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1
Daniels, Tobias. "Das Rom der Frührenaissance in den Imbreviaturen des Notars Angelo degli Atti da Todi 1423–1432." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 101, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 232–347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2021-0012.
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Abstract This essay analyses the previously unexplored protocol of the notary Angelo degli Atti da Todi, which contains 141 new sources on the history of Rome – City and Curia – during the pontificate of Martin V and the early pontificate of Eugenius IV. After an overview of notarial research on early Renaissance Rome, it presents Angelo degli Atti’s career and cultural profile, based partly on his will, found in a legal dispute over inheritance with the Florentine Alberti family. Possibilities for analysing the protocol are then discussed. For the first time, this protocol provides insights into the jurisdiction of the Camera Apostolica in the period mentioned and expands our knowledge of the actors and transactions of the Papal Finance at the Curia of Martin V, especially as regards the Florentine merchant bankers, and above all the Alberti and Boscoli. The protocol also contains a wide range of sources on the history of Rome, including its art history and the maritime economy in which the city was involved. The entire protocol is made accessible by regesta including an index of persons and places.
2
Tai, Emily. "Piracy and law in medieval Genoa: the consilia of Bartolomeo Bosco." Medieval Encounters 9, no. 2-3 (2003): 256–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006704323211585.
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AbstractThis essay contextualizes a series of learned legal opinions, or consilia, authored primarily by the Genoese jurist Bartolomeo Bosco (d. 1437) on the subject of maritime theft, or piracy, by referring to contemporaneous records for the practice of maritime theft in the Mediterranean, archival records in the Archivio di Stato for Bosco's career, and related consilia authored by Bosco. It argues that Bosco's opinions on matters related to the practice of piracy, overlooked despite revived scholarly interest in his work, illustrate the applications and limitations of consilia as practical documents in medieval civic governance, and suggest a divide between commercial and administrative perspectives in the maritime republics of late medieval Europe. Finally, it proposes that Bartolomeo Bosco be numbered among the "economic humanists" of the fifteenth century.
3
Arouimi, Michel. "Potentialités de l’harmonie imitative." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 44, no. 1 (March 6, 2009): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.44.1.04aro.
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Bosco’s literary theory, dispersed throughout numerous self-critical admissions, reveals a concern for textual format, justified by Bosco as being the means of his spiritual quest, shared with the reader. A very short poem by Bosco, matured at length, shows great care in the poetic form, a form in which all aspects serve to translate in the text itself the object of the description: Bosco’s beloved mountain, turned into a poem. The study of its imitabal harmony, covering every level of the text, would be in vain if one were to neglect the spiritual aspirations of the poet, his attention to the secret of the Being, incarnated by the mountain. But we must hesitate in designating the nature of this secret: the truth of a mystical order; or, on the contrary, that of the violence lodged deep in every man, a violence which the mountain might resemble?
4
Ferrucci, Nicoletta. "Le ragioni del Seminario. Atti del Seminario: La gestione forestale dei boschi soggetti a vincolo paesaggistico provvedimentale." L'Italia forestale e montana 77, no. 6 (January 30, 2023): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/lifm-1084.
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L’esigenza di conciliare la protezione della valenza del bosco come elemento identitario di un paesaggio, con la tutela della sua funzione economica e dei suoi profili ambientali, ha ispirato la previsione ad opera del legislatore di un sistema di deroghe al regime ordinario della autorizzazione paesaggistica riservato ad una gamma di attività forestali tassativamente individuate e differenziate in funzione della diversa modalità attraverso la quale il bosco è assoggettato a vincolo paesaggistico, ex lege o ex actu, riservando ai boschi vincolati in via provvedimentale un regime derogatorio decisamente più restrittivo. Il Testo Unico in materia di foreste e di filiere forestali segue le orme dei suoi precedenti, ma mentre interviene direttamente con riferimento alle attività sui boschi vincolati per legge, demanda la delineazione del regime autorizzatorio delle attività forestali sui boschi vincolati ex actu a future Linee guida la cui redazione affida ad una sinergia tra Ministeri coinvolti ratione materiae. Il Convegno organizzato dal CeSET nasce dall’esigenza di favorire un confronto tra questi ultimi supportato da esperti cultori della materia.
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Ferrucci, Nicoletta. "Le ragioni del Seminario. Atti del Seminario: La gestione forestale dei boschi soggetti a vincolo paesaggistico provvedimentale." L'Italia forestale e montana 77, no. 6 (January 30, 2023): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ifm-1084.
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L’esigenza di conciliare la protezione della valenza del bosco come elemento identitario di un paesaggio, con la tutela della sua funzione economica e dei suoi profili ambientali, ha ispirato la previsione ad opera del legislatore di un sistema di deroghe al regime ordinario della autorizzazione paesaggistica riservato ad una gamma di attività forestali tassativamente individuate e differenziate in funzione della diversa modalità attraverso la quale il bosco è assoggettato a vincolo paesaggistico, ex lege o ex actu, riservando ai boschi vincolati in via provvedimentale un regime derogatorio decisamente più restrittivo. Il Testo Unico in materia di foreste e di filiere forestali segue le orme dei suoi precedenti, ma mentre interviene direttamente con riferimento alle attività sui boschi vincolati per legge, demanda la delineazione del regime autorizzatorio delle attività forestali sui boschi vincolati ex actu a future Linee guida la cui redazione affida ad una sinergia tra Ministeri coinvolti ratione materiae. Il Convegno organizzato dal CeSET nasce dall’esigenza di favorire un confronto tra questi ultimi supportato da esperti cultori della materia.
6
Brocca, Marco. "Nuove interazioni tra «Città» e «Ambiente»: i boschi urbani." Società e diritti 8, no. 15 (January 11, 2023): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2531-6710/19685.
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Il presente contributo si propone di esaminare il tema della forestazione urbana in ragione della crescente attenzione posta dall’agenda pubblica, soprattutto internazionale, che muove dall’acquisita consapevolezza della multifunzionalità dei boschi urbani: la presenza di boschi nei centri abitati è elemento di compensazione degli stati di inquinamento particolarmente intensi nelle aree metropolitane, nonché contribuisce alla fisionomia dei paesaggi urbani e fornisce utilità ulteriori sul piano economico, sociale e culturale. A livello nazionale, la promozione di iniziative di forestazione urbana è prevista dal PNRR, tuttavia il dato normativo di riferimento è scarno e, anzitutto, è incerta la definizione giuridica della categoria di “bosco urbano”. Peraltro, rilevano diverse iniziative territoriali, espressioni virtuose della sussidiarietà.
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Amonius, Amonius, Aloysius Mering, and Eny Enawaty. "RESPON SISWA TERHADAP MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA PADA MATERI PEWARTAAN KELAS XI DI SMA DON BOSCO SANGGAU." JPAK: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Katolik 21, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34150/jpak.v21i2.321.
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This study aims to know students' response to the aspect of attraction, materials and attention to multimedia study-based learning materials on don bosco sanggau high school in reporting materials. Research uses descriptive methods with a qualitative approach. The data-gathering technique used was indirect communication. The data-collection tool used was an angket sheet. The data analysis techniques used in this study are data reductions, data presentation and deduction drawing. Research shows that don bosco's high school student response rates on multimedia study-based learning materials include an average interest aspect of 90.60%, material 89.20% and attention content 95%. The conclusion of the study is that students' response to the aspect of attraction, materials and attention to multimedia study-based learning in reporting materials on don bosco's high school has very good criteria.
8
Khordoc, Catherine. "Comment ? Lamentations essayistiques chez Monique Bosco." Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes 32 (October 25, 2021): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40242.
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Cet article entreprend une analyse des essais de Monique Bosco, publiés pendant les huit dernières années de sa vie, entre 1998 et 2006, à la lumière de la tradition des lamentations. En examinant le recours à l’intertextualité dans ces essais, notre étude privilégie la dimension de la lamentation qui vise l’interrogation plutôt que la complainte. Dans le contexte de la Shoah, Bosco cherche, à l’instar du Livre des Lamentations, à comprendre comment ce qui est arrivé a pu avoir lieu, une quête qui passe nécessairement par la lecture de textes historiques, philosophiques et autobiographiques.This article undertakes an analysis of Monique Bosco’s essays, published during the last eight years of her life, between 1998 and 2006, in light of the lament tradition. Focusing on the use of intertextuality in these essays, the article emphasizes lamentation as an interrogation rather than a lament, a notion that perhaps comes more immediately to mind. In the context of the Shoah, Bosco seeks to understand in the manner of the Book of Lamentations how what happened could have happened, a quest that necessarily involves the reading of historical, philosophical and autobiographical texts.
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Tekić, Ivan, and Charles Watkins. "‘Sacred groves’- an insight into Dalmatian forest history." Šumarski list 145, no. 7-8 (August 31, 2021): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.145.7-8.3.
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The French administration in Dalmatia (1805-1813) was short but is often praised by foresters as advanced in terms of woodland management because of their establishment of so-called sacred groves or sacri boschi. Based on archival sources and 19<sup>th</sup> century maps, this research explores the establishment and demise of sacred groves and places them within the broader forest history of Dalmatia. It reveals that the literal translation of the term sacro bosco as sacred grove (sveti gaj) by the 19<sup>th</sup> century foresters was not precise which caused misrepresentation and misunderstandings of what sacro bosco actually meant. The more appropriate translation would be forbidden groves (zabranjen gaj) as this also reflects the nature of these woodlands, which were in fact woodland sections where exploitation was prohibited. Establishment of forbidden groves was not a French invention since the practice was widely used before the French and during the Austrian Empire (1814-1918). In the second half of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and with the change of official language, the Italian term sacro bosco was replaced with the Croatian term protected area (branjevina).
10
Bertrando, Paolo, Lia Mastropaolo, and Umberta Telfener. "In memoriam di Luigi Boscolo." TERAPIA FAMILIARE, no. 107 (April 2015): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tf2015-107001.
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Beels, C. Christian. "COMMENTARY ON BOSCOLO AND BERTRANDO." Family Process 31, no. 2 (June 1992): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1992.00131.x.
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Routledge, Robin. "My Experience of Luigi Boscolo." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 36, no. 2 (June 2015): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1107_6.
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John Dickson. "Don Bosco: History and Spirit, Vol. 1: John Bosco's Formative Years in Historical Context (review)." Catholic Historical Review 94, no. 3 (2008): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.0.0124.
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Méndez-Carvajal, Pedro G., Iris Gómez de Huertas, Karol M. Gutiérrez-Pineda, Ricardo S. Moreno, Marcos A. Peñafiel, Amy S. Girón-Rengifo, Elena Méndez-Carvajal, Pedro A. González-Hernández, and Angélica Ortiz. "Potencial regenerativo de bosques de galería en base a diversidad y abundancia de mamíferos en la Reserva Forestal El Montuoso y afluentes del río La Villa, Herrera, Panamá." Mesoamericana 24, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.48204/j.mesoamericana.v24n1a8.
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La Reserva Forestal El Montuoso (RFEM) es un macizo boscoso noroccidental de Azuero, protege el nacimiento del río La Villa, fuente hídrica importante. Estudiamos la biodiversidad de mamíferos y el estado poblacional de los monos aulladores endémicos y En Peligro Crítico A. c. trabeata, y su relación con otras especies. Se consideró A. c. trabeata como indicador para evaluar su papel como dispersor de semillas para mantener la conexión boscosa en los afluentes al río La Villa. Encontramos una baja densidad poblacional (0.004 ind/km2) respecto a datos anteriores. Reportamos cinco especies de mamíferos no antes detectados en la RFEM. La ausencia de grupos taxonómicos como cérvidos y felinos grandes, mientras los murciélagos filostómidos prevalecen como potencial de dispersión de frutos y semillas para mantener a la reserva como hábitat donador a sus afluentes. La conservación de estas áreas depende de la reforestación con especies de árboles nativos y controlar de forma más enérgica los delitos ambientales de tala y cacería dentro de la reserva. FCPP implementó actividades de entrenamiento, reforestación y distribución de material didáctico, para el área de la RFEM, Chupá y Macaracas.
15
Carroll, Maureen. "Exploring the sanctuary of Venus and its sacred grove: politics, cult and identity in Roman Pompeii." Papers of the British School at Rome 78 (November 2010): 63–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200000817.
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Sommarii:Indagini archeologiche condotte nel tempio di Venere a Pompei hanno dimostrato che il santuario fu costruito su un triplice portico e che degli alberi furono sistemati nella corte intorno a tre lati del tempio. Questo paesaggio è contemporaneo alia costruzione del tempio romano della metà del I secolo a.C, ed è uno dei boschi consacrati piu antichi nel mondo romano per il quale si abbiano evidenze archeologiche. I risultati del lavoro archeologico gettano luce non solo sul paesaggio del sito, ma anche su vari importanti aspetti correlati con gli sviluppi originari del recinto e dell'uso del suolo nella colonia di Pompei. Una riflessione dell'evidenza archeologica e storica e delle circostanze sociali della città nel I secolo a.C. suggerisce che il tempio e il bosco sacro degli dei tutelari della città simboleggiavano sia l'identità politica sia la divina sanzione della Pompei romana.
16
Johnsen, Astri. "Luigi Boscolo (1932-2015) til minne." Fokus på familien 43, no. 01 (March 27, 2015): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn0807-7487-2015-01-06.
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Cornwell, Max. "Luigi Boscolo 1932-2015 - A Memoir." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 36, no. 2 (June 2015): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1107.
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Bertrando, Paolo. "Learning and Working with Luigi Boscolo." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 36, no. 2 (June 2015): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1107_2.
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Fruggeri, Laura. "Six Keywords to Remember Luigi Boscolo." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 36, no. 2 (June 2015): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1107_5.
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Larner, Glenn. "Luigi Boscolo, Systemic Therapy and Beyond." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 36, no. 2 (June 2015): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1108.
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Quesada Chacón, Aldo Jesús, Shiori Nakajima, Pedro A. Rojas Camacho, and Carlos Rojas Alvarado. "Cuantificación estructural forestal según uso de la tierra y reservas de carbono de la Finca Experimental Interdisciplinaria de Modelos Agroecológicos-FEIMA, Turrialba, Costa Rica." Revista Ingeniería 30, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ri.v30i1.38401.
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El seguimiento de las características del bosque es relevante en el contexto de cambio climático. En este estudio, se ha evaluado la estructura vertical y horizontal, así como las reservas de carbono de un parche boscoso de 28 ha en sucesión temprana en el Caribe de Costa Rica. Esta evaluación se ha hecho con base en el uso de la tierra y en una hipótesis de homogeneidad forestal. Los resultados indicaron que el promedio del DAP, la altura de los árboles y la apertura del dosel fueron 1.15 m, 20.83 m y 18.5%, respectivamente. De las seis variables estudiadas, el DAP y la apertura de dosel fueron las más importantes para determinar la estructura forestal y los resultados mostraron alta homogeneidad en el bosque. Un cálculo de la biomasa sobre el suelo determinó que la finca estudiada tiene entre 100-130 T por hectárea para un total de 1372-1795 T de carbono total sobre el bosque. Este estudio representó el primer acercamiento a la investigación forestal de la estación experimental bajo análisis y ha sido importante para determinar la línea base de información de esta. Se espera que futuros estudios puedan utilizar la información de la presente investigación para darle seguimiento a la progresión boscosa en ese sitio.
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Avenot, Herve F., and Themis J. Michailides. "Resistance to Boscalid Fungicide in Alternaria alternata Isolates from Pistachio in California." Plant Disease 91, no. 10 (October 2007): 1345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-10-1345.
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Boscalid is a new carboxamide fungicide recently introduced in a mixture with pyraclostrobin in the product Pristine for the control of Alternaria late blight of pistachio. In all, 108 isolates of Alternaria alternata were collected from pistachio orchards with (59 isolates) and without (49 isolates) prior exposure to boscalid. The sensitivity to boscalid was determined in conidial germination assays. The majority of isolates from two orchards without a prior history of boscalid usage had effective fungicide concentration to inhibit 50% of spore germination (EC50) values ranging from 0.089 to 3.435 μg/ml, and the mean EC50 was 1.515 μg/ml. Out of 59 isolates collected from an orchard with a history of boscalid usage, 52 isolates had EC50 values ranging from 0.055 to 4.222 μg/ml, and the mean EC50 was 1.214 μg/ml. However, in vitro tests for conidial germination and mycelial growth also revealed that seven A. alternata isolates, originating from the orchard exposed to boscalid were highly resistant (EC50 > 100 μg/ml) to this fungicide. Furthermore, in vitro tests showed no significant differences between wild-type and boscalid-resistant mutants in some fitness parameters such as spore germination, hyphal growth, sporulation, or virulence on pistachio leaves. Experiments on the stability of the boscalid-resistant phenotype showed no reduction of the resistance after the mutants were grown on fungicide-free medium. Preventative applications of a commercial formulation of boscalid (Endura) at a concentration which is effective against naturally sensitive isolates failed to control disease caused by the boscalid-resistant isolates in laboratory tests. To our knowledge, this is first report of field isolates of fungi resistant to boscalid.
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Chen, F., X. Liu, S. Chen, E. Schnabel, and G. Schnabel. "Characterization of Monilinia fructicola Strains Resistant to Both Propiconazole and Boscalid." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-12-0924-re.
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In 2011 and 2012, significant brown rot disease caused by Monilinia fructicola was observed in a peach orchard in Spartanburg County, SC, despite preharvest fungicide applications of demethylation inhibitor (DMI), quinone outside inhibitor (QoI), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides. All 22 isolates obtained in 2011 from this orchard were sensitive to the QoI fungicide, azoxystrobin, and the methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicide, thiophanate-methyl. Five were resistant to the DMI fungicide, propiconazole, and were selected, together with five propiconazole-sensitive isolates, for further investigations. One of the 10 isolates was resistant to propiconazole but sensitive to the SDHI fungicide, boscalid (EC50 = 0.42 μg/ml), 3 were resistant to propiconazole with intermediate sensitivity to boscalid (EC50 0.72 to 2.1 μg/ml); 2 were sensitive to propiconazole with intermediate sensitivity to boscalid; 3 were sensitive to propiconazole but resistant to boscalid (EC50 ≥ 2.1 μg/ml); and 1 (isolate MD22) was resistant to both propiconazole and boscalid. Disease incidence on detached fruit treated with formulated propiconazole or boscalid was significantly higher for MD22 compared to a sensitive control isolate. Continued monitoring of fungicide resistance in the same orchard in 2012 revealed an increase of isolates resistant to propiconazole from 22.7% in 2011 to 34.7%, and an increase of isolates resistant to both propiconazole and boscalid from 4.5% in 2011 to 18.4%. Propiconazole resistance was always associated with the presence of the ‘Mona’ mobile element located upstream of the sterol 14α-demethylase (MfCYP51) gene. To investigate whether mutations in the subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme were involved in boscalid resistance, significant portions of the M. fructicola SdhA, SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD genes were cloned and analyzed for 2 sensitive, 2 boscalid-resistant, and 6 dual-resistant isolates. Although sequence variation was found among the isolates, no single change correlated with resistance. Interestingly, analysis of isolates collected from orchards in 2001 and 2002, prior to the registration of boscalid, revealed a range of sensitivities to boscalid (EC50 0.03 to 3.46 μg/ml) including boscalid-resistant isolates. The presence of boscalid-resistant isolates in the baseline population was unexpected and requires further investigation.
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Bertrando, Paolo. "Luigi Boscolo (1932-2015) and his legacy." Journal of Family Therapy 37, no. 3 (June 4, 2015): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12083.
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John Dickson S.D.B. "Don Bosco: History and Spirit. Vol. 2: Birth and Early Development of Don Bosco’s Oratory (review)." Catholic Historical Review 95, no. 1 (2008): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.0.0279.
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Avenot, Hervé F., and Themis J. Michailides. "Occurrence and Extent of Boscalid Resistance in Populations of Alternaria alternata from California Pistachio Orchards." Plant Disease 104, no. 2 (February 2020): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-19-0699-sr.
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Alternaria late blight (ALB) caused by Alternaria spp. is an annual disease problem in California pistachio and requires repeated applications of fungicides to prevent significant losses of pistachio foliage and nut quality. From 2003 onward, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibiting fungicide boscalid has played a key role in ALB management. The development of boscalid resistance in A. alternata populations was monitored from 2005 to 2012 in pistachio producing areas in California. A total of 1,765 single-spore isolates, collected from commercial and experimental pistachio orchards with or without a history of boscalid exposure, were tested in a radial growth assay in agar media amended with the discriminatory dose of 10 µg/ml of boscalid. The frequency of boscalid-resistant isolates in 2005 was 12% but increased significantly and remained stable toward the end of the survey period. Most of the resistant isolates exhibited a high level of resistance (R) to boscalid with percent of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI) values between 0 and 50%, whereas significantly fewer isolates had an intermediate level (IR) of resistance (50 < PGI < 75%). The frequency of sensitive (S) isolates (75 < PGI < 100%) was generally the highest in orchards with no history of boscalid usage, whereas mean incidences of boscalid-resistant populations of Alternaria were 81, 92.4, 80.2, and 98%, in 2006, 2007, 2011, and 2012, respectively, in orchards that received a high number (at least three per season) of boscalid spray applications. In comparison, none to relatively low frequencies (0 to 12%) of resistance were observed in populations with no or limited exposure to Pristine, suggesting an air-movement of resistant spores through wind from treated to nontreated areas. In 2012, boscalid-resistant isolates were found practically in every sampled location in all counties, with the orchards in Fresno, Madera, Tulare, and King Counties being the locations with the highest frequencies of resistance (100%). Monitoring of A. alternata AaSDHB, AaSDHC, and AaSDHD mutations in 286 boscalid-resistant phenotypes identified 11 mutations, leading to amino acid substitutions in AaSDHB (seven mutations: H277Y/R/L, P230A/R, N235D/T), AaSDHC (one mutation: H134R), and AaSDHD (three mutations: D123E, H133R/P), with AaSDHB mutations being the most prevalent (80%) ones throughout the survey period. The majority of isolates carrying these mutations exhibited the R phenotype toward boscalid. The increased prevalence of boscalid resistance in populations of A. alternata is a likely contributing factor to the inability of pistachio farmers to successfully control ALB with Pristine. Other factors implicated in the rapid and widespread occurrence of A. alternata boscalid-resistant populations in California pistachios are further discussed.
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Keinath, Anthony P. "Differential Sensitivity to Boscalid in Conidia and Ascospores of Didymella bryoniae and Frequency of Boscalid-Insensitive Isolates in South Carolina." Plant Disease 96, no. 2 (February 2012): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-11-0490.
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Since 2003, a 2:1 mixture of the fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin (Pristine) has been used widely on watermelon and other cucurbits, primarily to control gummy stem blight caused by Didymella bryoniae. Several isolates of D. bryoniae that were insensitive to boscalid at 10 mg/liter were found in a watermelon research plot in South Carolina in 2008. In total, 201 isolates collected between 1998 and 2009 were tested for sensitivity to boscalid by determining percentage germination of ascospores and conidia on media amended with boscalid at 0.01 to 10.0 mg/liter. All 31 isolates collected in 1998, 2002, or 2005 were sensitive to boscalid. Of the 170 isolates collected in or after 2006, 84.7% were insensitive to boscalid, including 19 of 30 isolates recovered from greenhouse-grown seedlings. The oldest insensitive isolates were obtained in 2006 from a greenhouse and in 2008 from a commercial field. Ascospores were less sensitive to boscalid than conidia. With boscalid at 1.0 mg/liter, 22.4% of ascospores but only 4.1% of conidia of 31 sensitive isolates germinated. Similarly, a mean of 68.6% of the ascospores and 54.1% of the conidia of 120 insensitive isolates germinated at 1.0 and 10.0 mg/liter. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values based on ascospore germination were two to three times higher than values based on conidia germination. The significance of miscalculating EC50 values by considering only conidia was demonstrated in a greenhouse experiment. Twelve isolates that were sensitive, moderately insensitive, or highly insensitive based on conidia germination did not differ in relative virulence on boscalid-treated muskmelon seedlings when inoculum suspensions comprised ascospores alone or ascospores and conidia. This is the first report of differential sensitivity to a fungicide between conidia and ascospores in D. bryoniae. Because D. bryoniae produces conidia and ascospores on diseased hosts, both spore types should be used when calculating EC50 values for boscalid.
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Keinath, Anthony P., Gabriel Rennberger, and Chandrasekar S. Kousik. "First Report of Resistance to Boscalid in Podosphaera xanthii, Cucurbit Powdery Mildew, in South Carolina." Plant Health Progress 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2018): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-03-18-0009-br.
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Resistance to boscalid, one of the older succinate-dehydrogenase inhibitors (SHDI) in Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 7, was detected in Podosphaera xanthii, the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus, in South Carolina in July 2017. Resistance to the field rate (682 ppm) of boscalid was confirmed in greenhouse experiments and laboratory bioassays conducted on summer squash plants and cotyledons, respectively, that had been treated with a range of boscalid concentrations. This report is the first documentation of resistance to boscalid in P. xanthii in the southern United States.
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Gonzalez, Brandon R., and Megan M. Kennelly. "Sensitivity of Kansas Isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa to Boscalid." Plant Health Progress 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-0402-01-rs.
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Seventy-one isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa from 12 sites in Kansas were evaluated in vitro for sensitivity to boscalid using four-fold dilutions ranging from 0.00024 to 4.0 μg/ml to determine the effective concentration that inhibited growth by 50% (EC50). The range of EC50 values was from 0.09 to 3.90 μg/ml with a mean of 0.77 μg/ml, and the log values were distributed normally. A subset of 26 isolates was also tested for boscalid sensitivity on fungicide-treated plants in a greenhouse assay. Higher in vitro EC50 values for boscalid were not correlated with higher percent relative disease severity on boscalid-treated plants. These results provide a starting point for further monitoring of boscalid sensitivity. Accepted for publication 20 January 2012. Published 2 April 2012.
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Gudmestad, N. C., S. Arabiat, J. S. Miller, and J. S. Pasche. "Prevalence and Impact of SDHI Fungicide Resistance in Alternaria solani." Plant Disease 97, no. 7 (July 2013): 952–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-12-1176-re.
Full textAbstract:
Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is an important chronic foliar disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) present every growing season in the Midwestern United States. Most currently grown potato cultivars lack resistance to early blight; therefore, foliar fungicides are relied upon for disease management. Foliar fungicides with high efficacy against the pathogen, such as boscalid, frequently are used under high disease pressure situations, such as potatoes grown under overhead irrigation. Boscalid is a member of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibiting (SDHI) fungicide group and was registered for use on potato in 2005. Baseline sensitivity of A. solani to the SDHI fungicides boscalid, penthiopyrad, and fluopyram using a spore germination assay demonstrated similar intrinsic activity against A. solani with mean EC50 values of 0.33, 0.38, and 0.31 μg/ml, respectively. However, isolates varied in their sensitivity to each of these fungicides, resulting in very low correlations (r) among isolate sensitivity to each fungicide. Resistance to boscalid in A. solani was detected in the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Texas, Idaho, Wisconsin, and Florida from early blight samples collected in 2010 and 2011. Two phenotypes of boscalid resistance were detected. Approximately 80% of all A. solani assayed were found to have some level of resistance to boscalid with about 5 and 75% of the population moderately resistant (5 to 20 μg/ml) and highly resistant (>20 μg/ml), respectively, to the fungicide. Nearly 99% of all boscalid resistant isolates possessed the F129L mutation in the cytrochrome b gene, indicating that an A. solani population with dual fungicide resistance predominates in the states surveyed. However, A. solani isolates resistant to boscalid remained sensitive to fluopyram, and a large proportion of moderately resistant and resistant isolates were sensitive to penthiopyrad. Disease control data from in vivo trials demonstrated a significant loss of fungicide efficacy when boscalid and fluxapyroxad were used to control moderately and highly resistant isolates of A. solani relative to the control these fungicides provided wild-type isolates. Fluopyram, however, controlled boscalid resistant isolates as well as it controlled wild-type isolates of A. solani. These data will assist potato growers in regions where boscalid resistance is prevalent by assisting them in avoiding fungicides that do not effectively control early blight and in selecting SDHI fungicide molecules that remain efficacious.
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Amiri, A., P. M. Brannen, and G. Schnabel. "Reduced Sensitivity in Monilinia fructicola Field Isolates from South Carolina and Georgia to Respiration Inhibitor Fungicides." Plant Disease 94, no. 6 (June 2010): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-6-0737.
Full textAbstract:
Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SdhI) fungicides are respiration inhibitors (RIs) used for preharvest control of brown rot of stone fruit. Both chemical classes are site-specific and, thus, prone to resistance development. Between 2006 and 2008, 157 isolates of Monilinia fructicola collected from multiple peach and nectarine orchards with or without RI spray history in South Carolina and Georgia were characterized based upon conidial germination and mycelial growth inhibition for their sensitivity to QoI fungicides azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, SdhI fungicide boscalid, and a mixture of pyraclostrobin + boscalid. There was no significant difference (P = 0.05) between EC50 values for inhibition of conidial germination versus mycelial growth. The mean EC50 values based upon mycelial growth tests for 25 isolates from an orchard without RI-spray history were 0.15, 0.06, 2.23, and 0.09 μg/ml for azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. The respective mean EC50 values for 76 isolates from RI-sprayed orchards in South Carolina were 0.9, 0.1, 10.7, and 0.13 μg/ml and for 56 isolates from RI-sprayed orchards in Georgia were 1.2, 0.1, 8.91, and 0.17 μg/ml. Overall, mean EC50 values of populations from RI-sprayed orchards increased three-, two-, five-, and twofold between 2006 and 2008 for azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. A subset of 10 M. fructicola isolates representing low and high EC50 values for azoxystrobin, boscalid, and boscalid + pyraclostrobin was selected for a detached fruit assay to determine disease incidence and severity following protective treatments of formulated RI fungicides at label rates. Brown rot incidence was greater than 50% when fruit were inoculated with isolates having EC50 values of 2, 4, and 0.6 μg/ml for azoxystrobin, boscalid, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. Pyraclostrobin failed to control any of the isolates tested in detached fruit assays. Based on minimum inhibitory concentration and brown rot incidence data, we recommend using 3 and 0.75 μg/ml as discriminatory doses to distinguish between sensitive isolates and those with reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, respectively. Results from our in vitro and in vivo assays indicate a shift toward reduced sensitivity in M. fructicola from the southeastern United States. No cross-resistance was observed between the QoI and the SdhI fungicides, which implies that rotation or tank mixtures of these two chemical classes can be used as a resistance management strategy.
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Lv, Le, Yue Su, Bizhang Dong, Wang Lu, Jiye Hu, and Xiaolu Liu. "Dissipation Residue Behaviors and Dietary Risk Assessment of Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin in Watermelon by HPLC-MS/MS." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 4410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144410.
Full textAbstract:
Fungicides containing active ingredients of boscalid and pyraclostrobin have been widely applied in watermelon disease control. To provide data for avoiding health hazards caused by fungicides, we investigated its terminal residues and evaluated the dietary risk. In this work, watermelon samples were collected from field sites in six provinces and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of boscalid and pyraclostrobin in the watermelon matrix were 97–108% and 93–103%, respectively, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 9.1%. The limits of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.01 and 0.005 mg/kg for boscalid and pyraclostrobin. Twenty-one days after applying the test pesticide with 270 g a.i./ha, the terminal residues of boscalid and pyraclostrobin were all below 0.05 mg/kg and below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) recommended by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). According to the national estimated daily intake (NEDI), the risk quotients (RQs) of boscalid and pyraclostrobin were 48.4% and 62.6%, respectively. That indicated the pesticide evaluated in watermelon exhibited a low dietary risk to consumers. All data provide a reference for the MRL establishment of boscalid in watermelon for China.
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Levold, Tom. "Luigi Boscolo (27. 3. 1932 - 12. 1. 2015)." Kontext 46, no. 3 (August 2015): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kont.2015.46.3.284.
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Vega, Byron, and Megan M. Dewdney. "Sensitivity of Alternaria alternata from Citrus to Boscalid and Polymorphism in Iron-Sulfur and in Anchored Membrane Subunits of Succinate Dehydrogenase." Plant Disease 99, no. 2 (February 2015): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-14-0374-re.
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Boscalid, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), was registered in 2011 to control Alternaria brown spot (ABS) of citrus, caused by Alternaria alternata. In this study, the effect of boscalid on mycelial growth, conidial germination, and resazurin reduction was established in a subset of 16 sensitive isolates using three different media. Conidial germination and mycelial growth inhibition were not suppressed even at higher concentrations of boscalid, although effective concentration to inhibit 50% growth (EC50) values were established with each method. Resazurin reduction produced the lowest EC50 values and was selected for further sensitivity tests. In total, 419 isolates, never exposed to boscalid and collected from Florida tangerine orchards between 1996 to 2012, were tested for boscalid sensitivity. The sensitivity distribution was a unimodal curve with a mean EC50 value of 0.60 μg/ml and a range of 0.07 to 5.84 μg/ml. The molecular characterization of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes were also determined in a subset of 15 isolates, exhibiting great variability in boscalid sensitivity, by cloning and sequencing the sdhB, sdhC, and sdhD genes. Sequence comparisons of the SDH complex revealed the presence of mutations in 14 of 15 isolates. In total, 21 mutations were identified. Double and multiple mutations were observed in SDHC and SDHD, respectively. In SDHB, 4 mutations were observed while, in SDHC and SDHD, 5 and 12 mutations were detected, respectively. No mutations were found in the highly conserved histidine residues at positions 277 in SDHB, 134 in SDHC, and 133 in SDHD, typically observed in SDHI-resistant isolates. Our findings suggest that A. alternata populations from Florida are sensitive to boscalid and it could be used in ABS spray programs. Boscalid resistance is currently not a problem, although further monitoring for resistance is advisable.
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Percival, Glynn, and Sean Graham. "Evaluation of Inducing Agents and Synthetic Fungicide Combinations for Management of Foliar Pathogens of Urban Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.008.
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Unmanaged, foliar pathogens of urban trees can be detrimental to tree health and aesthetics. Overreliance on synthetic fungicides increasingly means alternative means of pathogen management are now required. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the efficacy of 3 commercially available agents, harpin protein, salicylic acid derivative, and liquid chitosan, which can initiate induced resistance (IR) in plants. IR agents were applied independently and in combination with a synthetic fungicide (boscalid + pyraclostrobin) against 2 foliar pathogens (Venturia pirina and Guignardia aesculi) under field conditions with Pyrus communis ‘Williams’ Bon Chrétien’ and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) acting as tree hosts. These agents were tested over 3 consecutive years. In 4 of 5 field studies, the use of an IR agent alone reduced pathogen symptom severity, increased fruit/seed yield, and enhanced leaf chlorophyll content. In virtually all studies, application of boscalid + pyraclostrobin at 2/3 strength plus an IR agent provided the same degree of pathogen control as boscalid + pyraclostrobin at full strength. Application of boscalid + pyraclostrobin at 1/3 strength plus an IR agent provided a reasonable degree of foliar pathogen control. Results showed that a combined mix of an IR agent with a 1/3 reduced dose of boscalid + pyraclostrobin was as effective at reducing symptom severity of 2 foliar pathogens as boscalid + pyraclostrobin applied at full strength, provided at least 4 sprays were applied during a growing season.
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Yin, Y. N., Y. K. Kim, and C. L. Xiao. "Molecular Characterization of Boscalid Resistance in Field Isolates of Botrytis cinerea from Apple." Phytopathology® 101, no. 8 (August 2011): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-11-0016.
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Botrytis cinerea isolates obtained from apple orchards were screened for resistance to boscalid. Boscalid-resistant (BosR) isolates were classified into four phenotypes based on the levels of the concentration that inhibited fungal growth by 50% relative to control. Of the 220 isolates tested, 42 were resistant to boscalid, with resistant phenotypes ranging from low to very high resistance. There was cross resistance between boscalid and carboxin. Analysis of partial sequences of the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase gene in B. cinerea (BcSdhB) from 13 BosR and 9 boscalid-sensitive (BosS) isolates showed that point mutations in BcSdhB leading to amino acid substitutions at the codon position 272 from histidine to either tyrosine (H272Y) or arginine (H272R) were correlated with boscalid resistance. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of 66 BosR isolates (including 24 additional isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit) showed that 19 carried the point mutation H272Y and 46 had the point mutation H272R, but 1 BosR isolate gave no amplification product. Analysis of the BcSdhB sequence of this isolate revealed a different point mutation at codon 225, resulting in a substitution of proline (P) by phenylalanine (F) (P225F). The results indicated that H272R/Y in BcSdhB were the dominant genotypes of mutants in field BosR isolates from apple. A multiplex allele-specific PCR assay was developed to detect point mutations H272R/Y in a single PCR amplification. Levels of boscalid resistance ranged from low to very high within isolates carrying either the H272R or H272Y mutation, indicating that, among BosR isolates, different BosR phenotypes (levels of resistance) were not associated with particular types of point mutations (H272R versus H272Y) in BcSdhB. Analysis of genetic relationships between 39 BosR and 56 BosS isolates based on three microsatellite markers showed that 39 BosR isolates and 30 BosS isolates were clustered into two groups, and the third group consisted of only BosS isolates, suggesting that the development of resistance to boscalid in B. cinerea likely is not totally random, and resistant populations may come from specific genetic groups.
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Stevenson, Katherine L., Anthony P. Keinath, Anna Thomas, David B. Langston, Pamela D. Roberts, Robert C. Hochmuth, and Allan C. Thornton. "Boscalid Insensitivity Documented in Didymella bryoniae Isolated from Watermelon in Florida and North Carolina." Plant Health Progress 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-0518-01-br.
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The fungicide Pristine, a commercial mixture of pyraclostrobin and boscalid, has been used widely on watermelon and other cucurbits to control gummy stem blight, caused by the fungus Didymella bryoniae. Since 2007, isolates of D. bryoniae insensitive to boscalid have been found in Georgia, Indiana, and South Carolina. Most isolates of D. bryoniae obtained in 2009 and 2010 from diseased watermelon leaves collected in several counties in Florida and North Carolina were found to be insensitive to boscalid using in vitro assays. Gummy stem blight would not be effectively managed with Pristine in any of the counties where samples were collected due to the high frequency of insensitivity to boscalid. Fortunately growers can instead use several triazole fungicides registered for use on cucurbits since 2009. Accepted for publication 30 March 2012. Published 18 May 2012.
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Hendricks, Katherine E., and Pamela D. Roberts. "Didymella bryoniae Isolates from Watermelon Seedlings in Florida Transplant Houses and Their Sensitivity to Boscalid." Plant Health Progress 16, no. 1 (January 2015): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-br-14-0047.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine why gummy stem blight was not being controlled in watermelon fields without a previous history of boscalid use and whether boscalid resistance could have originated from the transplants. The study evaluated Didymella bryoniae isolates collected from three Florida transplant houses for resistance to boscalid and compared the molecular mechanism of this resistance to that in the literature on isolates from North and South Carolina and Georgia. Accepted by publication 16 February 2015. Published 25 February 2015.
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Avenot, H. F., H. van den Biggelaar, D. P. Morgan, J. Moral, M. Joosten, and T. J. Michailides. "Sensitivities of Baseline Isolates and Boscalid-Resistant Mutants of Alternaria alternata from Pistachio to Fluopyram, Penthiopyrad, and Fluxapyroxad." Plant Disease 98, no. 2 (February 2014): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-13-0459-re.
Full textAbstract:
Resistance of Alternaria alternata to boscalid, the first succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide labeled on pistachio, has become a common occurrence in California pistachio orchards and affects the performance of this fungicide. In this study, we established the baseline sensitivities of A. alternata to the new SDHIs fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad and assessed their cross resistance patterns with boscalid. Examination of the effective fungicide concentration that inhibits mycelial growth to 50% relative to the control (EC50) for 50 baseline isolates revealed that the majority were sensitive to boscalid, penthiopyrad, fluopyram, and fluxapyroxad. Analysis of EC50 values for boscalid for 117 A. alternata isolates originating from boscalid-exposed orchards showed that 44, 3, 1, and 69 isolates had sensitive, reduced sensitivity, moderately resistant, and highly resistant boscalid phenotypes, respectively. Molecular investigation of the occurrence of known SDH mutations showed that, among the 69 isolates highly resistant to boscalid, 44, 2, 14, and 1 isolates possessed the mutations leading to the H277Y, H277R, H134R, and H133R amino acid substitutions in AaSDHB, AaSDHB, AaSDHC, and AaSDHD subunits, respectively. Some SDHB or SDHC mutants displayed highly sensitive, sensitive, or reduced sensitivity phenotypes toward penthiopyrad or fluxapyroxad, whereas other had low, moderate, or high levels of resistance to these fungicides. In contrast, all the SDHB mutants were sensitive to fluopyram, while 10, 5, and 1 SDHC mutants had sensitive, reduced sensitivity, and moderately resistant fluopyram phenotypes, respectively. The SDHD mutant had reduced sensitivity to fluopyram and penthiopyrad but was highly resistant to fluxapyroxad. The discrepancies of cross-resistance patterns between SDHIs suggest that their binding sites in complex II may differ slightly and that additional mechanisms of resistance to these compounds are likely involved. Ultimately, the findings of this study should lead to the rational and sustained deployment of new SDHIs in Alternaria late blight spray programs.
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Piqueras, C. M., D. Herrera, and B. A. Latorre. "First Report of High Boscalid Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Associated with the H272L Mutation in Grapevine in Chile." Plant Disease 98, no. 10 (October 2014): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0558-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) is a major disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) worldwide. Integrated control strategies, including canopy management and fungicide treatments, are needed to control gray mold. Chemical control relies on the use of single mode of action fungicides. The aim of this research was to study the sensitivity of B. cinerea to boscalid, which is a single mode of action fungicide of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide group. Fifty isolates were obtained in 2012 to 2013 from commercial vineyards in central Chile. Vineyards had received two boscalid applications at least for four consecutive years. Briefly, the percent mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) was determined on minimal medium (MM) (2) plus 50 μg m−1 of boscalid (Cantus 50 WP, BASF Chile). Each isolate was tested in triplicate, obtaining 2% highly resistant (HR, MGI ≤25%), 32% moderately resistant (MR, MGI 26 to 50%), 64% low resistant (LR, MGI 51 to 80%), and 2% sensitive (S, MGI ≥81%) phenotypes. Nine isolates were arbitrary selected and compared for MGI on MM plus 50 μg ml−1 of boscalid (1) and conidial germination inhibition (CGI) on yeast extract-bacto peptone-Na acetate (YBA) plus 5 μg ml−1 of boscalid (2,3). Isolates previously determined to be S and HR had the same phenotype for both MGI and CGI. However, all of the MR and LR isolates, determined based on the MGI tests, were identified as S isolates in the CGI tests. Using primer-introduced restriction analysis (PIRA)-PCR (4), the SdhB mutations were detected only in the HR isolate. The amplifications were performed with H272L-fw/H272-rev and were digested by the enzyme BglII, yielding 35- and 85-bp fragments and confirming a mutation at codon 272 (H272L) in the HR phenotype. The efficacy of the label-rate (0.4 g liter−1) boscalid in controlling gray mold was determined on ‘Granny Smith’ apples. The apples were surface-disinfested (75% ethanol, 30 s), wounded with a sterile syringe, and inoculated with a mycelium plug (5 mm in diameter) or 20 μl of a conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) of one HR, MR, and S isolate. The inoculum was placed on the wounded sites after boscalid application. Apples were incubated for 7 days at 21°C. Each test had four replicates and the experiment was conducted three times. Boscalid slightly controlled (<6.7% efficacy) gray mold on the apples that were inoculated with mycelium or conidia of the HR phenotype isolate, while the sensitive isolate was highly controlled (>95% efficacy), and the MR isolate was moderately controlled (27 to 34% efficacy). These results demonstrate that mycelium or conidia assays using MM + 50 μg ml−1 boscalid or YBA+5 μg ml−1 boscalid consistently detected HR isolates. The S isolates detected using MGI were also S according with the CGI tests. The presence of the boscalid HR strains of B. cinerea associated with the H272L mutation in grapevine in Chile is reported for the first time in this study. This finding suggests that resistance to boscalid needs to be considered in the design of gray mold control strategies in commercial grapevine orchards. References: (1) D. Fernandez-Ortuño et al Plant Dis. 96:1198, 2012. (2) M.-J. Hu et al. J. Phytopathol. 159:616, 2011. (3) Y. K. Kim and C. L. Xiao. Plant Dis. 94:604, 2010. (4) T. Veloukas et al. Plant Dis. 95:1302, 2011.
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Quintana Diosa, Lizeth E., Marcela Carmona Acevedo, Tinka Plese, Carlos Arturo David Ruales, and Santiago Monsalve Buriticá. "Análisis de la biodiversidad de fauna vertebrada en una finca de Caldas, Antioquia." Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, no. 32 (June 14, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/mv.3855.
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Objetivo: este estudio analizó la composición de la comunidad de fauna vertebrada en un espacio boscoso muy húmedo premontano en el centro de prácticas Santa Inés, ubicado en el municipio de Caldas (Antioquia, Colombia) con un área de 124.085 m2, de conformación limoarcillosa y limoarenosa, una altitud entre 1800-2000 m s. n. m., y con una precipitación media de 2444 mm. Materiales y métodos: se utilizó la técnica no invasiva del fototrampeo, durante un periodo de muestreo de quince semanas usando siete cámaras, rotándolas cada tres semanas de lugar y utilizando cebos para facilitar la observación. Al final se realizó una rotación para la abundancia relativa que tuvo una duración de tres meses. Resultados: durante el periodo total de muestreo se registraron veintitrés especies, once de la clase Mammalia y doce de la clase aves, con un esfuerzo total de 1099 días/trampa. Las fotos obtenidas de cada estación de muestreo permitieron analizar la relación entre las especies encontradas; se registraron cinco especies de felinos silvestres. El 13,043 % del total de especies registradas se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con las normas internacionales. Conclusiones: como fundamento de este estudio, se realizó por primera vez el avistamiento de la fauna macrovertebrada habitante de la zona boscosa del centro de prácticas Santa Inés, donde se registró la presencia de diversos mamíferos y aves, lo que evidencia la efectividad de la técnica del fototrampeo. El patrón de actividad de las especies registradas determinó hábitos diurnos y nocturnos.
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Garcés, Percis A., Litza N. Arias, and Meybis Medina. "SARCOPHAGIDAE DE INTERÉS FORENSE EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL SOBERANÍA, PROVINCIA DE PANAMÁ." Tecnociencia 22, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48204/j.tecno.v22n2a6.
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Se estudiaron las Sarcophagidae en dos áreas: una boscosa y en otra no boscosa, con el propósito de conocer las especies que pudieran tener importancia forense en nuestro país. Esta familia contiene algunas especies que han sido registradas como insectos forenses importantes, debido a que son uno de los primero que detecta y encuentra un cadáver fresco. Por lo que, resultan importantes en las investigaciones criminales, principalmente en la estimación del intervalo postmortem (IPM). En el presente estudio se colectaron 169 ejemplares que fueron agrupados en nueve géneros y 11 especies. Las especies más frecuentemente capturadas fueron, Pekia (Pantonella) intermutans, Sarcodexia sp, Boettcheria sp, Pekia sp, Helicobia sp y Sarcofahrtiopsis sp2. En cuanto a la preferencia de las áreas, en nuestro estudio, las moscas mostraron mayor preferencia por el área boscosa que por el área no boscosa y, por el corazón que por el hígado.
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Hu, Simin, Qianru Xu, Yuchao Zhang, and Fuxing Zhu. "Stimulatory Effects of Boscalid on Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Indicate Hormesis May Be Masked by Inhibitions." Plant Disease 104, no. 3 (March 2020): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-19-1421-re.
Full textAbstract:
Hormetic effects of fungicides on phytopathogens are of great importance for proper application of fungicides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the stimulatory effects of the fungicide boscalid on mycelial growth and virulence of the devastating plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Boscalid in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at a dosage range from 0.0005 to 0.002 μg/ml exerted statistically significant (P ≤ 0.015) stimulations on mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 5.55 ± 0.73% (mean ± SD) for the four isolates tested. Boscalid in PDA at 0.02 μg/ml inhibited mycelial growth of isolates HLJ3H and HLJ4H by 15.0 and 8.9%, respectively. However, after the growth-inhibited mycelia were inoculated on rapeseed leaves, isolates HLJ3H and HLJ4H exhibited virulence stimulations of 8.7 and 17.8%, respectively, indicating that hormesis may be masked by inhibitions. Boscalid sprayed at 0.0001 to 0.1 μg/ml on detached rapeseed leaves had significant (P ≤ 0.041) stimulations on virulence of S. sclerotiorum, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 17.90 ± 5.94% (mean ± SD) for the four isolates tested. Experiments on 12 isolates with different levels of virulence showed there was a negative correlation (R = –0.663, P = 0.019) between the maximum virulence stimulation magnitude and virulence of S. sclerotiorum in the absence of fungicide. Boscalid at stimulatory concentrations had no significant effect on the expression levels of three virulence-associated genes that encode cutinase (SsCut), polygalacturonase (SsPG1), and oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (SsOah1). The molecular mechanisms for hormetic effects of boscalid on S. sclerotiorum remain to be studied in the future.
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Fouché, Guillaume, Dominique Rosati, Catherine Venet, Hervé Josserand, Marie-Pascale Latorse, Danièle Debieu, and Sabine Fillinger. "LC-MS/MS-Based Fungicide Accumulation Assay to Demonstrate Efflux Activity in the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081494.
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Increased drug efflux compromises the efficacy of a large panel of treatments in the clinic against cancer or bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, and in agriculture due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungi. Until recently, to demonstrate increased drug efflux, the use of labeled drugs or fluorescent dyes was necessary. With the increasing sensitivity of detection devices, direct assessment of drug efflux has become realistic. Here, we describe a medium-throughput method to assess the intracellular drug concentration in the plant pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici cultivated in the presence of a sublethal fungicide concentration. As a model fungicide, we used the succinate-dehydrogenase inhibitor boscalid. The boscalid concentration was assessed in the different culture fractions using mass spectrometry linked to liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The ratio between the intracellular and total boscalid amount was used as an inversed proxy for the efflux activity. Using isogenic mutant strains known for their differential efflux capacities, we validated the negative correlation between the intracellular boscalid concentration and efflux activity. In addition, intra-cellular fungicide accumulation explains the susceptibility of the tested strains to boscalid. This assay may be useful in lead development when a new molecule displays good inhibitory activity against its isolated target protein but fails to control the target organism.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Optimizing Fungicide Inputs for Management of Lettuce Drop Caused by Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-08-19-0053-rs.
Full textAbstract:
Lettuce drop, caused by the soilborne fungi Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum, continues to be an important disease on this crop in Arizona. Trials were conducted over a 5-year period to compare different fungicides as well as the number, timing, and method of application. Compared with nontreated plots, disease reduction ranging from 49.6 to 61.0% was achieved on lettuce beds containing S. minor and treated with fluopyram + trifloxystrobin, fluazinam, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, and boscalid. Treatment of beds containing S. sclerotiorum with Coniothyrium minitans, iprodione, and boscalid reduced lettuce drop from 50.6 to 71.5%. No difference in disease control was noted between one and two applications of boscalid in plots containing either pathogen. In the presence of S. minor, beginning the first of two applications of boscalid after seeding did not differ from starting after thinning; however, in plots containing S. sclerotiorum, starting application after seeding was superior to beginning after thinning. Physical incorporation of soil treated with boscalid to a depth of 5.0 cm did not differ from soil treatment without incorporation in plots containing S. minor or S. sclerotiorum. On the other hand, in beds containing S. sclerotiorum, incorporation of soil treated with iprodione improved disease control compared with no incorporation.
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Liao, Ling-Hsiu, Wen-Yen Wu, Azra Dad, and May R. Berenbaum. "Fungicide suppression of flight performance in the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) and its amelioration by quercetin." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (December 18, 2019): 20192041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2041.
Full textAbstract:
As a managed agricultural pollinator, the western honeybee Apis mellifera frequently encounters agrochemicals as contaminants of nectar and pollen. One such contaminant, the fungicide boscalid, is applied at bloom in orchards for fungal floral pathogen control. As an inhibitor of complex II in the mitochondrial electron transport chain of fungi, boscalid can potentially interfere with high energy-demanding activities of bees, including flight. We designed an indoor flight treadmill to evaluate impacts of ingesting boscalid and/or quercetin, a ubiquitous phytochemical in bee food that also affects mitochondrial respiration. Boscalid reduced the wingbeat frequencies of foragers during flight but did not alter the duration of flight. At the colony level, boscalid ingestion may thereby affect overall health by reducing forager efficiency. The consumption of quercetin, by contrast, led to higher adenosine triphosphate levels in flight muscles and a higher wingbeat frequency. Consuming the two compounds together increased wingbeat frequency, demonstrating a hitherto unrecognized mechanism by which dietary phytochemicals may act to ameliorate toxic effects of pesticides to promote honeybee health. In carrying out this work, we also introduce two methodological improvements for use in testing for pesticide effects on flight capacity—a ‘force-feeding’ to standardize flight fuel supply and a novel indoor flight treadmill.
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Kim, Y. K., and C. L. Xiao. "Resistance to Pyraclostrobin and Boscalid in Populations of Botrytis cinerea from Stored Apples in Washington State." Plant Disease 94, no. 5 (May 2010): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-5-0604.
Full textAbstract:
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major postharvest disease of apple. Pristine, a formulated mixture of pyraclostrobin and boscalid, was recently registered for use on apple. Pristine applied within 2 weeks before harvest is effective in controlling gray mold in stored apple fruit. To determine the baseline sensitivity of B. cinerea populations to these fungicides, 40 isolates from organic and 80 from conventional apple orchards where Pristine had not been used were tested for mycelial growth or conidial germination on fungicide-amended media. To monitor fungicide resistance, gray-mold-decayed apple fruit originating from orchards in which Pristine had been used were sampled from a fruit packinghouse. Isolates of B. cinerea recovered from the fruit were tested for resistance to the two fungicides. In the in vivo study in the orchards, Pristine was applied to fruit 1 day before harvest. Fruit were then harvested, wounded, and inoculated with isolates exhibiting different fungicide-resistance phenotypes. Fruit were stored at 0°C for 8 weeks for decay development. The effective concentration that inhibits mycelial growth by 50% relative to the control (EC50) values for sensitive isolates ranged from 0.008 to 0.132 μg/ml (mean = 0.043, n = 116) for pyraclostrobin and from 0.003 to 0.183 μg/ml (mean = 0.075, n = 117) for Pristine in a mycelial growth assay on potato dextrose agar. The EC50 values of boscalid for sensitive isolates ranged from 0.065 to 1.538 μg/ml (mean = 0.631, n = 29) in a conidial germination assay on water agar. Four isolates were resistant to pyraclostrobin, with resistance factors (RFs) ranging from 12 to 4,193. Of the four pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates, one also was resistant to boscalid (RF = 14) and Pristine (RF = 373), and two exhibited reduced sensitivity to Pristine (RF = 16 and 17). The minimum inhibitory concentration for conidial germination (for boscalid) or mycelial growth (for pyraclostrobin and Pristine) of sensitive isolates was 5 μg/ml, which is thus recommended as a discriminatory concentration for phenotyping isolates for resistance to these fungicides. Of the 56 isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit that had been exposed to Pristine, 11 (approximately 20%) were resistant to both pyraclostrobin and boscalid and 1 was resistant only to pyraclostrobin. Of the additional 43 isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit originating from an organic orchard, 3 were resistant only to pyraclostrobin, 2 were resistant only to boscalid, and 2 were resistant to both fungicides. It appeared that there was no cross resistance between pyraclostrobin and boscalid because of the existence of isolates resistant only to either pyraclostrobin or boscalid. Pristine applied at label rate in the orchard failed to control gray mold on apple fruit inoculated with the Pristine-resistant isolates. This is the first report of multiple resistance to pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and Pristine in field populations of B. cinerea. Our results suggest that the development of dual resistance to pyraclostrobin and boscalid in B. cinerea populations could result in the failure to control gray mold with Pristine.
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Everett, K. R., and O. E. Timudo-Torrevilla. "In vitro fungicide testing for control of avocado fruit rots." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4632.
Full textAbstract:
Avocado fruit rots are most commonly caused by five fungi Colletotrichum acutatum C gloeosporioides Botryosphaeria parva B dothidea and Phomopsis sp These rots are controlled by applying copper fungicides in the field on eight occasions during the season Alternatives to standard copper fungicides were screened in the laboratory against these five pathogens for inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth In total seven fungicides were tested (boscalid boscalid/pyraclostrobin three formulations of copper hydroxide copper hydroxosulphate and dithianon) The effective concentration at which 50 of spore germination or mycelial growth was inhibited (EC50) was calculated for each fungicide The EC50 values for spore germination were lowest for boscalid/pyraclostrobin and dithianon and were le;185 g/ml against all five test fungi For boscalid/pyraclostrobin all EC50 values were le;7 g/ml Copper formulations effectively inhibited spore germination by 50 at concentrations ranging from 01 g/ml to 141 g/ml but were less effective against mycelial growth
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Mostafanezhad, Hadis, Eva Edin, Laura J. Grenville-Briggs, Åsa Lankinen, and Erland Liljeroth. "Rapid emergence of boscalid resistance in Swedish populations of Alternaria solani revealed by a combination of field and laboratory experiments." European Journal of Plant Pathology 162, no. 2 (October 22, 2021): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02403-8.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is a common potato disease worldwide. Reduced field efficacy of the fungicide boscalid against this disease has been reported in several countries. Boscalid resistance has been mostly studied with in-vitro and/or greenhouse experiments. Field studies validating this phenomenon are largely missing. Here, for the first time in Scandinavia, we validated boscalid resistance in a Swedish population of A. solani both in the field and in the laboratory. Field trials between 2014 and 2017 in Nymö showed significant efficacy reduction by year. The target regions of the A. solani genes encoding the succinate dehydrogenase subunits (Sdh) B, C and D of samples collected from Nymö, and additional fields in south-eastern and central Sweden, were analysed for substitutions associated with loss of boscalid sensitivity. In 2014, the SdhC-H134R mutation was found at several sites at a low frequency, while, in 2017, the majority of the samples had either the SdhB-H278Y or the SdhC-H134R substitution. No mutations were detected in the gene encoding the SdhD subunit. Spore germination tests showed a high sensitivity (EC50 < 1 μg mL−1) of isolates lacking the substitutions. This was supported by a significant decrease in their radial growth rate, from 0.1 to 10 μg mL−1 boscalid. However, the mutated isolates had EC50 > 100 μg mL−1 and their growth rates hardly decreased at concentrations above 1–10 μg mL−1. These results add to the current knowledge of fungicide resistance development in field and indicate that early blight management in southeast Sweden should no longer rely on boscalid.
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Hu, Meng-Jun, Dolores Fernández-Ortuño, and Guido Schnabel. "Monitoring Resistance to SDHI Fungicides in Botrytis cinerea From Strawberry Fields." Plant Disease 100, no. 5 (May 2016): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-15-1210-re.
Full textAbstract:
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides have been used to control gray mold of strawberry for more than a decade, and selection for resistance in the causal agent Botrytis cinerea has become a threat to producers. In total, 2,570 B. cinerea isolates were collected from strawberry fields in the eastern United States across three seasons and their sensitivity to the SDHI materials boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad was assessed. Assays were based on visual assessment of presence or absence of mycelial growth on media amended with discriminatory fungicide doses to distinguish sensitive from resistant isolates, respectively. Overall frequencies of isolates resistant to boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad increased over the 3 years to 30.0, 1.0, 5.5, and 7.4%, respectively. Four resistance patterns, designated A, B, C, or D, were found. Pattern A isolates were resistant to boscalid with the allele H272R at locus sdhB; pattern B isolates were resistant to boscalid and penthiopyrad with the allele H272R or H272Y at locus sdhB; pattern C isolates were resistant to boscalid, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad with the allele H272Y at locus sdhB; and pattern D isolates were resistant to boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad with alleles P225F or N230I at locus sdhB. Isolates with alleles H272Y, N230I, or P225F were sensitive to a new SDHI, benzovindiflupyr, with mean effective dose that inhibits 50% of mycelial growth values of less than 0.5 μg/ml for each genotype, suggesting that this fungicide may be useful for resistance management. Our data show an increase of B. cinerea isolates resistant to SDHI fungicides over three consecutive production seasons. Resistance management practices must be implemented for the sustained efficacy of SDHI fungicides against gray mold of strawberry.