parenting techniques, and support children's mental health and wellbeing, schools, families, communities, and society can play a significant role. Effective coping techniques should be incorporated into school curricula to aid students in handling victimization and bullying occurrences and fostering resilience.

Surgically created openings such as bur holes can serve as avenues for the development of collateral blood supply to the brain in patients with moyamoya disease. When such collateralization occurs through preexisting shunt catheter sites, the potential exists for perioperative stroke if these vessels are damaged during revision of a ventricular catheter for shunt malfunction. In this paper the authors report on a series of patients with a history of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts who later developed moyamoya disease and were found to have spontaneous transdural collateral vessels at ventricular catheter sites readily visualized on diagnostic angiography. A consecutive surgical series of 412 patients with moyamoya disease treated at Boston Children's Hospital from 1990 to 2010 were reviewed to identify patients with concomitant moyamoya and a VP shunt. The clinical records and angiograms of these patients were reviewed to determine the extent of bur hole collaterals through the shunt site. Three patients were identified who had VP shunts placed for hydrocephalus and subsequently developed moyamoya disease. All 3 patients demonstrated spontaneous transdural collaterals at the ventricular catheter bur hole, as confirmed by angiography during the workup for moyamoya disease. No patients required subsequent revision of their ventricular catheters following the diagnosis of moyamoya. All patients have remained stroke free and clinically stable following pial synangiosis. Although the association of moyamoya and shunted hydrocephalus is rare, it may present a significant potential problem for the neurosurgeon treating a shunt malfunction in this patient population, because shunt bur holes may become entry sites for the ingrowth of significant cortical transdural collateral blood supply to the underlying brain. Shunt revision might therefore be associated with an increased risk of postoperative stroke or operative-site hemorrhage in this population if this vascularization is interrupted when shunt catheters are removed and replaced. A knowledge of the existence of shunt-related collaterals in patients with moyamoya may aid the surgeon in planning shunt revisions and considering, for example, a new entry point for a ventricular catheter, rather than replacing an existing one, to minimize the risk of jeopardizing existing collaterals.

Abstract 25 Background: Hospitalized pediatric oncology patients are at high risk for clinical decline and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Pediatric Early Warning Scores (PEWS) are commonly used to aid with early identification of clinical deterioration; however, these scores have never been studied in oncology patients in low-resource settings. We describe the successful implementation of a modified PEWS at Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica (UNOP), a national pediatric oncology hospital in Guatemala. Methods: The PEWS used at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) was modified through key informant meetings at UNOP, adjusting for practice variations between the two hospitals. After an initial pilot of the tool, the PEWS was implemented in all non-ICU inpatient areas at UNOP (60 beds with about 2,000 admissions/year). During implementation, systems were created to monitor errors in calculating PEWS, patient transfers to a higher level of care, and high PEWS scores for ongoing quality improvement. Results: Hospital-wide implementation occurred over 6 months, when 113 nurses were trained in the PEWS tool and algorithm. Compliance with PEWS performance and documentation was 100% by the end of the implementation period, with 300 to 400 PEWS measured daily and less than 10% errors. Monitoring of PEWS results reports an average of 5 high PEWS per week with 30% transferring to a higher level of care. Among patients requiring ICU transfer, 86% had an abnormal PEWS prior to transfer, which is similar to results at BCH (90%). Staff surveys showed a high degree of satisfaction with PEWS (4.6/5) and minimal difficulty using the score (2.3/5) (n=67). Conclusions: We describe the successful implementation of a PEWS in a pediatric oncology hospital in Guatemala. This work demonstrates that PEWS is a feasible, well-accepted, and low-cost quality improvement measure in this resource-limited setting. We now plan to evaluate the effects of this implementation on patient care and outcomes. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No COIs from the authors.

Background: The hawking of wares by children has been a serious issue confronting the Nigerian society. Children hawk in some of the most horrible conditions conceivable, where they face a serious risk of injury, chronic illness, kidnapping, rape or death. Objective: The focus of this study was to assess the perceived effects of street hawking on the well-being of children in Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State. Methods: The population of this study consists of parents of the street hawkers in Anyigba while cross-sectional survey design was used through the purposive sampling technique to choose the sample size of one hundred and sixty-two (162) respondents. The validated structured questionnaire and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) served as the instruments for the data collection respectively. The hypotheses were tested using Chi-Square at a predetermined 0.05 level of significance. The quantitative data were analysed with the aid of the SPSS (version 20). Results: The results indicated among others that street hawking had significant social implications and physical consequences on children's moral behaviour as well as health status in the study area. Conclusion: The study, therefore, concluded that the government of Kogi State should carry out an enlightenment campaign through the media and religious institutions on the negative consequences of street hawking are recommended as panacea. Also, the child right act instrument and its implementation should be strengthened in order to curb street hawking in the study area.

Introduction: Child abuse is arguably one of the most debated publics/social policy areas. Thus, the need for systematic data is not only for recognizing child protection issues but also for formulating and implementing policy responses and practices in Pakistan. This study aims to analyze the role of the media in the research and reporting of child abuse cases. Method: The method used in this study is to use media framing theory to conduct quantitative investigations using content analysis. Results: Media coverage of child abuse can help communities understand issues around child abuse and neglect and interact constructively with children's rights. Using media as a reporting, representation, and advocacy tool will increase public knowledge about perpetrators and aid in preventing child abuse. However, there are shortcomings in structures and institutions that can cause children suffering. It needs cooperation from government agencies and civil society to improve child protection from maltreatment and carelessness. Therefore, the role of the media as a component of a more extensive system designed to protect children is crucial. Conclusion: Child sexual abuse can be reduced in the country by enacting strong anti-child sexual abuse laws. By affirming the country's commitment, providing legal protection, increasing public awareness, increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement. With clear laws in place, police and the justice system can act on child sexual abuse cases more quickly and decisively. This can provide a deterrent effect to perpetrators and prevent similar crimes in the future.

Children's dental health has always been and remains an extremely important issue in modern society. According to the WHO, the incidence of dental caries in different countries and among different contingents ranges from 80% to 98%. In recent decades, there has been a growing trend among children. Of particular concern is the significant incidence of early dental caries in children, which is up to two years 62%, and at three years 70.3%. Effective prevention programs and early treatment of caries can improve the quality of children's dental health, and consequently the quality of their general physical health. The aim of our study was to study the dynamics of caries of deciduous teeth (prevalence, intensity, treatment necessity of deciduous teeth, the level of dental aid) in 3-5 years old aged children (observation during the year). All children were examined for the prevalence (%) and intensity of caries of deciduous teeth by the DEF-index and their increase was found in all age groups. The increase in caries for each age group is from 0.2 to 0.3 teeth. The prevalence of caries was studied at each age. 3-year-old children had a caries prevalence of 36.0 ± 6.85%. One year after the first examination, the prevalence of caries in 4-year-old children was now 42.0 ± 7.05%, which is 6% more than a year ago. The same trend is observed in children in the period from 4 to 5 years. The increase in the prevalence of caries in this group for the year is 6.7%. And in the group 5-year-old children the increase in the prevalence of caries per year was 3.1%. Comparison of children 4-year-old, but different groups did not reveal a significant difference. And at the age of 5 a probable difference in the prevalence of caries was revealed. Children with preventive work had a prevalence of 44.0 ± 5.77% against a group of children who were not provided with recommendations for maintaining dental health (65.3 ± 4.91%). In general, in children 3-5-years-old during first examination, the prevalence of caries was 49.1 ± 7.21%. During the year, the increase in the prevalence of caries in the same group of children, but 4-6-years-old, is only 4.9%. The intensity of caries indicates a slight increase in the number of teeth with caries in each group of children. But a comparison of this indicator in children of the same age of different periods of the survey revealed a probable difference at the age of 5 years (1.9 ± 0.35 teeth) (children who were recommended) against 2.7 ± 0.33 teeth (examined 1 year ago).The treatment necessity of deciduous teeth is 54% and the level of dental aid is 13%. Carrying out preventive work with children and their parents on selection of subjects and means of hygiene, regular care of an oral cavity, observance of a healthy food, necessity of sanitation of an oral cavity gave the chance to increase quantity of fillings at children of 4-6 years in comparison with 3-5 years and reducing the number of removed teeth due to complicated caries. Effective prevention programs and early treatment of caries can improve the quality of children's dental health, and consequently the quality of their general physical health. Timely and planned oral hygiene is a common and effective method of prevention of caries and periodontal disease in young patients. That is why a significant place in the prevention of caries in children is occupied by hygienic education and upbringing of children and their parents.

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At the beginning of the 21st century, many events of an international legal nature took place in the world, which were of great importance for the recognition of human rights and freedoms, and of children in particular, as the highest social value in society. These events also concern our country, which responds to them in a timely manner with appropriate changes in legislation. However, today the world community is faced with the existence of a number of political, economic and military threats, which pose a danger to an indefinite number of people, their most important personal rights and freedoms. We are talking about such things as hybrid wars, military occupations of some countries by others, armed conflicts, and, as a result, migration phenomena and refugees. The aforementioned threats also affected Ukraine with the beginning of the annexation of Crimea and the armed conflict in the east of the country. However, later the eight-year military conflict turned into a real military confrontation, the seizure of more and more territories of our country, continuous aerial bombardment of cities and infrastructure facilities, the death of the civilian population, finally unheard of compared to 2014, the scale of displaced and evacuated Ukrainians to safe places and abroad citizens. The issue of protecting the rights of people affected by these threats is one of the key tasks facing the Government of Ukraine. A prominent place in this issue is given to the problem of protecting the rights of children, who are the guarantor of the existence of the Ukrainian nation in the future. At the same time, it is noted that being alone with the military aggressor in the face of the Russian Federation, Ukraine felt the real friendly support of the entire international community both in the provision of military aid and in the process of supporting the least protected categories of the civilian population - women and children. In this article, the author characterizes the main directions of combating the criminal violation of children's rights in the conditions of a full-fledged military invasion of the territory of Ukraine and the challenges that the subjects of prevention are called to overcome. The role of the United Nations in cooperation with the Government of our country in the joint implementation of measures to overcome them is revealed separately.

Background Previous research has demonstrated that children growing up in poor communities have limited access to high-performing schools, while more affluent neighborhoods tend to have higher-ranking schools and more opportunities for after-school programs and activities. Therefore, many researchers and policy makers expected not only that the families moving to low-poverty neighborhoods with the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) program would gain access to zone schools with more resources but also that mothers would be more likely to meet middle-class parents who could provide information about academic programs and teachers, leading them to choose some of these new higher-quality-zone schools. However, research evaluating the effects of the MTO program on child outcomes 4-7 years after program moves found that while the schools attended by the MTO children were less poor and had higher average test scores than their original neighborhood schools, the differences were small: Before moving with the program, MTO children attended schools ranked at the 15th percentile statewide on average; 4-7 years after the move, they were attending schools that ranked at the 24th percentile on average. Purpose The fact that the residential changes brought about by the MTO experiment did not translate into much larger gains in school academic quality provides the impetus for our study. In other words, we explore why the experiment did not lead to the school changes that researchers and policy makers expected. With survey, census, and school-level data, we examine where families moved with the MTO program and how these moves related to changes in school characteristics, and how parents considered schooling options. Setting Although the MTO experiment took place in five cities (New York, Boston, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Baltimore), we use data from the Baltimore site only. Population The sample in our study includes the low-income mothers and children who participated in the Baltimore site of the MTO housing voucher experiment. Ninety-seven percent of the families were headed by single black women. The median number of children was two, and average household income was extremely low, at $6,750. Over 60% received Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) as their primary source of income (at program entry in 1994), over 77% of household heads were unemployed, and 40% of the women had no high school degree or GED. Program The Moving to Opportunity program gave public housing residents in extremely poor neighborhoods in Baltimore, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Boston a chance to apply for the program and move between 1994 and 1998. Families were randomly assigned into one of three groups: an experimental group that received housing counseling and a special voucher that could only be used in census tracts with 1990 poverty rates of less than 10%; a second treatment group, the Section 8 group, that received a regular voucher with no geographic restrictions on where they could move; and a control group that received no voucher through MTO, although they could continue to reside in their public housing units or apply for other housing subsidies (usually a regular Section 8 voucher). The program did not provide assistance with transportation costs, job searches, or local school information after the family relocated. Research Design We use survey data, census data, school-level data, and interviews from the Baltimore site of a randomized field trial of a housing voucher program. We present a mixed-methods case study of one site of the experiment to understand why the children of families who participated in the Baltimore MTO program did not experience larger gains in schooling opportunity. Conclusions Our article demonstrates that in order to discover whether social programs will be effective, we need to understand how the conditions of life for poor families facilitate or constrain their ability to engage new structural opportunities. The described case examples demonstrate why we need to integrate policies and interventions that target schooling in conjunction with housing, mental health services, and employment assistance. Future programs should train mobility counselors to inform parents about the new schooling choices in the area, help them weigh the pros and cons of changing their children's schools, and explain some of the important elements of academic programs and how they could help their children's educational achievement. Counselors could also assuage parents’ fears about transferring their children to new schools by making sure that receiving schools have information about the children and that little instruction time is lost in the transition between schools.

Juvenile Delinquency is an anti-social behavior can be disturbing public society, but it is recognized as a common phenomenon that must be accepted as a social fact. Children based on their physical, mental and social have a weak position compared with adults, so that children who committed needs to be special treatment. Therefore, the treatment of juvenile delinquents should be different with the treatment of adults. Child Protection in fact there are still many who have not accommodate the principles of international instruments. In the juvenile court still found violations of children's rights in the implementation of the handling of children in conflict with the law. Research it can be concluded that the formulation of policies for the protection of children in conflict with the law in the juvenile justice system in Indonesia is regulated in Law No. 3 Year l997 on Juvenile Court has not accommodated the principle of the best interest of the child in the juvenile justice system, so it is normative in the formulation did not reflect the level of the basic idea of the protection of children. Thus, the level of normative formulation does not reflect the basic idea of the child protection law. Formulation studies to the protection of children in conflict with the law in the juvenile justice system in accordance with Law No. 11 Year 2012 has been to accommodate the principle of the best interest of the child with the diversion. Yet undiscovered principles of availability of legal aid in the context of the principle of diversion and diversion control authority. Formulation studies to the protection of children in conflict with the law in the juvenile justice system in accordance with Law No. 11 Year 2012 has been to accommodate the principle of the best interest of the child, among others, by focusing on the handling of children in conflict with the law through diversion measures to promote restorative justice approach. Application policy to the protection of children in conflict with the law in the juvenile justice system involves substantial problems, structural and cultural. Paradigm of retributive justice system is still an idea in Act No. 3 of 1997. Keywords: Criminal Law Policy; child protection, juvenile justice system reform.

Introduction Venous thoracic outlet syndrome occurs secondary to the extrinsic compression and impingement of the subclavian vein as it passes through the thoracic outlet, eventually resulting in upper extremity effort thrombosis, or Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS). This rare condition typically affects the dominant arm of athletic young adults with a history of repeated overhead activities. At Boston Children's Hospital (BCH), a multidisciplinary team of hematologists, interventional radiologists, and vascular surgeons manage these patients according to a standardized protocol including anticoagulation, pharmaco-mechanical thrombolysis, venoplasty, and decompressive rib-resection surgery. Herein we report the clinical and radiological outcomes of a cohort of patients with PSS managed at BCH. Objective The principle objective of this retrospective cohort study was to review the diagnosis, pharmacological, interventional radiology and surgical management, complications, and long-term outcomes of sequential pediatric patients (≤21 years) treated for PSS at BCH over a 3.5-year period of time (January 1, 2020 to July 31, 2023). Methods This study was performed as a part of an ongoing quality improvement initiative and was deemed exempt by the Institutional Review Board. Eligible patients were defined as children (≤21 years) with PSS per criteria established by the Society for Vascular Surgery. Clinical and demographic data, including post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) scores of eligible patients were abstracted from their medical records. PTS evaluation at BCH is typically performed 6-12 months after DVT diagnosis using both the modified Villalta and Manco-Johnson instruments. Major bleeding, and recurrent/progressive thromboses were defined per published guidelines by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Standard statistical methods were used - median (range) for continuous variables and frequency with 95% CI for categorical data. Results The study cohort consisted of 20 patients (9 female). PSS was confirmed based on dynamic imaging with provocative maneuvers for all patients. Median (range) age at DVT diagnosis was 17 (15-21) years. Thirteen patients were diagnosed at an outside hospital and referred to BCH for further management. Fourteen patients received upfront anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin of whom 13 patients were transitioned to a DOAC. Six patients were started on DOACs upfront. Fifteen subjects (75%) received upfront endovascular intervention at diagnosis. Median interval between DVT diagnoses to endovascular intervention was 5 (1-118) days. All patients underwent decompressive rib-resection surgery. Median interval between DVT diagnosis and surgery was 12 (7-39) weeks. Three patients (15%) developed major bleeding and 3 (15%) patients developed recurrent/progressive thrombosis after surgery. Two of the 3 patients who developed major bleeding were anticoagulated with a DOAC pre-operatively, which had been held for 48 hours before surgery. All subjects had a planned post-operative venogram, 14 (70%) of whom underwent completion venoplasty. Anticoagulation was discontinued in 18/20 (90%) patients with a median duration of therapy of 19.5 (14-60) weeks. Four patients (20%) were noted to have an underlying thrombophilia (Factor 5 R506Q [2]; Factor 2 G20210A [1]; Protein S deficiency [1]). End-of-therapy imaging was obtained for all patients - 17 (85%) had complete thrombus resolution, while two (10%) had partial thrombus resolution. Seventeen (85%) patients have undergone evaluation for PTS, of whom 12 (71%) were noted to have mild PTS and 2 (12%) have moderate-severe PTS as defined by the modified Villata instrument. Discussion Greater than 90% of pediatric patients with PSS who were treated per our institutional multi-disciplinary protocol had complete or partial thrombus resolution. Additionally, only 12% of patients reported moderate to severe PTS on follow-up and were prescribed sequential compression sleeves. Lastly, DOACs appear to be safe and efficacious in this cohort, though based on our internal data, we now interrupt DOACs for 72 hours before decompressive surgery.

Introduction: Antithrombin (AT) is an inhibitor of several coagulation proteins, including FIIa and FXa. Heparins accelerate/potentiate the interaction between AT and these factors through a conformational change in AT. Plasma AT concentrations are low in neonates, lower in sick premature neonates, and reach adult levels by 6 to 12 months of age. The developmental differences in plasma AT levels are an important consideration when treating an infant with heparin, as the activity of heparin depends on the presence of AT as a cofactor. As a result, AT supplementation is often considered in this cohort, particularly in the setting of heparin resistance. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the use of AT supplementation at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH), a quaternary care, free-standing children's hospital, and investigate the safety and efficacy of AT supplementation in infants on a continuous heparin infusion. Methods: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at BCH. Data were abstracted for infants who received AT supplementation while on a therapeutic heparin infusion in the neonatal, cardiac, and medical intensive care units between January 2016 and October 2022. Infants on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous renal replacement therapy were excluded. The primary outcome was attainment of therapeutic anticoagulation within 48 hours after an AT course, defined as at least one occurrence of a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) level between 60 and 85 seconds and/or anti-factor Xa (anti-FXa) activity between 0.35 and 0.7 units/mL. Clinically relevant bleeding was defined as moderate/clinically relevant non-major bleeding or severe/major bleeding, as determined by either the Neonatal Bleeding Assessment Tool for infants with post-menstrual age (PMA) < 44 weeks or the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria for infants with PMA > 44 weeks, respectively. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: Over the 7-year period, 50 infants receiving 61 courses of AT supplementation were included. 12 patients received multiple AT doses within a course, resulting in the administration of 75 total AT doses. The median gestational age was 38 weeks (range 28-41 weeks), with a mean birth weight of 3.1 kg (range 0.8-4.5 kg). Median postnatal age at the time of the first AT dose was 19 days (range 3-341 days). The majority of heparin courses were indicated for thrombosis (49%) and post-operative cardiac surgery (40%). Median baseline AT activity was 37% (range 18-61%). The primary outcome was achieved in 90% AT courses. Of these, 73% were therapeutic only by PTT levels, 9% only by anti-FXa activity, and 18% by both. The benefit of AT administration was not sustained, as only 39% PTT levels and anti-FXa activity measured 48 hours after the AT course remained therapeutic. 41 infants had an AT level measured within 6 hours after the dose, and 61% (25/41) achieved a level between 80 and 120% of the calculated target. AT levels decreased over 48 hours, with an estimated half-life of 49 hours. 21% of AT courses had an increase in bleeding severity, with the majority being minor bleeds. Clinically relevant bleeding occurred after AT administration in only 8% (4/50) subjects. The relationship between simultaneously measured PTT levels and anti-FXa activity was investigated in a secondary analysis. Of the 250 paired levels, only one pair was therapeutic for both values ( Figure 1). Other than the single pair, in all other samples with a therapeutic anti-FXa, the simultaneously measured PTT was supratherapeutic. Three of the four patients with clinically relevant bleeding had at least one paired PTT level and anti-FXa activity available on the day of bleeding. Out of the seven paired samples, 86% of moderate bleeding occurred when the PTT level was supratherapeutic and the anti-FXa activity was subtherapeutic. Discussion: AT supplementation in infants may briefly increase the therapeutic efficacy of heparin, dependent on the monitoring parameter used, as PTT levels and anti-FXa activity poorly correlate. Additionally, permitting the PTT to increase over a certain threshold may increase the risk of bleeding. Further studies are needed to provide recommendations on heparin infusion titrations, AT dosing, and the monitoring of PTT levels and/or anti-FXa activity in the neonatal/infant populations on a continuous heparin infusion.

Abstract Abstract 2066 Background: Most newborns with HS have a family history of disease since the most common inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant. Therefore, hematologists often see these infants before their physiologic hemoglobin nadir, which is exaggerated in comparison to healthy infants and can cause a symptomatic anemia requiring red cell transfusion(s) during the first few months of life. In 2000, a small multicenter prospective study demonstrated that recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) therapy can aid infants through this nadir and prevent transfusions (Tchernia et al., Hematol J. 2000; 1(3):146–152). The goal of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of implementation and cost of EPO versus transfusion therapy in infants with HS at a pediatric academic center. Methods: After IRB approval, 59 infants with HS were identified from hematology department records and from an electronic clinic note search tool at Children's Hospital Boston. Subjects with a date of birth from July 2000 through June 2011 were included. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and transfusion data were collected through a retrospective chart review. Statistical analysis was performed using R 2.13.1. Results: Only 9 of 59 (15%) infants with HS were treated with EPO therapy in the decade since the study by Tchernia et al. was first published. Table I shows the demographic and clinical data for EPO vs. non-EPO treated newborns. The mean age at the start of treatment was 5.3 ± SD 3.6 weeks. In our academic center of >15 clinical hematologists, two commenced EPO therapy for over half of the treated patients. Of those treated with EPO, 6 (67%) had an older sibling with HS of whom 3 (33%) were treated with EPO. The nadir hemoglobin was not different in the EPO vs. non-EPO treated groups (7.6 vs 8.1 g/dl, p=0.2). The difference in the number of transfusions needed in the first year of life in the two groups was not statistically significantly (0.9 vs 1.1, p=0.52), although 6 of the 9 EPO treated patients received a red cell transfusion prior to starting therapy. EPO was discontinued at a mean age of 23.5 weeks (12–37 weeks). The estimated cost of the average course of EPO therapy was approximately $5437 per infant (AWP plus repeated injections) versus the cost of a single blood transfusion of $1783 per infant (estimated gross charges at our center). Conclusion: Since a 2000 report of the efficacy of EPO to limit transfusions in newborns with HS, only 15% of infants at our center have been treated with EPO, despite common belief among hematologists that this is a frequent treatment modality. The decision to start EPO appeared arbitrary, based on hematologist preference and previous experiences of families. The estimated cost of EPO therapy is greater than a single outpatient red cell transfusion, and the majority of EPO treated infants also received a blood transfusion. It remains unclear whether EPO decreases the number of transfusions required in infants with HS. The lack of implementation of EPO therapy at our institution is likely due to a combination of financial and logistical challenges, in addition to individual practice customs, which often impede translation of prospective trials into clinical practice. A larger prospective study accounting for these factors could establish “best practice” for infants with HS. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Recombinant erythropoietin for anemia in infancy associated with hereditary spherocytosis.

Concurrently with the rapid development in digital society, the demand for communication skills was clear in childhood. Early childhood education needs to pay attention to children's speech skills development. This study aims to determine the effect of cognitive style and attachment on the ability to speak in early childhood speech development. The method used is a 2 x 2 factorial comparison design which is divided into two groups namely independent and dependent fields involving 138 samples. Re- search findings about differences in the ability to speak early childhood who have independent field cognitive style and children who have field dependent cognitive style in groups of children with high attachment obtained (A2B1), obtained Q count = 9.39 and Q table (0.05; 4: 10) = 4 , 33. 4). 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AimsThe Royal College of Psychiatrists, UK, is the professional body responsible for education and training, and setting and raising standards in psychiatry. It is an increasingly international organisation with approximately a fifth of members living outside the UK. In partnership with the UK-charity Medical Aid for Palestinians (MAP), the college was invited to develop a national strategy for child and adolescent mental health in Palestine for the Ministry of Health. Children are at higher risk of developing mental illness when living in overcrowded areas with ongoing shelling, siege, and other acts of violence as is the case in Gaza. A significant proportion of Palestinian children experience serious psychological distress especially anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with children reporting not wanting to be apart from their parents. The aim of the strategy is to set key priorities for child and adolescent mental health so that funders, institutions, organizations and community members align their activities in a coordinated and efficient way.MethodsInformation was gathered from an extensive literature review and three in-person missions to visit the West Bank to meet key stakeholders from governmental and non-governemental organizations including the Ministries of Health, Education and Social Development and the only Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in Halhoul, north of Hebron. A thematic meeting was held in August 2022 and a feedback meeting in December 2022. All comments and feedback were reviewed and incorporated into the final document for submission to the Ministry of Health for official approval.ResultsToday's child in Palestine bears the burden of decades of violence, conflict and hardships that have accumulated during their lives and those of their parents and grandparents. In total, 2242 Palestinian children have been killed by Israeli military forces between the years 2000 and 2022. Childhood is not a given for Palestinian children, but instead something that must be determined, retrieved, and understood within a complex web of implications mandated by the dynamics of power that are in play. As a testament to the Palestinian people's ability to adapt, endure and demonstrate sumud (steadfastness), through strong family and community relations, many children show remarkable resilience. However, there are children and families who require additional support and expert care.Demand for child and adolescent mental health services is not being met by current clinical services which are fragmented and under-funded. Clinical pathways to refer vulnerable young people suffering from mental illness do not exist; nor do day or inpatient facilities for young people who require specialist interventions or admission, be it for severe mental illnesses or high risk behaviours. The lack of clear child protection protocols and limited availability of supportive family counselling and therapy compounds the pressure on caregivers. Vulnerable children are left exposed.ConclusionEvery child deserves a childhood and a future. This national strategy takes a holistic view of childhood and adolescence, using the multi-level framework for child and adolescent well-being developed by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).The strategy's vision is for every Palestinian child's mental health and well-being to be promoted and protected throughout their developmental journey into adulthood by strong multi-sectorial support networks and for mental illnesses to be detected and treated by collaborative, effective systems of care, free from stigmatization, discrimination and marginalization so they can live fulfilling lives as integrated members of society. This vision is build on four pillars of‘'Rights and Regulation’'‘'Prevention and Promotion’'‘'Capacity Buildling and Clinical Service’' and‘'Community Integration and Contribution’' The vision can be realised through the implementation of ten initiatives, each with their own action plan and outcome measure, with the critical enablers of funding and stakeholder participation and collaboration.

This article provides the review of the medical use of pH- and temperature-sensitive polymer hydrogels. Such polymers are characterised by their thermal and pH sensitivity in aqueous solutions at the functioning temperature of living organisms and can react to the slightest changes in environmental conditions. Due to these properties, they are called stimuli-sensitive polymers. This response to an external stimulus occurs due to the amphiphilicity (diphilicity) of these (co)polymers. The term hydrogels includes several concepts of macrogels and microgels. Microgels, unlike macrogels, are polymer particles dispersed in a liquid and are nano- or micro-objects. The review presents studies reflecting the main methods of obtainingsuch polymeric materials, including precipitation polymerisation, as the main, simplest, and most accessible method for mini-emulsion polymerisation, microfluidics, and layer-by-layer adsorption of polyelectrolytes. Such systems will undoubtedly be promising for use in biotechnology and medicine due to the fact that they are liquid-swollen particles capable of binding and carrying various low to high molecular weight substances. It is also important that slight heating and cooling or a slight change in the pH of the medium shifts the system from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous state and vice versa. This providesthe opportunity to use these polymers as a means of targeted drug delivery, thereby reducing the negative effect of toxic substances used for treatment on the entire body and directing the action to a specific point. In addition, such polymers can be used to create smart coatings of implanted materials, as well as an artificial matrix for cell and tissue regeneration, contributing to a significant increase in the survival rate and regeneration rate of cells and tissues. References 1. Gisser K. R. C., Geselbracht M. J., Cappellari A.,Hunsberger L., Ellis A. B., Perepezko J., et al. 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Epilepsy withholds patients’ control of their body or consciousness and puts them at risk in the course of their daily life. This article pursues the development of a smart neurocomputational technology to alert epileptic patients wearing EEG sensors of an impending seizure. An innovative approach for epileptic seizure prediction has been proposed to improve prediction accuracy and reduce the false alarm rate in comparison with state-of-the-art benchmarks. Maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform was used to decompose EEG signals into different frequency resolutions, and a multiresolution convolutional neural network is designed to extract discriminative features from each frequency band. The algorithm automatically generates patient-specific features to best classify preictal and interictal segments of the subject. The method can be applied to any patient case from any dataset without the need for a handcrafted feature extraction procedure. The proposed approach was tested with two popular epilepsy patient datasets. It achieved a sensitivity of 82% and a false prediction rate of 0.058 with the Children’s Hospital Boston-MIT scalp EEG dataset and a sensitivity of 85% and a false prediction rate of 0.19 with the American Epilepsy Society Seizure Prediction Challenge dataset. This technology provides a personalized solution for the patient that has improved sensitivity and specificity, yet because of the algorithm’s intrinsic ability for generalization, it emancipates from the reliance on epileptologists’ expertise to tune a wearable technological aid, which will ultimately help to deploy it broadly, including in medically underserved locations across the globe.

03–535 Hellermann, John (Southern Illinois U., Carbondale, USA; Email: jkheller@siu.edu). The interactive use of prosody in the IRF exchange: Teacher repetition in feedback moves. Language in Society (Cambridge, UK), 32, 1 (2003), 79–104.03–536 Wendt, Michael (Universität Bremen, Germany). Kontext und Konstruktion: Fremdsprachendidaktische theoriebildung und ihre Implikationen für die Fremdsprachenforschung. [Context and construction: Theory building in foreign language teaching and its implications for foreign language research.] Zeitschrift für Fremdsprachenforschung (Berlin, Germany), 13, 1 (2002), 1–62.03–537 Weppelman, Tammy, L., Bostow, Angela, Schiffer, Ryan, Elbert-Perez, Evelyn and Newman, Rochelle, S. (U. of Iowa, USA). Children's use of the prosodic characteristics of infant-directed speech. Language and Communication (Oxford, UK), 23, 1 (2003), 63–80.

Moral tradition teaches that there are particular clarifying events which aid the renewal of moral freedom, the pursuit of the good, and the promotion of justice. The Boston Marathon bombing is one of those events, inviting theologians to consider what a sacramentally-oriented systematic theology offers society via faith and culture’s engagement. Viewing the Boston Marathon bombings through Moltmann’s lens of Christian hope shows seeds of it in the community’s response: it was forward-looking and called people to action; it anticipated a justice connected to the reign of God; and it called people into communities of hope, like those of the disciples. Engaging the community’s response and individual stories from the bombing which embody these three aspects of Christian hope offer a sacramental vision of hope with the potential to give life to a largely secularized culture.

The influence of parents and peers on a student's career path is widely recognized by researchers and educators. Parents play a vital role in shaping their children's aspirations, while peers serve as important sources of support and influence during the decision-making process. This study showcases the role of parents and peer groups on students' career paths, which would aid in the removal of obstacles that would lead to career mismatch and ultimately lead to graduates who are unable to make meaningful contributions to society through a mismatched career. The critical evaluation aims to examine the impact of parental and peer influence on students' career paths, analyzing both positive and negative aspects and considering potential challenges and limitations.