Journal articles on the topic 'Bos Reproduction'
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1
Kwatra, M. S., and Ajit Singh. "Experimental Reproduction of Gangrenous Syndrome in Buffaloes (Bos bubalus)." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 20, no. 6 (May 13, 2010): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1973.tb01151.x.
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Davis, GP. "Genetic parameters for tropical beef cattle in northern Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 2 (1993): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930179.
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This paper reviews published estimates of genetic parameters for traits of growth, reproduction and resistance to environmental stresses for Bos indicus and Zebu derived breeds in northern Australia. Most published estimates of heritabilities for growth and reproduction traits were higher for tropically adapted breeds in northern Australia than for Bos taurus breeds in temperate Australia. Weighted mean estimates of heritabilities for the direct component of weaning weight were 39% for the Brahman breed and 30% for Zebu-derived breeds in northern Australia compared with 13% for Bos taurus breeds in temperate areas of Australia. Mean estimates for the maternal component of weaning weight were 5, 24 and 13% respectively. Mean heritabilities for yearling and 550 day weights for Zebu derived breeds in northern Australia (24 and 25%) were similar to those for Bos taurus breeds in temperate areas, though estimates for Brahmans were higher (39 and 39%). Published estimates of heritabilities of later weights (700 and 900 days), which are most relevant to northern Australian production systems, were rare but averaged between 32 and 45% for Zebu-derived breeds and Brahmans. Weighted mean heritability for female calving success was 14% and for realised bull fertility was 5%. Published estimates of heritabilities of scrota1 circumference averaged 31%, and testosterone response to GNRH stimulation was 52%. Heritabilities of resistance to various environmental stresses were all moderate with weighted means between 20 and 34%. Genetic correlations between growth, reproduction and resistance to environmental stresses are also reviewed. There appears to be predictable variation in estimates of parameters between breeds in different environments which is related to level of resistance to environmental stresses, and this is likely to affect the prediction of breeding values for cattle in northern Australia.
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Zi, Xiang-Dong. "Reproduction in female yaks (Bos grunniens) and opportunities for improvement." Theriogenology 59, no. 5-6 (March 2003): 1303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01172-x.
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CHENOWETH, PJ. "Aspects of reproduction in female Bos indicus cattle: a review." Australian Veterinary Journal 71, no. 12 (December 1994): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb00961.x.
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Suarez, S. S. "Interactions of spermatozoa with the female reproductive tract: inspiration for assisted reproduction." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06101.
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Artificial insemination with sexed semen, in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection have been used to reproduce animals, but often not as successfully as natural mating. Learning more about how spermatozoa normally interact with the female tract can provide inspiration for developing improvements in assisted reproduction. The present review focuses on Bos taurus, because more is known about this species than others. At coitus, bull spermatozoa are deposited into the anterior vagina, where they rapidly enter the cervix. Cervical mucus quickly filters out seminal plasma from spermatozoa, unlike most assisted reproduction protocols. Spermatozoa that reach the uterus may require certain cell surface proteins to swim through the uterotubal junction. Shortly after passing through the junction, most spermatozoa are trapped in a storage reservoir by binding to oviducal epithelium, in the case of cattle via bovine seminal plasma (BSP) proteins coating the sperm head. As ovulation approaches, spermatozoa capacitate and shed BSP proteins. This reduces sperm binding to the epithelium and releases them from storage. Motility hyperactivation assists spermatozoa in leaving the storage reservoir, swimming through oviducal mucus and the cumulus oophorus, and penetrating the oocyte zona pellucida. Chemotactically regulated switching between asymmetrical (i.e. hyperactivated) and symmetrical flagellar beating may also guide spermatozoa to the oocyte.
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Ali, Sayid, Tamrat Degefa, and Alemayehu Lemma. "Morphometrical study of the reproductive tract in Boran (Bos indicus) heifers in Ethiopia." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 25, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v25i2.1.
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Boran breed is the most suitable type of cattle breed for arid and semi-arid regions of Ethiopia due to their adaptive characteristics. Understanding their reproductive anatomy is important for successful reproductive management and has many implications for the application of assisted reproductive technology, and interpretation of physiological changes at different stages of their reproductive cycle. In this study, data of the anatomical structures of the reproductive organs of 20 Boran heifers were measured and characterized at different stages of reproduction. The mean (±SE) length (L) of the vagina, cervix, and body of uterus were 13.17±2.98 cm, 7.19±1.28 cm, and 6.70±1.08cm, respectively. The mean (±SE) length of the right uterine horn and oviduct was 18.47 ±2.54 and 18.17 ±1.27cm, respectively and that of the left were 18.05±2.73 and 17.45±1.80 cm, respectively. The mean ±SE weight (W) of right and left ovaries were 2.44±1.51 gm and 2.44±1.51 gm, respectively. The mean ±SE Length x Width x Thickness of the right ovary was 2.10±0.59 x 1.75±0.35 x 0.83±0.36 and that of the left was 1.97±0.41 x 1.58±0.29 x 0.67±0.33 cm. The mean (±SE) weight of the whole reproductive organ (without the vulva) was 301.35±66.34gm. The ovarian size was influenced by the presence of the corpus luteum(CL) usually larger with its presence.
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UTTAM, VISHAKHA, MADHU TIWARI, SATYENDRA PAL SINGH, DEEPAK SHARMA, AVNEESH KUMAR, and ADITYA KUMAR. "Molecular characterization and association studies of CYP19 (aromatase) allelic variants with reproduction and production traits in Sahiwal and Hariana cattle." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i2.122094.
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Anestrus is a major reproductive problem in bovines which occurs due to less secretion of estrogen from the ovarian follicles. Enzyme cytochrome P450 aromatase which helps in estrogen biosynthesis is encoded by CYP19 gene. In the current study, characterization of exon 9 and 10 region and polymorphic study in 5' UTR region of CYP19 gene was undertaken in Indian Sahiwal and Hariana cattle. Studied Indian cattle breeds showed 100% homology to Nelore and crossbred cattle, and 99.8% to Bos taurus at nucleotide level while at amino acid level, they showed 100% homology to Nelore and crossbred cattle, and 99.4% to Bos taurus. CYP19/PvuII PCR-RFLP assay conducted in 100 Sahiwal and 100 Hariana cattle revealed three types of genotype namely AA (405 bp), AB (405 bp, 327 bp and 78 bp) and BB (327 bp and 78 bp). The AA genotype was more frequent (58.5%) followed by AB (37.0%) and BB (4.5%) genotypes and Chi square analysis revealed the populations was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allelic frequency of A and B allele was observed as 0.77 and 0.23, respectively. Association study of CYP19/PvuII genotypes with reproduction and production traits revealed no significant difference.
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Perumal, P., K. Vupru, K. Khate, M. Veeraselvam, Atul Kumar Verma, A. K. Nahak, and C. Rajkhowa. "Blood profiles of mithun (Bos frontalis) under different stages of reproduction." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 5, no. 1 (2014): 064. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-4038.5.1.011.
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RAMACHANDRAN, S., M. MALOLE, D. RIFULIADI, and T. SAFRIATI. "EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION OF MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER IN BALI CATTLE (BOS SONDAICUS)." Australian Veterinary Journal 58, no. 4 (March 10, 2008): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1982.tb00642.x.
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Ferraz, J. B. S., X. L. Wu, H. Li, J. Xu, R. Ferretti, B. Simpson, J. Walker, et al. "Development and evaluation of a low-density single-nucleotide polymorphism chip specific to Bos indicus cattle." Animal Production Science 60, no. 15 (2020): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19396.
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Context Genomic selection has been of increasing interest in the genetic improvement of Zebu cattle, particularly for quantitative traits that are difficult or expensive to measure, such as carcass traits and meat tenderness. The success of genomic selection depends on several factors, and at its core is the availability of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips that are appropriately designed for Bos indicus cattle. However, the currently available commercial bovine SNP chips are mostly designed for Bos taurus cattle. There are two commercial Bos indicus SNP chips; namely, GeneSeek genomic profiler high-density Bos indicus (GGP-HDi) SNP chip and a low-density (LD) Bos indicus SNP chip (Z chip), but these two Bos indicus SNP chips were built with mixed contents of SNPs for Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle, due to limited availability of genotype data from Bos indicus cattle. Aims To develop a new GGP indicus 35000 SNP chip specifically for Bos indicus cattle, which has a low cost, but high accuracy of imputation to Illumina BovineHD chips. Methods The design of the chip consisted of 34000 optimally selected SNPs, plus 1000 SNPs pre-reserved for those on the Y chromosome, ‘causative’ mutations for a variety of economically relevant traits, genetic health conditions and International Society for Animal Genetics globally recognised parentage markers for those breeds of cattle. Key results The present results showed that this new indicus LD SNP chip had considerably increased minor allele frequencies in indicus breeds than the previous Z-chip. It demonstrated with high imputation accuracy to HD SNP genotypes in five indicus breeds, and with considerable predictability on 14 growth and reproduction traits in Nellore cattle. Conclusions This new indicus LD chip represented a successful effort to leverage existing knowledge and genotype resources towards the public release of a cost-effective LD SNP chip specifically for Bos indicus cattle, which is expected to replace the previous GGP indicus LD chip and to supplement the existing GGP-HDi 80000 SNP chip. Implications A new SNP chip specifically designed for Bos indicus, with high power of imputation to Illumina BovineHD technology and with excellent coverage of the whole genome, is now available on the market for Bos indicus cattle, and Bos indicus and Bos taurus crosses.
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Deshmukh, Bharti, Archana Verma, Ishwar Dayal Gupta, Neeraj Kashyap, and Richa Mishra. "Characterization of coding areas of SPGA11B gene in Murrah bulls." Buffalo Bulletin 41, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2022.4122814.
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The SPAG11 gene is one of pivotal molecules in reproduction as it takes part in spermatozoa maturation, acquiring motility, capacitation, and egg-sperm interaction as well. The current study was aimed to characterize SPAG11 gene in Indian Murrah bulls through direct DNA sequencing approach. Genomic DNA from Murrah animals were isolated from 130 Murrah bulls and amplified using three sets of forward and reverse primers which were based on reference sequence (Genbank accession no. AC_000164.1) of Bos taurus covering entire coding region of SPAG11B gene. The PCR products of 563, 340 and 373, bp covering exons 1 to 3 were subjected to sequencing and subsequently ClustalW analysis revealed the substitution at 34 positions and a single stretch of 22 bp deletion in comparison to the Bos taurus reference sequence. Total seven novel SNPs were observed as two in the coding region and five in 5ˈUTR. However, only one of SNPs resulted in amino acid substitution viz. p.1279 arginine to tryptophan in translated protein in Murrah buffaloes. Sequence alignment and homology across species for the targeted nucleotide sequence of SPAG11 gene in Murrah bulls was done by nucleotide BLAST (NCBI) that showed maximum identity of 97% with mRNA of Bos taurus and Capra hircus followed by 96% homology with Bos indicus and Bison bison and 95% homology with Ovis aries and Bos mutus.
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Sartori, Roberto, Lindsay U. Gimenes, Pedro L. J. Monteiro, Leonardo F. Melo, Pietro S. Baruselli, and Michele R. Bastos. "Metabolic and endocrine differences between Bos taurus and Bos indicus females that impact the interaction of nutrition with reproduction." Theriogenology 86, no. 1 (July 2016): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.016.
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Margerison, J. K., T. R. Preston, and C. J. C. Phillips. "Effect of restricted suckling once daily in Bos taunts x Bos indicus dairy cattle on milk production and reproduction." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027963.
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Restricted suckling is one of the most common forms of livestock production in developing countries. It combines partial milk extraction and suckling, in a multi-commodity (milk and calf) production system.The objective of this experiment was to determine the possibility of the use of once daily suckling to increase total milk production without reducing reproductive performance or the ‘ quantity’ of milk extracted at milking in crossbred cattle.A total of 36 cows, locally known as ‘Lucerna’, were placed into two treatments. 18 cows were non-suckled and 18 cows were restricted suckled once daily for 15 minutes following milking (p.m.). All experimental cows had completed two or more lactations and at 3 days post partum were simultaneously allocated to the treatments according to: parity; condition score; previous lactation yield and calving interval. The cows remained in the experiment for 100 days.
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Rehman, Muhammad Saif-ur, Faiz-ul Hassan, Zia-ur Rehman, Hafiz Noubahar Hussain, Muhammad Adnan Shahid, Muhammad Mushahid, and Borhan Shokrollahi. "Comparative Genomic Characterization of Relaxin Peptide Family in Cattle and Buffalo." BioMed Research International 2022 (October 4, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1581714.
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Relaxin family peptides significantly regulate reproduction, nutrient metabolism, and immune response in mammals. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the relaxin family peptides in cattle and buffalo at the genome level. The genomic and proteomic sequences of cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, horse, and camel were accessed through the NCBI database, and BLAST was performed. We identified four relaxin peptides genes (RLN3, INSL3, INSL5, and INSL6) in Bos taurus, whereas three relaxin genes (RLN3, INSL3, and INSL6) in Bubalus bubalis. Evolutionary analysis revealed the conserved nature of relaxin family peptides in buffalo and cattle. Physicochemical properties revealed that relaxin proteins were thermostable, hydrophilic, and basic peptides except for INSL5 which was an acidic peptide. Three nonsynonymous mutations (two in RLN3 at positions A16 > T and P29 > A, and one in INSL6 at position R32 > Q) in Bos taurus, whereas two nonsynonymous mutations (one in RLN3 at positions G105 > w and one in INSL3 at position G22 > R) in Bubalus bubalis, were identified. INSL3 had one indel (insertion) at position 55 in Bos taurus. Gene duplication analysis revealed predominantly segmental duplications (INSL5/RLN3 and INSL6/INSL3 gene pairs) that helped expand this gene family, whereas Bubalus bubalis showed primarily tandem duplication (INSL3/RLN3). Our study concluded that relaxin family peptides remained conserved during the evolution, and gene duplications might help to adapt and enrich specific functions like reproduction, nutrient metabolism, and immune response. Further, the nonsynonymous mutations identified potentially affect these functions in buffalo.
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Goldammer, T., P. Schmidt, and R. Weikard. "Cytogenetic and syntenic assignment of the bovine <i>platelet-activating factor receptor (PTAFR)</i> to cattle chromosome 2 (Brief report)." Archives Animal Breeding 52, no. 4 (October 10, 2009): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-52-448-2009.
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Abstract. The platelet-activating factor receptor (PTAFR) encoding gene, also known as PAFR or PAFr, belongs to the rhodopsin gene family. The receptor binds the platelet-activating factor (PAF) that has been implicated as a mediator in diverse pathologic processes. In cattle, PTAFR is associated to the reproduction process and is described as a receptor that is involved in inflammatory-like processes of the uterus associated with increased vascular permeability (TIEMANN et al. 2005). The gene sequence was recently annotated on Bos taurus (BTA) chromosome 2 at 129.4 megabases in NCBI Bos taurus build Btau_4.0. The presented data confirm this annotation by independent physical mapping methods and anchor the corresponding DNA segment to the chromosome. PTAFR was assigned by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and somatic hybrid cell (SHC) mapping.
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De Lorenzi, Lisa, Alessandra Iannuzzi, Elena Rossi, Stefania Bonacina, and Pietro Parma. "Centromere Repositioning in Cattle (Bos taurus) Chromosome 17." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 151, no. 4 (2017): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000473781.
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Eukaryotic organisms have developed a structure, called centromere, able to preserve the integrity of the genome during cell division. A young bull from the Marchigiana breed, with a normal external phenotype, underwent routine cytogenetic analysis to enter the reproduction center. All metaphases analyzed showed an unusual biarmed chromosome of medium size despite a diploid set of chromosomes (2n = 60,XY). FISH analysis excluded a pericentric inversion or a reciprocal translocation, but highlighted a repositioning of the centromere in BTA17. The satellite DNA was still in an acrocentric position. The telomeres were normally present. The primary constriction on the abnormal chromosome was C-band negative. Finally, the absence of a large genomic deletion in the BTA17 pericentromeric region was demonstrated by both array-CGH analysis and SNP array. To our knowledge, this is the first case of centromere repositioning reported in cattle.
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Ratnawati, Dian, D. A. Indrakusuma, Lukman Affandhy, F. Cowley, D. Mayberry, and D. Poppi. "Management strategies to improve reproductive performance of Brahman cross cattle (Bos indicus) in East Java, Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 21, no. 4 (January 11, 2018): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v21i4.1512.
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<p class="abstrak2">The demand for meat in Indonesia cannot be supplied by domestic cattle production, and so breeder cattle stock are imported from abroad overseas to increase domestic production. A commonly imported breed is Brahman cross bred (Bx). Smallholder farmers have reported a wide range of problems associated with Bx cow reproductive performance. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the reproductive performance of Bx cows by providing advice to farmers on improved management strategies, such as: maintaining body condition score (BCS) of cow> 3, appropriate estrous detection and weaning at 5- 6 months. This study was conducted from October 2011 – December 2013 by using 189 Bx cows and 151 farmers. The research was conducted in two sub districts of Lamongan district (East Java), Modo and Sambeng. Cattle were fed diets based on crop residues and were supplemented with green feeds, by-products (rice bran) and concentrate during the last 2 months of pregnancy and early lactation. The reproductive performance of cows improved during the study, there were a shorter lactation length/early weaning (reduced from 188 days to 153 days) and improved BCS (from 3.0 to 3.3). The length of postpartum anestrous interval (PPAI) decreased from 198 days to 98 days. Cycling to conception decreased from 75 days to 64 days and days open decreased from 217 days to 118 days over the length of the study. This was associated with improvement in BCS of cows at calving (from 3.0 to 3.3) and a shorter lactation length (reduced from 188 days to 153 days). There was no change in the average birth weight of calves (31.8 kg). There was no change in average weaning weight of calves over the year and average daily gain of calves while suckling 0.7 kg/day. The pre weaning calf mortality rate was decreased during this study (from 13% to 6%). This project demonstrated that Brahman cross cows can successfully be kept by smallholder farmers in Indonesia if appropiate management is used. It can be concluded that improving management, such as maintaining body condition score of cow >3, estrous detection, appropiate mating and weaning at 5-6 months can improve reproduction performance of Brahman cross.</p><p><strong>Key Words</strong>: Reproduction, Cattle, Brahman Cross</p>
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Chen, Zhiyuan, Darren E. Hagen, Christine G. Elsik, Tieming Ji, Collin James Morris, Laura Emily Moon, and Rocío Melissa Rivera. "Characterization of global loss of imprinting in fetal overgrowth syndrome induced by assisted reproduction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 15 (March 30, 2015): 4618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422088112.
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Embryos generated with the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can develop overgrowth syndromes. In ruminants, the condition is referred to as large offspring syndrome (LOS) and exhibits variable phenotypic abnormalities including overgrowth, enlarged tongue, and abdominal wall defects. These characteristics recapitulate those observed in the human loss-of-imprinting (LOI) overgrowth syndrome Beckwith–Wiedemann (BWS). We have recently shown LOI at the KCNQ1 locus in LOS, the most common epimutation in BWS. Although the first case of ART-induced LOS was reported in 1995, studies have not yet determined the extent of LOI in this condition. Here, we determined allele-specific expression of imprinted genes previously identified in human and/or mouse in day ∼105 Bos taurus indicus × Bos taurus taurus F1 hybrid control and LOS fetuses using RNAseq. Our analysis allowed us to determine the monoallelic expression of 20 genes in tissues of control fetuses. LOS fetuses displayed variable LOI compared with controls. Biallelic expression of imprinted genes in LOS was associated with tissue-specific hypomethylation of the normally methylated parental allele. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between body weight and the number of biallelically expressed imprinted genes in LOS fetuses. Furthermore, not only was there loss of allele-specific expression of imprinted genes in LOS, but also differential transcript amounts of these genes between control and overgrown fetuses. In summary, we characterized previously unidentified imprinted genes in bovines and identified misregulation of imprinting at multiple loci in LOS. We concluded that LOS is a multilocus LOI syndrome, as is BWS.
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Brandão, Alice Poggi, and Reinaldo Fernandes Cooke. "Effects of Temperament on the Reproduction of Beef Cattle." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2021): 3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113325.
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Temperament is often defined as the behavioral expression of animals in response to human interaction. Cattle temperament can be evaluated using an association of chute score and exit velocity, with cattle then classified as adequate or excitable temperament. To assess the impacts of temperament on various beef systems, these evaluation criteria were associated with productive and reproductive parameters of Bos taurus and B. indicus-influenced cattle. Consistently across studies, excitable cattle had greater plasma cortisol compared to animals with adequate temperament. Studies also reported that excitable beef females have poorer reproductive performance compared to calmer cohorts, including reduced annual pregnancy rates, decreased calving rate, weaning rate, and kg of calf weaned/cow exposed to breeding. Acclimating B. indicus × B. taurus or B. taurus heifers to human handling improved behavioral expression of temperament and hastened puberty attainment. However, similar benefits were not observed when mature cows were acclimated to human handling. Collectively, temperament of beef females measured via behavioral responses upon human handling impacts their reproductive and productive responses independent of breed type, and should be considered for optimal beef cattle production.
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Nisa, Hanifah Khairun, Budiarto Budiarto, Tatang Santanu Adikara, Herry Agoes Hermadi, Soeharsono Soeharsono, and Imam Mustofa. "STIMULASI TITIK REPRODUKSI DENGAN LASERPUNKTUR SEMIKONDUKTOR TERHADAP PENAMPILAN BIRAHI SAPI BALI (Bos sondaicus)." Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary 9, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/.v9i1.21088.
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This research to know the stimulation of reproduction point with a semiconductor laserpuncture to estrous synchronization of Bali Cattle was conducted in Loka Penelitian Sapi Potong Grati-Pasuruan, East Java. Estrous synchronization is a technique to get the sign of estrous and ovulation (estrous outside of estrous cycle) to be easier to detect estrous, synchronization of breeding, and shorter of calving interval. Laserpuncture was applied on 8 head bali cattles at 14 reproduction acupuncture points, 10 second for each point, 3 times frequency with interval 1 day (20-24 times). The variabel of this assessment were respons and signs of estrous, synchronized of estrous with Chi square test and T-test method. Result showed that there was significant correlation between semiconductor laserpuncture with estrous synchronization (p < 0,05). The result of assessment 8 (100%) head bali cattle was estrous. The respons of estrous appeared 1 head (12,5%) on 5th day (4th day post laserpuncture), 4 head (50%) on 6th day (5th day post laserpuncture) 1 head (12,5) on 8th day (7th day post laserpuncture), and 2 head (25%) on 10th day (9th day post laserpuncture). This result showed that semi conductor laserpuncture technology was effective to stimulate estrous synchronization and resulting ovulation, with the evidence that conception was occurred.
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Orihuela, Agustín, and Carlos S. Galina. "The Effect of Maternal Behavior around Calving on Reproduction and Wellbeing of Zebu Type Cows and Calves." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113164.
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The behaviors associated with domestic cattle such as maternal care are quite similar to those behaviors observed in wild ungulates. These behaviors allow the cow to bond with her calf, protect and provide it with nourishment and ultimately reduce the bond at weaning. Although maternal behavior is an important factor influencing the survival and early development of the newborn calf, Zebu type cows around calving have not been studied extensively. Herein, we consider the four main aspects of maternal behavior in cattle and particularly Bos indicus cows and calves. Firstly, we provide a brief description of the behavior of cows around parturition and the behavior of the first stages of the calves’ lives. In the second part, the protective behavior of the mother is analyzed. Subsequently, examples of animal welfare implications followed by an analysis of some factors that affect calf survival, including mother experience and weather conditions, are discussed, and in the last part, reproduction along with some peculiarities of reproductive behavior, and the wellbeing of mother and calves are examined. We concluded that knowledge of maternal behavior of Zebu type cows around calving and interactions with calves might contribute to an enhanced reproductive efficiency of the mother and the welfare of the calf.
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Pioz, Maryline, Anne Loison, Philippe Gibert, Jean-Michel Jullien, Marc Artois, and Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont. "Antibodies against Salmonella is associated with reduced reproductive success in female alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-089.
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Microbial infections that affect reproduction are poorly studied in wildlife because reproductive disorders usually go unnoticed. However, such infections are a major concern in domestic ungulates, which raises the question of their influence on reproductive success and population dynamics of wild ungulates. Three bacterial abortive infections are frequent in domestic ruminants: salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis, enzootic abortion caused by Chlamydophila abortus , and Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii . They induce abortions and neonatal mortality in sheep ( Ovis aries L., 1758), goat ( Capra hircus L., 1758), and cattle ( Bos taurus L., 1758). However, little information is known about these bacteria in wild ungulates, particularly in mountain ungulates that may share alpine pastures with infected domestic ruminants. We investigated the relationship between female serological status against Salmonella, Chlamydophila, and Coxiella and her reproductive success. From 1986 to 2003, the reproductive and serological statuses of 125 female chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758)) aged 2–10 years were available. Reproductive success was the lowest for 2-year-old females and for females born at the highest density. Moreover, we showed for the first time in a wild ungulate population that females with high titer in antibodies against Salmonella experienced a decrease in their reproductive success. Titers in antibodies against Chlamydophila and Coxiella were not related to the reproductive success of female chamois.
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Margerison, J. K., T. R. Preston, and C. J. C. Phillips. "Effect of restricted suckling once daily in Bos taunts x Bos indicus dairy cattle on milk production and reproduction." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200590255.
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Restricted suckling is one of the most common forms of livestock production in developing countries. It combines partial milk extraction and suckling, in a multi-commodity (milk and calf) production system.The objective of this experiment was to determine the possibility of the use of once daily suckling to increase total milk production without reducing reproductive performance or the ‘ quantity’ of milk extracted at milking in crossbred cattle.A total of 36 cows, locally known as ‘Lucerna’, were placed into two treatments. 18 cows were non-suckled and 18 cows were restricted suckled once daily for 15 minutes following milking (p.m.). All experimental cows had completed two or more lactations and at 3 days post partum were simultaneously allocated to the treatments according to: parity; condition score; previous lactation yield and calving interval. The cows remained in the experiment for 100 days.
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Baldi, Fernando S., Maria Paula Negreiros, Elisa Peripolli, Claudio U. Magnabosco, Nayanny Guimarães, Raysildo Lôbo, and Roberto D. Sainz. "PSVII-29 Genetic analysis of frame score and performance traits in Nellore cattle – reproduction and productivity traits." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.433.
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Abstract Frame score systems developed for Bos taurus breeds do not translate well for Bos indicus breeds, as these tend to be taller. We evaluated a novel frame score system for Nellore cattle raised on pasture [Guimaraes et al., 2020 J, Anim. Sci. 98 (Suppl. 4)]. Traits included adjusted scrotal circumference (cm) at 365 (SC365) and 450 (SC450) days of age, age at first calving (AFC, d), early heifer pregnancy (EHP, % calving as two-year-olds), stayability (STAY, % of cows remaining in the herd over 76 months of age, calving at least three times), and accumulated productivity (AP, kg of calf weaned per cow per year). In this study, we applied the previously developed equations (that also include hip height (HH, cm) and age to 12,049 records from the National Association of Breeders and Researchers (ANCP) database:FSmales= -20.35 + 0.1305*REA + 0.2633*BF - 0.5901*RF + 0.1139*HH + 0.0056*AGEFSfemales = -11.87 + 0.1316*REA - 0.2457*BF - 0.6218*RF + 0.1139*HH + 0.0009507*AGEThe (co)variance components and genetic parameters were estimated using a linear animal model or a threshold animal model depending on the trait. The heritability estimate for frame score was moderate (0.30). Estimated genetic correlations for reproductive traits were low to moderate (SC365, 0.06; SC450, 0.04; AFC, 0.18; EHP, -0.24; STAY, 0.06; AP, 0.25). The estimates support the notion that larger frame animals are later maturing but have greater lifetime productivity. The new frame score may be a useful tool for genetic selection of animals that are best suited to their environment.
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Berteaux, D., and T. Micol. "Population studies and reproduction of the feral cattle (Bos taurus) of Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean." Journal of Zoology 228, no. 2 (October 1992): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04607.x.
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Newby, J. R., and N. J. DeCesare. "Multiple nutritional currencies shape pregnancy in a large herbivore." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 5 (May 2020): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0241.
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Nutritional condition embodies environmental conditions experienced by animals with survival and reproductive consequences. Body fat is often associated with ungulate fecundity; however, other nutritional currencies may limit fecundity. Using data from 129 moose (Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)) monitored over 429 moose-years, we examined the limiting role of multiple nutritional currencies on pregnancy rates while concurrently assessing the influence of age and prior reproduction. Females tended to be pregnant in successive years, suggesting differences in individual or habitat quality. However, probability of pregnancy declined with survival of calves from prior litters, indicating a reproductive cost to rearing offspring. Pregnancy was positively associated with serum iron (Fe), body fat, body mass, and serum protein. The best model predicting pregnancy included serum Fe, body fat, and age class, with serum Fe being the strongest single predictor. Moose with Fe concentrations considered deficient in cattle (Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758) had pregnancy rates of 33%–35%, whereas 89%–91% of individuals with sufficient Fe were pregnant. We subsequently evaluated hypotheses concerning factors potentially limiting Fe concentrations, including Fe-deficient diet, chronic infection, parasitism, and malnutrition. The best supported hypothesis was energy and protein malnutrition constrained Fe stores. We conclude that subclinical anemia due to nutritional constraints can limit or indicate limits in moose fecundity.
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Romo, S., S. Castañeda, C. A. Hernandez, J. H. Mendoza, F. J. Trejo, J. Zamora, J. E. Fernandez, Y. Ducolomb, and M. E. Kjelland. "315 IVF-DERIVED CROSSBRED EMBRYOS PRODUCED WITH SEXED SEMEN AND TRANSFERRED IN PAIRS TO BOS TAURUS × BOS INDICUS COWS AND HEIFERS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab315.
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Biotechnology has continued to evolve rapidly, allowing the development of techniques to increase reproductive efficiency and contribute to the genetic improvement of cattle. Some of these techniques include the in vitro maturation (IVM) and IVF of oocytes, sperm sexing and embryo transfer (ET) to recipient females to obtain pregnancies and offspring. These modern assisted-reproduction techniques (ART) can help produce twin pregnancies and calving of a pre-determined sex. The aim of this study was to produce a high proportion of female bovine embryos in vitro using X-chromosome-selected sexed semen and to transfer them in pairs to recipient females, in order to evaluate the efficiency of transferring two female embryos in both cows and heifers. Cebu-cross ovaries were obtained from a local slaughterhouse and transported to a nearby laboratory in Chiapas, Mexico, to obtain cumulus-oocyte complexes by follicular aspiration and culture in maturation medium for 24 h. For IVF, frozen X-sorted semen (Milking Gyr and Holstein breeds, 90% purity, Sexing Technologies, Navasota, TX, USA) was used. Gametes were co-incubated for 22 h, then moved to embryo development medium and cultured for 7 days. Recipient Cebu-cross commercial cows (n = 98) and heifers (n = 50) were synchronized, using intravaginal devices impregnated with progesterone, administering eCG and prostaglandin at withdrawal. Seven days after heat, 88 recipients were subjected to non-surgical ET (59 cows and 29 heifers). Embryo transfers were performed in Tamaulipas and Veracruz, Mexico, and were divided into 2 groups: A) cows, and B) heifers. Only grade-1 embryos were selected for ET. Two embryos were loaded in a single 0.25 mL French straw and transferred to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary with a corpus luteum. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasound or rectal palpation 60 days after ET. A Fisher's exact test (SPSS v. 16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to determine statistical differences (α = 0.05). Of IVF oocytes, 176/180 (98%) and 242/300 (81%) were fertilized, producing 96/180 (53.3%) Milking Gyr (semen)-Cebu (oocytes) and 92/300 (30.7%) Holstein (semen)-Cebu (oocytes) grade-1 embryos, respectively. Of the 88 recipients, 33 were pregnant (37.5%), however, it was not possible (at that time) to determine the number and sex of fetuses developing in utero. Overall, 8 of the 29 heifers were pregnant (27.6%), compared to 25 pregnancies in 59 cows (42.4%). For heifers, the pregnancy results for transferring Milking Gyr-Cebu embryos (4/11) versus Holstein-Cebu embryos (4/18) were not significantly different (P = 0.433, two-tailed Fisher's exact test). A similar comparison could not be made for cows given smaller sample sizes due to the extra variable of having taken place on several different ranches (n = 11). The concept herein is that smaller twin female crossbred calves may reduce issues associated with freemartinism and dystocia while still maintaining the vigor of crossbred offspring. Results from this research can help contribute to the study and development of ART for increasing cattle production efficiency.
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de Izquierdo, Vinicius Souza, Joao Vendramini, and Philipe Moriel. "310 Effects of Stair Step Strategy and Immunomodulatory Feed Ingredient Supplementation on Thermoregulation, Growth, and Reproduction of Grazing Bos Indicus-Influenced Beef Heifers." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.274.
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Abstract This 2-yr study evaluated the combination of stair step supplementation strategy and OmniGen-AF inclusion on body thermoregulation, growth, and reproduction of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers. Brangus heifers (n = 64/year) were stratified by BW and age (257 ± 20 kg; 271 ± 22 d) and allocated into 16 bahiagrass pastures. Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of concentrate dry matter (DM) supplementation at 1.50% of BW from day 0 to 100 (CON) or concentrate DM supplementation at 1.05% of BW from day 0 to 49 and 1.95% of BW from day 50 to 100 (SST), which included or not OmniGen-AF from day 0 to 100 (OMN; 4 g/45 kg of BW). Heifers were submitted to an estrus synchronization protocol from day 100 to 114, inseminated from day 112 to 114, and exposed to bulls from day 120 to 210. Data were analyzed using SAS GLIMMIX procedure. Heifer BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.49) on days 0 and 56, but on days 100 and 210 it was greater (P ≤ 0.01) for SST vs. CON. Intravaginal temperatures from day 26 to 30, between 0830 and 1600h were least (P ≤ 0.03) for SST offered OMN and did not differ (P ≥ 0.17) among all remaining treatments. Body surface temperature on day 25 and plasma IGF-1 concentrations on day 75 were greater (P ≤ 0.04) for SST vs. CON. Percentage of pubertal heifers, estrus detection, and pregnancy to AI did not differ (P = 0.36) between SST and CON, but final pregnancy percentage was greater (P = 0.04) for SST. Thus, OMN decreased intravaginal temperature of SST heifers but failed to improve their growth and reproduction, whereas the stair step strategy improved body thermoregulation, growth, and final pregnancy percentage of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers.
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Maculan, R., R. G. Rosa, R. R. Bonfim, G. L. Vasconcelos, T. L. C. Pinto, G. M. Moreira, J. A. S. Viafara, T. M. Gonçalves, and J. C. Souza. "133 ANTRAL FOLLICLE COUNT, VULVA WIDTH, AND FERTILITY TRAITS IN BOS TAURUS INDICUS CATTLE (TABAPUÃ)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab133.
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The intense selection of characteristics related to animal production may affect negatively the reproductive efficiency of beef cattle. Thus, the search for characteristics that indicate fertility is readily justifiable in the selection of bovine females. The aim was to evaluate possible associations between the antral follicle counts (AFC), external genitalia measurements, and reproduction efficiency in Tabapuã (a Zebu breed from Brazil) females. The AFC was evaluated in Nulliparous heifers (n = 162) and cows (n = 429) by directly counting all follicles ≥3 mm in diameter with ultrasound. From the frequency distribution of the AFC, animals were divided into groups of high (>50 follicles), average (28–50 follicles), and low (<28 follicles), according to Burns et al. (2005). The vulva width was determined by measuring the distance between the lateral borders of the vulva with a digital caliper placed at a 90-degree angle from the half point of the rima vulvae. Two official reproductive efficiency indexes, adopted by the Brazilian Zebu Breeders Association (ABCZ), were used: age at first calving and calving interval. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). An initial complete model was submitted to logistic regression and all body measurements, such as weight, rump height, and width at pins and hooks, were later excluded because they had no relationships with AFC. The AFC class and parity effects of vulva width were submitted to the PROCGENMOD procedure and the reproductive efficiency indexes were regressed onto age, vulva width and the AFC using the PROCREG procedure. Vulva width was greater (P = 0.05) in the high-AFC class cows (8.81 ± 0.12 cm) in comparison to those of the low (8.38 ± 0.13 cm) and average (8.42 ± 0.11 cm) classes, and was not influenced (P = 0.08) by parity (8.37 ± 0.11 and 8.77 ± 0.14 cm for heifers and cows, respectively). Vulva width was larger in cows with lower calving intervals (r2 = –0.21 P = 0.0008), but was not correlated with age at first calving (P = 0.78). Antral follicle counts were similar (P = 0.71) between heifers (38.6 ± 23.96) and cows (38.9 ± 28.00). Calving intervals were shorter in females with higher AFC (r2 = –0.17 P = 0.0064). Age was slightly related to a decrease in the AFC (r2 = –0.066 P < 0.0001). Vulva width and antral follicle count were correlated and were indicators of reproductive efficiency in females of the Tabapuã breed under the present experimental conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report where vulva width, a fairly simple to detectable phenotype, was correlated with fertility.
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Hengstberger, K. J., D. Sester, D. Tutt, R. G. Holroyd, G. Fordyce, S. D. Johnston, and M. J. D'Occhio. "219. Prevalence of sperm chromatin instability amongst bulls in a subtropical environment: a preliminary investigation." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 9 (2005): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb05abs219.
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During mammalian spermiogenesis nucleosomal histone proteins bound to DNA are replaced by protamines. The integrity and stability of the protamine-DNA association in sperm can be measured using the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). The recent emergence of compelling information from assisted reproduction in humans of a relationship between sperm chromatin stability and the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy has led to considerable interest in production and recreational animals.1 The aim in the present study was to determine the incidence of sperm chromatin instability amongst bulls in a subtropical region of northern Australia, as a first step in evaluating whether sperm chromatin instability is a contributing factor to reproductive wastage in cattle. Semen was obtained from 565 Bos indicus and Bos indicus x taurus bulls from northern and central Queensland aged between 20months and 10years. Samples were subjected to standard semen evaluation2 and aliquots stored in liquid nitrogen until chromatin integrity was determined using the SCSA.3 Samples exposed to the SCSA for 0.5min revealed 4.9% of bulls had a DFI >27% and this increased to 11.5% of bulls with DFI >27% when samples were exposed to the SCSA for 5 min. DFI was significantly correlated with sperm density, mass activity, motility and morphology. Location appeared to have a greater influence on DFI than genotype. Preliminary data from a small sample of bulls would suggest that a relatively high DFI can be repeatable for individual bulls. These findings indicate that sperm chromatin instability occurs in bulls in northern Australia although the prevalence might be considered to be relatively low. The relationship of sperm chromatin instability to the contribution of bulls to embryonic mortality requires further study and likewise the impact on reproductive wastage remains to be determined. (1)Boe-Hansen GB et al. (2005). Theriogenology 63, 1789.(2)Fitzpatrick LA et al. (2002). Anim. Reprod. Sci. 71, 39.(3)Evenson D and Jost L (2000). Methods Cell Sci. 22, 169.
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Xie, Jianpeng, Qudratullah Kalwar, Ping Yan, and Xian Guo. "Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on the Expression Profile of miRNA in the Ovaries of Yak during Non-Breeding Season." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091640.
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Yak (Bos grunniens) is an important and remarkable livestock species that survives in the challenging environment of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. However, its growth rate is slower and reproductive potential is generally lower than cattle. Meanwhile, it has been reported that enhanced nutrition improves the reproductive efficiency of animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of concentrate supplementation on the miRNA expression profile in the ovaries of yak during the non-breeding season. The study displayed that non-breeding season supplementation significantly improved growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, and reproductive hormone concentrations in yaks. In this study, we also examined the differential expression analysis of miRNA in the ovaries of yak during non-breeding seasons using Illumina Hiseq sequencing technology. As a result, 51 differentially expressed miRNAs were found in the experimental group (CS) and control group (CON). Gene Ontology (go) and Kyoto Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) analysis of target genes showed that beta-alanine metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; sphingolipid metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; and the inositol phosphate metabolism pathway attracted our attention. Based on qRT-PCR, seven miRNAs were assessed to verify the accuracy of the library database. We predicted and identified potential miRNA target genes, including LEP, KLF7, VEGFA, GNAQ, GTAT6, and CCND2. miRNA and corresponding target genes may regulate yaks’ seasonal reproduction through their nutritional status. This study will provide an experimental basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of yaks by supplementation in the non-breeding season.
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Fernández-Alegre, Estela, Estíbaliz Lacalle, Cristina Soriano-Úbeda, José Ramiro González-Montaña, Juan Carlos Domínguez, Adriana Casao, and Felipe Martínez-Pastor. "Bos taurus and Cervus elaphus as Non-Seasonal/Seasonal Models for the Role of Melatonin Receptors in the Spermatozoon." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 6284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116284.
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Melatonin is crucial in reproduction due its antioxidant, hormonal, and paracrine action. Melatonin membrane receptors (MT1/MT2) have been confirmed on spermatozoa from several species, but functionality studies are scarce. To clarify their role in ruminants as reproductive models, bull (Bos taurus, non-seasonal) and red deer (Cervus elaphus, highly seasonal) spermatozoa were analyzed after 4 h of incubation (38 °C, capacitating media) in 10 nM melatonin, MT1/MT2 agonists (phenylmelatonin and 8M-PDOT), and antagonists (luzindole and 4P-PDOT). Motility and functionality (flow cytometry: viability, intracellular calcium, capacitation status, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and acrosomal and mitochondrial status) were assessed. In bull, MT1 was related to sperm viability preservation, whereas MT2 could modulate cell functionality to prevent excess ROS produced by the mitochondria; this action could have a role in modulating sperm capacitation. Deer spermatozoa showed resistance to melatonin and receptor activation, possibly because the samples were of epididymal origin and collected at the breeding season’s peak, with high circulating melatonin. However, receptors could be involved in mitochondrial protection. Therefore, melatonin receptors are functional in the spermatozoa from bull and deer, with different activities. These species offer models differing from traditional laboratory experimental animals on the role of melatonin in sperm biology.
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Mohammed, T. A. "Phenotypic characterization of the Saudi Arabian Hassawi cattle breed." Animal Genetic Resources Information 21 (April 1997): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000900.
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SummaryHassawi cattle breed is a mix of Bos indicus and Bos taurus. The cattle are raised in the Eastern province of the country by farming families in mixed farming system. The breed numbers are declining very fast, from 10 449 head in 1986 to an estimated maximum of 4 500 head at present.The decrease is mainly due to replacement by exotic breeds, the indiscriminate crossing with these exotics, particularly in view of the scarcity of the Hassawi bulls for mating. Animals are small in size, mature body weight 210-270 kg for bulls and 150-200 kg for cows, quite uniform in colour (light red) and body conformation have conspicuously reduced dewlap and umbilical folds and relatively large hump. Animals are heat tolerant, sustain high feed intake under ambient temperature, resistant to many diseases prevailing in the region and cows have good mothering ability. Productivity of the breed in terms of meat and milk is low when compared to that of exotics in high input production environments, but reproduction performance excels that of temperate breeds and zebu cattle.Efforts should be made to stop the decline in the breed numbers and to conserve the breed as an asset for production under harsh environment.
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Palmer, Elizabeth A., Rhaiza A. Oliveira, Mario Binelli, Thiago Martins, João Vendramini, and Philipe Moriel. "PSIV-10 Effects of stair-step vs. constant supplementation amount on growth, reproduction, and intravaginal temperature in Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.519.
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Abstract This study investigated growth and reproductive performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers provided a concentrate supplement at either a constant or stair-step supplementation. Sixty-four Brangus heifers were stratified by initial BW and age (255 ± 20 kg; 270 ± 22 d) and assigned to 1 of 16 bahiagrass pastures (4 heifers/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (8 pastures/treatment) and consisted of concentrate DM supplementation at: (1) 1.50% of BW from d 0 to 100 (CON) and (2) 1.05% of BW from d 0 to 49 and 1.95% of BW from d 50 to 100 (STP). Supplementation started on d 0 and continued until start of estrous synchronization on d 100. Intravaginal temperatures (16 heifers/treatment) were collected every 30 minutes from d 25 to 31 (September) and d 85 to 91 (November). All heifers were provided supplement at 1.50% of BW from d 101 to 211. Heifers were bred by AI from d 113 to 115 and Brangus bulls were placed with heifers from d 121 to 211. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment, time, and interaction as fixed effects. From d 0 to 49, ADG did not differ (P = 0.87); however, STP heifers had greater (P = 0.01; 0.73 vs. 0.56 kg/d) ADG from d 50 to 100 compared to CON heifers. Percentage of pubertal heifers, percentage of heifers in estrus, or reproductive tract scores did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.40). Intravaginal temperatures were greater (P < 0.0001) for CON vs. STP heifers from d 25 to 31 but did not differ (P = 0.74) from d 85 to 91. Using a stair-step vs. constant supplementation amount (1.05 to 1.95% vs. 1.50% of BW) before the breeding season reduced intravaginal temperatures and increased overall ADG in Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers.
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Silvère, DIMI NGATSE, OGNIKA Alexis Jonas, and AKOUANGO Parisse. "Conformation des bovins de race Nélore (Bos indicus) au ranch Kila-département de la Cuvette en République du Congo." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 43:1 (January 31, 2020): 7340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v43-1.1.
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L’objectif de l’étude a été d’apprécier la conformation et certaines mensurations de la race bovine Nélore dans le but de maitriser leurs aptitudes à la reproduction. Les animaux avaient trois (3) ans d’âge. Les mensurations et la conformation ont concernées 89 génisses et 28 taurillons en stade de reproduction, sur un troupeau de 2587 têtes. Les mensurations corporelles concernées ont été évaluées par la méthode traditionnelle à la toise et au mètre ruban. Le poids vif moyen des mâles a été de 418,97 kg ± 25,84 kg et celui des femelles de 333,67 ± 33,12 kg. La robe régulière est blanche, uniforme avec des membres sombres aux extrémités chez les mâles. La conformation indique de bonnes aptitudes bouchères et les mâles sont de grande taille. La hauteur au garrot a été de 1,54 ± 0,01 m et 1,48 ± 0,03 m pour les mâles et les femelles respectivement. La longueur scapulo-ischiale a indiqué 1,89 ± 0,03 m et 1,81 ±0,02 pour les mâles et femelles respectivement. Le périmètre thoracique de 1,82 ± 0.03 m et 1,72 ± 0,03 m respectivement pour les mâles et femelles. La liaison corrélative du poids vif a été plus marquée avec la hauteur au garrot (r= 0,926) qu’avec le périmètre thoracique (r= 0,81) et la longueur scapulo-ischiale (r= 0,730). Il est donc important que les éleveurs procèdent à l’étude des mensurations et de conformation des Nelores pour bien apprécier leurs aptitudes futures de reproductions dans une ferme. ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to highlight the morphometric characteristics and conformation of the Nélore bovine breed in order to control their breeding. The animals were all about three (3) years old. The measurements and conformation involved 89 heifers and 28 breeding bulls from a herd of 2,587 heads. The body measurements concerned were evaluated by the traditional method of the measuring board and measuring tape. The average live weight of males was 418.97 kg ± 25.84 kg and that of females 333.67 ± 33.12 kg. The Common coat colour is uniform white, with dark extremities in the males. The conformation indicates good beefing abilities and the males are large. The height at the withers was 1.54 ± 0.01 m and 1.48 ± 0.03 m for males and females respectively. The scapuloischial length of 1.89 ± 0.03 m and 1.81 ± 0.02 for males and females respectively and thoracic perimeter of 1.82 ± 0.03 m and 1.72 ± 0.03 m respectively for males and females. The correlation of body weight was more marked with the height at the withers (r = 0.926) than with the thoracic perimeter (r = 0.81) and the scapuloischial length (r = 0.730). It is therefore important that the breeders study the measurements and conformation in order to appreciate the future breeding abilities of the animals on a farm.
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Brookshier, Jennifer S., and W. Sue Fairbanks. "The nature and consequences of motherdaughter associations in naturally and forcibly weaned bison." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-010.
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Bison (Bos bison) mothers and daughters have a stable association that may persist beyond weaning, whereas no such extended relationship exists between mothers and sons. The practice of forced weaning of bison in Antelope Island State Park, Utah, provided the opportunity to experimentally investigate the nature and consequences of postweaning motherdaughter associations. Forced weaning changes the early social environment of calves and may disrupt social organization by eliminating motherdaughter associations. We compared the motherdaughter associations of forcibly weaned female yearlings, following release back into the population, with those of naturally weaned female yearlings. Yearlings that had been forcibly weaned as calves did not reassociate with their mothers following winter separation. Forcibly weaned yearlings spent no more time with their mothers than with randomly chosen adult females. Naturally weaned yearlings had a significantly stronger association with their mothers, were displaced less often by other herd members, and spent more time in the centre of groups than forcibly weaned yearlings. We were unable to detect benefits to naturally weaned daughters in terms of growth and age at first reproduction. Mothers of naturally weaned yearlings did not differ from mothers of forcibly weaned yearlings in subsequent mass change or reproduction.
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Kalwar, Qudratullah, Xuezhi Ding, Anum Ali Ahmad, Min Chu, Xiaoyun Wu, Pengjia Bao, and Ping Yan. "Expression Analysis of IZUMO1 Gene during Testicular Development of Datong Yak (Bos Grunniens)." Animals 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060292.
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The IZUMO1 gene has promising benefits for the national development of novel non-hormonal contraceptives and in the treatments of fertility. Understanding the function of IZUMO1, its mRNA, and protein expression is critical to gain insight into spermatogenesis and promote sperm-egg fusion during reproduction of Datong yak. Therefore, we estimated the IZUMO1 gene expression in different ages of Datong yak by using semi quantitative PCR, qPCR, and western blotting. The results of the qPCR, semi-quantitative PCR and western blotting revealed that the expression level of IZUMO1 mRNA was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the testis of 30 months and 6 years old followed by 18 and 6 months old Datong yak, respectively. We also predicted secondary and tertiary protein structure of IZUMO1 by using bioinformatics software that the revealed presence of a signal peptide, Izumo domain, immunoglobulin (Ig) like domain, and transmembrane region. Moreover, immunostaining analysis also elucidated that IZUMO1 was more prominent in the testis of 30 months and 6 years old yak, which represented that the IZUMO1 gene expression might be higher during the peak breeding ages (6 to 7 years) of the yak, and play a potential role in spermatogenesis, fertility, and testicular development.
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Ríos-Utrera, Ángel, Juan P. Zárate-Martínez, Vicente E. Vega-Murillo, Javier F. Enríquez-Quiroz, Maribel Montero-Lagunes, Francisco T. Barradas-Piña, and Martha E. Valdovinos-Terán. "Effect of the percentage of Bos taurus inheritance on the fertility of Holstein×Zebu and Brown Swiss×Zebu crossbred cows in the Mexican tropics." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 35, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v35n2a05.
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Background: No dairy breed or crossbreed has superior overall performance in all environments; therefore, it is necessary to determine which crossbreed is the most suitable for the Mexican tropic and what proportion of European breed is optimum for reproduction. Objective: To assess the effect of the proportion of Bos taurus (Bt) genes on reproductive performance of Holstein×Zebu (HZ) and Brown Swiss×Zebu (BZ) cows, and compare reproductive performance of these genotypes in a dual-purpose production system. Methods: Cows were maintained in a rotational grazing system on African star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) in Veracruz, Mexico. Cows were milked twice daily. Calves were kept tied to the side of their dams while the cows were milked. Results: The percentage of Bt genes did not affect (p>0.05) fertility traits (age at first calving, days to first service after calving, services per conception, conception rate at first service, days open until conception, gestation length, and calving interval) of BZ cows. In contrast, HZ cows with less than 75% Holstein (H) genes were 0.3 years younger (p<0.05) at first calving and had 39.8 fewer days open (p<0.05) than HZ cows with 75% H genes or more. In addition, the calving interval of HZ cows with less than 75% H genes was 44.8 days shorter (p<0.05) than that of HZ cows with 75% H genes or more. The HZ cows had five fewer days pregnant and were 22.8 kg heavier at calving (p<0.05) than BZ cows. Conclusions: The effect of the percentage of Bt genes on cow fertility depends on the dairy breed used. In general, BZ and HZ cows present similar reproductive performance.
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Travassos Vieira, Joane Isis, José Carlos Ferreira-Silva, Fabiana Aparecida Cavalcante Silva, Elton Pedro Nunes Pena, Lucas Carvalho Freitas, Maiana Silva Chaves, João Gabriel Viana Grázia, et al. "Proteomic Profile of Vitrified in Vitro-Produced Bovine Embryos (Bos Taurus Indicus)." Cryoletters 43, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54680/fr22410110512.
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BACKGROUND: The proteomic profile of cryopreserved in vitro produced bovine embryos is little known but can provide insights on the successful application of cryo procedures in support of animal breeding. OBJECTIVE: To identify embryonic proteins and biomarkers related to improved cryotolerance of vitrified in vitro produced bovine embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proteins were isolated from embryo pools (n = 25 embryos per replicate) and analyzed using the nanoLC - MS/MS system. Further, the UniProtKB database (Uniprot – http://www.uniprot.org/) was used for protein identification. Proteins were classified based on their molecular mass, isoelectric point, and enzymatic activity. Post-translational modification predictions and functional gene ontology analysis were performed as well. Finally, a protein-protein interaction network was created to shed light on the embryo interactome. RESULTS: Based on the MS/MS approach, 66 proteins were identified from vitrified Bos taurus embryos. The retrieved proteins were presumably annotated, which allowed a description of the qualitative and functional aspects of the embryo proteome after the vitrification process. CONCLUSION: These findings allowed us to conclude that in vitro-produced vitrified embryos expressed proteins that underlie biological processes related to reproduction, stress and lipid metabolic process, which are essential to maintain embryo viability.
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Velazquez, A., H. Alvarez, M. Kjelland, F. Villaseñor, G. Ariza, and S. Romo. "72 Invitro embryo production using prepubertal calf oocytes with conventional semen and sexed semen ULTRA-4M." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab72.
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Invitro embryo production (IVP) can increase the reproductive potential and genetic quality of cattle, as well as other species. This powerful assisted reproduction tool can be used to produce embryos from prepubertal calves, reducing the generation interval. A recent sexed semen technology known as ULTRA (ST Genetics), completely modified the technique, the media and sperm concentration. In field trials with AI there was no difference between conventional semen (CONV) and ultra-sexed semen at a concentration of 4 million per straw (ULTRA-4M). The combined use of IVP and ULTRA-4M can decrease the selection time for improving dairy and beef cattle herd genetics. The objective of this research was to compare the CONV and ULTRA-4M semen using bovine IVP and prepubertal calves. The research was carried out in the reproduction laboratory of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FESC-UNAM). The IVP was performed with a continuous invitro culture (IVC) system. The ovaries were collected in Campeche, México, from Bos indicus×Bos taurus crossbred calves (6 months old) using surgical castration (for export to the United States) and transported to the laboratory (FESC-UNAM) in BO-HEPES-IVM (Bioscience™), in an oocyte transporter (WTA). Vitrogen media were used for IVF and IVC. For IVM, the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were selected (only grades 1 and 2) and matured for 24h at 38.5°C. Matured oocytes (n=600, divided equally into five replicates) were divided into 2 groups, the CONV group and the ULTRA-4M group. The IVF process was conducted with CONV and ULTRA-4M semen from the same bull (Holstein) at a concentration of 2×106 and 0.5×106 spermatozoamL−1, respectively, for 18h in 38.5°C, 5% CO2, 95% air, and 100% humidity. The presumptive zygotes were denuded by pipetting and set in IVC until Day 7 at 38.5°C, 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 at 100% humidity. The cleavage results were recorded 56h after the beginning of IVC. The cleavage rate, embryos with more than 6 cells, and blastocysts on Day 7 of culture were evaluated. The statistical analysis was carried out with the GLM procedure of the SAS software (version 9.3; SAS Institute Inc.) to evaluate the results of CONV vs. ULTRA-4M (α level=0.05). The percentage of cleavage for CONV was 46%±1.4 and 43.2%±1.4 for ULTRA-4M. The results for embryos with more than 6 cells in the CONV and ULTRA-4M groups were 16%±0.6 and 14%±0.6, respectively. The percentage of blastocysts on Day 7 for CONV was 9%±0.6 and 8%±0.6 for ULTRA-4M. There were no significant differences between groups (P>0.05) for all variables analysed. In conclusion, under the conditions of this research the ULTRA-4M and CONV produced similar results for IVP.
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Vera, Raul R., and Carlos Alberto Ramírez-Restrepo. "Modelling the reproductive performance of tropical beef herds using long-term experimental grazing data on Urochloa humidicola pastures in the Llanos of Colombia." Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal 30, no. 3 (June 25, 2022): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53588/alpa.300307.
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Long-term reproductive performance of beef breeding herds grazing sown pastures in the neotropical savanna environment of Eastern Colombia (Llanos) is not well documented, while the lifelong reproductive consequences of raising replacement heifers subject to different growth regimes is also intriguing. The study aimed to assess the effects of liveweight (LW), age, and their interaction on conception probabilities of Bos indicus replacement females by analyzing two seven- and eight-years lasting experiments that used commercial Brahman heifers subject initially to different growth rates on Urochloa humidicola pastures. The experiments included two periods, namely the growth period from weaning until 270 kg LW during which heifers were subjected to three stocking rates to attain different rates of gain, and the subsequent reproduction phase subject to common grazing for all growth treatments. The conception data fitted well logistic regressions in which LW and age were the predictor variables during the first two conceptions but the relationship disappeared in subsequent conceptions. Prediction equations compared well with extensive data from northern Australia that showed similar trends. Liveweight of adult cows only increased consistently during pregnancy, but following weaning their LWs returned to the initial low LWs attained at conception. Over the length of the experiments, weaning rates as percentages of calves born were 88% for the two treatments with higher LW gains during the growth period, and 81% for the lowest gaining treatment. Calving intervals were 19-20 months across treatments. It is suggested that the data and equations provided can guide decision making in extensive breeding herds.
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Zhang, Shangzhe, Wenyu Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Xin Du, Ke Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yongwu Song, et al. "Structural Variants Selected during Yak Domestication Inferred from Long-Read Whole-Genome Sequencing." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 3676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab134.
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Abstract Structural variants (SVs) represent an important genetic resource for both natural and artificial selection. Here we present a chromosome-scale reference genome for domestic yak (Bos grunniens) that has longer contigs and scaffolds (N50 44.72 and 114.39 Mb, respectively) than reported for any other ruminant genome. We further obtained long-read resequencing data for 6 wild and 23 domestic yaks and constructed a genetic SV map of 372,220 SVs that covers the geographic range of the yaks. The majority of the SVs contains repetitive sequences and several are in or near genes. By comparing SVs in domestic and wild yaks, we identified genes that are predominantly related to the nervous system, behavior, immunity, and reproduction and may have been targeted by artificial selection during yak domestication. These findings provide new insights in the domestication of animals living at high altitude and highlight the importance of SVs in animal domestication.
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Tegegne, A., A. Geleto, P. O. Osuji, T. Kassa, and R. Franceschini. "Influence of dietary supplementation and partial suckling on body weight and on lactation and reproductive performance of primiparous Boran (Bos indicus) cows in Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 2 (October 1994): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600068544.
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SummaryThis study was conducted in the central highlands of Ethiopia during 1990–92 to examine the effects of diet and partial suckling on lactation and reproductive performance of Boran (Bos indicus) cows. Primiparous Boran cows were allocated to dietary supplementation or no supplementation with either milking or partial suckling based on body weight at calving. All cows received grass hay ad libitum and the supplemented groups were provided with additional concentrate feed which supplied 222 g/kg DM crude protein and 10 MJ/kg DM energy. Calves were weaned at 8 weeks of age. Mean (±S.E.) dam calving and calf birth weights were 314±11·4 and 25±0·6 kg. Body weights at first postpartum oestrus and at conception were not affected by suckling. Supplemented cows however, were heavier at first oestrus (P = 0·06) and at conception (P < 0·01) than non-supplemented cows. Lactation length was longer (P < 0·01) and mean daily milk yield higher (P < 0·001) in suckled than in milked cows. Diet, however, did not influence either lactation length or daily milk yield. In suckled cows, mean daily milk yield declined sharply after weaning (week 9) and was lower by 38 and 43% of week 8 production in the supplemented and non-supplemented groups, respectively. The overall mean lactation yield was 212·4±64·6 litres; with a significant (P < 0·05) diet × suckling interaction effect. Concentrations of milk fat, total protein and total solids were not affected by either diet or suckling treatment. The postpartum anoestrus interval was longer (P < 0·01) in non-supplemented than in supplemented cows, but did not differ between suckled and milked cows. The percentage of cows cycling by 150 days postpartum was higher (P < 0·05) in supplemented than in nonsupplemented and in milked than in suckled (P > 0·05) cows. By this interval, a higher (P < 0·05) percentage of supplemented-milked (90%) cows cycled than in the other three treatment groups (48·5%). Pregnancy from the first insemination ranged from 45·5 to 63·6% in the four treatment groups. It was concluded that although partial suckling extended the postpartum anoestrus interval, lactation length and milk yield were improved. The negative effects of partial suckling on postpartum reproduction could be overcome with the appropriate dietary supplementation. The economic tradeoff between dietary supplementation, milk yield and reproduction has to be determined in partially suckled cows.
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Gouro, S. A., and A. Yenikoye. "Etude préliminaire sur le comportement d'oestrus et la progestéronémie de la femelle zébu (Bos indicus) Azawak au Niger." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 44, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9206.
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L'activité ovarienne est étudiée chez quatre femelles zébu Azawak cyclées, par dosage radioimmunologique de la progestérone plasmatique après prélèvement dans la jugulaire. Les premiers résultats montrent qu'il existe chez cette race un comportement d'oestrus dont la durée varie entre 8 et 14 heures. La durée des cycles varie entre 18 et 25 jours. La progestéronémie au cours du cycle présente une courbe comparable à celle observée chez d'autres races tropicales, avec cependant des teneurs beaucoup plus élevées en phase lutéale. Les auteurs concluent que le dosage de la progestérone s'applique à l'étude des caractéristiques de la reproduction chez la vache Azawak. Les investigations seront poursuivies en station sur un échantillon plus important afin d'apporter des précisions sur l'oestrus et les teneurs élevées en progestérone.
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Tobada, C. P., G. B. Koutinhouin, Marcel Senou, J. Dougnon, A. K. Issaka Youssao, and R. C. Brito. "Détermination du moment du post-partum où l’axe hypophyse ovaires de la vache zébu (Bos indicus) allaitante est sensible à la GnRH synthétique." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 61, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2008): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9994.
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Afin de déterminer le moment du puerpérium où l’axe hypophyse ovaires de la vache zébu (Bos indicus) allaitante est fonctionnel, une dose unique de 100 μg de gonadolibérine (GnRH) synthétique a été injectée par voie intramusculaire à 60 vaches zébus allaitantes réparties en six lots. Les animaux en étaient à leurs 7e, 10e, 15e, 20e, 2e et 30e jours de lactation (10 animaux/lot/stade). Dix millilitres de lait ont été prélevés sur les animaux avant l’injection (A : 1re série d’échantillons), aux 5e, 6e, 7e, 8e jours (B : 2e série d’échantillons) et aux 20e, 21e, 22e, 23e, 24e jours (C : 3e série d’échantillons) après l’injection de GnRH. Dans chaque lot, les échantillons obtenus avant l’injection de GnRH ont été considérés comme témoins. Au total, 600 échantillons de lait ont servi à déterminer les taux de progestérone par radio-immunodosage. Parmi les animaux injectés 15 jours après la mise bas, 60 p. 100 ont été sensibles à la GnRH avec une sécrétion moyenne de progestérone de 2,67 ± 1,89 nmol/L. Cette réponse a augmenté au fur et à mesure que s’est allongé le puerpérium. Trente jours après le vêlage, tous les animaux ont répondu favorablement au traitement (concentration moyenne de progestérone : 4,09 ± 1,90 nmol/L) et ont présenté une réduction significative (p < 0,05) de l’intervalle vêlage gravidité comparé aux animaux traités aux 7e et 10e jours après le vêlage. Ces observations montrent que dès le 15e jour après la mise bas, l’axe hypophyse ovaires de la vache zébu allaitante est sensible à l’application de la GnRH exogène et que ce type de traitement peut améliorer les performances de reproduction de ces animaux.
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Duszewska, A. M., W. Olech, P. Trzeciak, M. Krzysiak, L. Rapala, Z. Nowak, and S. Dabrowski. "258 THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF THE WISENT HYBRID EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab258.
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Wisent (Bison bonasus), also called the European bison, is listed as vulnerable on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. In Poland, a program for protection in situ and ex situ is being implemented. One new approach is the use of the in vitro embryo production (IVP) procedures to obtain wisent offspring. In contrast to previous successes with cattle IVP, use of IVP with wisent is limited by the small size of the population (only ~5000 individuals in more than 200 herds in Europe) and seasonal reproduction. The aim of this preliminary study was to obtain hybrid embryos (Bison bonasus × Bos taurus) in vitro. Ovaries were isolated from wisent females outside the reproductive season and eliminated from breeding for reasons other than infertility. Cumulus-oocytes complexes (COC) were isolated from all follicles above 2 mm in diameter. All COC were matured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.02 IU mL–1 of porcine FSH, 17 β-oestradiol, 0.2 mM Na pyruvate, and antibiotics. The COC were cultured for 24 h at 38.5°C and 5% CO2 in humidified air. The matured COC (Bison bonasus) were fertilized in vitro with sperm from Jersey bulls (Bos taurus) in TALP supplemented with 6 mg mL–1 of fatty acid free BSA (BSA FAF), 0.2 mM Na pyruvate, 20 µM penicillamine,10 µM hypotaurine, 1 µM epinephrine, 2 µg mL–1 heparin, and antibiotics. Spermatozoa were used at a final concentration of 1 × 105 per oocyte and were co-cultured for 18 h at 38.5°C and 5% CO2 in humidified air. The hybrid zygotes were cultured in KSOM supplemented with 5 µg mL–1 of MEM Nonessential Amino Acid Solution (100×), 3 mg mL–1 of BSA FAF, and antibiotic for 192 h at 38.5°C and 5% CO2 in humidified air. The medium was partly replaced by fresh medium after 48 and 144 h of culture. Development was evaluated every day. From 25 COC isolated from wisent ovaries, only 18 COC were qualified for in vitro maturation (60%). Of these, 15 COC (83.3%) matured. The percentage of hybrid embryos that cleaved was 80% after 48 h of culture, and the percentage of embryos that developed up to the 8-cell stage was 33% after 96 h of culture. The morula/blastocyst rate was 26.6% after 192 h of culture, as represented by 1 early blastocyst, 2 compact morulae, and 1 morula. The use of the cattle IVP procedure allowed to receive hybrid embryos (Bison bonasus × Bos taurus), but they developed slower than cattle embryos under the same conditions, based on our previous studies. This research will be continued and may make a contribution to the protection of this threatened species.
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Olson, Cameron A., Lisa McKeown, Hushton Block, Changxi Li, and John Basarab. "93 Feeding behavior as predictive traits of fertility and lifetime productivity in replacement beef heifers." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.160.
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Abstract Fertility and longevity traits in beef cows are difficult and expensive to measure. The use of other traits to predict fertility and longevity traits in beef cows will enable selection for efficient reproduction earlier in an animal’s life. The objective of this study is to identify feeding behaviours with predictive relationships to fertility, longevity, and lifetime productivity in beef cows. This study used 421 Bos taurus commercial replacement heifers born from 2004 to 2014 and followed over 1050 mating opportunities, 11 production cycles and 5 parities. Heifers were weaned at 6–7 mo of age and developed on a 90% barley silage, 10% rolled barley diet in pens equipped with 16 electronic feed bunks to monitor feed intake and feeding behaviors. Feed intake (FI), feeding frequency (FREQ), duration (DUR), head-down time (HD) and time-to-bunk (TTB) were collected over the course of the feeding trial. Phenotypic correlations indicate that as FI increased during the heifer development stage, so did subsequent cow pre-breeding and pre-calving body condition score (BCS; r = 0.43, 0.36 respectively) and total lifetime productivity (r = 0.40). As FREQ increased, pre-breeding and pre-calving BCS decreased (r = -0.16 and -0.20, respectively), as did calf birth weight (r = -0.15). As DUR increased, weak positive correlations were observed with days in herd (r = 0.10), age at first calving (r = 0.17) and calf birth weight (0.13). Increased HD would lead to increased pre-breeding and pre-calving BCS (r = 0.16, 0.23 respectively), and greater lifetime productivity (r = 0.16). Time-to-bunk was positively correlated with days in the herd (r = 0.15), and with decreased calf birth weight (r = -0.23) and pre-calving cow weight (r = -0.33). These feeding behaviour traits, collected early in life, are worthy of further investigation into multi trait regression, genetic correlations and genomic selection.
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Cope, Emily R., Brynn H. Voy, Brian K. Whitlock, Meg Staton, Thomas Lane, Jack Davitt, and J. Travis Mulliniks. "Beta-hydroxybutyrate infusion identifies acutely differentially expressed genes related to metabolism and reproduction in the hypothalamus and pituitary of castrated male sheep." Physiological Genomics 50, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00104.2017.
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To identify molecular pathways that couple metabolic imbalances and reproduction, we randomly assigned 10 castrated male sheep to be centrally injected into the lateral ventricle through intracerebroventricular cannulas with 1 ml of β-hydroxybutyric acid sodium salt solution (BHB; 12,800 µmol/l) or saline solution (CON; 0.9% NaCl). Approximately 2 h postinjection, sheep were humanely euthanized, and hypothalamus and pituitary tissues were harvested for transcriptome characterization by RNA sequencing. RNA was extracted from the hypothalamus and pituitary and sequenced at a high depth (hypothalamus: 468,912,732 reads; pituitary: 515,106,092 reads) with the Illumina Hi-Seq 2500 platform and aligned to Bos taurus and Ovis aries genomes. Of the total raw reads, 87% (hypothalamus) and 90.5% (pituitary) mapped to the reference O. aries genome. Within these read sets, ~56% in hypothalamus and 69% in pituitary mapped to either known or putative protein coding genes. Fragments per kilobase of transcripts per million normalized counts were averaged and ranked to identify the transcript expression level. Gene Ontology analysis (DAVID Bioinformatics Resources) was utilized to identify biological process functions related to genes shared between tissues, as well as functional categories with tissue-specific enrichment. Between CON- and BHB-treated sheep, 11 and 44 genes were differentially expressed (adj. P < 0.05) within the pituitary and hypothalamus, respectively. Functional enrichment analyses revealed BHB altered expression of genes in pathways related to stimulus perception, inflammation, and cell cycle control. The set of genes altered by BHB creates a foundation from which to identify the signaling pathways that impact reproduction during metabolic imbalances.
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Fletcher, IC. "Controlled Breeding in the Asiatic Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 41, no. 1 (1988): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9880147.
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Recent developments in exogenous hormone therapy to control and facilitate breeding in domestic buffalo cows (B. bubalis) are reviewed. Oestrus in domestic animals was synchronized satisfactorily during the normal breeding season by both of the standard treatments with prostaglandins or progestagens initially developed for use in Bos taurus cattle. Anoestrous cyclic cows treated with prostaglandin showed synchronized oestrus and conception rates similar to those recorded in normal cyclic animals, though the responses may have depended to some extent on increased intensity of observation of oestrus. Seasonally acyclic animals treated with progestagens and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin also showed synchronized oestrus and conception rates equivalent to those recorded in cyclic animals, but these observations did not include prepubertal heifers or cows in the early stages of post-partum anoestrus. Controlled breeding did not overcome a general problem of low conception rates at spontaneous oestrus. Further investigations of controlled breeding should incorporate other management strategies, such as better feeding and reduced heat stress, which are known also to improve buffalo reproduction.
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Hansen, Peter J. "Genetic variation in resistance of the preimplantation bovine embryo to heat shock." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14311.
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Reproduction is among the physiological functions in mammals most susceptible to disruption by hyperthermia. Many of the effects of heat stress on function of the oocyte and embryo involve direct effects of elevated temperature (i.e. heat shock) on cellular function. Mammals limit the effects of heat shock by tightly regulating body temperature. This ability is genetically controlled: lines of domestic animals have been developed with superior ability to regulate body temperature during heat stress. Through experimentation in cattle, it is also evident that there is genetic variation in the resistance of cells to the deleterious effects of elevated temperature. Several breeds that were developed in hot climates, including Bos indicus (Brahman, Gir, Nelore and Sahiwal) and Bos taurus (Romosinuano and Senepol) are more resistant to the effects of elevated temperature on cellular function than breeds that evolved in cooler climates (Angus, Holstein and Jersey). Genetic differences are expressed in the preimplantation embryo by Day 4–5 of development (after embryonic genome activation). It is not clear whether genetic differences are expressed in cells in which transcription is repressed (oocytes >100 µm in diameter or embryos at stages before embryonic genome activation). The molecular basis for cellular thermotolerance has also not been established, although there is some suggestion for involvement of heat shock protein 90 and the insulin-like growth factor 1 system. Given the availability of genomic tools for genetic selection, identification of genes controlling cellular resistance to elevated temperature could be followed by progress in selection for those genes within the populations in which they exist. It could also be possible to introduce genes from thermotolerant breeds into thermally sensitive breeds. The ability to edit the genome makes it possible to design new genes that confer protection of cells from stresses like heat shock.