Journal articles: 'Borrowing scheme'

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Ali, Kashif, and Mahmood Khalid. "Sources to Finance Fiscal Deficit and Their Impact on Inflation: A Case Study of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v58i1pp.27-43.

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Theoretically, fiscal deficit is inflationary but the sources of financing fiscal deficit may differ in terms of their impact on inflation. Question arises that what should be the least inflation cost source of financing? This study attempts to answer this question and explore the long run relationship among the sources to finance fiscal deficit and inflation. In so doing, the estimations have been done in four stages on the basis of categorisation of the deficit financing heads. In the first stage it has been tested that fiscal deficit along with money supply are inflationary. In the second stage fiscal deficit is bifurcated into two components, domestic borrowing and external borrowing for fiscal deficit. In the third stage, domestic borrowing is further divided into two heads, bank and non-bank borrowing. While in the fourth and last stage, bank borrowing is further categorised into two parts, borrowing from scheduled banks and central bank, and non-bank borrowing which comprises borrowing from National Saving Scheme for budgetary support. The Johansen Cointegration Technique is used for the first stage of estimation, while Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model is employed for the rest of the three stages. The study finds that there is a long run relationship among sources of financing fiscal deficit and inflation. Inflation is positively affected by domestic borrowing, bank borrowing and borrowing from central bank, while central bank borrowing is more inflationary in nature. Consequently, fiscal deficit should be financed through external sources, non-bank and scheduled bank borrowings. JEL Classification: H62, H74, E31 Keywords: Deficit, State and Local Borrowing, Inflation

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Salah, Imad, Mohammed AlShrideh, Saleh Al-Sharaeh, Heba Saadeh, and Alia Naser. "Three-Dimensional Dynamic Based Borrowing Scheme for Wireless Cellular Networks." Communications and Network 05, no. 01 (2013): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cn.2013.51010.

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Saadat, Syed Yusuf. "Government borrowing as a Ponzi scheme: the case of Bangladesh." Economics and Business Letters 10, no. 1 (February 21, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.10.1.2021.81-86.

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This study investigates whether government borrowing can be likened to a Ponzi scheme which will allow the government to roll-over its debt perpetually. The results show that, on the basis of the condition of maintaining real economic growth rate above and beyond the real interest rate on government debt, it will not be possible to sustain a perpetual Ponzi scheme of all four types of National Savings Certificates in Bangladesh. The government’s debt may be rolled over perpetually for two types of National Savings Certificates, following the condition outlined in Ball, et al. (1998), or for three types of National Savings Certificates following the condition outlined in Mehrotra (2017).

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Kun-Nyeong Chang, Jong-Tock Kim, Choon-Sik Yim, and Sehun Kim. "An efficient borrowing channel assignment scheme for cellular mobile systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 47, no. 2 (May 1998): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.669097.

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Chen, Shi, Fu-Wei Huang, and Jyh-Horng Lin. "Borrowing-Firm Emission Trading, Bank Rate-Setting Behavior, and Carbon-Linked Lending under Capital Regulation." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 6633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116633.

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The article develops a capped barrier option model to evaluate a bank’s equity. We explore the effects of borrowing-firm carbon emission trading on bank carbon-linked lending, explicitly considering borrowing-firm credit risks under capital regulation. We also integrate the regulatory compensation for bank low-carbon lending with borrowing-firm carbon allowance transactions in the emission trade scheme. Results show that an increase in the regulatory low-emitter lending compensation decreases loans at an increased interest margin, contributing to bank profitability and stability. The stringent regulatory cap for carbon emission allowances hurts profitability and stability. Strict capital regulation would jeopardize bank performance.

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Park, Sungjin, Eun Ju Lee, Jae Hong Ryu, Seong-Soon Joo, and Hyung Seok Kim. "Distributed Borrowing Addressing Scheme for ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks." ETRI Journal 31, no. 5 (October 5, 2009): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.09.0109.0121.

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Saito, Megumi, Takashi Koshimizu, Zhenni Pan, Jiang Liu, Hayato Nakazawa, and Shigeru Shimamoto. "Energy Borrowing Transmission Scheme Based on D2D Communication for 5G Networks." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 165841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3135359.

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Ei-Kadi, M., S. Olariu, and H. Abdel-Wahab. "Rate-based borrowing scheme for QoS provisioning in multimedia wireless networks." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 13, no. 2 (2002): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/71.983943.

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Chen, Shi, Fu-Wei Huang, and Jyh-Horng Lin. "Effects of Cap-and-Trade Mechanism and Financial Gray Rhino Threats on Insurer Performance." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155506.

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This paper develops a capped barrier option model to examine how a cap-and-trade mechanism affects an insurer’s guaranteed rate-setting behavior and policyholder protection in a financial gray rhino environment. Toward sustainability, the insurer explicitly captures the credit risk from the borrowing firms, participating in the cap-and-trade scheme to reduce carbon emissions, an essential issue of carbon emission and environmental protection when facing gray rhino threats. In addition, the energy economics and policy analysis are from the fund-providing insurer’s perspective. Green lending policies and life insurance policy loans (i.e., disintermediation related to insurance stability) are crucial to managers and regulators, particularly bridging the borrowing-firm carbon transactions for carbon emission reductions toward sustainability. We show that the shrinking regulatory cap of the cap-and-trade scheme harms policyholder protection, adversely affecting insurance stability. The harm becomes more serious when the gray rhino threat on borrowing firms becomes significant. An increase in policy loans decreases the insurer’s interest margin and policyholder protection. However, increasing the gray rhino threat decreases life insurance policies at a reduced guaranteed rate but increases policyholder protection, contributing to insurance stability. Therefore, the government can use the cap-and-trade scheme to control carbon emissions and improve the environment, but it harms policyholder protection. We suggest that, for example, the government should subsidize the insurer for green lending, affecting insurance stability.

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Porritt, Frances, Linda Murphy, Gemma Wells, and Emma Burns. "B(u)y the book: evaluation of a university initiative to provide students with funds to buy books." Performance Measurement and Metrics 20, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pmm-08-2019-0038.

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Purpose In the era of high student fees and intense market competition, many universities now buy books for their new students, and recently have incorporated student choice into the offer, enabling students to choose how to spend funds. Teesside University has successfully piloted such an approach with one academic School, the School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law. The pilot has now been extended to all academic Schools, with all students receiving £100 per academic year to spend on reading list books. The scheme covers new full-time undergraduate students at the University, and is operated in collaboration with an external company, John Smiths. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the Teesside University Advance scheme against baseline data of book borrowing and reservation patterns of reading list titles. The paper explores the impact upon the student experience and student perceptions of the Library. Design/methodology/approach The project used a mixed methods approach. The quantitative strand analysed book borrowing and reservation patterns data from library systems and from book purchasing patterns data provided by the online store supporting the scheme. Students were also surveyed about the scheme. The qualitative strand, via one-to-one interviews conducted by the student researcher, gained an insight into why students select certain titles to purchase; and what their expectations of the university library are for the supply of reading list titles. Findings Analysis revealed an overall decline in book borrowing from the library of the titles selected for purchase by students via the scheme. Student perceptions of the library were positive and demonstrated a strategic use of library resources alongside book purchases and open web resources. At early stages of university undergraduate study, students need guidance on most appropriate resources to use and why, from either reading lists or book bundles. Originality/value Teesside University scheme is unique in the UK in covering all new full-time undergraduates and letting them choose which reading list titles to buy with the university funds provided.

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Nielsen, Helena Skyt, Torben Sørensen, and Christopher Taber. "Estimating the Effect of Student Aid on College Enrollment: Evidence from a Government Grant Policy Reform." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 185–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.2.2.185.

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In this paper, we estimate the response of college enrollment to changes in student aid arising from a Danish reform. We separately identify the effect of aid from that of other observed and unobserved variables such as parental income. We exploit the combination of a kinked aid scheme and a reform to identify the effect of direct costs on enrollment. To allow for potential biases due to borrowing constraints, we use detailed information on parents' assets. We find that enrollment is less responsive than found in other studies and that borrowing constraints only deter college enrollment to a minor extent. (JEL H52, I22, I23)

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Ladas, Nancy. "Ethical and Legal Considerations for Collection Development, Exhibition and Research at Museums Victoria." Heritage 2, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 858–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010057.

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With over 17 million collection items, Museums Victoria is the largest museum in Australia. Museums Victoria recognises the public benefit derived from lending and borrowing between collecting institutions and actively participates in the international loans network in order to complement and enhance the potential for learning and enjoyment for all audiences. Museums Victoria staff undertook an extensive review of policies and procedures in order to apply for approval for protection under the Australian Government’s Protection of Cultural Objects on Loan Scheme (PCOL Scheme), established to administer the Commonwealth Protection of Cultural Objects on Loan Act 2013 (PCOL Act). The PCOL Scheme provides (with some limits) legal protection—immunity from seizure—for Australian and foreign cultural items on loan from overseas lenders for temporary public exhibition in Australia. The Ministry for the Arts also released the Australian Best Practice Guide to Collecting Cultural Material in 2015. The Guide is not a mandatory code. It recommends principles and standards to apply when acquiring collection items and in part for inward and outward loans. In 2016–2017 Museums Victoria staff used the Act and its Regulation along with the Guide to substantially update and formalise previous formal and informal policies and practices, in order to demonstrate its commitment to due diligence endeavours to verify the accuracy of information before acquiring, deaccessioning, borrowing, or lending items. This paper outlines the steps we took and what we have learned since receiving approval as a registered borrower under the PCOL Scheme.

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Huang, Fu-Wei, and Jyh-Jiuan Lin. "Insurer green finance under regulatory cap-and-trade mechanism associated with green/polluting production during a war." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 16, 2023): e0282901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282901.

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The cap-and-trade mechanism affects firms’ production and operation decisions and carbon emissions, making them move towards environmental sustainability. This article develops a contingent claims model to examine the impact of the regulatory cap-and-trade mechanism on the green finance strategy of an insurer during a war. Participating in the cap-and-trade scheme of the insurer that funds the borrowing firms also implicitly affects firm production and carbon emissions. The results show that increasing the green loans decreases the interest margin of the insurer but helps policyholder protection. The insurer is reluctant to provide green loans for the green borrowing firm and thus retards sustainable development. A stringent regulatory cap of the cap-and-trade mechanism raises the insurer’s interest margin but hurts policyholder protection. From the perspective of the insurer’s profit, regulatory cap efficiently derives insurer lending toward sustainability through borrowing-firm cleaner production. An increased war impacting the polluting borrowing firm increases the insurer’s interest margin but harms policyholder protection, affecting insurance stability adversely. This research enriches related literature and knowledge concerning insurer green finance practices indirectly associated with cleaner production. The research also highlights the significance of the regulatory cap-and-trade mechanism that reflects cleaner production in affecting insurer performance during a war.

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Zhang, Jiaqi, and Lin Zhang. "Evaluation of X-shaped Intersection Reconstruction Scheme in Small and Medium-sized Cities." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v5i1.5538.

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X-shaped intersections are deformed intersections, which are often blockages and difficulties in traffic governance in small and medium-sized cities. According to the actual needs of X-shaped intersection engineering transformation, the intersection widening design is combined with the left turn design of the borrowing road, and the traffic operation status before and after the transformation is studied by simulation comparison, which shows that the proposed method has a good practical engineering effect.

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Dang, Huy Duc, Au Hai Thi Dam, Thuyen Thi Pham, and Tra My Thi Nguyen. "Determinants of credit demand of farmers in Lam Dong, Vietnam." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-06-2019-0061.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: to explain access to formal and informal credit in agriculture of Vietnam; and to compare the effectiveness between regular econometrics and machine learning techniques. Design/methodology/approach The multinomial logit (MNL) regression model and the random forest (RF) technique are employed for comparison purposes. To avoid heteroskedasticity, the robust covariance matrix is computed to estimate the sandwich estimator which in turn provides an asymptotic covariance matrix for biased estimators. Additionally, multicollinearity is tested among independent variables with variance inflation factors less than 3. Adequacy approach and sensitivity analysis are used to determine relevant levels of predictors. For models comparison, statistical evaluation metrics including Cohen’s κ, mean absolute error, root mean squared error and relative absolute error are employed. Findings The discrepancy between sensitivity analysis and adequacy approach revealed that MNL is more compatible for explaining determinants of credit participation. Due to insignificant differences in the evaluation metrics between models, the winner of choice is undetermined. Among other determinants, collateral, farmsize, income, procedure, literacy and all risk variables stand out to be critical factors when deciding borrowing schemes. While financially literate farmers tend to acquire loans from both sources, borrowing decisions against different risk sources depend on risk type and famers’ own desire to borrow. Originality/value Results of the MNL model are more consistent with literatures, which reinforce the role of collateral in the local credit scheme. Besides, financial literacy and farmers’ perception on different risk sources also influence how farmers’ borrowing strategies vary among sources.

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Gao, Ya Zhe, Xiao Han Xia, Zi Ming Su, Xi Luan, and Jian Jun Wu. "Access Control Algorithm with Limited Power Constraint for Mobile Satellite Communications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1286.

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The problem of admission control caused by the limitation of resource in hotspot beams in satellite system is considered in this paper. Based on the idea of borrowing resources from surrounding beams, we give a scheme that the beam reserve resources is borrowed proportionally. After that, the original admission control algorithm based on service priority is modified in order to protect access rate of the low priority service. Simulation results prove that the proved scheme can increases the available beam load capacity effectively and provide a guarantee for the access of those services with low priority.

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Bell, Clive, and Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay. "Income Guarantees and Borrowing in Risky Environments: Evidence from India's Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme." Economica 87, no. 347 (November 20, 2019): 763–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12325.

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Zhao, Fang-ming, Juan Hang, and Di He. "Pre-emptive channel borrowing and traffic overflowing channel allocation scheme for multimedia overlay networks." Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science) 16, no. 6 (December 2011): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12204-011-1210-8.

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Ha, Dao Manh, and Quynh Xuan Nguyen. "THE METHOD FOR INTELLIGENT FREQUENCY CHANNEL BORROWING IN CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORK BASED THE FLC-NN INTEGRATED SYSTEM." Science and Technology Development Journal 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v13i2.2120.

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In a cellular network, the channel borrowing/locking problem is of NP-hard type. Many heuristic methods are proposed for its solution. In this network, the call-arrival rate, the call duration and the communication overhead between the base stations and the control center are vague and uncertain. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new efficient dynamic-channel borrowing for load balancing in distributed cellular networks based on the intelligent controllers based the integrated system for GA- FL-NN technologies is presented to maximize the number of served calls in distributed wireless cellular networks. The proposed scheme exhibits better learning abilities, optimization abilities, robustness, and fault-tolerant capability thus yielding a better performance than other algorithms. The results demonstrate that our algorithm has lower new call blocking rate, lower handoff dropping rate, less update overhead, and shorter channel acquisition delay.

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Dong-Jun Lee and Dong-Ho Cho. "Performance analysis of channel-borrowing handoff scheme based on user mobility in CDMA cellular systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 49, no. 6 (2000): 2276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.901897.

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Nugroho, B., A. Dermawan, and L. Putzel. "Financing smallholder timber planting in Indonesia: mismatches between loan scheme attributes and smallholder borrowing characteristics." International Forestry Review 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554813809025702.

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Al-Sharaeh, Saleh H. "Dynamic rate-based borrowing scheme for QoS provisioning in high speed multimedia wireless cellular networks." Applied Mathematics and Computation 179, no. 2 (August 2006): 714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2005.11.119.

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Kumar, Suyash, and P. V. Suresh. "Performance comparison on fixed channel allocation for with and without borrowing scheme in wireless network." International Journal of Information Technology 12, no. 1 (November 10, 2018): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41870-018-0254-5.

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Ilbery, B. W., and I. R. Bowler. "The Farm Diversification Grant Scheme: Adoption and Nonadoption in England and Wales." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110161.

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The Farm Diversification Grant Scheme, introduced in the United Kingdom in 1988, encourages farmers to diversify their business activities on the farm. In this paper, the Scheme is described and both the ‘farm’ and ‘farmer’ characteristics of a sample of ‘adopters’ and ‘nonadopters’ in England and Wales are examined as well as the reasons for adoption and nonadoption. The results indicate that adopters are drawn from larger farms, those with higher incomes and levels of borrowing, the younger, better educated farmers, and from farms where spouses are more actively involved in developing the business. Considerable resistance towards diversification was found among nonadopters, who have still to be convinced of the financial viability of this type of business development; to many, it is just not farming.

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de Gioia-Carabellese, Pierre, and Corrado Chessa. "The So-Called Pan-European Depositors' Protection Scheme." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 23, no. 2 (April 2016): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x1602300203.

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This article focuses on the legal provisions of Directive 2014/49 on deposit guarantee schemes (the DGS Directive) and focuses on how the national schemes financially support each another by offering a critical analysis to demonstrate that the new legal framework is far from satisfactory. This is because the new ‘safety net’, still hinged on depositors' protections schemes that operate at the national level, is fettered by the quantitative limits and legal constraints of mutual borrowing. This ultimately still leaves the EU/EEA depositors with an element of uncertainty. This contribution also seeks to illustrate that the recent mass withdrawal from bank deposits in Greece (in June/July 2015) was an unsuccessful test case for the new legislation, which was ironically already in force at the time the crisis unfolded. This case study of Greece is coupled with the important Landslaki dictum which is given equal attention in this article. Together they give significant credibility to the view that the DGS Directive, seemingly not fully aware of the lessons to be learnt from the 2011 Eurozone crisis, is obsolete and should be amended as soon as possible.

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Chowdhury, Mostafa Zaman, Mohammad Arif Hossain, Shakil Ahmed, and Yeong Min Jang. "Radio resource management based on reused frequency allocation for dynamic channel borrowing scheme in wireless networks." Wireless Networks 21, no. 8 (March 29, 2015): 2593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-0937-9.

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ZHAO, F. m., L. g. JIANG, and C. HE. "A Pre-Emptive Horizontal Channel Borrowing and Vertical Traffic Overflowing Channel Allocation Scheme for Overlay Networks." IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E91-A, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1516–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietfec/e91-a.6.1516.

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Ma, Gary H. K., and Albert Y. Zomaya. "An Efficient Algorithm for Solving the Minimum Blocking Frequency Assignment Problem Using Channel Reassignment." Journal of Interconnection Networks 04, no. 02 (June 2003): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265903000842.

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The channel allocation problem (CAP) that involves the allocation a disjoint set of channels to meet the call demands for a cellular network is an NP-complete combinatorial optimisation problem [1]. The CAP can be viewed as: static (during the initial design/planning of the cellular network) and dynamic (when the network is operational). This paper presents a new algorithm designed to solve the online call control problem. This algorithm is a modified version of the maximum channel packing channel allocation (MCPCA) scheme, proposed by [19]. The original MCPCA scheme aims at maximising the reuse of channels (i.e. dense packing) and simulation results showed that it is more efficient than fixed channel assignment (FCA) or borrowing channel assignment (BCA) schemes for solving the class of minimum blocking frequency assignment problem (MB-FAP) [2]. The new algorithm, entitled maximum channel packing channel assignment with re-assignment (MCPCA-RA), takes the dense packing mechanism further by allowing a neighbouring cell to re-assigns a channel to an existing call and releases the channel previously used to the new request. Simulation results that the number of blocked calls is reduced by an average of 6% compared to the original MCPCA scheme, but at the cost of extra computations due to the reassignment mechanism. Since the reassignment computations only involve cells in the local neighbourhood and can be compute in a parallel manner, MCPCA-RA algorithm is practical and efficient in real-time.

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DAS, SAJAL K., SANJOY K. SEN, and RAJEEV JAYARAM. "D-LBSB: A DISTRIBUTED LOAD BALANCING ALGORITHM FOR CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT IN CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORKS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 01, no. 03 (September 2000): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265900000135.

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We propose a novel distributed load balancing algorithm (D-LBSB) for the hot cell problem in cellular mobile networks. As an underlying approach, we start with a fixed channel assignment scheme where each cell is initially allocated a set of C (local) channels, each to be assigned on demand to a user in the cell. A cell is classified as 'hot', if the degree of coldness of a cell (defined as the ratio of the number of available channels to the total number of channels for that cell) is less than or equal to some threshold value, h. Otherwise the cell is 'cold'. D-LBSB proposes to migrate unused channels from suitable cold cells to the hot ones through a distributed channel borrowing algorithm. A Markov model for an individual cell is developed, where the state is determined by the number of occupied channels in the cell. The probability of a cell being hot and the call blocking probability in a cell are derived. Detailed simulation experiments are carried out in order to evaluate our proposed methodology. The performance of D-LBSB is compared with the fixed channel assignment, simple borrowing, and three existing strategies with load balancing (namely, directed retry, CBWL and centralized LBSB). By a rigorous analysis in terms of running time and message complexity, it is shown that D-LBSB performs better than centralized LBSB in an overloaded system. Also D-LBSB performs significantly better than all the other schemes in terms of call blocking probability under moderate and heavy loads.

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Kwack Dong-Chul, Cheong-Ok Yoon, and 심경. "A Research on the Feasibility of Establishing the National Reciprocal Borrowing Scheme for Academic Libraries in Korea." Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society 39, no. 1 (March 2008): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.16981/kliss.39.1.200803.5.

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Chudnovets, A. Yu, and A. S. Plisova. "Applying the savings and credit scheme to finance projects for comprehensive multi-storey development." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.3.508.

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Subject. We consider the efficiency of comprehensive multi-storey development as an investment project and the main criteria for attracting borrowed funds through bond issue; analyze special features of the two-tier financing scheme for multi-storey development with a detailed calculation of values. Objectives. The study aims to design a universal financing scheme with the possibility to modify parameters for specific investment projects in the construction sector for practical application by construction companies. We focus on developing an effective alternative to escrow accounts enabling better distribution of financial burden on the company over the entire life of investment project. It should ultimately prevent the increase in the price per square meter of residential and non-residential premises and the longer construction period. Methods. We employ methods of analysis, synthesis and modeling of savings and credit scheme of financing. Results. To simplify understanding the application of the bond loan by developers, we prepared a specific investment project for the existing construction company with a step-by-step calculation of the savings and credit financing scheme. Conclusions. Earlier, the bond loan as a borrowing tool has not been detailed and formulated as a clear mechanism for funding company's activities. We offer our own description of the application of savings and credit scheme to finance projects for comprehensive multi-storey development with step-by-step calculations.

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Buława, Monika. "Przekleństwa z komponentem "szlag"/"szlak" w języku ogólnopolskim i w gwarach." Język Polski 100, no. 4 (2020): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31286/jp.100.4.5.

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In the article the occurrence of the borrowing szlag / szlak ‘apoplexy, paralysis’ in General (Old and Modern) Polish as well as in Polish dialects has been presented. Expletives including this component have been depicted adopting a division that incorporates a syntactic scheme represented by a given phraseme. The variant character of a part of the expletives in relation to the compounds with the component ‘devil’ has been pointed out while regarding the phrasemes noted in the Warmian and Masurian dialects the possibility of interpreting them alternatively has been considered, i.e. as compounds in which the lexeme described is not a name of a disease but as a word meaning ‘thunderbolt’.

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Nam, Youngju, Hyunseok Choi, Yongje Shin, Dick Mugerwa, and Euisin Lee. "RSU-Aided Optimal Member Replacement Scheme with Improved Mobility Prediction for Vehicular Clouds in VANETs." Electronics 11, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172787.

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The technique of vehicular clouds is considered an attractive approach in VANETs, because it provides a requester vehicle the ability to use resources of neighborhood vehicles (called cloud member vehicles) to construct a vehicular cloud to use next-generation vehicular applications during driving. Generally, member vehicles can move along different routes from the route of the requester vehicle in intersections and, as a result, leave the vehicular cloud. Then, the leaving member vehicle should be replaced by new member vehicles at intersections to reconstruct the vehicular cloud. However, identifying optimal replacement vehicles among many vehicles at intersections is a very difficult task involving minimizing the waste of resources of vehicles due to their irregular mobility. Thus, we propose an optimal member replacement scheme that finds optimal replacement vehicles through the improved mobility prediction of vehicles by borrowing the computational ability of RSUs on intersections. The proposed scheme first makes an improved mobility prediction model by combining both the trajectory prediction of vehicles using the Markov model and the location prediction of vehicles using the Gaussian distribution. Through the improved mobility prediction model, the proposed scheme then determines the leaving member vehicles and calculates their own leaving time. Next, the proposed scheme addresses the problem to find optimal replacement vehicles to minimize the waste resource and solves it through an integer linear programming. For the performance evaluation of the proposed scheme, we implement it in an NS-3 simulator, which includes the Manhattan mobility model, to reflect the mobility of vehicles on roads. Simulation results conducted in various environments verify that the proposed scheme achieves better performance than the existing scheme.

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Ir, Por, Bart Jacobs, Augustine D. Asante, Marco Liverani, Stephen Jan, Srean Chhim, and Virginia Wiseman. "Exploring the determinants of distress health financing in Cambodia." Health Policy and Planning 34, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2019): i26—i37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz006.

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Abstract Borrowing is a common coping strategy for households to meet healthcare costs in countries where social health protection is limited or non-existent. Borrowing with interest, hereinafter termed distress health financing or distress financing, can push households into heavy indebtedness and exacerbate the financial consequences of healthcare costs. We investigated distress health financing practices and associated factors among Cambodian households, using primary data from a nationally representative household survey of 5000 households. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with distress health financing. Results showed that 28.1% of households consuming healthcare borrowed to pay for that healthcare with 55% of these subjected to distress financing. The median loan was US$125 (US$200 for loans with interest and US$75 for loans without interest). Approximately 50.6% of healthcare-related loans were to pay for the costs of outpatient care in the past month, 45.8% for inpatient care and 3.6% for preventive care in the past 12 months. While the average period to pay off the loan was 8 months, 78% of households were still indebted from loans taken over 12 months before the survey. Distress financing is strongly associated with household poverty—the poorer the household the more likely it is to borrow, fall into debt and unable to pay off the debt—even for members of the health equity funds, a national scheme designed to improve financial access to health services for the poor. Other determinants of distress financing were household size, use of inpatient care and outpatient consultations with private providers or with both private and public providers. In order to ensure effective financial risk protection, Cambodia should establish a more comprehensive and effective social health protection scheme that provides maximum population coverage and prioritizes services for populations at risk of distress financing, especially poorer and larger households.

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Benacchio, Tommaso, and Rupert Klein. "A Semi-Implicit Compressible Model for Atmospheric Flows with Seamless Access to Soundproof and Hydrostatic Dynamics." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 4221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0073.1.

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Abstract When written in conservation form for mass, momentum, and density-weighted potential temperature, and with Exner pressure in the momentum equation, the pseudoincompressible model and the hydrostatic model only differ from the full compressible equations by some additive terms. This structural proximity is transferred here to a numerical discretization providing seamless access to all three analytical models. The semi-implicit second-order scheme discretizes the rotating compressible equations by evolving full variables, and, optionally, with two auxiliary fields that facilitate the construction of an implicit pressure equation. Time steps are constrained by the advection speed only as a result. Borrowing ideas on forward-in-time differencing, the algorithm reframes the authors’ previously proposed schemes into a sequence of implicit midpoint step, advection step, and implicit trapezoidal step. Compared with existing approaches, results on benchmarks of nonhydrostatic- and hydrostatic-scale dynamics are competitive. The tests include a new planetary-scale gravity wave test that highlights the scheme’s ability to run with large time steps and to access multiple models. The advancement represents a sizeable step toward generalizing the authors’ acoustics-balanced initialization strategy to also cover the hydrostatic case in the framework of an all-scale blended multimodel solver.

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Abubakar Mafara, Sa’adu. "Constraints to wheat production in Bakolori Irrigation Scheme Zamfara State, Nigeria." Arid-zone Journal of Basic & Applied Research 1, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55639/607wqke.

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Due to numerous production constraints, the real yield of wheat under smallholder farmer conditions in Nigeria is poor. The current study aims to look into the constraints to wheat production in the Bakolori Irrigation Scheme. As a result, the study’s objectives were to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of wheat farmers as well as to identify the constraints to wheat production in the study area. Two stages of sampling were used in the study. Eight agricultural villages were randomly chosen for the first stage, followed by a random selection of 753 wheat respondent farmers in the second stage. The study’s data was gathered from primary sources via semi-structured interviews in the Bakura, Talata Mafara and Maradun Local Government Areas and evaluated using descriptive statistics. The findings found that the majority of respondents were males with little formal education and small land holdings. It also classified wheat production constraints as biotic, abiotic, and socioeconomic. With 73%, 75%, and 75% of responding farmers, respectively, the first major restrictions based on this categorization were birds, timely sowing, and timely availability of input. kurchiya (Dove: Coturnix ypsilophora,), and Hasbiya (Pigeon: Columba livia) were the most generally identified bird pest by respondents as the first to invade the crop after sowing, while Buwa (Quarrel birds: Galliformes. Quail), was the most commonly identified bird during the flowering and ripening stages. This study suggests that the Central Bank of Nigeria’s Anchor Borrowing Program be used to make credit loans available at the appropriate times, and be maintained, since this will encourage farmers to actively participate in wheat production. Keywords:

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Gbenga-Ilori, Abiodun, Oluwabusayo Ladipo, and Olumide Alamu. "Queueing decision model for throughput maximization in green communications networks." International Journal of Engineering Business Management 11 (January 1, 2019): 184797901986724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847979019867246.

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The various advancement in cellular technology has drawn huge attention to green communication by the stakeholders. Base station (BS) sleeping technique has been proposed as a way to reduce energy consumption in cellular networks, however, this may result in service delay for cellular users. In this article, we propose a queueing decision model for BS sleeping technique that maximizes energy-efficient utilization of the BSs in a green communication network while reducing the mean service waiting time for cellular users. The proposed model also ensures an optimal and interference-free resource sharing scheme that effectively enables channel borrowing through BS association in the network, thereby reducing call drop rate and further improving quality of service in the network. Numerical simulations are performed to observe the impact of the proposed model on spectrum access and consequently on the throughput of the green communication network. The article also observed the possible improvement in network delay with the proposed model. Results show that the queueing decision model is more energy-efficient. The model also provides a more spectrum-efficient sharing scheme compared to existing models, thereby enabling better network throughput.

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Satapathy, Sushree Priyadarsini, Nivedita Karmee, Durga Madhab Satapathy, and Radha Madhab Tripathy. "Out of pocket expenditure among Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana beneficiary and non-beneficiary patients admitted to a tertiary care centre, Berhampur, India: a comparative study." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 2 (March 25, 2019): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20191144.

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Background: RSBY, a health insurance scheme, was launched by the Indian government to protect BPL families from incurring financial liabilities which are likely to occur due to hospitalization. Objectives was to compare over all OOPE among RSBY beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries and to estimate its extent during hospitalization in different domains among RSBY beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted for 2 months (January-February 2018) among BPL families residing in Ganjam district, Odisha. Multistage random sampling was done. Total sample size was 256, the number of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries taken was 128 each.Results: Non beneficiaries incurred higher overall OOPE higher i.e. 95.3% than the Beneficiaries and it was found to be statistically significant with x²=74.8 and P-value <0.001. Among beneficiaries out of pocket expenditure was found in 46.1% of the study population. 45.3% of beneficiaries had to borrow partially from friends and relatives to fulfil their hospital related expenses followed by 32% borrowing fully for their treatment. Among beneficiaries, most out of pocket expenditure was for life support services as they sought treatment mostly for surgical conditions.Conclusions: Health insurance coverage should be improved by increasing enrolment. People should be made aware about the services covered under the schemes.

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Cai, Jiangwei, Lu Zhao, and Anqi Bi. "A Novel Transfer Enhanced α -Expansion Move Learning Model for EEG Signals." Scientific Programming 2021 (April 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9957845.

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In this paper, we focus on recognizing epileptic seizure from scant EEG signals and propose a novel transfer enhanced α -expansion move (TrEEM) learning model. This framework implants transfer learning into the exemplar-based clustering model to improve the utilization rate of EEG signals. Starting from Bayesian probability theory, by leveraging Kullback-Leibler distance, we measure the similarity relationship between source and target data. Furthermore, we embed this relationship into the calculation of similarity matrix involved in the exemplar-based clustering model. Then we sum up a new objective function and study this new TrEEM scheme earnestly. We optimize the proposed TrEEM model by borrowing the mechanism utilized in EEM. In contrast to other machine learning models, experiments based on synthetic and real-world EEG datasets show that the performance of the proposed TrEEM is very promising.

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Switzer, Adrian. "The Traditional Form of a Complete Science." Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy 22, no. 44 (2014): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philosophica2014224422.

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The article treats as significant the formal coincidence between Kant’s presentation of the science of metaphysics in the “Architectonic of Pure Reason” chapter of the first Critique and Alexander Baumgarten’s presentation of the same in the Metaphysica. From his comments on Baumgarten in the metaphysics lectures, the article shows that for Kant metaphysics in its traditional form lacked completeness and systematic order. Kant fits completeness into his architectonic plan of a scientific metaphysics by Converting Baumgartian ontology into an “analytic of the understanding”; Kant achieves the systematicity by modeling a rational “idea of the form of the whole” after Baumgarten’s tree-like ordering of the special sciences of metaphysics. Thus, Kant realizes the completeness and systematicity in a theoretical presentation of the science of metaphysics that he finds lacking in Baumgarten precisely by borrowing from the latter his scheme for metaphysics.

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Zuo, Lili, Zhenxia Sun, Lingfa Lu, and Liqi Zhang. "Single-Machine Scheduling with Rejection and an Operator Non-Availability Interval." Mathematics 7, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7080668.

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In this paper, we study two scheduling problems on a single machine with rejection and an operator non-availability interval. In the operator non-availability interval, no job can be started or be completed. However, a crossover job is allowed such that it can be started before this interval and completed after this interval. Furthermore, we also assume that job rejection is allowed. That is, each job is either accepted and processed in-house, or is rejected by paying a rejection cost. Our task is to minimize the sum of the makespan (or the total weighted completion time) of accepted jobs and the total rejection cost of rejected jobs. For two scheduling problems with different objective functions, by borrowing the previous algorithms in the literature, we propose a pseudo-polynomial-time algorithm and a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS), respectively.

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CHAN, KWOK-PING. "APPLICATION OF GUARDED FUZZY-ATTRIBUTE CONTEXT FREE GRAMMAR TO SYNTACTIC PATTERN RECOGNITION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 06, no. 05 (December 1992): 777–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001492000394.

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High-dimensional grammars such as web grammars and plex grammars were used in syntactic recognition of complex 2-D or 3-D objects. In this paper, we present a simple modification, borrowing the concept of guards from concurrent programming to attributed grammar proposed by D. E. Knuth. We show that the resultant grammar can handle patterns described by the high-dimensional grammars. The only problem is that we may not have a simple ordering of the terminal symbols or pattern primitives. In some applications, such as on-line character recognition, the problem does not exist and hence presents a good candidate for the application. We also discuss the incorporation of fuzzy attributes and the necessary modification is hence introduced. Finally, the error transformations proposed by K. S. Fu can easily be taken into consideration and a powerful yet simple scheme presented.

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Asheela, Safiyath, Ghulam Jeelani Qadiri, Nagaraj Shet, and Prajna Sharma. "A study on out of pocket expenditure among the urology patients covered under health schemes in a teaching hospital." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 3892. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193989.

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Background: Health is one of the most important components of an effective poverty reduction strategy. However, use of health services is sometimes associated with out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Urology disorders are often chronic and affect individuals not by shortening survival, but by impairing quality of life hence posing a substantial economic impact for patients. A well-planned health finance systems protects population against the financial risks of ill-health. This study addressed concerns over high levels of out-of-pocket payments even by those who have insurance coverage.Methods: Descriptive study was conducted among 160 patients admitted in Urology Department who are covered under various health schemes for the duration of 6 months.Results: Of the 160 study participants studied, 129 (80.62%) were males, 37 (23.13%), 64 (40%) were illiterates and most of the families 127 (79.38%) were from rural area. Various health schemes availed were, 120 (75%) Arogya Karnataka, 8 (11.25%) RBSY Kerala and 6 (3.75%) Sampoorna Suraksha. Expenses other than medical included home care assistance, adaptations to home and cost of parallel treatment. The main source for out of pocket expenditure was borrowing money from relatives or friends 70 (43.8%), self-finance 46 (28.7%) and selling valuables 28 (17.5%). Prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure in our study was 8.75%.Conclusions: The government should increase the public health spending to reduce the out of pocket expenditure by the families and the public must be educated about the availability of insurance scheme and their efficient/optimum utilization.

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He, Bin. "Developing a leap-frog meshless methods with radial basis functions for modeling of electromagnetic concentrator." AIMS Mathematics 7, no. 9 (2022): 17133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2022943.

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<abstract><p>The main goal of this paper is to develop a fast and effective meshless method by using radial basis function (RBF) for the time domain model equations of electromagnetic wave concentration device. This is mainly because the complex model equations involve different partial differential equations in different subdomains, which makes the meshless method very attractive and also very challenging. In order to simulate the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the electromagnetic concentrator, perfect matching layer technology was used to reduce an unbounded domain problem into a bounded domain problem. Borrowing the idea of the leap-frog finite-difference time-domain scheme, I develop the leap-frog RBF meshless method to solve the coupled complex modeling equations. The numerical results obtained by using a multiquadric RBF and Gaussian RBF demonstrate that our RBF method is very effective.</p></abstract>

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Zhou, Boqun. "SUBTLE AND DANGEROUS: THE CROSSBOW TRIGGER METAPHOR IN EARLY CHINA." Early China 44 (September 2021): 465–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eac.2021.5.

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AbstractThe crossbow trigger was a powerful device in early Chinese warfare that had a profound impact on military tactics. Against such a background, the word for “trigger,” namely ji, became a pregnant metaphor in ancient texts from the Warring States onwards. It refers to the correlation between a “subtle” initial state and a “dangerous” and far-reaching consequence, because the small movement of pulling the trigger may kill a person at a great distance. Borrowing insights from Hans Blumenberg's metaphorology, I offer a new theory of the original meaning of ji and argue that the trigger mechanism inspires a complex metaphorical scheme that consists of three levels of ambiguities and a web of associated images. It provides a linguistic and cognitive pattern for organizing a wide range of heterogeneous life-world situations, from the moral precariousness of human speech to the vulnerability of an outnumbered army in battle.

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Wong, Deanna, and Pam Peters. "A study of backchannels in regional varieties of English, using corpus mark-up as the means of identification." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 12, no. 4 (December 20, 2007): 479–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.12.4.03won.

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Backchannels are a linguistic phenomenon that remains poorly defined. Borrowing of terminology and a reliance on axiomatic definitions has resulted in a diverse nomenclature and an indeterminate inventory of forms. Further, research concentration on backchannels produced in northern hemisphere English has led to the assumption of a common repertoire across all varieties, without supporting empirical investigation. This investigation analysed transcriptions of telephone conversations drawn from the Australian and New Zealand sub-corpora of the International Corpus of English (ICE), and used the ICE corpus mark-up scheme to select potential targets. Chi-square analyses found listeners used single word backchannels more often than more elaborate forms; and Australian listeners produced more backchannels and more single forms. These findings were compared with reported usage by US English listeners, showing that while listeners worldwide draw from a common repertoire of backchannel forms, they differ in the complexity of the structures they use.

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Kolla, Sravanthi, and P. Raghu Rami Reddy. "Effect of Farm Investment Support on Multiple and Informal Borrowing of Farm Households: A Case Study on Rythubandhu Scheme in Telangana, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (October 10, 2020): 2555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.304.

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Pathak, Abhijit. "Market Stabilisation Scheme and Management of Liquidity in the Period of Volatile Capital Inflows: The Indian Experience." Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance 7, no. 07 (July 5, 2023): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2023.v07i07.003.

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India recorded large and exogenous capital inflow from the very beginning of this century. This made monetary and liquidity management increasingly complex and difficult in India. Independent monetary policy in the era of free and volatile capital flow became challenging. To deal with the problems of excess liquidity in the system, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in consultation with the Government of India (GOI) introduced Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS) in April 2004 with the objective of impounding excess liquidity from the system. In this paper, we have attempted to examine whether MSS was effective as an instrument of sterilisation in absorbing excess liquidity from the system and enabled the RBI to manage the liquidity condition smoothly. This paper has found that MSS was an effective instrument of sterilisation that helped the RBI in managing liquidity conditions in the period of large and exogenous capital inflows. This paper has also found that MSS was even effective in injecting back liquidity into the system through unwinding of securities under MSS redemption and its buyback operations in the period of large capital outflows during the international financial crisis of 2008-09. This helped the large borrowing programmes of the government during 2009-10. The paper has estimated the cost of MSS operations and found it on the lower side considering the scale of operation of this scheme.

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S, Sreevidhya. "A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLCC PROGRAMME LAUNCHED BY FEDERAL BANK." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 12SE (December 31, 2016): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i12se.2016.2384.

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The new economic reforms of government, advances in technology and great market orientation and financial innovation have reshaped the financial landscape. It means the people have so many investment opportunities. Poor people particularly in rural areas are often wary of banks and finds branches intimidating. A profound lack of financial literacy also reinforces the sense of alienation. The rural poor are also unaware about how to deal with credit, how to avoid incurring debts that cannot be repaid. In order to solve these problems RBI has decided to provide financial literacy along with credit counselling. As such RBI has come out with a model scheme on FLCC and advised banks to set up as many FLCC in order to achieve at least one FLCC per block. In consonance with RBI directives the Federal Bank, the first bank in the state which started FLCC, established a trust namely ‘Federal Ashwas Trust’. The main objective of this trust is the establishment and running of ‘Federal Aswas Financial Literacy Centers’ (FAFLC) for providing financial education to the public. The objective of the scheme is to provide free financial literacy education and credit counselling to people in rural and urban area. Through this FLCC centers across the state, customers are educated on responsible borrowing, proactive and early savings and also offers debt counselling to individuals.

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Martokoesoemo, Dewi Ratna Sjari, Bonar M. Sinaga, Nunung Kusnadi, and Yusman Syaukat. "Business Vulnerability and Credit Access for Agriculture-Based Micro and Small Women Entrepreneurs." Economics and Finance in Indonesia 66, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47291/efi.v66i2.666.

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Micro and Small Industries (MSIs) constitute the largest share of Indonesia’s manufacturing sector and play an important role in providing employment opportunities and value-added creation. However, their business sustainability and scaling up are often hindered by various factors, one of which is access to credit. The subsidized loan scheme provided by the government, namely People’s Business Credit (KUR), appears to be insufficiently attractive to entrepreneurs, especially to Micro and Small Women Entrepreneurs (MSWEs). Employing a logit regression method and utilizing the BPS-Statistics Indonesia’s 2015 MSI survey data, this study aims to investigate factors affecting MSWEs’ decision to apply for bank loans and factors contributing to the approval of their credit applications by banks. The results show that MSWEs have low participation in credit borrowing, partially due to business vulnerability and self-rationing attitude, while credit application rejection is caused mainly by banks’ conservative approach to MSWEs. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Borrowing scheme'

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