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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Rodrigues, Adnan Darin Pereira 1987. "Desempenho reprodutivo em novilhas Bos indicus e Bos taurus X Bos indicus submetidas a protocolos de sincronização da ovulação." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148021.

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Orientador: José Luiz Moraes Vasconcelos
Resumo: O objetivo dessa tese foi avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas Bos indicus (BI) e Bos taurus x Bos indicus (CR) submetidas a protocolos de sincronização da ovulação. No Capitulo 2, novilhas BI e CR púberes e pré-púberes foram submetidas a estratégia reprodutiva proposta por Rodrigues et al. (2014) e um grupo de novilhas púberes foram sincronizadas com o protocolo de IATF padrão. No Capítulo 3, novilhas BI e CR foram submetidas a estratégia reprodutiva aos 12 meses de idade. No Capítulo 4, foi avaliado o efeito da concentração circulante de P4 no Dia 9 do protocolo de IATF e tratamento com eCG em novilhas BI e CR. No experimento do Capítulo 2 uma maior porcentagem de novilhas BI estavam pré-púberes no início do experimento comparadas as novilhas do grupo CR. A taxa de indução não foi diferente entre novilhas BI e novilhas CR. A raça interferiu na prenhez à IATF na Fazenda 1, mas não interferiu na Fazenda 2. Novilhas que não responderam ao protocolo de indução tiveram menor taxa de prenhez à IATF em relação aos demais grupos experimentais. No experimento do Capítulo 3, a presença de CL no D0 não diferiu entre os grupos genéticos. Animais mais pesados apresentaram maior presença de CL, independentemente de raça. Houve efeito de CL no D0 na taxa de prenhez à IATF. Não foi detectada interação entre presença de CL e raça na prenhez, sendo que novilhas BI tiveram menor P/IA do que as novilhas CR. Houve interação entre peso e CL no D0 na P/IA, sendo que em novilhas com CL no... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Not available
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2

Gladney, Cody Jack. "Evaluation of udder and teat characteristics, calf growth, and reproduction in young Bos indicus-Bos taurus cows." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85988.

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Sire and family effects were evaluated for calf growth, udder and teat conformation, and reproduction traits in 2- to 4- yr-old cows from the McGregor Genomics Project. Cows were produced by embryo transfer (ET) and natural service (NS) from the same 4 F1 Nellore-Angus sires, and were analyzed separately. Sire of cow was significant for calf birth weight (P = 0.014) among ET cows, but not NS cows. Among NS families, calves from cows out of Brahman-Hereford dams were 2.0 kg heavier (P = 0.064) at birth than calves from cows out of Brahman-Angus dams. Sire of cow accounted for variation in weaning weight (P = 0.006) and preweaning ADG (P = 0.005) of calves from ET dams, but not NS dams. Family nested within sire also accounted for variation (P = 0.061) in weaning weights of calves from ET dams. Sire of cow was significant for average teat length in ET (P < 0.001) and NS (P = 0.013) cows. Sire of cow was significant for average teat diameter (P = 0.022) among NS cows. Sire of cow also affected udder support score (P = 0.002), cow disposition at calf birth (P = 0.002), and cow weight at weaning (P = 0.045) in ET cows. Family and cow age also accounted for variation in cow disposition at calf birth (P = 0.015, P = 0.041, respectively) and cow weight at weaning (P = 0.001, P < .001, respectively) among ET cows. Calf year of birth also affected (P < .001) cow weight at weaning among ET cows. For NS dams, calf year of birth (P = 0.012), cow age (P < .001), and parity nested within cow age (P = 0.005) affected cow weight at weaning. Although reproduction data were not formally analyzed, there appear to be substantial differences for calving rate and average calving date among these cow families. Data from this project will be used for identification of genetic markers for these cow productivity traits.
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3

Verdurico, Lenita Camargo. "Efeito da suplementação prolongada de ácidos graxos insaturados na alimentação de novilhas Bos taurus sobre a qualidade oocitária e embrionária e perfil metabólico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-14092015-095229/.

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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes fontes de ácidos graxos essenciais, ômega 3 e ômega 6, e o tempo de suplementação sobre a qualidade oocitária e embrionária em novilhas Bos taurus. Foram selecionadas 24 novilhas da raça Holandesa, divididas em três grupos experimentais os quais receberam as seguintes dietas: 1) Controle (CT) composto por dieta basal de aproximadamente 2,5% de extrato etéreo; 2) Grão de Soja (GS) composto por uma dieta com aproximadamente 4,5% de extrato etéreo, obtido com a inclusão de 11,5% de grão de soja cru e integral na matéria seca (MS) da dieta, sendo fonte de ômega 6; 3) Semente de Linhaça (SL), composto por uma dieta com aproximadamente 4,5% de extrato etéreo, baseada na inclusão de 6,0% de semente de linhaça na MS da dieta, sendo fonte de ômega 3. Os animais foram arraçoados em grupos, de acordo com o consumo de matéria seca do dia anterior de forma a ser mantido porcentual de sobras diárias, entre 5 e 10% do consumo. Foi avaliada, por ultrassonografia, a atividade ovariana de todos os animais durante todo período de coleta. Foram realizadas aspirações foliculares precedidas de sincronização da emergência de onda de crescimento folicular em seis períodos, -30, 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias, os oócitos recuperados foram classificados de acordo com sua morfologia. Foram considerados como viáveis e, consequentemente aproveitados para FIV somente os oócitos classificados como graus I, II e III, os demais foram descartados. Os animais foram pesados para mensuração de ganho médio de peso diário, e amostras de fluido folicular do folículo dominante e sangue foram coletadas concomitante às aspirações foliculares a fim de se avaliar os parâmetros metabólicos como glicose, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol VLDL, colesterol LDL, triglicerídeos e ureia, Houve efeito de tempo para o número de oócitos classificados em Grau I, número e taxa de embriões. Na avaliação dos contrastes ortogonais, foi observado efeito para o contraste 1 (CT vs GS+SL) quando se analisou a taxa de embriões viáveis, onde a dieta CT apresentou menor desempenho. Não foi observado efeito significativo dos tratamentos para ganho de peso diário e peso corporal das novilhas, onde o ganho de peso médio diário (GPD) entre os tratamentos foi de 1072 gramas para os animais do grupo controle, 972 gramas para o grupo tratado com grão de soja e 840 gramas para suplementação com semente de linhaça. Houve efeito de tempo para a pesagem dos animais alimentados com as dietas experimentais, em que foi observado um aumento significativo de peso dos animais. Para o ganho de peso diário (GPD) foi observado efeito para o contraste 1, em que os animais tratados com a dieta controle apresentaram maiores ganho de peso que os animais alimentados com dietas suplementadas com lipídeos. As duas fontes lipídicas avaliadas não diferiram entre si. Houve efeito de tempo para todas as variáveis do perfil metabólico sanguíneo analisadas ao longo de todo período experimental. Foi observado efeito de interação entre tempo e dieta para a variável glicose. Na análise dos contrastes foi observado efeito para o C1 (controle vs grão de soja + semente de linhaça) onde os animais que consumiram dieta controle apresentaram em média 152,29 mg/dL de glicose em relação aos que consumiram dietas suplementadas com fontes de ácidos graxos (GS e SL) (141,74 + 144,78) respectivamente. Houve efeito estatístico para interação entre tempo e dieta para os níveis de ureia. Na análise do fluído folicular foi observado interação entre tempo e dieta para as variáveis colesterol total e ureia. Foram observados efeitos significativos de dieta, interação tempo dieta e contraste 1 (CT vs GS + SL) quando se analisou a quantidade de triglicerídeos no fluído folicular. Portanto a suplementação prolongada com fontes de ácidos graxos insaturados na alimentação de novilhas não apresenta melhorias consideráveis na qualidade oocitária e embrionária dos animais, aumentando apenas a taxa de embriões viáveis, mas com prejuízos sobre o perfil metabólico e ganho médio de peso vivo.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different sources of essential fatty acids, omega 3 and omega 6, and the time of supplementation on oocyte and embryo quality in Holstein heifers. Will be selected 30 heifers Bos taurus, evenly divided into three groups which will receive the following diets: 1) Control (CT) basal diet composed of approximately 2,5% ethereal stratum; 2) Soya Bean (GS) consists of a diet with approximately 4,5% of ethereal layer based on inclusion of 12% of raw soybean and complete the concentrate, a source of omega 6; 3) Flax Seed (SL) composed of a diet with approximately 4,5% ethereal stratum based on inclusion of 6,0% of flaxseed in the concentrate, a source of omega 3. The animals are hand fed into groups according to the dry matter intake inside the day in order to be kept remains percentage of the diets on a daily basis between 5 and 10%. Will be evaluated by ultrasound ovarian activity of all animals throughout the collection period. Be preceded by follicular aspiration performed synchronization emergency follicular wave into six periods, - 30, 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days, the oocytes retrieved will be ranked according to their morphology, by measuring the amount of layers and compacting cumulus cells and homogeneity of the ooplasm. Are considered viable and therefore only the recovered oocytes for IVF classified as grade I, II and III, the other is discarded. Follicular fluid samples of the dominant follicle and the concomitant blood will be collected follicular aspiration in order to evaluate the metabolic and hormonal parameters such as glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea. As expected outcome of the present study suggest that supplementation with fat has beneficial effects on follicle, the oocyte quality, the quality of in vitro embryo production and metabolic and hormonal profile of dairy heifers. There was a time effect on the number of oocytes classified as Class I, number and rate of embryos. In assessing orthogonal contrasts, effect was observed for the first contrast (CT vs GS + SL) when analyzing the rate of viable embryos, where the CT diet showed lower performance. There was no significant treatment effect on daily weight gain and body weight of heifers, where the average daily gain weight (GPD) between treatments was 1072 grams for the control group, 972 grams for the group treated with grain of soybeans and 840 grams for supplementation with flaxseed. There was a time effect for weighing animals fed experimental diets, it was observed a significant increase in initial weight to the final weight of the treated animals. In assessing orthogonal contrasts, effect was observed for the first contrast (CT vs GS + SL) for the GPD (daily weight gain) in the animals treated with the control diet showed higher values for average found weight gain, compared to diets with added lipid. However, when we analyzed the contrast 2 (GS vs SL) was not observed statistical effect of the tested variables. There was a time effects for all variables examined the metabolic profile of blood throughout the experimental period. There was a significant interaction effect between time and diet to the variable glucose. In the analysis of contrasts effect was observed for C1 (control versus soybean grain, flaxseed) where the animals fed the control diet had an average of 152.29 mg / dL glucose compared to those fed diets supplemented with acid sources fatty (GS and SL) (141.74 + 144.78) respectively. There was no effect for interaction between time and diet for urea. In the analysis of follicular fluid was observed interaction between time and diet for the variables Total cholesterol and urea. Diet Significant effects were observed, time and diet interaction Contrast 1 (CT vs. GS + SL) where it is examined the amount of triglycerides in the follicular fluid. Therefore prolonged supplementation sources of unsaturated fatty acids in the diet of heifers not considerably improvements in oocyte and embryo quality animal, only increasing the rate of viable embryos, but with losses on the metabolic profile and average live weight gain.
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4

Ticianelli, Janahi Sousa [UNESP]. "Uso de microarray para determinação da expressão gênica diferencial em oócitos Bos Taurus Indicus e Bos Taurus Taurus submetidos ao estresse térmico." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123297.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Divergências genéticas de termotolerância foram demonstradas entre animais Bos taurus taurus (Holandesa) e Bos taurus indicus (Nelore). O efeito deletério do estresse térmico sobre o potencial de desenvolvimento do oócito é maior para Bos taurus taurus em comparação aos oócitos Bos taurus indicus. Portanto, o presente estudo determinou o perfil do transcriptoma em oócitos das raças Nelore e Holandesa submetidos ao estresse térmico durante a maturação in vitro (MIV), bem como a abundância de RNAm de genes candidatos em oócitos e células do cumulus submetidos aos mesmos tratamentos. Vacas não lactantes das raças Holandesa e Nelore foram submetidas à aspiração folicular guiada por ultra-som durante a estação fria. Os complexos cumulus-oócitos (CCOs) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos nos tratamentos controle (38,5 °C por 22 horas) e estresse térmico (41 °C por 12 horas, seguido de 38,5 °C por 10 horas) durante a MIV. Oócitos desnudados foram submetidos à análise de microarray bovino (Affymetrix). Genes com fold change de pelo menos 1,5 e P<0,05 foram considerados diferencialmente expressos. A análise de microarray demonstrou 127, 9 e 6 genes diferencialmente expressos entre Raça, Temperatura e interação Raça x Temperatura, respectivamente. Os genes diferencialmente expressos foram avaliados por RT-PCR em oócitos e nas suas respectivas células de cumulus. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o fold change do microarray e do RT-PCR dos oócitos para os genes KIF3A, CLDN11, BIRC3, DAP, MT1E, CCT4, DICER1 e DENND3. Em particular, o gene membro da família cinesina 3A (KIF3A) foi induzido em oócitos de Holandesa, enquanto que os genes da proteína associada à morte (DAP) e de tráfego intracelular de membrana domínio DENN/MADD 3 (DENND3) foram reprimidos em oócitos de Holandesa quando comparados a Nelore. A abundância relativa do RNAm da molécula antioxidante metalotioneína 1E ...
Genetic divergences in thermotolerance have been demonstrated between Bos taurus taurus (Holstein) and Bos taurus indicus (Nelore) animals. The deleterious effect of heat stress on oocyte developmental potential is greater for Bos taurus taurus as compared to Bos taurus indicus oocytes. Therefore, the present study determined transcriptome profile in Nelore and Holstein oocytes subjected heat shock during in vitro maturation (IVM) as well as mRNA abundance of selected candidate genes in Nelore and Holstein heat-shocked oocytes and cumulus cells. Non-lactating Holstein and Nelore cows were subjected to ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration during the cool season. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were randomly assigned to control (38.5°C for 22 hours) and heat shock (41°C for 12 hours followed by 38.5°C for 10 hours) treatments during IVM. Denuded oocytes were subjected to Affymetrix bovine microarray. Genes with fold change of at least 1.5 and P< 0.05 were considered differently expressed. Microarray analyses demonstrated 127, 9 and 6 genes differentially expressed between Breed, Temperature and Breed x Temperature interaction, respectively. Selected differentially expressed genes were evaluated by RTPCR in oocytes and respective cumulus cells. There was a positive correlation between oocyte microarray and RT-PCR fold change for the genes KIF3A, CLDN11, BIRC3, DAP, MT1E, CCT4, DICER1 and DENND3. In particular, the member of the kinesin family 3A (KIF3A) gene was up-regulated in Holstein oocytes, while the deathassociated protein (DAP) and the protein trafficking gene DENN/MADD domain containing 3 (DENND3) were down-regulated in Holstein oocytes as compared to Nelore. The mRNA relative abundance of the antioxidant molecule metallothionein 1E (MT1E) was higher in Holstein cumulus cells, whereas, claudin 11 (CLDN11) that participates in cellular tight junctions, was higher in Nelore. Moreover, heat shock down regulated MT1E mRNA abundance ...
FAPESP: 2007/53323-0
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5

Ticianelli, Janahi Sousa. "Uso de microarray para determinação da expressão gênica diferencial em oócitos Bos Taurus Indicus e Bos Taurus Taurus submetidos ao estresse térmico /." Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123297.

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Orientador: Fabíola de Paula Lopes
Banca: Gisele Ziccal Mingoti
Banca: José Antônio Visintin
Banca: Marcelo Fábio Gouveia Nogueira
Banca: Fernanda da Cruz Landim
Resumo: Divergências genéticas de termotolerância foram demonstradas entre animais Bos taurus taurus (Holandesa) e Bos taurus indicus (Nelore). O efeito deletério do estresse térmico sobre o potencial de desenvolvimento do oócito é maior para Bos taurus taurus em comparação aos oócitos Bos taurus indicus. Portanto, o presente estudo determinou o perfil do transcriptoma em oócitos das raças Nelore e Holandesa submetidos ao estresse térmico durante a maturação in vitro (MIV), bem como a abundância de RNAm de genes candidatos em oócitos e células do cumulus submetidos aos mesmos tratamentos. Vacas não lactantes das raças Holandesa e Nelore foram submetidas à aspiração folicular guiada por ultra-som durante a estação fria. Os complexos cumulus-oócitos (CCOs) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos nos tratamentos controle (38,5 °C por 22 horas) e estresse térmico (41 °C por 12 horas, seguido de 38,5 °C por 10 horas) durante a MIV. Oócitos desnudados foram submetidos à análise de microarray bovino (Affymetrix). Genes com fold change de pelo menos 1,5 e P<0,05 foram considerados diferencialmente expressos. A análise de microarray demonstrou 127, 9 e 6 genes diferencialmente expressos entre Raça, Temperatura e interação Raça x Temperatura, respectivamente. Os genes diferencialmente expressos foram avaliados por RT-PCR em oócitos e nas suas respectivas células de cumulus. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o fold change do microarray e do RT-PCR dos oócitos para os genes KIF3A, CLDN11, BIRC3, DAP, MT1E, CCT4, DICER1 e DENND3. Em particular, o gene membro da família cinesina 3A (KIF3A) foi induzido em oócitos de Holandesa, enquanto que os genes da proteína associada à morte (DAP) e de tráfego intracelular de membrana domínio DENN/MADD 3 (DENND3) foram reprimidos em oócitos de Holandesa quando comparados a Nelore. A abundância relativa do RNAm da molécula antioxidante metalotioneína 1E ...
Abstract: Genetic divergences in thermotolerance have been demonstrated between Bos taurus taurus (Holstein) and Bos taurus indicus (Nelore) animals. The deleterious effect of heat stress on oocyte developmental potential is greater for Bos taurus taurus as compared to Bos taurus indicus oocytes. Therefore, the present study determined transcriptome profile in Nelore and Holstein oocytes subjected heat shock during in vitro maturation (IVM) as well as mRNA abundance of selected candidate genes in Nelore and Holstein heat-shocked oocytes and cumulus cells. Non-lactating Holstein and Nelore cows were subjected to ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration during the cool season. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were randomly assigned to control (38.5°C for 22 hours) and heat shock (41°C for 12 hours followed by 38.5°C for 10 hours) treatments during IVM. Denuded oocytes were subjected to Affymetrix bovine microarray. Genes with fold change of at least 1.5 and P< 0.05 were considered differently expressed. Microarray analyses demonstrated 127, 9 and 6 genes differentially expressed between Breed, Temperature and Breed x Temperature interaction, respectively. Selected differentially expressed genes were evaluated by RTPCR in oocytes and respective cumulus cells. There was a positive correlation between oocyte microarray and RT-PCR fold change for the genes KIF3A, CLDN11, BIRC3, DAP, MT1E, CCT4, DICER1 and DENND3. In particular, the member of the kinesin family 3A (KIF3A) gene was up-regulated in Holstein oocytes, while the deathassociated protein (DAP) and the protein trafficking gene DENN/MADD domain containing 3 (DENND3) were down-regulated in Holstein oocytes as compared to Nelore. The mRNA relative abundance of the antioxidant molecule metallothionein 1E (MT1E) was higher in Holstein cumulus cells, whereas, claudin 11 (CLDN11) that participates in cellular tight junctions, was higher in Nelore. Moreover, heat shock down regulated MT1E mRNA abundance ...
Doutor
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6

Risolia, Pedro Henrique Bugallo [UNESP]. "O efeito do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina-I em oócitos de vacas Bos indicus e Bos taurus expostas ao estresse térmico un vitro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108541.

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As alterações no microambiente do trato reprodutivo comprometem a competência oocitária e o desenvolvimento embrionário pré-implantacional em bovinos. Vacas Bos indicus apresentam adaptações fenotípicas e genotípicas conferindo maior resistência e tolerância à temperatura elevada quando comparadas as vacas Bos taurus, que sofrem redução nos índices de prenhez durante os meses quentes do ano. Esta infertilidade causada pelo estresse térmico é um problema de ordem multifatorial, entretanto já foi demonstrado que o oócito e embrião são extremamente susceptíveis aos efeitos deletérios da temperatura elevada. Os danos celulares desencadeados pela temperatura elevada podem ser manipulados pelo fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina-I (IGF-I), que além de minimizar a morte celular espontânea, resgata células que já iniciaram apoptose induzida por diferentes agentes ou estresses. A primeira etapa deste projeto visou avaliar o efeito dose resposta do IGF-I durante a maturação in vitro (MIV) em meio quimicamente não definido (pré-experimento 1: meio MIV - 10% de soro fetal bovino) e semidefinido (pré-experimento 2: meio MIV - 6 mg/mL de albumina sérica bovina) na competência de desenvolvimento de oócitos bovinos. Para tanto, complexos cumulus-oócito (CCOs) de vacas (mestiças Bos indicus) oriundas de abatedouro foram maturados in vitro em meio MIV não definido ou semidefinido suplementado com 0 (controle veículo), 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50; 100 ou 200 ng/mL de IGF-I por 22-24 h. Em seguida os oócitos foram fecundados (FIV) e cultivados in vitro (CIV). A adição de 25 ng/mL de IGF-I no meio MIV semidefinido ou não definido aumentou a porcentagem de oócitos clivados no dia 3 e a taxa de blastocisto no dia 8 após a fecundação. Dessa forma, a dose de 25 ng/mL de IGF-I foi utilizada na segunda etapa deste projeto, cujo objetivo foi avaliar o papel do IGF-I na competência de desenvolvimento de ...
Microenvironmental alterations on reproductive tract compromise oocyte competence and pre-implicational embryo development in bovine. This fact is well characterized in animals exposed to heat stress. Bos indicus have fenotypic and genotypic adaptations which confers a higher tolerance to high temperatures compared with Bos taurus, suffering a reduction in the pregnancy rates during the hot months. This infertility caused by heat stress is a multifactorial problem, however it has been shown that oocyte and embryo are very susceptible to deleterious effects of high temperature. The cellular damage induced by high temperature could be manipulated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which besides minimizing the spontaneous cell death, IGF-I rescue cells which have already initiated the apoptosis induced by different agents or stresses. The first step of this project aimed to evaluate dose-response effect of IGF-I during the maturation in vitro (MIV) in a non-defined medium (pre-experiment 1: MIV - 10% of bovine fetal serum) and semi-defined (preexperiment 2: MIV - 6 mg/mL of bovine albumin serum) in competence of bovine oocytes. Therefore, cumulus-oocyte complexes (CCOs) obtained of cows (Bos indicus crossbreed) from a slaughterhouse were matured in vitro in non-defined and semidefined MIV medium supplemented with 0 (vehicle control), 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50; 100 or 200 ng/mL of IGF-I for 22-24 h. After, oocytes were fertilized (FIV) and cultured in vitro (CIV). The adition of 25 ng/ml of IGF-I on non-defined and semi-defined MIV medium increased porcentage of cleavage on day 3 and blastocysts rate in day 8 after fertilization. In this way, 25 ng/ml IGF-I was used on second step of this experiment, which objective was to evaluate the role of IGF-I on oocyte competence of oocytes collected from Bos indicus – Nelore (NEL; n= 6) and Bos taurus-Holstein (HPB; n= 6) exposed to heat stress. Therefore, cows adapted ...
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7

Risolia, Pedro Henrique Bugallo. "O efeito do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina-I em oócitos de vacas Bos indicus e Bos taurus expostas ao estresse térmico un vitro /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108541.

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Orientador: Fabíola Freitas de Paula Lopes
Banca: José Antônio Visintin
Banca: Marcelo Fábio Gouvia Nogueira
Resumo: As alterações no microambiente do trato reprodutivo comprometem a competência oocitária e o desenvolvimento embrionário pré-implantacional em bovinos. Vacas Bos indicus apresentam adaptações fenotípicas e genotípicas conferindo maior resistência e tolerância à temperatura elevada quando comparadas as vacas Bos taurus, que sofrem redução nos índices de prenhez durante os meses quentes do ano. Esta infertilidade causada pelo estresse térmico é um problema de ordem multifatorial, entretanto já foi demonstrado que o oócito e embrião são extremamente susceptíveis aos efeitos deletérios da temperatura elevada. Os danos celulares desencadeados pela temperatura elevada podem ser manipulados pelo fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina-I (IGF-I), que além de minimizar a morte celular espontânea, resgata células que já iniciaram apoptose induzida por diferentes agentes ou estresses. A primeira etapa deste projeto visou avaliar o efeito dose resposta do IGF-I durante a maturação in vitro (MIV) em meio quimicamente não definido (pré-experimento 1: meio MIV - 10% de soro fetal bovino) e semidefinido (pré-experimento 2: meio MIV - 6 mg/mL de albumina sérica bovina) na competência de desenvolvimento de oócitos bovinos. Para tanto, complexos cumulus-oócito (CCOs) de vacas (mestiças Bos indicus) oriundas de abatedouro foram maturados in vitro em meio MIV não definido ou semidefinido suplementado com 0 (controle veículo), 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50; 100 ou 200 ng/mL de IGF-I por 22-24 h. Em seguida os oócitos foram fecundados (FIV) e cultivados in vitro (CIV). A adição de 25 ng/mL de IGF-I no meio MIV semidefinido ou não definido aumentou a porcentagem de oócitos clivados no dia 3 e a taxa de blastocisto no dia 8 após a fecundação. Dessa forma, a dose de 25 ng/mL de IGF-I foi utilizada na segunda etapa deste projeto, cujo objetivo foi avaliar o papel do IGF-I na competência de desenvolvimento de ...
Abstract: Microenvironmental alterations on reproductive tract compromise oocyte competence and pre-implicational embryo development in bovine. This fact is well characterized in animals exposed to heat stress. Bos indicus have fenotypic and genotypic adaptations which confers a higher tolerance to high temperatures compared with Bos taurus, suffering a reduction in the pregnancy rates during the hot months. This infertility caused by heat stress is a multifactorial problem, however it has been shown that oocyte and embryo are very susceptible to deleterious effects of high temperature. The cellular damage induced by high temperature could be manipulated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which besides minimizing the spontaneous cell death, IGF-I rescue cells which have already initiated the apoptosis induced by different agents or stresses. The first step of this project aimed to evaluate dose-response effect of IGF-I during the maturation in vitro (MIV) in a non-defined medium (pre-experiment 1: MIV - 10% of bovine fetal serum) and semi-defined (preexperiment 2: MIV - 6 mg/mL of bovine albumin serum) in competence of bovine oocytes. Therefore, cumulus-oocyte complexes (CCOs) obtained of cows (Bos indicus crossbreed) from a slaughterhouse were matured in vitro in non-defined and semidefined MIV medium supplemented with 0 (vehicle control), 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50; 100 or 200 ng/mL of IGF-I for 22-24 h. After, oocytes were fertilized (FIV) and cultured in vitro (CIV). The adition of 25 ng/ml of IGF-I on non-defined and semi-defined MIV medium increased porcentage of cleavage on day 3 and blastocysts rate in day 8 after fertilization. In this way, 25 ng/ml IGF-I was used on second step of this experiment, which objective was to evaluate the role of IGF-I on oocyte competence of oocytes collected from Bos indicus - Nelore (NEL; n= 6) and Bos taurus-Holstein (HPB; n= 6) exposed to heat stress. Therefore, cows adapted ...
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8

Loureiro, Paulo Eduardo Fonseca. "Efeito do fotoperíodo na detecção do estro em fêmeas bovinas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) e cruzadas Red Angus x Nelore e Limousin x Nelore (Bos taurus taurus x Bos taurus indicus) manejadas em diferentes regiões do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-18102006-153309/.

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A técnica de Inseminação Artificial (IA) está em franco crescimento em rebanhos de bovinos de corte em todas as regiões do Brasil e é a mais utilizada para obter indivíduos cruzados (Bos t. taurus x Bos t. indicus) pela facilidade de implantação nos grandes rebanhos de fêmeas em idade reprodutiva, aliada ao problema da baixa produção de touros taurinos adaptados ao nosso clima. Um dos grandes entraves para o sucesso em um programa de inseminação é a eficiência na detecção do estro. As dificuldades encontradas em outros países têm sido dirimidas através do estudo comportamental das matrizes. A pecuária de corte está espalhada por todo o território brasileiro, mas possui maiores concentrações nas regiões Sudeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte, com importantes diferenças climáticas, como a variação na duração dos dias (fotoperíodo), a sazonalidade pluviométrica, e a própria temperatura do ar, que podem alterar o comportamento sexual das matrizes. Neste sentido o presente trabalho utilizou a monitoração dos períodos de observação de estro em quatro fazendas localizadas no Norte e no Centro Oeste do Brasil, que fazem o uso da técnica da inseminação artificial, para compreender o efeito do fotoperíodo sobre o estro. Foram detectadas 4202 ocorrências de estro em 3358 fêmeas Nelore, 662 fêmeas cruzadas Limousin x Nelore, e 182 fêmeas cruzadas Red Angus x Nelore, submetidas ao mesmo manejo de detecção. A duração média do dia foi de 730,3, 750,8, 771,0 e 795,6 minutos, respectivamente nas fazendas 1 (Pará), 2 (Tocantins), 3 (Goiás) e 4 (Mato Grosso do Sul). Quanto maior a duração do dia mais estros foram detectados pela manhã. Houve diferenças entre as categorias de fêmeas quanto à ocorrência de estro, ficando concentradas as ocorrências de estro das novilhas no período matinal em todas as fazendas e em todos os grupos genéticos. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos genéticos dentro das categorias. As vacas solteiras comportaram-se de forma similar as novilhas não havendo diferenças estatísticas na detecção do estro. As vacas paridas tenderam de forma geral a manifestar estro no período da tarde.
The artificial insemination (IA) technique is growing in beef cattle herds from all regions of Brazil, especially to obtain Bos t. taurus x Bos t. indicus crossbreds in large herds were the European bulls are not adapted. One of the difficulties of the IA program is the low efficiency of heat detection. In other countries this was avoided through studies of the sexual behavior of the cows. Brazilian beef cattle herds are distributed in all over the territory, but are concentrated mainly in the Southeast, Middle West and North regions, with large climatic differences and day duration (photoperiod), rain seasonality and temperatures that alter the sexual behavior of the cows and heifers. In this way this study used the heat observation in four farms in the North and Middle West regions to study the photoperiod effect on heat detection. A total of 4202 heats were detected in 3358 Nellore, 662 crossbred Limousin x Nellore and 182 crossbred Red Angus x Nellore females, managed under the same detection procedure. The mean daylight duration was 730,3, 750,8, 771,0 and 795,6 minutes, respectively in the farm 1 (Para State), 2 (Tocantins State), 3 (Goias State) and 4 (Mato Grosso do Sul State). As the daylight increased more estrus were detected in the morning. There were differences in cattle categories in estrus detection, with the heifer’s heat detected in the morning in all farms and in all genetic groups. There was no significant difference between genetic groups inside categories. Cows without calves behaved in a similar way to the heifers and showed no significant difference in heat detection. Cows with calves had a tendency to show estrus in the afternoon.
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9

Silva, João Carlos Cardoso da [UNESP]. "Fatores que influenciam a produção de embriões de vacas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) superovuladas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98210.

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Fatores como idade, dose e tipo de hormônio utilizado na superovulação, início do tratamento de superovulação, uso de progestágeno, estação do ano, propriedade e superovulação repetida foram relacionados com a produção de embriões de vacas Nelore. Os dados analisados envolveram 884 tentativas de superovulação em 318 doadoras com idade entre dois e 21 anos, manejadas em seis propriedades localizadas no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o GLM do SAS. Dos fatores analisados, somente a idade das doadoras e a propriedade afetaram a produção e a qualidade dos embriões. Vacas senis (>14 anos) produziram, em média, 5,0 l 0,2 e 3,0 l 0,1 embriões (total e viáveis, respectivamente) a menos que vacas jovens (p<0,001), enquanto que um manejo diferenciado aumentou em aproximadamente 2,0 l 0,4 o número de embriões viáveis. O tipo de hormônio (Plusetä, Super-Ovä, Ovagenä, FSH-Pä) ou dosagem (50, 75 ou 100%) utilizada na superovulação não influenciou a produção de embriões (p>0,05). Não houve diferença da resposta quando o tratamento de superovulação foi iniciado entre os dias 8 a 12 do ciclo (p>0,05). A superovulação associada a um implante com progestágenos, iniciado a qualquer momento do ciclo, foi tão eficiente (p>0,05) quanto o tratamento convencional iniciado no meio do ciclo. Finalmente, constatou-se que a superovulação repetida por 6 ou mais vez não afetou a produção ou qualidade dos embriões. Concluiu-se que o manejo e, a idade da doadora são fatores que devem ser considerados ao implementar um programa de transferência de embriões na raça Nelore, por limitar a produção de embriões nessa sub-espécie.
Factors such as age, dose and kind of superovulatory hormone, starting point of the superovulatory treatment, use of progestagens, season, property and repetition of superovulatory treatments were related to embryo production in Nelore cows. Analysed data comprised 884 superovulation attempts on 318 donor cows, with their ages ranging between two and 21 years, managed by six different property owners, in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Data were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS. Among all the studied factors, only the age of donor cows and the property affected embryo production and quality. Older cows (>14 years old) produced a mean of five and three embryos (total and viable, respectively) less than younger ones (p < 0,001), and a better management (property) was responsible for a mean of two more viable embryos. The kind of superovulatory hormone (PlusetTM, Super-OvTM, OvagenTM, FSH-PTM) and its dose (50, 75 or 100%), did not affect embryo production (p > 0,05). Superovulatory response wasnþt different when treatments started on day 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 of the cycle (p > 0,05), nor when it began with a progestagen implant at any moment of the cycle, as compared to conventional treatments, beginning at the middle of the cycle (p > 0,05). Finally, it was stated that repetition of six or more superovulatory treatments, didn't affect embryo production or quality. It is concluded that management, and specially age of the donors are factors to be taken into account when an embryo transfer program is to be performed in Nelore females, because they affect superovulatory performance in this breed of cows.
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10

Silva, João Carlos Cardoso da. "Fatores que influenciam a produção de embriões de vacas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) superovuladas /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98210.

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Orientador: Rafael Herrera Alvarez
Banca: Cesar Roberto Esper
Banca: Pietro Sampaio Baruselli
Resumo: Fatores como idade, dose e tipo de hormônio utilizado na superovulação, início do tratamento de superovulação, uso de progestágeno, estação do ano, propriedade e superovulação repetida foram relacionados com a produção de embriões de vacas Nelore. Os dados analisados envolveram 884 tentativas de superovulação em 318 doadoras com idade entre dois e 21 anos, manejadas em seis propriedades localizadas no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o GLM do SAS. Dos fatores analisados, somente a idade das doadoras e a propriedade afetaram a produção e a qualidade dos embriões. Vacas senis (>14 anos) produziram, em média, 5,0 l 0,2 e 3,0 l 0,1 embriões (total e viáveis, respectivamente) a menos que vacas jovens (p<0,001), enquanto que um manejo diferenciado aumentou em aproximadamente 2,0 l 0,4 o número de embriões viáveis. O tipo de hormônio (Plusetä, Super-Ovä, Ovagenä, FSH-Pä) ou dosagem (50, 75 ou 100%) utilizada na superovulação não influenciou a produção de embriões (p>0,05). Não houve diferença da resposta quando o tratamento de superovulação foi iniciado entre os dias 8 a 12 do ciclo (p>0,05). A superovulação associada a um implante com progestágenos, iniciado a qualquer momento do ciclo, foi tão eficiente (p>0,05) quanto o tratamento convencional iniciado no meio do ciclo. Finalmente, constatou-se que a superovulação repetida por 6 ou mais vez não afetou a produção ou qualidade dos embriões. Concluiu-se que o manejo e, a idade da doadora são fatores que devem ser considerados ao implementar um programa de transferência de embriões na raça Nelore, por limitar a produção de embriões nessa sub-espécie.
Abstract: Factors such as age, dose and kind of superovulatory hormone, starting point of the superovulatory treatment, use of progestagens, season, property and repetition of superovulatory treatments were related to embryo production in Nelore cows. Analysed data comprised 884 superovulation attempts on 318 donor cows, with their ages ranging between two and 21 years, managed by six different property owners, in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Data were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS. Among all the studied factors, only the age of donor cows and the property affected embryo production and quality. Older cows (>14 years old) produced a mean of five and three embryos (total and viable, respectively) less than younger ones (p < 0,001), and a better management (property) was responsible for a mean of two more viable embryos. The kind of superovulatory hormone (PlusetTM, Super-OvTM, OvagenTM, FSH-PTM) and its dose (50, 75 or 100%), did not affect embryo production (p > 0,05). Superovulatory response wasnþt different when treatments started on day 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 of the cycle (p > 0,05), nor when it began with a progestagen implant at any moment of the cycle, as compared to conventional treatments, beginning at the middle of the cycle (p > 0,05). Finally, it was stated that repetition of six or more superovulatory treatments, didn't affect embryo production or quality. It is concluded that management, and specially age of the donors are factors to be taken into account when an embryo transfer program is to be performed in Nelore females, because they affect superovulatory performance in this breed of cows.
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11

Lopes, Flávio Guiselli. "Avaliação andrológica por pontos e comportamento sexual de touros da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2004. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5001.

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The objective of the present work was to study the relationship between two methods of evaluation (CAP Andrologic Evaluation by Points and Sexual Behavior) of Nelore bulls (Bos taurus indicus), and verify the accuracy of the tests to predict the reproductive potential of the bulls, by the gestation rate at the end of the breeding season of ninety days. Fourteen Nelore bulls were used, all classified like ables to reproduction, evaluated by an andrologic examination and submited to an andrologic classification by points (CAP) and observation of the sexual behavior at field (test of libido) by consecutives 12 hours. Of these, eleven bulls were evaluated in individual handling, with an average proportion bull:cow of 1:46 and the rest of the animals (three) were evaluated in a multiple handling, with an average proportion bull:cow of 1:23. The CAP had an average pontuation of 78.92 ± 8.92 (very good) and score of 9.85 ± 0.36 (excellent) for the libido. The greater the time of the test, the highest the libido scores were, but when the bulls were observed for the first hour as questionable, at the end of the test (12 hours) they showed excellent libido. The correlations among libido, scrotal perimeter (PE), physics and morphological characteristics of semen and the gestation rate were low and no significatives (P>0,05). The correlations among CAP, scrotal perimeter (PE) and physics characteristics of semen were positive and significative (P<0,05), but, for the morphologic characteristics, were not (P>0,05). The correlation between CAP and gestation rate was negative and significative (P<0,05). The correlation between libido and the CAP was not significative (P>0,05). The general gestation rate after a period of breeding season was of 74.69 %. During the libido test, the average frequency of the physiological events related to the sexual behavior was practically uniform among all the bulls, which showed higher incidence of smelling and licking of the vulva, Flehmen reflex (RF) and mount relflex (RM). When the behavior classification frequency were compared between the morning and afternoon period of observations, there was a difference between the behaviors classification like identification, precopulatories and others, except for copulation behavior. Showing that the identification behavior was higher in the morning time (from 6:00 to 12:00 h), while the pre-copulatories behaviors and others behaviors were more frequent in the afternoon time (12:00 to 18:00 h). These results indicate that CAP or libido test are independent evaluations and must be used like a complement of the andrologic examination.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a relação entre dois métodos de avaliação (CAP Classificação Andrológica por Pontos e Comportamento Sexual) de touros da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus), e verificar a acurácia dos testes em predizer o potencial reprodutivo dos touros, por meio da taxa de gestação ao final da estação de monta de 90 dias em média. Foram utilizados 14 touros da raça Nelore, todos classificados como aptos à reprodução, avaliados por exame andrológico, e submetidos a classificação andrológica por pontos (CAP) e observação do comportamento sexual a campo (teste da libido), por 12 horas consecutivas. Desses, 11 touros foram avaliados em manejo individual, com proporção média touro:vaca de 1:46, e o restante (três animais) foram avaliados em manejo múltiplo, com proporção média touro:vaca de 1:23. O CAP teve pontuação média de 78,92 ± 8,92 (muito bom) e escore de 9,85 ± 0,36 (excelente) para a libido. Quanto maior o tempo de teste, maiores foram os escores da libido, sendo que na primeira hora de observação os touros foram classificados como questionáveis e ao no final do teste (12 horas) como de libido excelente. As correlações entre a libido com o perímetro escrotal (PE), as características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen e a taxa de gestação foram baixas e não significativas (P>0,05). As correlações entre o CAP e o PE e as características físicas do sêmen foram positivas e significativas (P<0,05), enquanto para as características morfológicas não foi observado correlação significativa (P>0,05). Já, a correlação entre o CAP e a taxa de gestação foi negativa e significativa (P<0,05). A correlação entre a libido e o CAP não foi significativa (P>0,05). A taxa geral de gestação alcançada após período de estação de monta foi de 74,69 %. Durante os testes da libido, a freqüência média dos eventos fisiológicos relacionados ao comportamento sexual foi praticamente uniforme entre todos os touros, apresentando maior incidência na realização dos eventos de cheirada e lambida de vulva (CV); reflexo de Flehmen (RF) e reflexo de monta (RM). Quando comparado a freqüência das classes de comportamentos entre dois períodos de observação (manhã e tarde), verificou-se diferença para as classes de comportamentos de identificação, pré-copulatórios e outros, exceto para a classe de comportamento de cópula. Demonstrando, assim, que a classe de comportamentos de identificação apresentou maior ocorrência no período da manhã (6:00 às 12:00 h), enquanto as classes de comportamentos pré-copulatórios e outros comportamentos foram mais freqüentes no período da tarde (12:00 às 18:00 h). Esses resultados indicam que tanto o CAP como o teste da libido são avaliações independentes e devem ser utilizadas de forma complementar ao exame andrológico.
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12

Magalhães, Juliane Diniz. "Efeito da leptina e da nutrição sobre o perfil de expressão de genes hipotalâmicos em novilhas zebuínas (Bos taurus indicus) no início da puberdade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-09022011-154133/.

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Investigou-se o efeito da leptina exógena e do maior consumo de energia, sobre o padrão da expressão de genes no hipotálamo de novilhas zebuínas; de modo a elucidar o mecanismo de sinalização da leptina no hipotálamo e os genes responsáveis pela obtenção da puberdade. Trinta e seis novilhas não púberes, e com idade entre 18 e 20 meses, foram divididas em três grupos experimentais: baixa energia (BAIXA), alta energia (ALTA), baixa energia com administração de leptina recombinante ovina (BAIXA+LEP), totalizando 56 dias de tratamento. Vinte e quatro novilhas foram abatidas ao apresentar sinais de puberdade, sendo eles: concentração de progesterona no soro superior a 1 ng/mL por duas amostras seguidas e presença de corpo lúteo detectável por ultra-sonografia. O hipotálamo foi colhido e armazenado a -80ºC. As amostras foram submetidas à extração do RNA total, tratadas com DNAse I e submetidas à síntese de cDNA. A quantificação relativa de quatro genes candidatos reconhecidamente envolvidos com a sinalização hipotalâmica da leptina em bovinos: NPY, NPY-Y1, NPY-Y4 e SOCS-3, foi feita através de PCR quantitativo (tempo real). Não houve efeito da administração de leptina sobre a expressão do NPY (P=0,70), ou de seus receptores: NPY-Y1 (P=0,27) e NPY-Y4 (P=0,92) no início da puberdade. A expressão de SOCS-3 foi reduzida (P=0,05) no hipotálamo de novilhas tratadas com leptina, o que sugere menor ação inibitória sobre a leptina. Em novilhas alimentadas com dieta de alta energia, a expressão do NPY-Y1 foi reduzida (P=0,04), o que indica que o hipotálamo estaria menos sensível à ação do NPY, permitindo a entrada precoce em puberdade. Nos demais genes estudados, NPY (P=0,75), NPY-Y4 (P=0,92) e SOCS-3 (P=0,24), a dieta não alterou significativamente suas expressões hipotalâmicas. Estudo mais abrangente do efeito da nutrição e da administração de leptina foi realizado através de hibridização em microarranjos de DNA, objetivando a identificação de possíveis genes candidatos, expressos no hipotálamo, que influenciam na obtenção da puberdade em novilhas Nelore tratadas com leptina ou submetidas à dieta de alta energia. Foram encontrados 78 genes cuja expressão foi alterada pela densidade energética da dieta (P=0,05) no hipotálamo das novilhas Nelore, destes foram selecionados os que apresentaram razões de expressão da ordem de 1,4 ou mais, totalizando 20 genes. Entre esses se destaca o gene da β-arrestina 1 (ARRB1), que foi 1,40 vezes mais expresso (P=0,04) em novilhas submetidas à dieta de alta energia, pois atua na mediação da dessensibilização dos receptores acoplados à proteína-G-(GPCRs)1, como os receptores de NPY. Foram encontrados 134 genes diferencialmente expressos (P=0,05) devido a aplicação de leptina. Dentre os 80 genes que apresentaram razões superiores a 1,4, 18 genes tiveram a expressão reduzida, e 62 tiveram a expressão aumentada pela aplicação de leptina. Destes, alguns estão envolvidos na regulação da sinalização da leptina. O gene SRC foi menos expresso (1,64 vezes; P=0,04) em novilhas tratadas com leptina, o que sugere menor ação inibitória pela SHP-2. A proteína SOCS-2 foi 1,43 vezes (P=0,01) mais expressa no hipotálamo de novilhas tratadas com leptina. Sabe-se que, ao contrário de SOCS-1 e SOCS-3, CIS e SOCS-2 não se ligam, ou inibem, as janus kinases. O STAT-3 foi 2,14 vezes (P=0,03) mais expresso em novilhas tratadas com leptina, e sua ativação possibilita a ligação hipotalâmica da leptina com seu receptor (Ob-Rb). As IGFPB-1 e -2 foram mais expressas no hipotálamo de novilhas tratadas com leptina que em novilhas não tratadas, sendo IGFPB-1 1,78 vezes (P=0,04) mais expressa e IGFPB-2 1,89 vezes (P=0,05). As IGFPBs podem desempenhar função de potencialização da ação do IGF-1, ou exercer ação inibitória. Conclui-se que tanto o consumo de energia quanto a aplicação com leptina influenciaram o padrão de expressão gênica no hipotálamo de novilhas Nelore. A modulação da quantidade do receptor do NPY, NPY-Y1, no hipotálamo pode ser uma via importante pela qual a nutrição afeta o início da puberdade em novilhas. E ainda que estudos mais aprofundados de expressão dos genes encontrados nas hibridizações por microarranjo poderão revelar interações mais concisas entre os genes, a nutrição e a leptina na obtenção da puberdade.
It was investigated the effect of exogenous leptin and the high energy intake on gene expression pattern in the hypothalamus of zebuine heifers; in a way to elucidate the mechanism of leptin signaling in hypothalamus and the responsible genes for puberty. Thirty six heifers not in puberty at 18 and 20 months of age were divided in three experimental groups: low energy diet (LOW), high energy diet (HIGH), low energy diet with administration of recombinant ovine leptin (LOW+LEP), totalizing 56 days of treatment. Twenty four heifers were slaughtered when presented the signals of puberty: progesterone serum concentration above 1 ng/mL for two followed weeks and the presence of detectable corpus luteum by ultrasonography. The hypothalamus was collected and stored at -80ºC. Samples were submitted to total RNA extraction, treated with DNAse I and submitted to cDNA synthesis. The relative quantification of four candidate genes admittedly involved with hypothalamic leptin signaling in bovine: NPY, NPY-Y1, NPY-Y4 and SOCS-3, was evaluated through quantitative PCR (real time). There was no effect of leptin administration on NPY expression (P=0.70), or on its receptors: NPY-Y1 (P=0.27) and NPY-Y4 (P=0.92) in the onset of puberty. The expression of SOCS-3 was reduced (P=0.05) in the hypothalamus of heifers treated with leptin, what suggests lower inhibitory action over leptin. In heifers fed high energy diets, the expression of NPY-Y1 was reduced (P=0.04), which indicates that the hypothalamus would be less sensitive to the action of NPY, allowing the precocious onset of puberty. In other studied genes, NPY (P=0.75), NPY-Y4 (P=0.92) and SOCS-3 (P=0.24), the diet did not significantly altered their hypothalamic expressions. A more comprehensive study regarding the effect of nutrition and leptin administration was performed through the hybridization in DNA microarrangements, aiming the identification of possible candidate genes, expressed in hypothalamus that influence in the onset of puberty in Nelore heifers treated with leptin or submitted to high energy diets. It was found 78 genes whose expression was altered by the energy density of the diet (P<0.05) in the hypothalamus of Nelore heifers. From them, it was selected those genes which presented rates of expression in the order of 1.4 or more, totalizing 20 genes. From them, the highlight gene was β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1) which was 1.40 more expressed (P=0.04) in heifers fed high energy diet due to its action in the mediation of receptors desensibilization coupled to protein-G-(GPCRs)1, as the receptors of NPY. It was found 134 genes differently expressed (P<0.05) due to leptin administration. From the 80 genes that presented rates of expression higher than 1.4, 18 genes had their expression reduced and 62 had their expression increased by leptin administration. Some of these 62 genes are involved in the regulation of leptin signaling. The gene SRC was the less expressed (1.64 times; P=0.04) in heifers treated with leptin what suggests lower inhibitory action by SHP-2. The protein SOCS-2 was 1.43 times (P=0.01) more expressed in the hypothalamus of heifers treated with leptin. It is known that on the contrary of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3, CIS and SOCS-2 do not bind or inhibit, as janus kinases. The STAT-3 was 2.14 times (P=0.03) more expressed in heifers treated with leptin and its activation enables the hypothalamic binding of leptin and its receptor (Ob-Rb). The IGFPB-1 and -2 were more expressed in the hypothalamus of heifers treated with leptin than the animals not treated, being the IGFPB-1 1.78 times (P=0.04) more expressed and the IGFPB-2 1.89 times (P=0.05). The IGFPBs could play a function of IGF-1 action enhancer or exert an inhibitory action. It is concluded that both energy intake and leptin administration influenced gene expression pattern in the hypothalamus of Nelore heifers. The modulation of the receptor quantity of NPY, NPY-Y1 in hypothalamus could be an important route in which nutrition affects the onset of puberty in heifers. Moreover, more detailed studies regarding gene expression in hybridization by microarrangement could reveal more concise interactions between genes, nutrition and leptin in the onset of puberty.
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13

Nogueira, Ériklis. "Efeitos da suplementação energética e lipídica no perfil metabólico, desenvolvimento folicular e produção in vitro de embrióes em novilhas da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105939.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da suplementação energética e com diferentes fontes de gordura na produção de embriões FIV e no perfil metabólico em novilhas nelore. Foram realizados dois experimentos, no primeiro, vinte novilhas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) com idade média de 30 meses, com peso médio de 417,0 ± 42,4 kg foram distribuidas aleatoriamente em 3 tratamentos: T1 (n= 7), animais receberam 100% das exigências de manutença de energia, calculados conforme NRC (1997), T2 onde os animais receberam 170% das exigências de manutenção de energia (1,7 X M), e T3, onde os animais receberam 170 % das exigências de manutenção de energia com adição de 200 g de gordura protegida-AGCL (Megalac®). No segundo experimento 12 novilhas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) com idade variando de 14 a 18 meses, com peso médio inicial de 309,6 kg, foram distribuidas em 4 tratamentos, de acordo com peso e população folicular avaliada por ultrasonografia: T1, animais receberam 100% dos requerimentos de mantença de energia, calculados conforme NRC (1997), T2- animais receberam 170% das exigências de mantença de energia, T3- idem ao T2, com adição de 4% de óleo de soja na MS, e T4- idem ao T2, com adição de 200 g de AGCL (Megalac ®). O período de adaptação foi quinze dias, onde os animais receberam feno de capim Brachiaria e ração concentrada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Two experiments were carried to evaluate the effect of the energy and fat in the metabolic profile, follicular dynamic, oocyte and in vitro embryo production in Nelore heifers (Bos taurus indicus). In the first, twenty Nelore heifers with 30 months old, and average weight 417,0 ± 42,4 were allocated in 3 treatments, in accordance with weight and follicular population evaluated by ultrasound: T1, animals received 100% of energy maintenance, calculated as NRC (1997), T2- animals received 170% of energy maintenance; T3: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 200 g Megalac ®. In the second experiment, 12 Nelore heifers with 14-18 months and 309,6 kg average weight, were allocated in 3 treatments, in tree periods: T1, animals received 100% of energy maintenance, calculated as NRC (1997), T2- animals received 170% of energy maintenance; T3: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 4% soybean oil in Dry Matter and T4: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 200 g Megalac ®. After adaptation period, the treatment initiated, animals had synchronized ovulation, blood samples were collected, and follicular aspiration was carried to evaluate the oocytes and in vitro embryo production. Follicular development was monitored daily by ultrasonography until day post heat. The consumption of MS and the weight gain were lower in group T1 (P< 0.05), in relation to the others treatments. The FSH, LH, and albumin concentrations were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. The cholesterol concentrations were higher in the T3 and T4 groups (P< 0.05) only in the second experiment... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Orientadora: Gisele Zoccal Mingoti
Coorientador: Roberto Sartori Filho
Banca: Ciro Moraes Barros
Banca: César Roberto Esper
Banca: Paulo Henrique Franceschini
Doutor
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14

Nogueira, Ériklis [UNESP]. "Efeitos da suplementação energética e lipídica no perfil metabólico, desenvolvimento folicular e produção in vitro de embrióes em novilhas da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105939.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da suplementação energética e com diferentes fontes de gordura na produção de embriões FIV e no perfil metabólico em novilhas nelore. Foram realizados dois experimentos, no primeiro, vinte novilhas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) com idade média de 30 meses, com peso médio de 417,0 ± 42,4 kg foram distribuidas aleatoriamente em 3 tratamentos: T1 (n= 7), animais receberam 100% das exigências de manutença de energia, calculados conforme NRC (1997), T2 onde os animais receberam 170% das exigências de manutenção de energia (1,7 X M), e T3, onde os animais receberam 170 % das exigências de manutenção de energia com adição de 200 g de gordura protegida-AGCL (Megalac®). No segundo experimento 12 novilhas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) com idade variando de 14 a 18 meses, com peso médio inicial de 309,6 kg, foram distribuidas em 4 tratamentos, de acordo com peso e população folicular avaliada por ultrasonografia: T1, animais receberam 100% dos requerimentos de mantença de energia, calculados conforme NRC (1997), T2- animais receberam 170% das exigências de mantença de energia, T3- idem ao T2, com adição de 4% de óleo de soja na MS, e T4- idem ao T2, com adição de 200 g de AGCL (Megalac ®). O período de adaptação foi quinze dias, onde os animais receberam feno de capim Brachiaria e ração concentrada...
Two experiments were carried to evaluate the effect of the energy and fat in the metabolic profile, follicular dynamic, oocyte and in vitro embryo production in Nelore heifers (Bos taurus indicus). In the first, twenty Nelore heifers with 30 months old, and average weight 417,0 ± 42,4 were allocated in 3 treatments, in accordance with weight and follicular population evaluated by ultrasound: T1, animals received 100% of energy maintenance, calculated as NRC (1997), T2- animals received 170% of energy maintenance; T3: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 200 g Megalac ®. In the second experiment, 12 Nelore heifers with 14-18 months and 309,6 kg average weight, were allocated in 3 treatments, in tree periods: T1, animals received 100% of energy maintenance, calculated as NRC (1997), T2- animals received 170% of energy maintenance; T3: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 4% soybean oil in Dry Matter and T4: animals received 170% of energy maintenance with addition of 200 g Megalac ®. After adaptation period, the treatment initiated, animals had synchronized ovulation, blood samples were collected, and follicular aspiration was carried to evaluate the oocytes and in vitro embryo production. Follicular development was monitored daily by ultrasonography until day post heat. The consumption of MS and the weight gain were lower in group T1 (P< 0.05), in relation to the others treatments. The FSH, LH, and albumin concentrations were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. The cholesterol concentrations were higher in the T3 and T4 groups (P< 0.05) only in the second experiment... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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15

Neufeld, Arce Rodney Oliver. "Evaluation of heterosis and heterosis retention in Bos taurus-Bos indicus crossbred cattle for reproductive and maternal traits in cows." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4894.

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Reproductive, maternal and weight traits were analyzed for Angus (A), Brahman (B), Hereford (H), and Nellore (N) straightbred cows; F1 NA; 3/8N 5/8A cows; and four breed composite cows (BANH) at the McGregor Research Station in Central Texas. Heterosis was estimated for calf crop born (CCB) (n = 1,698), calf crop weaned (CCW) (n = 1,698), calf survival (CS) (n = 1,388), birth weight (BW) (n = 1380), weaning weight (WW) (n = 1,198), and cow weight at palpation (PWT) (n = 1,929) by linear contrasts for cow breed and cow breed group. F1 NA and the quarter breed composite BANH dam group expressed significant (P < 0.0001) heterosis for calf crop born and calf crop weaned. The 3/8 N 5/8 Aa produced by matings of 3/4 A 1/4 N bulls to NA dams expressed significantly more heterosis for CCB (P < 0.0001) and CCW (P < 0.01), while the 3/8 N 5/8 Ac dams expressed less heterosis than predicted from the dominance model for both traits. For CS the 3/8 N 5/8 Aa expressed the same amount of heterosis as predicted from the dominance model of 0.05, while the 3/8 N 5/8 Ab and 3/8 N 5/8 Ac dams expressed less heterosis than predictions based on the dominance model. Heterosis estimates were only significantly higher (P < 0.10) for BANHb dams than expectations from the dominance model. For BW all the BANH cows expressed significant heterosis except for the BANH2 cows which expressed significant (P < 0.05) negative heterosis of -0.96 kg. Calves out of F1 NA cows were heaviest at weaning with 239 kg. All BANH cows expressed significant (P < 0.0001) heterosis for weaning weight except for the BANHc cows. These heterosis estimates were higher than those expected from the dominance model for BANHb and BANH2 cows, while the heterosis estimate was slightly lower in BANHa cows and similar for BANHc cows. All 3/8 N 5/8 A cows expressed less heterosis for WW than prediction from the dominance model. Nellore cows were the heaviest at four years of age with 542 kg. Only the BANHb and BANHc cows expressed significant (P < 0.05) heterosis for PWT. None of the 3/8 N 5/8 A cows expressed heterosis for cow weight at palpation. Results from this study showed that heterosis levels expressed by the different crossbred cow types were generally equal or higher to those predicted by the dominance model.
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Austin, Bradley Ryan. "Strategies for enhanced growth and reproductive performance of yearling Bos taurus and Bos indicus x Bos taurus beef heifers." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024929.

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Bolaños, Moya Jorge Mario. "Post-partum reproductive performance of Zebu (Bos indicus) cows in the humid tropics /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1997. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1997/91-576-5406-9.gif.

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18

Gaamour, Adel. "La sardinelle ronde (Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847) dans les eaux tunisiennes : reproduction, croissance et pêche dans la région du Cap Bon." Brest, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BRES2005.

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La sardinelle ronde ou allache (sardinella aurita valenciennes, 1847) est l'un des clupeidae les plus represente dans les produits de la peche en tunisie. Les connaissances acquises sur sa reproduction, sa croissance et sa peche etaient peu nombreuses (aussi bien en tunisie qu'ailleurs en mediterranee). La reproduction et la croissance de l'espece ont ete suivies a partir d'individus captures dans la region du cap bon (nord-est de la tunisie). Son exploitation, le long des cotes tunisiennes, a ete decrite a l'aide de 17 annees de statistiques des captures et d'effort de la peche commerciale. Par des etudes complementaires du rapport gonado-somatique, de l'evolution de la frequence des stades macroscopiques de maturite sexuelle, de la cinetique de l'ovogenese et de la distribution de la frequence des diametres ovocytaires il est montre que : - les femelles atteignent leur premiere maturite sexuelle a 135 mm de longueur a la fourche et les males a 125 mm ; - la periode d'emission des produits genitaux chez les males et les femelles s'etale de juillet a septembre. Independamment du sexe et de la taille les individus sont decales dans leurs maturation et emission ; - s. Aurita est une espece a pontes seriees : au cours d'un cycle sexuel chaque femelle pond quatre lots d'ovocytes. La fecondite partielle (par serie de pontes) a ete etablie et correlee a la longueur a la fourche et aux poids. La determination du nombre de series de pontes (quatre) a permis d'etablir la fecondite annuelle de l'espece. Par analyse quantitative et qualitative des zones de croissance de l'os operculaire, il est montre que s. Aurita a un cycle de croissance bisannuel, que sa croissance est tres rapide au cours des six premiers mois de sa vie et que les femelles grandissent plus vite que les males. Les parametres biologiques de s aurita de la region du cap bon en font une espece a strategie r. Les types et les zones de peche de s. Aurita et des principales especes de petits pelagiques sont definis. L'analyse spatio-temporelle des captures et des prises par unite d'effort de s. Aurita prouve que son abondance est variable suivant les zones et les saisons. Ceci temoigne qu'elle effectue des deplacements le long des cotes. Dans le secteur d'action de la masse d'eaux atlantiques s. Aurita est de plus en plus abondante, en revanche elle se rarefie dans le sud du pays (golfe de gabes).
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Dion, Pierre-Paul. "Caractérisation des conditons de culture propices à l'ail des bois en système agroforestier." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25770.

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L’ail des bois (Allium tricoccum) est une éphémère printanière prisée par les consommateurs. La récolte abusive a mené à la disparition de plusieurs populations au Québec. La culture sous couvert forestier pourrait permettre une exploitation durable de cette espèce vulnérable. Nos travaux ont montré que la plantation sous une voûte forestière à fermeture tardive favorise la croissance de l’ail des bois, qui retarde alors sa sénescence et s’acclimate à une plus grande disponibilité de lumière. Une faible densité de plantation favorise la croissance et la reproduction individuelle, mais se traduit par un rendement plus faible par surface cultivée. La récolte d’une partie des bulbes en populations naturelles denses stimule légèrement la croissance post-récolte. La récolte des feuilles n’a pas d’impact sur la survie, mais l’effectuer tardivement et ne récolter qu’une feuille sur deux favorisent la régénération des plants. Ces résultats permettront d’améliorer le rendement de cultures d’ail des bois.
Wild leek (Allium tricoccum) is a forest spring ephemeral popular amongst consumers. Overharvesting caused a major decline of its natural populations in southern Quebec, Canada. Forest farming could provide a mean of sustainable exploitation of this vulnerable species. According to our experiments, planting under late bud-bursting tree species improves growth of wild leek, which delays its senescence and can acclimate to the higher light availability. A lower planting density improves individual growth and reproduction, but lowers the yield per cultivated area. Partial harvest of the bulbs in dense populations slightly improves post-harvest growth. Harvesting leaves does not affect survival, but delaying it in the season and harvesting only one leaf out of two favors regeneration. These results will allow optimizing yield in wild leek cultures.
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Truman, Carissa Marie. "AUTOMATED BODY CONDITION SCORING: PROGRESSION ACROSS LACTATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE AND REPRODUCTION IN DAIRY CATTLE." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/96.

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Body condition scoring is a technique used to noninvasively assess fat reserves. It provides an objective estimate to describe the current and past nutritional status of the dairy cow and has been associated with increased disease risk and breeding success. Traditionally body condition scores are taken manually by visual appraisal on a 1 to 5 scale, in one-quarter increments. However, recent studies have shown the potential of automating the body condition scoring of cows using images. The first objective was to estimate the likelihood of disease development and breeding success, using odds ratios, associated with body condition score scored automatically at various points in lactation. The second objective of our research was to use a commercially available automated body condition scoring camera system to monitor body condition across the lactation period to evaluate differences between stratified parameters and to develop an equation to predict the dynamics of the body condition score. We found that poor body condition score at different times during the transition period are associated with increased disease occurrence and lower reproductive success. Automated body condition scoring (ABCS) curve during lactation was influenced by many factors, such as parity, ABCS at time of calving, disease occurrence, and milk production.
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Bailey-Jourdain, Catherine. "Male age effects, cytoplasmic incompatibility and the localization of Wolbachia in Chelymorpha alternans Boh (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100760.

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Wolbachia are bacteria that infect and induce reproductive alterations in a large number of arthropods. The present study was undertaken to improve our understanding of the effects that Wolbachia have on the reproductive biology of the leaf beetle Chelymorpha alternans Boh, in Panama. Two strains of Wolbachia occur in C. alternans, both of which induce some degree of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), a reproductive problem occurring when individuals bearing different infection status are mated together resulting in lowered levels of egg fertility. I attempted to localize where Wolbachia occurs in highest density in male reproductive tissues and to see if variation in Wolbachia density was associated with levels of CI in crossing experiments involving males (1) differing in age, (2) carrying different strains and (3) belonging to different populations previously known to vary in their levels of CI. Wolbachia were found to occur only in the somatic cells surrounding the testis, rather than in the germ cells, and yet were capable of inducing strong CI. Male age, infection status and provenance all were factors affecting the level of CI induced.
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Ndombi, Boundzanga Bertrand Dimitri. "Rapports de qualification en milieux ouvriers : du primat des qualifications attribuées au contrôle des rapports salariaux dans les usines gabonaises du bois." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN21013/document.

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Cette thèse se propose d'analyser les rapports de qualification en milieux ouvriers, notamment au sein des usines gabonaises de transformation du bois. Elle tente de saisir la dynamique des qualifications au regard des processus qui conduisent à leur production et des dispositifs qui sous-tendent leur reconnaissance. Elle interroge les discours et les pratiques autour des régimes de production et de reconnaissance des qualités productives en articulation avec les trajectoires professionnelles. En privilégiant une approche sociétale tenant compte de l'histoire structurelle de l'industrie nationale du bois, l'analyse des processus de production des qualifications ouvrières interroge la place du système scolaire et/ou universitaire, des entreprises et des organisations professionnelles. Les tentatives de professionnalisation des activités industrielles du bois au Gabon depuis les années 50 n'ont pas abouti à la formation de catégories professionnelles qualifiées au sens académique du terme par le diplôme ou tout autre titre. La permanence de ces décalages entre les formations scolaires existantes et les emplois en présence est associée à une longue pratique de production, de reproduction ou de transfert des savoir-faire techniques par l'expérience du travail. Les ouvriers développent ainsi des savoir-faire et des compétences plus ou moins professionnels au gré des trajectoires allant des parcours scolaires généraux ou techniques-professionnels aux expériences d'emplois variées. Les qualités productives construites par la force du travail apparaissent donc comme un caractère dominant des rapports de qualification dans ce secteur industriel. Se pose de fait le problème de leur codification et de leur reconnaissance socioprofessionnelle. De quels dispositifs, de quels espaces et de quelles marges disposent les acteurs alors que les accords, les conventions de travail, bien que « négociés », se révèlent inopérants ? L'intérêt de cette thèse réside moins dans la proposition d'une définition singulière de la notion de qualification que dans la compréhension de ce qui se joue au sein des rapports de qualification dans ces milieux ouvriers. L'étude cherche ainsi à saisir les rapports de qualification sous le prisme des formes et des enjeux de la production, de la reconnaissance, du déni ou du contrôle des rapports salariaux au regard de la structure des trajectoires professionnelles. Elle s'appuie sur la sociologie du travail et emprunte aussi bien à l'histoire, à l'anthropologie, à l'économie qu'au droit du travail
This thesis offers an analysis of the relations of the qualification in workers' environment, more particularly in the Gabonese wood transformation factories. This work attempts to understand the dynamics of the qualifications through the processes leading to their production and the system that underpins their recognition. It will examine the discourses and practices concerning the regimes of production and recognition of productive qualities in articulation with occupational trajectories. This issue will be focused on a societal approach in consideration with the structural history of the national timber industry. The analysis of the production process of workers' qualification will question the role of the educational system (respectively school and university), the firms and occupational organisations. Since the 1950's, the professionalization of the activities in the wood industry in Gabon has failed to create qualified occupational categories in the academic sense of the word, either through the diploma or any other certification. The continuous gap between existing educational trainings and the jobs offered is associated with a long experience of production, reproduction or transfer of technical know-how acquired by the on-the-job experience. The workers thus develop more or less occupational know-how and competences according to the trajectories, going from general or technical/vocational educational paths to various job experiences. The productive qualities built by the force of the work thus appear as a prevailing reference of the qualification relations in the history of the Gabonese timber industry. As a consequence we may wonder about their codification and their socio-occupational recognition. Which system, which spaces and which margins do the actors of the sector have whereas collective labour agreements, albeit "bargained", turn out to be ineffective? The interest of this study is less centred on a single definition of the notion of qualification than on the understanding of what is going on in the qualification system inside the workers' environment. With this objective in mind, this study will try to shed light on the qualification system under the prism of the forms and stakes of the production, recognition, rejection or control of the wage-earner relationships in the factories with regard to the structure of the occupational trajectories. This work is based on the labour sociology but also history, anthropology, economy and labour law
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23

Amaral, Rodrigo de Souza. "Uso de diferentes matrizes biológicas na dosagem de andrógenos em peixes-bois da Amazônia machos (Trichechus inunguis) mantidos em cativeiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-18062008-143039/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a viabilidade da dosagem de andrógenos em amostras de saliva, secreção lacrimal, urina e fezes de peixe-boi da Amazônia realizando um desafio hormonal. Dois peixes-bois amazônicos adultos machos (A-1 e A-2) foram submetidos a um protocolo de experimentação de doze dias (D-1 a D10). No D0 os animais receberam uma injeção intramuscular de GnRH exógeno. Amostras de saliva, secreção lacrimal, urina e fezes foram coletadas diariamente (entre 08h00 e 09h00) e mantidas a -20°C até o ensaio. As amostras de fezes foram liofilizadas, extraídas com metanol 80% e diluídas em tampão antes do radioimunoensaio (RIE). As amostras de urina sofreram hidrólise ácida e foram diluídas em soro bovino depletado. As amostras de saliva e secreção lacrimal foram dosadas sem etapa de extração, porém, o ensaio foi adaptado para aumentar a sensibilidade do teste. Os ensaios hormonais foram realizados utilizando um conjunto comercial de RIE para testosterona total. Um pico de andrógenos (mediana+2DI) somente foi observado nas amostras de saliva, urina e fezes de ambos os animais. Porém, os picos de andrógenos fecais ocorreram depois (cinco dias) dos picos de andrógenos urinários e salivares. Este intervalo está correlacionado com o longo tempo de passagem da digesta pelo trato gastrointestinal na espécie. Os picos salivares e urinários ocorreram muito próximos, provavelmente com poucas horas de intervalo. Esses resultados demonstram que as concentrações de andrógenos em amostras de saliva, urina ou fezes refletem consistentemente os eventos fisiológicos e são ferramentas de grande utilidade no monitoramento reprodutivo de peixes-bois da Amazônia.
The aim of this study was to verify the viability of androgens measurement in saliva, lacrimal secretion, urine and fecal samples of Amazonian manatee by carrying out hormonal challenge. Two adult male manatees (A-1 and A-2) were submitted to an experimentation protocol of twelve days (D-1 to D10). On D0 the animals received an intramuscular injection of GnRH-analogue. Salivary, lacrimal, urinary and fecal samples were collected daily (between 08h00 and 09h00) and frozen at -20°C until assayed. Fecal samples were lyophilized, extracted with 80% methanol and diluted in buffer before the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Urine samples underwent acid hydrolysis and diluted in depleted bovine serum. Salivary and lacrimal samples were assayed without extraction step, but, the assay was adapted to improve the sensibility. Hormonal assays were carried out with a commercial testosterone RIA kit. An androgen peak (>median+2IQR) was observed only in salivary, urinary and fecal samples of both animals. However, the fecal androgens peaks occurred later than urinary and salivary androgens peaks. These intervals are correlated with the long digesta passage time in this species. The salivary and urinary peaks were very close, probably with few hours of interval. These results show that androgens concentrations in saliva, urine or feces samples reflect reliably physiological events and are powerful tool for reproductive monitoring of Amazonian manatees.
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Grignard, Elise. "Analyse de protéines spermatiques post-testiculaires et developpement d'outils pour le contrôle de la fertilité de différents mammifères ; Equus caballus, Bos taurus, Arvicola terrestris Scherman." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677284.

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Ce travail a consisté en l'étude de protéines de spermatozoïdes de différentes, avec l'objectif de contrôler leur pouvoir fécondant. Dans un premier temps une protéine antioxydante du tractus génital mâle, et acquise au cours de la maturation épididymaire, la glutathion peroxydase 5 (GPX5), a été étudiée dans deux espèces d'intérêt agronomique : l'étalon et le taureau. Les semences de ces animaux sont fréquemment conservées pour des inséminations artificielles. Or lors de la conservation, les spermatozoïdes subissent entre autres un stress oxydant. L'ajout de cette protéine antioxydante dans le milieu de conservation pourrait limiter les dommages subis par les spermatozoïdes. Les séquences spécifiques de cette protéine dans chaque espèce ont été obtenues. Les ARNm ont ensuite été localisés dans les canaux efférents et la tête de l'épididyme équine, ainsi que dans la tête et le corps de l'epididyme bovin. Par ailleurs la protéine bovine a été localisée dans la tête et le corps epididymaire. La seconde partie de ce travail a consisté a analyser les antigènes spermatiques spécifiques d'un rongeur fouisseur , le campagnol terrestre Arvicola terrestris Scherman dans le but de les utiliser pour une immunocontraception de cet animal nuisible. La détermination de protéines spermatiques suscepyibles d'être immunogènes a été entreprise.
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Farias, Maria Valdira de Azevedo. "As territorialidades do "beiral" no contexto da reprodução do espaço em Boa Vista-RR." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2014. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=239.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O recorte desse estudo é o Beiral, área localizada à margem direita do rio Branco, em Boa Vista-RR. A pesquisa foi feita sobre análise geográfica, a partir dos conceitos de espaço, território e territorialidade. Como objetivo geral, buscou-se compreender de que maneira as territorialidades constituem as dinâmicas cotidianas no Beiral e contribuem para a reprodução do espaço urbano em Boa Vista-RR. Quis-se, também, verificar, através de carta imagens de satélites, o perímetro urbano do Beiral. Averiguar, através de aplicação de questionários, a percepção dos moradores sobre o Beiral e suas territorialidades. Identificar as políticas públicas do poder executivo municipal para aquela área, a qual comporta diferentes motivações e valores individuais e coletivos concorrentes na ocupação e utilização do território. Entende-se que buscar a identidade do lugar é procurar compreender o entrelaçar das falas e conceitos que dão uma forma a este espaço. É nessa perspectiva que, por fim, apresentamos, após uma criteriosa análise dos dados obtidos, algumas considerações sobre o processo e as territorialidades de reprodução do Beiral. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, aplicação de questionários, conversas informais com os moradores e observação in loco. O recorte espacial do Beiral assume importância e significados especiais aos indivíduos que lá vivem. É um cenário rico de histórias e geografias, no qual as feições sociais se articulam.
The main theme of this study is the Beiral, an area located on the right bank of the Rio Branco in Boa Vista-RR. The research was done on geographical analysis, the concepts of space, territory and territoriality. As a general goal, we sought to understand how the territoriality is the daily dynamics in "Eaves" and contribute to the reproduction of urban space in Boa Vista-RR. Kish was also verify by letter images from satellites the city limits of Eaves. Ascertain, through questionnaires, the perception of residents about Eaves and its territoriality. Identify the public policy of the municipal executive power to that area, which includes various individual and collective motivations and values competing in the occupation and land use.It is understood that seek the identity of the place is trying to understand the interweaving of words and concepts that give a shape to this space. In this perspective, finally, present, after a careful analysis of the data, some considerations about the process and reproduction of territoriality Beiral. The methodology used was the literature, questionnaires, informal conversations with residents and on-site observation. The spatial area of Eaves assumes importance and special significance to individuals living there. It is a rich scenario histories and geographies in which the social features are articulated.
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Ferrand, Yves. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement du mâle de bécasse des bois "Scolopax rusticola L. " en période de reproduction : méthode de dénombrement." Montpellier 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON30005.

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Cette etude, conduite principalement dans les massifs forestiers de compiegne (oise) et rambouillet (yvelines) de 1980 a 1987, a pour but de degager les elements essentiels de la biologie de la reproduction de la becasse des bois, scolopax rusticola, afin de proposer une methode de denombrement. Cette espece apparait comme un oiseau nicheur assez frequent en france. La saison de reproduction s'y etend de fevrier a aout inclus, avec un maximum de pontes en mars. Une methode de denombrement ne peut etre mise en place qu'en s'appuyant sur les males chanteurs. La reconnaissance individuelle des males par leur chant facilite l'interpretation quantitative des denombrements aux points d'ecoute et montre que le nombre de contacts peut etre utilise comme un indice d'abondance relative. Les mois de mai et de juin sont les plus favorables pour un denombrement : le plus grand nombre d'individus effectuent alors des vols crepusculaires (la croule) de facon reguliere et leur repartition spatio-temporelle a l'echelle d'un massif forestier, qui apparait agregative tout au long de la saison de reproduction, l'est plus particulierement au mois de mai. Les poles d'attraction se situent dans les meilleurs secteurs de nidification. Une methode de denombrement est decrite apres validation des resultats precedents a l'echelle nationale. La base de ce denombrement est constituee d'une seance d'observation unique en mai-juin, a un point d'ecoute fixe choisi de maniere aleatoire. Les resultats sont exprimes en frequence relative. Un test du dispositif a l'echelle regionale est presente
The present study was chiefly conducted in the compiegne (oise) and rambouillet (yvelines) state forests. Its aim was to bring out the main elements of the biology of the woodcock, scolopax rusticola, in order to propose a census method. This species seems to be a rather frequent nesting bird in france. The breeding season lasts from february through august with a peak in egglaying in march. A census method can only be performed if it is based upon the singing males. The individual recognition of males from their songs makes the quantitative interpretation of censuses easier at the listening points and proves that the number of contacts can be used as an index of relative abundance. The months of may and june are the most favourable ones for censusing : the greatest number of individuals are flying in the evening (roding) in a regular manner and their spatial-temporal distribution within a forest which appears to be aggregative all over the breeding season, is still more so in may. The drawing points are always in the areas suitable for breeding. After a validity check of the resulting data at a national level, a census method is described. The basis of this census method is a single session of observation in may-june, at a fixed randomly defined listening point. The results are expressed as a relative frequency of occurence. A test of the census technique at a regional level is presented
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Ayres, Henderson. "Validação do escore de condição corporal e seu impacto na eficiência reprodutiva de vacas Nelore (Bos indicus) inseminadas em tempo fixo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-20022009-094146/.

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A presente dissertação foi dividida em 2 Capítulos. O objetivo do Capítulo 1 foi determinar a relação entre as variáveis: peso vivo (PV), avaliação do escore de condição corporal (ECC) e espessura da gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGPU) mensurada por ultra-sonografia. 266 vacas Nelores foram avaliadas quanto ao ECC, a EGPU e PV, em cinco momentos distintos: M1) no momento da desmame; M2) ao parto, M3) no dia da sincronização; M4) aos 82 dias e M5) aos 112 dias pós-parto. Foi atribuído um ECC para cada vaca na escala 1 a 5 (MACIEL, 2006). Para a obtenção das imagens ultra-sonográficas para mensuração EGPU, foi utilizado um transdutor linear com freqüência de 3,5 MHz. As imagens ultra-sonográficas obtidas foram congeladas e imediatamente analisadas. As relações entre ECC e as mensurações de EGPU foram investigadas utilizando modelos de regressão. Para a análise de semelhança entre os cinco modelos foi utilizado o proc MIXED do SAS. As correlações entre variáveis foram analisadas com o proc CORR do SAS. O ECC foi capaz de predizer a EGPU de vacas Nelores em diferentes momentos do ciclo de criação. Ainda, foi demonstrado que o ECC apresentou alta correlação (r = 0,82 a 0,93) e relação (R2 = 0,73 a 0,92) com a EGPU. Porém, tanto o ECC, quanto a EGPU apresentam baixa correlação e baixíssima relação com o peso. No Capítulo2, o objetivo foi determinar o impacto do ECC, da EGPU, do PV e de suas variações nos 5 momentos descritos acima na eficiência reprodutiva (ER) de vacas Nelore submetidas à IATF e repasse com o touro e determinar o(s) momento(s) de avaliação com maior impacto na ER. Foram utilizados os mesmas animais do Capítulo 1. No dia 0, todos os animais receberam implante auricular de Norgestomet, reutilizado e a aplicação de 2,0 mg de benzoato de estradiol (D42). Oito dias após (D50), os implantes foram retirados e foi administrado 400 UI de eCG e PGF. No dia seguinte (D51), foi administrado 1,0 mg de Benzoato de estradiol. Os animais foram inseminados 56 horas após a retirada do implante (D52). Após 10 dias da inseminação, houve a introdução de touros. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado aos 30 e 60 dias após à IATF. Os animais foram avaliados quanto ao PV, ECC e EGPU com a mesma metodologia do Capítulo 1. A ER foi avaliada pela taxa de concepção à IATF aos 82 e aos 112 dias pós-parto e a taxa de prenhez acumulada até 82 dias pós-parto. Os dados binomiais foram analizados com o proc GLIMMIX do SAS. Os modelos de regressão foram gerados através do Guide Data Analysis do SAS. As correlações entre variáveis foram analisadas com o proc CORR do SAS. Os resultados apontam que vacas com maior ECC, EGPU e ganho destas medidas entre desmame-parto apresentaram melhor ER e a avaliação do peso apresentou baixa correlação com a ER. Porém, a menor perda de ECC e gordura subcutânea entre parto-sincronização não melhorou a ER. Avaliação do ECC e a EGPU no momento do parto demonstraram ter o maior impacto na ER de vacas Nelore submetidas à IATF e repasse com touro. Porém, mais estudos são necessários para confirmar os dados deste estudo.
The present study was divided in two Chapters. The objective of the first Chapter was to determine the relationship among the variables: body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and back fat thickness (BFT), measured by ultrasonography. Two hundred and six Nelore cows had their BW, BCS and BFT evaluated at five different moments: M1) weaning; M2) parturition, M3) synchronization; M4) 82 days post-partum and M5) 112 days post-partum. A BCS value was attributed for each cow following a 1 to 5 points scale (MACIEL, 2006). Ultrasound images for BFT measurement were obtained using a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. Images were immediately analyzed as soon as they were formed and frozen. The relationship between BCS and BFT values was investigated by regression models. The analysis of similarity among the five obtained models was performed using the proc MIXED from SAS and the correlations among variables were analyzed with proc CORR from SAS. The BCS was able to predict BFT in Nelore cows in all different moments evaluated. Also, it was shown that BCS presented high correlation (r = 0.82 to 0.93) and relationship (R2 = 0.73 to 0.92) with BFT. However, both BCS and BFT showed poor correlation and extremely pour relationship with BW. On Chapter 2, the objective of the study was to determine the impact of BCS, BFT and BW, and their variations in that five previously cited moments, on reproductive efficiency (RE) of Nelore cows submitted to FTAI followed by exposition to clean-up bulls. Also, this work aimed to determine the moment(s) of evaluation that presented greater impact on RE. The same animals used on Chapter 1 were used here. All animals received a norgestomet ear implant (previously used for 9 days) associated to 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate (D42). Eight days after (D50), the implants were removed and 400 IU of eCG plus PGF were administered. On the following day (D51), cows received 1.0 mg of estradiol benzoate and all animals were inseminated 56 hours after implant withdrawal (D52). Ten days after insemination females were exposed to clean-up bulls. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 and 60 days post-FTAI. All animals had their BW, BCS and BFT measured using the same methods described on Chapter 1. Reproductive efficiency was evaluated considering pregnancy per AI at 82 and 112 days post-partum and cumulative pregnancy until 82 days post-partum. Binomial data were analyzed using the proc GLIMMIX from SAS, regression models were generated via Guide Data Analysis from SAS, and correlations among variables were analyzed with proc CORR from SAS. The obtained results evidenced that cows with higher BCS and BFT and greater gain of these measures during the interval weaning-partum presented better RE. However, the decreased loss of BCS and BFT between parturition and synchronization did not increase the RE. Also, BW evaluation showed poor correlation with RE. The evaluation of BCS and BFT at partum demonstrated that these parameters had great impact on RE of Nelore cows submitted to FTAI followed exposition to bulls. However, more studies are demanded in order to reaffirm the results obtained in this particular study.
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Kurbjeweit, Frank. "Reproduktion und Lebenszyklen dominanter Copepodenarten aus dem Weddellmeer, Antarktis = Reproduction and life cycles of dominant copepod species from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica /." Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/128903694.pdf.

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29

Vanpé, Cécile. "Tactiques de reproduction et sélection sexuelle chez les ongulés Le cas d'une espèce territoriale avec faible dimorphisme sexuel de taille: le chevreuil européen (Capreolus Capreolus)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259495.

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Le but de cette étude était d'utiliser les techniques moléculaires dans deux populations de chevreuil, pour estimer la variance du succès reproducteur des mâles et identifier les principaux déterminants de cette variance.
Comme attendu du fait de son faible dimorphisme sexuel, la variance dans le succès reproducteur à vie des mâles, et donc l'opportunité pour la sélection sexuelle, sont faibles chez le chevreuil, suggérant un faible degré de polygynie.
Les mâles peuvent se reproduire dès 2 ans, mais avec un succès reproducteur inférieur à celui des mâles plus âgés.
Le succès reproducteur tend aussi à décroître après 8 ans.
La masse corporelle, la taille des bois, et la taille du territoire des mâles, affectent positivement leur succès reproducteur, mais pas la qualité de l'habitat dans leur territoire.
Cette étude apporte de nouveaux éléments sur l'évolution de la territorialité et la sélection sexuelle chez les ongulés sauvages.
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Amaral, Rodrigo de Souza. "Fisiologia reprodutiva do peixe-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inunguis) em cativeiro: ciclicidade ovariana e padrões hormonais em machos e fêmeas em dois trimestres diferentes do ano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-05102012-104124/.

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Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar os níveis hormonais urinários e salivares durante o ciclo estral em peixes-bois da Amazônia, e verificar a existência de variação nos padrões dos hormônios reprodutivos presentes na saliva e na urina durante dois trimestres diferentes do ano. Foram utilizados 7 animais (4 machos e 3 fêmeas) adultos, alojados no LMA/INPA. As coletas ocorreram durante dois anos em dois trimestres diferentes do ano (Trimestre I e Trimestre II), onde, durante 12 semanas de cada trimestre foram colhidas amostras de saliva dos machos e urina e saliva das fêmeas. A testosterona salivar nos machos foi dosada por radioimunoensaio usando conjunto diagnóstico comercial. Os estrógenos, progestinas e LH urinários e progesterona e estradiol salivares nas fêmeas foram dosados por enzimaimunoensaio. O ciclo estral foi estimado em 39,67±1,15 dias e 44±2,00 dias para as matrizes urinária e salivar, respectivamente, com a presença peculiar de dois picos de estrógenos concomitantes com picos de LH urinário antes da elevação das progestinas, característica anteriormente observada somente para elefantes. Nos machos, a testosterona salivar apresentou um pico no final do Trimestre II (35,91±5,64 pg/mL; P<0,05), sugerindo uma antecipação dos machos de T. inunguis à época reprodutiva das fêmeas. Para as fêmeas, os esteroides urinários e salivares e o LH urinário apresentaram valores significativamente maiores na maioria dos meses do Trimestre I quando comparado ao Trimestre II (P<0,05), e as fêmeas, em grande parte, apresentaram padrão hormonal cíclico no Trimestre I e padrão acíclico no Trimestre II, sugerindo, assim, a existência de sazonalidade reprodutiva na espécie mesmo em condições de cativeiro. Desta forma, foi possível concluir que as características peculiares do ciclo estral do peixe-boi da Amazônia podem ter importância biológica na estratégia reprodutiva da espécie, como ocorrem em elefantes; que aparentemente T. inunguis apresenta sazonalidade reprodutiva, e esta seria sincronizada por outro fator ambiental que não a disponibilidade de alimento; e que é possível utilizar tanto a matriz urinária quanto a salivar no monitoramento endócrino-reprodutivo de peixe-boi da Amazônia, sendo ferramentas importantes para estudos da biologia reprodutiva da espécie.
The aims of this study were to define urinary and salivary hormone levels during estrous cycle in Amazonian manatees; and to verify the existence of differences on urinary and salivary reproductive hormones during two different trimesters of the year. Seven adult animals (4 males and 3 females), kept at LMA/INPA were analyzed. Salivary samples from males and urinary and salivary samples from females were collected during 12 weeks in two different trimesters, during two consecutive years. Salivary testosterone from males was measured by radioimmunoassay kit. Urinary estrogens progestins and LH and salivary estradiol and progesterone from females were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The estrous cycle showed duration of 39.67±1.15 days and 44.00±2.00 days for urinary and salivary matrices, respectively, and showed two estrogens peaks accompanied by peaks of urinary LH before the rise of progestins. This hormonal pattern was previously reported only in elephants. The males showed a salivary testosterone peak at the end of Trimester II (35.91±5.64 pg/ml; P<0.05), this fact suggest a male anticipation to the female reproductive season. The females showed high values of urinary and salivary steroids and urinary LH during most of months of the Trimester I when compared with the Trimester II (P<0.05), and the females usually showed hormonal cyclic pattern during Trimester I and acyclic pattern during Trimester II, suggesting the existence of reproductive seasonality even in captive conditions. Therefore, I conclude that the peculiar characteristics of Amazonian manatees estrous cycle may have biological importance for mating strategies, as in elephants; T. inunguis apparently shows reproductive seasonality, and it is not synchronized by food availability; it is possible to use as saliva as urine to monitor the reproductive physiology of Amazonian manatee, being important tools in studies about reproductive biology for this species.
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Delerue, Florian. "Dynamique de population d'une légumineuse du sous-bois de la forêt landaise (Ulex europaeus) dans le cadre de la sylviculture du pin maritime : proposition d'un modèle conceptuel." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873385.

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La fixation symbiotique d'azote par l'ajonc d'Europe (Ulex europaeus) représente une source importante d'azote dans la forêt cultivée de pins maritimes des 'Landes de Gascogne'. Cette thèse a pour objectif la création d'un modèle conceptuel de dynamique de population de l'ajonc dans la région en vue de la prédiction du flux d'azote associé. Pour cela plusieurs étapes du cycle de vie de l'espèce ont été étudiées: la production et la prédation des graines, puis le recrutement de nouveaux individus depuis le stock de graines du sol. Nos résultats suggèrent que le maintien de cette espèce héliophile à l'ombre de la canopée des pins est facilité par la diminution de l'allocation de ressources à la reproduction, lui permettant de maintenir sa croissance, et par la diminution de la prédation des graines. Par ailleurs, le recrutement de nouveaux ajoncs semble influencé par des facteurs écologiques identifiables (e.g. humidité du sol). Mais ces facteurs sont fortement variables dans l'espace et dans le temps, et aucun micro habitat n'apparait comme plus favorable à la régénération de l'espèce. Ces résultats sont intégrés à un modèle conceptuel, représentant les différentes étapes du cycle de vie de l'espèce, et l'impact des opérations sylvicoles sur ces étapes. Les connaissances issues de cette thèse pourraient aussi bénéficier à d'autres problématiques liées à l'espèce (e.g. c'est une espèce invasive dans de nombreuses régions du monde) et à la compréhension de l'écologie de la régénération des espèces ligneuses. En effet, l'allocation des ressources à la reproduction pourrait être plastique et permettre une réponse adaptative à un environnement changeant; et la variabilité spatiotemporelle de la régénération des ligneux pourrait reposer sur l'existence de niches écologiques de régénération définies dans l'espace écologique.
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32

Chevalier, David. "Les chemins de l'insertion : une étude empirique menée dans cinq pays européens pour une meilleure compréhension des processus d'insertion, d'exclusion et de reproduction des inégalités sociales." Nancy 2, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc124/2003NAN21019.pdf.

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Les populations précaires sont soumises à des déterminismes sociaux, Economiques et politiques, et en même temps, elles entrent dans des interactions qui impliquent la mise en place d'un processus d'insertion particulier, que j'appelle des " stratégies participatives d'insertion ". Les " stratégies participatives d'insertion " concilient les approches structurelles (inspirées de Karl Marx et de Pierre Bourdieu) avec les perspectives interactionnistes de Georg Simmel et de Norbert Elias. A partir d'un travail de terrain mené en France, en Allemagne, en Suède, aux Pays-Bas et au Royaume-Uni, la thèse questionne d'une part la définition de l'insertion ainsi que les modalités de participation des acteurs au sein du processus d'insertion et, d'autre part, les conditions qui influent sur la reproduction des inégalités sociales
Deprived populations are submitted to social, economic and political determinisms. At the same time, they interact in a social integration process, called " participative integration strategies ". These " participative integration strategies " combine a structural approach inspired by Karl Marx and Pierre Bourdieu with interactionist perspectives from Georg Simmel and Norbert Elias. Using fieldwork done in France, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United-Kingdom, I am considering the possibility to conceptualise a consensual definition of social integration and to analyse conditions influencing social inequalities reproduction. The paths towards integration : empirical evidence from five European countries for a better understanding of integration, exclusion and processes of social inequality reproduction
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Koelewijn, Hans P. "On the genetics and ecology of sexual reproduction in Plantago coronopus = Over de erfelijkheid en de oecologie van seksuele voortplanting bij de Hertshoorn weegbree (Plantago coronopus) /." [S.l. : s.n.], 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/131131761.pdf.

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MELLO, Raquel Rodrigues Costa. "An?lise multivariada de caracter?sticas reprodutivas em f?meas e avalia??o da produ??o in vitro de embri?es na ra?a Sindi (Bos indicus)." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1346.

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CAPES
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility to generate different productive groups in Sindhi breed through multivariate techniques, in order to give directions to genetic improvement programs in this breed. For this goal, performance data provided by the Brazilian Association of Zebu Breeders related to 560 Sindhi breed females from 28 different herds in Brazil, born in the period from 1987 to 2011, were used. The traits age at first calving, calving interval, reproductive efficiency, total milk yield and lactation period were analyzed, being submitted to the principal components and cluster analysis, with the aid of GENES? statistical program. By the principal components analysis, these five components were estimated, and the first three explained 90.79% of the data?s total variation. The traits considered most relevant to the discrimination of the data set, in decreasing order of importance, were: calving interval, lactation period, age at first calving, total milk yield, and reproductive efficiency. By cluster analysis, twelve different groups were generated from the pool of Sindhi herds analyzed, with a great homogeneity among females for the traits evaluated, and only few females generating separate groups. Four hundred and twenty-nine females were clustered in one group, representing 76.60% of the genotypes. This indicates that, although there are genotypes with large genetic diversity, more than two thirds of the animals are similar to the traits evaluated, showing a high degree of relationship between them. The traits for total milk yield showed 71.92% of the total variation, and age at first calving contributed with 23.06% of the variation, being the two most important traits for the variability of the data. Thus, there is evidence of divergence between the groups regarding total milk yield, indicating that this trait stands out in the differentiation of groups, and these groups could be benchmarks for the use of genetic improvement programs whose focus is the increase in milk yield. In conclusion, the multivariate procedures were effective to summarize the evaluated information and to discriminate the most important traits, providing better identification of the most appropriate females to certain herds or milk production systems. The analysis of the relative contribution was effective in identifying total milk yield and age at first calving as the most relevant traits for the differentiation of groups, and they can be useful targets for genetic improvement programs that focus on milk yield and reproductive precocity.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de forma??o de diferentes grupos produtivos na ra?a Sindi por meio de t?cnicas multivariadas, a fim de se direcionar as a??es nos programas de melhoramento gen?tico nesta ra?a. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de desempenho fornecidos pela Associa??o Brasileira dos Criadores de Zebu (ABCZ) referentes a 560 f?meas da ra?a Sindi procedentes de 28 rebanhos dos diferentes estados do Brasil, nascidas entre 1987 a 2011. Desse modo, foram analisadas as caracter?sticas idade ao primeiro parto, intervalo de partos, efici?ncia reprodutiva, produ??o de leite e dura??o da lacta??o, sendo submetidas ?s an?lises dos componentes principais e de agrupamento com o aux?lio do programa estat?stico GENES?. Pela an?lise dos componentes principais, foram estimados cinco componentes, dos quais os tr?s primeiros explicaram 90,79% da varia??o total dos dados. O primeiro componente explicou 37,18%, o segundo 33,63% e o terceiro 19,97% da vari?ncia total, sendo que esta an?lise possibilitou a discrimina??o das caracter?sticas mais importantes e menos importantes para a varia??o total no conjunto dos dados. As caracter?sticas consideradas mais relevantes para a caracteriza??o do conjunto de dados, em ordem decrescente de import?ncia, foram intervalo de partos, dura??o da lacta??o, idade ao primeiro parto, produ??o total de leite e efici?ncia reprodutiva. Pela an?lise de agrupamentos, observou-se a forma??o de doze diferentes grupos no rebanho Sindi estudado, com uma grande homogeneidade entre os animais para as caracter?sticas avaliadas, com alguns poucos animais formando grupos distintos. Houve a forma??o de um grupo com 429 f?meas, ou seja, 76,60% dos gen?tipos, o que indica que, embora haja gen?tipos com grande diverg?ncia gen?tica entre si, mais da metade ? similar para as caracter?sticas avaliadas, evidenciando um grau estreito de rela??o entre elas. Al?m disso, foi poss?vel observar as caracter?sticas produ??o total de leite, com 71,92% da varia??o total, e idade ao primeiro parto, com 23,06% da varia??o total, como as mais importantes para a variabilidade dos dados. As caracter?sticas com menor variabilidade e, portanto, consideradas menos importantes foram intervalo de partos, dura??o da lacta??o e efici?ncia reprodutiva, com 4,37; 0,61 e 0,02% da varia??o total, respectivamente. Assim, evidenciou-se o distanciamento entre os grupos para as diferentes m?dias de produ??o total de leite, indicando que tal caracter?stica se destaca na diferencia??o dos grupos e que tais grupos poderiam ser referenciais para utiliza??o em programas de melhoramento gen?tico, cujo enfoque seja a obten??o de maiores produ??es de leite. Portanto, conclui-se que os procedimentos multivariados foram eficientes para resumir as informa??es avaliadas e discriminar as caracter?sticas mais importantes, promovendo maior facilidade na identifica??o das f?meas mais adequadas para determinados rebanhos ou sistemas de produ??o de leite. A an?lise da contribui??o relativa das vari?veis foi efetiva na identifica??o das caracter?sticas produ??o total de leite e idade ao primeiro parto como mais relevantes para a diferencia??o dos grupos formados, sendo ?teis para o direcionamento em programas de melhoramento gen?tico cujo enfoque seja maior produ??o de leite e precocidade sexual.
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Oliveira, Sandra Célia Coelho Gomes da Silva Serra de. "ROMARIA DO BOM JESUS DA LAPA: REPRODUÇÃO SOCIAL DA FAMÍLIA E IDENTIDADE DE GÊNERO FEMININA." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2014. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/768.

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This thesis is a study about women in the Pilgrimage of Bom Jesus da Lapa, emphasizing gender relations, analyzing the space of the pilgrimage as a social reproduction of the ideology of the patriarchal family and of the female gender identity. The research environment is the Pilgrimage of Bom Jesus da Lapa, which has been held for 323 years in that city, located in the western region of Bahia. The subjects in the research are pilgrim women who fall in an age group of between 50 and 70 years-old and have been participating in the Pilgrimage for more than five consecutive years; they are from five Brazilian states (Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Espírito Santo and Goiás) that report a higher rate of participation in this religious event. We utilized as our research methodology the bibliographical, qualitative, fieldwork and documentary research, and the collection of data; our technique was participant observation and semi-structured interviews. This thesis has as its general objective to analyze how to articulate, within the area of popular Catholicism, and more particularly in the Pilgrimage of Bom Jesus da Lapa, sociocultural changes occurring in society, gender relations and the dynamics of Catholicism. Emphasis will be given to the impacts of such articulation on the conceptualization of gender relations, to the core of the pilgrimage itself and beyond, to the everyday relationships of the women concerned; to the form of the inclusion of women in this context, how the pilgrim women are situated (are positioned), in relation to socio-cultural changes in progress, how pilgrim women understand the space of the pilgrimage, in relation to their daily domestic life, to the challenges faced by these subjects, in the sense that, at times, they approach or move away from gender identity, derived from patriarchal society, where the submission of women to men is a key feature. Based on the results of the interviews of the pilgrim women and on the theoretical framework as references, we concluded that the Pilgrimage of Bom Jesus da Lapa is a space for the social reproduction of the family and of the female gender identity, where a contrast is observed in the reframing of the role of and in the profile of the pilgrim women of Bom Jesus da Lapa, alternating between permanence and transformation of the gender identity arising from patriarchy.
Esta tese tem por objeto de estudo a mulher na Romaria do Bom Jesus da Lapa, enfatizando as relações de gênero, analisando o espaço da romaria como reprodução social do ideário de família patriarcal e de identidade de gênero feminina. O cenário da Pesquisa é a Romaria do Bom Jesus da Lapa, que se realiza há 323 anos, naquela cidade, localizada na região Oeste da Bahia. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são mulheres romeiras que se enquadram na faixa etária entre 50 e 70 anos de idade e participam, há mais de cinco anos consecutivos, da Romaria do Bom Jesus da Lapa, pertencentes a cinco Estados brasileiros (Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Espírito Santo e Goiás) que registram um maior índice de participação nesse evento religioso. Utilizamos como metodologia a pesquisa bibliográfica, qualitativa, de campo e documental e na coleta de dados; aplicamos como técnica a observação participante e a entrevista semiestruturada. Esta tese tem por objetivo geral analisar como se articulam, no espaço do catolicismo popular, e mais particularmente no espaço da romaria do Bom Jesus da Lapa, as mudanças socioculturais em curso na sociedade, as relações de gênero e a própria dinâmica do catolicismo. Dar-se-á ênfase aos impactos de tal articulação nas concepções e relações de gênero, ao interno da própria romaria e para além dela, nas relações cotidianas das mulheres em questão; à forma de inserção das mulheres nesse contexto, como as mulheres romeiras se situam (posicionam) em relação às mudanças socioculturais em curso, como as mulheres romeiras percebem o espaço da romaria, em relação ao seu cotidiano doméstico; ao desafio que se coloca aos referidos sujeitos, no sentido de que elas em alguns momentos se aproximam ou se distanciam da identidade de gênero oriunda da sociedade patriarcal, onde a submissão da mulher ao homem é uma característica determinante. A partir das falas das romeiras entrevistadas e dos aportes teóricos utilizados, concluímos que a Romaria do Bom Jesus da Lapa é um espaço de reprodução social da família e a identidade de gênero feminina, observando-se um contraste na ressignificação do papel e no perfil da mulher romeira do Bom Jesus da Lapa, alternando entre a permanência e a transformação da identidade de gênero oriunda do patriarcalismo.
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36

Ferreira, Joaquim Esquerdo. "Impacto da IATF na esta??o de monta de f?meas Nelores (Bos taurus indicus) com a utiliza??o da eCG considerando o ECC e o padr?o de ciclicidade ap?s triagem ginecol?gica." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1998.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The gynecological screening prior to TAI can be considered as a non-invasive technique, relatively simple, safe for the technician and for the animal, and provides quick and extremely important information for the best use of various hormones on the market for use in synchronization protocols of ovulation in cattle. It is important to emphasize the need for gynecological examination before the start of a hormonal protocol because of the risk of causing an abortion or embryonic loss due to prostaglandin that at some point should be administered during the protocol. Additionally, there is the option to choose which the most appropriate hormones to be used in the program, directing the protocols based to animal ovarian physiological status. This screening allows good results enabling the best use of this biotech, making the use of this biotech does not become a cake recipe, i.e. it is not used incorrectly and indiscriminately without criteria. To this end, it has been based on the pattern of cyclicity of the ovaries (presence of corpus luteum, mature follicles or absence of these structures), to increase conception and pregnancy rates by adjusting the protocol to ovarian function. Moreover, we must take into account the ovarian function and also an assessment of body condition score (BCS), along with age and lactation period of the animals before starting the TAI protocol. In this sense, it is very important the knowledge of the technician who will perform synchronization program of estrus and ovulation in bovine females. So that you can successfully execute gynecological and clinical examination of females to be submitted to this treatment. The application of a gynecological screening and carried out by a qualified technician in order to optimize the use of TAI protocols is essential, resulting in cheaper protocols with satisfactory results, in order to make solid and reliable technique
A realiza??o da triagem ginecol?gica previamente ? IATF apresenta-se como uma t?cnica n?o invasiva, relativamente simples, segura para o t?cnico e para o animal, e fornece informa??es r?pidas e extremamente importantes para o melhor uso dos diversos horm?nios dispon?veis no mercado para serem utilizados nos protocolos de sincroniza??o da ovula??o em bovinos. ? importante ressaltar a necessidade do exame ginecol?gico antes do in?cio de um protocolo hormonal devido ao risco de causar abortamento ou mesmo perda embrion?ria em fun??o da prostaglandina e o estradiol que em algum momento dever? ser administrada no decorrer do protocolo. Adicionalmente, tem se a op??o de escolher quais os horm?nios mais apropriados que ser?o utilizados no programa, direcionando os protocolos em fun??o do status fisiol?gico ovariano que o animal se encontra. Essa triagem permite bons resultados viabilizando o melhor emprego desta biot?cnica, evitando o uso da mesma de forma errada e indiscriminada, sem crit?rios. Para tal, basea-se no padr?o de ciclicidade dos ov?rios (presen?a de corpo l?teo, fol?culos maduros ou ainda aus?ncia destas estruturas), para incrementar as taxas de concep??o e de prenhez, ao ajustar o protocolo ? fun??o ovariana. Al?m de levar-se em considera??o a fun??o ovariana, preconiza-se tamb?m uma avalia??o do escore de condi??o corporal (ECC), juntamente com a idade e per?odo lactacional dos animais antes de se iniciar o protocolo. Nesse sentido, torna-se de suma import?ncia o conhecimento do t?cnico que ir? realizar um programa de sincroniza??o do estro e da ovula??o em f?meas bovinas, de maneira que o mesmo consiga executar com sucesso o exame ginecol?gico e cl?nico das f?meas que ser?o submetidas a esse tratamento. ? imprescind?vel a aplica??o de uma triagem ginecol?gica bem realizada por um t?cnico qualificado de maneira a otimizar a utiliza??o dos protocolos de IATF, resultando em protocolos de menor custos e com resultados satisfat?rios, com intuito de tornar a t?cnica vi?vel economicamente e ainda com a previs?o de resultados confi?veis para os produtores
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37

Cameron, Johanne. "Programme photopériodique appliqué à longueur d'année pour améliorer la répartition des mises bas et la productivité des brebis soumises à un rythme d'agnelage accéléré." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23935/23935.pdf.

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38

Fetzer, Ingo. "Reproduction strategies and distribution of larvae and juveniles of benthic soft-bottom invertebrates in the Kara Sea (Russian Arctic) = Reproduktionsstrategien und Verteilung der Larven und Juvenilen der benthischen Weichbodenfauna der Karasee (Russische Arktis) /." Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/476705932.pdf.

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Univ., Diss.--Bremen, 2004.
Die Vorlage enthält insgesamt 6 Werke. Dissertation elektronisch unter: http://e3lib.suub.uni-bremen.de/publications/dissertations/E-Diss1052_fetzer.pdf. Leicht veränderte Fassung einer kumulativen Dissertation.
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39

Serafino, Teseo. "Conflits et coopération dans les sociétés de la fourmi clonale Cerapachys biroi." Paris 13, 2013. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/edgalilee_th_2013_serafino.pdf.

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Les conflits et la coopération sont des caractéristiques intrinsèques des associations d’organismes, y compris chez les insectes sociaux. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les conflits et la coopération dans les groupes sociaux en utilisant des colonies de la fourmi clonale sans reines Cerapachys biroi comme modèle. Chez cette espèce, les mâles sont absents et tous les individus se reproduisent au moins pendant une période de leur vie par parthénogénèse thélytoque. Mon travail comprend une série d’expériences visant à comprendre les causes des agressions intra-coloniales observées chez C. Biroi. Ces agressions sont en effet inattendues du fait de l’homogénéité génétique des sociétés. Les résultats ont montré que le conflit apparent entre les individus est en fait un moyen pour la colonie d’optimiser sa reproduction en éliminant les individus qui ne sont pas sensibles aux signaux coloniaux qui régulent l’activité reproductrice. Ce phénomène est similaire à l’immunosurveillance des cellules cancéreuses chez les organismes multicellulaires. Une deuxième partie de mon travail a été conduite à un niveau supérieur d’organisation biologique. J’ai exploré la dynamique des conflits et de la coopération entre des lignées clonales non apparentées de C. Biroi obligées à coexister dans des colonies polyclonales expérimentales. Les résultats montrent que certains clones peuvent prendre avantage de la présence de lignées non apparentées en se comportant comme des parasites sociaux. Ce comportement montre des similarités frappantes avec celui des microorganismes sociaux. D’une manière générale, ce travail montre que des pressions de sélection similaires peuvent entrainer des adaptations similaires entre des unités biologiques qui coexistent à différents niveaux d’organisation
Conflict and cooperation are intrinsic traits of organismal associations, including insect societies. The aim of this thesis was to investigate conflict and cooperation in social groups by using the colonies of the clonal queenless ant Cerapachys biroi as a model system. In colonies of this species, males are absent and all individuals reproduce at least for a period of their life via thelytokous parthenogenesis. My work aimed at understanding the causes of the intra-colonial aggressions that are regularly observed in C. Biroi colonies, which are not expected to occur in genetically homogeneous societies. The results revealed that the apparent inter-individual conflict is in fact a way for the colony to optimize its reproductive output by eliminating those individuals that are insensitive to the colony-level cues regulating individuals’ reproductive activity. This phenomenon is analogous to the immunosurveillance on cancer cells in multicellular organisms. Another part of my work was conducted on a higher level of biological organization. I explored the dynamics of conflict and cooperation between unrelated clonal lineages of C. Biroi forced to coexist in experimental polyclonal colonies. The results showed that clones may take advantage of the presence of unrelated lineages by behaving as social parasites. This behaviour shows striking similarities with social microorganisms. Overall, my work shows that similar selective pressures can produce similar adaptations in coexisting biological entities at different levels of organization
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40

Thatje, Sven. "Reproductive trade-offs in benthic decapod crustaceans of high southern latitudes: tolerance of cold and food limitation = Reproduktionsstrategien benthischer Zehnfußkrebse hoher südlicher Breitengrade: Toleranz von Kälte und Nahrungsmangel /." Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/391777459.pdf.

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41

Rasiulis, Alexandre. "Survie et dynamique de population des caribous migrateurs du Québec-Labrador." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26075.

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L'information sur la façon dont les paramètres démographiques tels que la survie et la reproduction varient au fil du temps est centrale pour comprendre la dynamique de population. Nous avons estimé la survie annuelle de plus de 700 caribous migrateurs marqués chez deux troupeaux du Québec-Labrador entre 1991 et 2012. De plus, nous avons vérifié l'effet de la masse des colliers émetteurs sur la survie des femelles adultes. Nos résultats démontrent que, lorsque la condition physique est mauvaise, un collier lourd peut diminuer la probabilité de survie d'environ 18% par rapport à un collier léger. Par la suite, nous avons élaboré un modèle démographique permettant d'estimer la taille de population annuelle. Nous avons utilisé cette technique efficace et peu coûteuse afin de corriger des inventaires ayant une grande incertitude ainsi que confirmer des inventaires aériens récents. Finalement, nous démontrons l'importance des suivis à long terme d’individus marqués.
Information on how demographic parameters such as survival and reproduction vary over time is central to understanding populationdynamics. We estimated annual survival of more than 700 marked migratory caribou in two herds in Quebec-Labrador between 1991 and 2012. In addition, we tested the effect of radio collarmass on adult femalesurvival. Our results demonstrate that when bodycondition is low, a heavy collar can reduce survival byapproximately 18% compared to a light collar. Subsequently, we developed a demographic model to estimate annual population size. We used this effective and relatively inexpensive technique to correct one aerial census with high uncertainty and confirm recent aerial censuses. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring of marked individuals.
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42

Gharbi, Imen. "Tatouage pour le renforcement de la qualité audio des systèmes de communication bas débit." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817318.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'idée du tatouage dans le traitement du son.Les recherches en tatouage audio se sont principalement tournées vers des applications sécuritaires ou de transmission de données auxiliaires. Une des applications visées par ce concept consiste à améliorer la qualité du signal hôte ayant subi des transformations et ceci en exploitant l'information qu'il véhicule. Le tatouage audio est donc considéré comme mémoire porteuse d'informations sur le signal originel. La compression à bas débit des signaux audio est une des applications visée par ce concept. Dans ce cadre, deux objectifs sont proposés : la réduction du pré-écho et de l'amollissement d'attaque, deux phénomènes introduits par les codeurs audio perceptifs, en particulier les codeurs AAC et MP3; la préservation de l'harmonicité des signaux audio dégradée par les codeurs perceptifs à extension de bande, en particulier le codeur HE-AAC.La première partie de ce manuscrit présente les principes de base des systèmes de codage bas débit et étudie les différentes distorsions introduites par ces derniers. Fondées sur cette étude, deux solutions sont proposées. La première, visant principalement la réduction du pré-écho, consiste à corriger l'enveloppe temporelle du signal après réception en exploitant la connaissance a priori de l'enveloppe temporelle du signal original, supposée transmise par un canal auxiliaire à faible débit (< 500 bits/s). La seconde solution vise à corriger les ruptures d'harmonicité générées par les codeurs à extension de bande. Ce phénomène touche essentiellement les signaux fortement harmoniques (exemple : violon) et est perçu comme une dissonance. Une préservation de l'harmonicité des signaux audio par des opérations de translation spectrale est alors proposée, les paramètres étant là encore transmis par un canal auxiliaire à faible débit.La seconde partie de ce document est consacrée à l'intégration du tatouage audio dans les techniques de renforcement de la qualité des signaux audio précitées. Dans ce contexte, le tatouage audio remplace le canal auxiliaire précédent et œuvre comme une mémoire du signal originel, porteuse d'informations nécessaires pour la correction d'harmonicité et la réduction de pré-écho. Cette seconde partie a été précédée par une étape approfondie de l'évaluation des performances de la technique de tatouage adoptée en terme de robustesse à la compression MPEG (MP3, AAC et aacPlus).
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43

Nicolas, Yann. "Le peuplement piscicole du bas-Rhône : occupation d'un espace fluvial aménagé et typologie des sites de nursery et de refuge." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10098.

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Le secteur arlesien du bas-rhone, situe en aval du dernier barrage hydroelectrique, a ete amenage des la fin du xix#e siecle: les rives ont ete enrochees et des digues submersibles ont ete erigees dans le chenal principal. Ces digues longitudinales et transversales delimitent des caissons plus ou moins connectes avec le chenal selon le debit. Nous montrons que le chenal, 10 caissons et 2 bras morts s'organisent sur un gradient transversal comme dans une plaine alluviale naturelle. Des sites lotiques, semi-lotiques et lentiques se distinguent alors selon leur fonctionnement hydro-sedimentaire. Une typologie faunistique de ces milieux, basee sur les juveniles de poisson, est aussi mise en evidence. Le peuplement en juveniles des stations lentiques est domine par lepomis gibbosus et d'autres especes introduites, alors que celui des stations lotiques est compose d'especes rheophiles et de blicca bjoerkna. Le peuplement des sites semi-lotiques est le plus riche, aussi bien en especes rheophiles que limnophiles, car ces milieux presentent une importante diversite d'habitat. Le recrutement y est cependant variable du fait de l'instabilite hydrologique de ces milieux. Le debit au printemps et la temperature semblent etre les facteurs controlant le recrutement sauf pour certaines especes rheophiles lithophiles qui ne sont pas sensibles aux variations annuelles de ces facteurs. En definitive, les caissons semi-lotiques sont les meilleures nurseries alors que les sites lentiques servent de refuge lors des crues. Il existe des disparites dans l'exploitation de la plaine alluviale selon les especes et la dynamique des deplacements transversaux est differente. Ces deplacements semblent correspondre a une recherche de nourriture et d'une zone refuge pour les juveniles lorsque le debit augmente. Les facteurs influencant les deplacements sont la hauteur d'eau, la temperature et la conductivite. En ete, des differences nycthemerales sont notees selon les especes, alors qu'en automne cette rhytmicite circadienne est perdue
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44

Prud'Homme, Marie-Jeanne. "Contribution a l'etude des mecanismes de regulation de la motricite uterine chez la brebis." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066591.

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45

Cooper, Aaron Jay. "Evaluation of Udder Conformation, Weight, Body Condition, Reproduction, Disposition, and Calf Growth in Bos indicus – Bos taurus Cows." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-10203.

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Data were analyzed on 2 to 6 yr old cows to evaluate sire and family effects. Cows were produced in the McGregor Genomics Project from 13 embryo transfer (ET) full sib families (n = 188, F2 Nellore-Angus (NA)) and 4 half sib natural service (NS) families (n = 114, out of 1/2 Brahman 1/2 British dams) from the same 4 F1 NA sires. The ET and NS cows were analyzed separately and together as paternal half sibs (PHS). Daughters of bull 437J had the highest calving rate and weaning rate; daughters of 551G were the lowest in ET, and daughters of 297J were the lowest in NS. Calves out of daughters of 551G were the heaviest at birth; those from of daughters of 437J were the lightest in NS and PHS. Calves out of daughters of 297J were the heaviest at weaning in ET and PHS, and those from daughters of 432H were the lightest. Calves from daughters of 297J and 437J gained the most weight and those from daughters of 432H gained the least. Daughters of 297J and 551G had longer and larger diameter teats and lower udder support scores (more pendulous) than daughters of 432H and 437J. Daughters of 437J had the highest body condition score (BCS); daughters of 551G were the lowest in ET and NS. Calves from daughters of 297J had the highest BCS at weaning. Those out of daughters of 551G had the lightest WWT, those out of daughters of 437J were the heaviest in NS and PHS, and those out of daughters of 432H were the heaviest in ET. Daughters of 437J and 551G scored the highest for disposition (least docile) in ET and PHS, and daughters of 432H were lowest. The regression of WWT on weaning age was 0.82 plus/minus 0.07 in ET, 0.71 plus/minus 0.08 in NS, and 0.78 plus/minus 0.05 kg/d in PHS. There appears to be sufficient variation within and between these full sib and half sib families for use in QTL analysis for major genes affecting cow productivity in NA crosses.
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46

Dráb, Tomáš. "Studie tekutin a sekretů z reprodukčních traktů prasete (Sus scrofa f. domestica) a skotu (Bos primigenius f. taurus)." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332294.

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Interactions between proteins and saccharide moieties play an indispensable role in mammalian reproduction as they stand behind of such processes as maturation and mutual recognition of gametes and sperm oviductal reservoir formation. In my dissertation thesis I focused on activities of glycosidases from bovine and porcine follicular fluids and their changes connected with follicle development. Activities of five glycosidases were detected in tertiary and preovulatory follicles in both species. The most active enzymes were α-L-fucosidase in cow and α-D-mannosidase in sow and both enzymes also demonstrated the most pronounced increase in their activities during follicle maturation. Interestingly, both α-L-fucose in cow and α-D-mannose in sow were described as saccharides responsible for the formation of the sperm oviductal reservoir and we offered a hypothetical mechanism of synchronisation between sperm release from their reservoir with the time of ovulation based on a surge of activities of corresponding follicular glycosidases through the oviduct. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that β-D-galactosidase and α-D-mannosidase affect sperm-zona pellucida binding in pig, as they both decrease interaction between sperm receptors for zona pellucida and zona pellucida. This may explain the observation...
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47

Escrivao, Rafael Jose Airone. "Effects of body condition, body weight and calf removal on productive and reproductive characteristics of extensive beef cattle in Mozambique." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27814.

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The objectives of the present research were to study the factors that influence postpartum reproductive characteristics of suckling beef cows in extensive production systems in Mozambique and to develop new management strategies to improve their reproductive efficiency. The effects and interactions between post-partum BW, BCS, age and parity number on plasma concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, creatinine, urea and cortisol around oestrus and the related conception rates of Bos indicus cows in extensive production system were analysed as well as the minimum BCS at the beginning of breeding to maximise the subsequent conception rates. Thirty-five days prior to the breeding season cows were synchronised using Crestar. During the second oestrus after synchronisation, 18 blood samples were collected per animal for hormonal analysis, from 24 hr before oestrus to 24 hr after oestrus. The hormonal pattern of estradiol and progesterone around oestrus were similar to that observed in Bos taurus cows under intensive conditions. Conception rates of cows in the experimental group were 90.5%. Better results on estradiol pattern and conception rates were related to a BCS of ≥ 2.5 and it was thus concluded that the post-partum management of extensive Bos inducus cows should aim to achieve at least a BCS of 2.5 at the beginning of the breeding season. Twelve-hour and 48-hr calf removal were conducted separately to evaluate their effects on conception rates of Bos indicus beef cows in extensive production systems and to quantify the related effects on calf-weaning weights. The 12-hr calf removal was performed from 45 days post-partum to the beginning of the breeding season, and the 48-hr calf removal was performed preceding the onset of the breeding season. It was concluded that 12-hr calf separation at night enhance the energy balance (3%), increases the conception rates (80%) and improves the calf-weaning weights, whereas 48-hr calf removal increases conception rates (76%) and does not affect calf weaning weights. Both calf removal management strategies concentrate conceptions in the early part of the breeding season and stress the importance of the effect of BCS and estradiol on conception rates in Bos indicus beef cows in extensive production systems.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
unrestricted
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48

Nadon, Sylvie. "Le poids des chevrettes laitières à la mise à la reproduction : association avec l'âge et la probabilité de mettre bas." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19812.

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49

Koelewijn, Hans Peter. "On the genetics and ecology of sexual reproduction in Plantago coronopus = Over de erfelijkheid en de oecologie van seksuele voortplanting bij de Hertshoorn weegbree (Plantago coronopus) /." 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/131131761.pdf.

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50

Nethengwe, Luvhengo Dakalo. "Effects of ovulation-inducing drugs on pregnancy rates of cattle in rural areas after synchronized oestrus and artificial insemination." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/410.

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