Relevant bibliographies by topics / Borneo – Description and travel

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Borneo – Description and travel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Borneo – Description and travel"

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Kowaliński, Jakub, Tomasz Krakówka, Rafał Więckowski, and Mikołaj Zarzycki. "Support for Perimeter Border Protection Using Unmanned Ground Vehicle UGV." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 26, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_243/55.

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The article concerns the most important issues of designing an unmanned vehicle for the implementation of observation tasks in the protection of the perimeter of the state border. An analysis of the terrain conditions necessary for the unmanned vehicle to overcome and a description of the key components of the HUNTeR vehicle responsible for the ability to work in such conditions was presented. Also included were tests verifying the basic assumptions of the project in the field of operation at the maximum speed of travel.
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Soriente, Antonia. "Cross-cultural encounters of Italian travellers in the Malay world; A perspective on the languages spoken by the local populations." Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v25i2.1679.

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This paper describes the encounters that Italian travellers, explorers, and traders had with the peoples of the Malay world at the turn of the century. In particular, it focuses on the linguistic descriptions and observations made by Italian explorers of the languages spoken in the places they visited and included in their travel writings. In addition to the pioneering work of Pigafetta, the Italian scribe who followed Magellan on his voyage around the world and produced the first “Italian-Malay vocabulary” in 1521, other linguistic descriptions and observations were made by Giovanni Gaggino, a merchant who compiled an Italian-Malay dictionary in Singapore, Odoardo Beccari, a naturalist who offered reflections on the Malay spoken in Borneo, and Celso Cesare Moreno, a ship captain and adventurer. Elio Modigliani, in his travels to Nias, Enggano, Mentawai, and the Batak country, provided detailed information on the local languages spoken in these islands in North and West Sumatra, while Giovanni Battista Cerruti, an explorer and ship captain who visited Singapore, Batavia, and the Malay Peninsula, commented on the languages, as did Emilio Cerruti, who travelled to the Moluccas and Papua. This paper focuses on how these languages were described and perceived by these nineteenth-century Italian travellers. It concludes that these explorers were all united by a common necessity, namely the importance of speaking local languages in order to be able to interact with the people they met on their travels. Malay, in particular, was always viewed positively as an international language, a powerful tool for communicating, learning, and interacting with others, and a beautiful language. Conversely, the other minority languages were seen as poor and simple, but still a powerful tool to overcome barriers and lay the foundations for intercultural communication.
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de Veer, Elisabeth, and Ann O'Hear. "Gerhard Rohlfs in Yorubaland." History in Africa 21 (1994): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171888.

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Gerhard Rohlfs was born in Vegesack near Bremen in 1831. He was a frequent traveler in Africa, and in 1865-67 he became the first European to travel from north Africa across the Sahara to the west African coast, from Tripoli to Borno, then through Bauchi and Keffi to Loko, thence down the Benue to its confluence with the Niger at Lokoja, which he reached on 28 March 1867. From there, he proceeded upstream along the Niger to Raba, delivering presents to Masaba of Nupe. From Raba, he traveled overland through Yorubaland to Lagos. In 1868 he published an account of the first half of this journey, from north Africa to Borno, in Petermann's Mitteilungen. In 1872 his account of the second half, “Gerhard Rohlfs' Reise durch Nord-Afrika vom Mittelländischen Meere bis zum Busen von Guinea, 1865 bis 1867, 2. Hälfte: von Kuka nach Lagos (Bornu, Bautschi, Saria, Nupe, Yoruba),” also appeared in Petermann's. A later publication, Quer durch Afrika, which appeared in 1874-75, covered the entire journey.Rohlfs' accounts of his travels in west Africa south of the Sahara have up to now been greatly neglected. The works mentioned above have never been published in English translation, which no doubt goes some way to explain this neglect. Rohlfs' information on his stay in Kuka (the capital of Borno) and his visits to Bauchi and Nupe have been cited by some scholars, at least. Very few, however, appear to have consulted his description of the last leg of his 1866-67 journey, in which he proceeded from the Niger south through Yorubaland to Lagos, visiting Share, Ilorin, Iwo, Ibadan, and parts of Ijebuland on the way.
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Dwi Agustyo, Maulvi, Murniati Murniati, and Ina Elvina. "Analysis of Fix Price Travel Tran sport Based on Vehicle Operational Costs." Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2024): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku2405.

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Transportation become an important role in a variety of human needs that are quite diverse, such as economic needs, education, health, and others. This study calculated the Operating Costs of Travel Vehicles on the Palangka Raya - Tamiang Layang City route, using the 2002 Directorate General of Land Transportation method. The method is in the form of an interview survey, analyzing Vehicle Operating Cost data from travel transport service providers with the Palangka Raya- Tamiang Layang City route, namely CV. Putra Borneo Travel, CV. New Star Travel, and CV. Trans Kalimantan Travel. This study aims to determine the Operating Cost of Travel Vehicles on the Palangka Raya - Tamiang Layang route to find out how much the basic rate set is financially feasible for service providers. The findings from the value analysis of the Operating Cost of Travel Vehicles on the Palangka Raya- Tamiang Layang route reveal that CV. Putra Borneo Travel incurred IDR 4,934.61, CV. Trans Kalimantan Travel incurred IDR 4,253.21, and CV. Bintang Baru Travel incurred IDR 4,733.95. The basic passenger rate set is financially feasible for service providers by, CV. Putra Borneo Travel at IDR 295,056/pnp, CV. Trans Kalimantan Travel at IDR 254,324/ pnp, CV. Bintang Baru Travel at IDR 283,071/ pnp. The rates issued by the three travel transportation service providers are IDR 230,000/ pnp.
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HIPPA, HEIKKI, and JAN ŠEVČÍK. "Notes on Oriental and Australasian Manotinae (Diptera, Mycetophilidae), with the description of thirteen new species." Zootaxa 2333, no. 1 (January 12, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2333.1.1.

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The following new species are described: Manota acehensis (Sumatra), M. anceps (Sumatra), M. bruneiensis (Borneo), M. capillata (Sumatra), M. dolichothrix (Borneo), M. hexacantha (Borneo), M. hyboloma (Borneo), M. perangulata (Borneo), M. radula (Borneo), M. sinepollex (Sumatra), M. stricta (Sumatra), M. subforceps (Sumatra) and Eumanota vilkamaai (New Guinea). New records of the following species are given: Manota bifida Hippa & Papp (Borneo), M. clausa Hippa (Borneo), M. curvata Hippa (Sumatra), M. ferrata Hippa (Borneo), M. forceps Hippa & Papp (Thailand), M. horrida Hippa (Borneo), M. pectinata Hippa (Borneo, Sulawesi), M. pappi Hippa (Borneo), M. perpusilla Hippa (Sumatra), M. simplex Hippa (Borneo), M. ulu Hippa (Sumatra), Eumanota humeralis Edwards (Borneo), E. malukuensis Søli (Seram), E. suthepensis Søli (Thailand) and Promanota malaisei Tuomikoski (Thailand).
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Siba, Davis Miller. "EKSPLORASI SUMBER MINERAL DI BORNEO UTARA: DARI PERSPEKTIF MINERAL EXPLORER FRANK HATTON." Jurnal Borneo Arkhailogia (Heritage, Archaeology and History) 6, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/jba.v6i1.3517.

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Kepulauan Borneo digambarkan sebagai sebuah kepulauan yang kaya dengan sumber mineral (British North Borneo Herald, 1889). Perkara ini juga ada dinyatakan oleh para pelayar atau navigators khususnya orang Eropah dalam old travel book mereka. Antara sumber mineral yang didakwa wujud di Kepulauan Borneo ialah seperti emas, antimoni, cinnabar, arang batu, tembaga dan bijih besi. Perkembangan imperialisme dan kolonialisme di Barat telah menyebabkan orang Eropah berlumba-lumba untuk mendapatkan tanah jajahan di sebelah timur. Di Borneo Utara, selepas mendapat Piagam Diraja pada tahun 1881, pihak British North Borneo Chartered Company (BNBCC) melihatkan bahawa sumber ekonomi yang utama bagi kelancaran pentadbiran awal mereka di Borneo Utara ialah bergantung kepada penemuan sumber mineral oleh para mineral explorer. Usaha BNBCC kian serius apabila tertubuhnya beberapa buah syarikat dan jawatankuasa berkaitan sumber mineral mula beroperasi seperti Mineralogy Department, Gold Committee, British North Borneo Gold Syndicate, British Borneo Gold Mining Company, British Borneo Exploration Company dan lain-lain. Selain melantik mineral explorer, pihak BNBCC juga memberikan ganjaran sebanyak $500 dolar kepada mana-mana individu yang berjaya menjumpai sumber mineral di Borneo Utara (Bitish North Borneo Herald, 1884). Maka, penulisan ini cuba untuk mengetengahkan eksplorasi sumber mineral yang telah dijalankan oleh mineral explorer dalam dekad awal pentadbiran BNBCC di Borneo Utara khususnya oleh Frank Hatton.
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Burns, Daniel S., K. A. Clay, and M. S. Bailey. "Leptospirosis in a British soldier after travel to Borneo." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 162, no. 6 (September 28, 2016): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2015-000533.

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Lonergan, David. "Lemuria—Description and Travel." Community & Junior College Libraries 15, no. 3 (July 20, 2009): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02763910902979486.

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Ramsay, R. G. Wardlaw. "9. Description of a new Oriole from Borneo." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 47, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02703.x.

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Boulenger, G. A. "Description of a new Sea-Snake from Borneo." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 66, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb03133.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Borneo – Description and travel"

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Girardin, Jordan. "Travel in the Alps : the construction of a transnational space through digital and mental mapping (c. 1750s-1850s)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10648.

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The period between the 1750s and 1830s witnessed a major change in travel practices in Europe, moving away from the traditional Grand Tour and focusing more on natural places, their visual power, and their influence on individual emotions. Such changes meant that the Alps ceased to be seen as a natural obstacle that had to be crossed in order to access Italy, and became a place to explore and a mountainous space par excellence. This thesis addresses the importance of mental mapping in travel literature and its impact on the construction of the Alps as a transnational space, which eventually facilitated the creation of a viable touristic market in the Alps as we know it today. The first part of the thesis analyses the transformation of the Alps from a natural frontier to a border region explored by travellers and their networks. The second part discusses the consequences of these changes on mental mapping and spatial representations of the Alps by travellers: it highlights the way external visitors often had very subjective interpretations of what the Alps meant as a term and a place, and conveyed those to other travellers through travel writing. Finally, the third part of this work investigates the development of an Alpine myth as a product of these shifting mental representations: the Alps became a set of expectations, typical images, and encounters to be expected.
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Dömötör, Ildikó. "Gentlewomen in the bush : a historical interpretation of British women's personal narratives in nineteenth-century rural Australia." Monash University, School of Political and Social Inquiry, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5283.

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Patkar, Manjiri. "Virtual imagery in nineteenth century French travel narratives perception and description of architectural space /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2002. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/192.

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Kotzé, Louis Jacobus Daniël. "An investigation into the coverage of diverse forms of tourism in South African travel magazines." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/339.

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There have been several changes in tourism in South Africa since 1994. During apartheid, black people were not allowed to become involved in important aspects of tourism, particularly at management level. However, this situation is changing and all cultures are gradually becoming engaged in th e tourism industry. The economic progress of the black community has resulted in the materialization of cultural villages, tourism projects to give rural people jobs, and an increase in township tourist attractions, heritage tours, etc. These initiatives have led to the establishment of certain types of tourism such as cultural tourism, urban tourism and community-based tourism. It could be said without hesitation, at the prescientific level, that the diversity in cultures, for one, is a major attraction of this country. Another change has been the increase in tourism from countries which have been excluded from South Africa in the past. Examples of these are African countries such as Kenya and Nigeria, as well as countries on other continents, including India, Bangladesh and the East-European bloc. Up to 2003/4, South Africa experienced the longest uninterrupted period of economic growth in its history. This resulted in people being able to afford a higher standard of living and therefore having more money to spend on travelling. as the economic growth stimulated the growth of tourism, both local and foreign, in the country. Seen from the perspective of the tourism industry, it is important to keep the public informed and up to date about what a country has to offer in order to maintain the increase in tourism. The media assist in this process. The travelling public is informed by word of mouth, but also through newspapers, magazines, television and radio. Information about the different attractions, whether cultures, wildlife or sport, et cetera, would not always be easy to find, were it not for the media. As tourism grows, more tourist attractions will develop, with a bigger need for tourists to be informed as an immediate result. The role of the media in this information giving is th erefore constantly on the increase.
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Spyker, Stephen K. "Spirituality and technology on the Appalachian Trail : a study in frontiers." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1290777.

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Haubenstricker, Daniel L. "Images of Madison, Indiana : a method for tourism planning in historic places." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/450105.

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The goal of the thesis is to plan for tourism in a historic community in a manner that would enrich the experiences of its visitors and residents. In order to avoid tourism's undesirable impacts, a method is presented to document residents' and visitors' problems and the improvements they desire, and to describe and compare their images of Madison.Data collection begins with structured interviews followed by a questionnaire distributed to random samples of residents and visitors. The results of the questionnaire analysis establish the residents' and visitors' images. The two images are compared using statistical tests to identify the places with greatest, moderate, and least image differences. Out of the twenty-six places tested, eleven show significant image differences.The image findings are incorporated into the site analysis for tourism. Objectives for tourism are expressed in a concept diagram, and then refined in a conceptual plan. The accompanying recommendations outline policies for proposed facilities, visitor-resident relations, and environmental education.
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Diamond, Katherine. "Reducing these loose papers into this order : a bibliographical sociology of the Principall Navigations (1589)." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8362.

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This thesis takes the first edition of Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589) as its focus. A significant, sixteenth-century printed text and Richard Hakluyt’s major work, it is familiar to scholars of the period. Its rich archival source has aided understanding of early modern geography, English discovery and cultural encounters. It has also been evaluated in relation to Hakluyt’s substantial contribution to the burgeoning literature of vernacular prose and to imperial expansionism. My thesis conceives a social history of the production, transmission and reception of Principall Navigations from bibliographical analysis, an investigative method that has remained largely untapped. In each chapter, I incorporate information drawn from the material text into an appreciation of historical practice and relocate Principall Navigations more precisely in its socio-historical moment. This engages with and, in some cases, destabilizes current critical positions. In the first chapter, I explore the importance of Hakluyt’s patrons. Francis Walsingham’s essential role is recorded through his connection with the various interdependent networks of people involved in the book’s production and Hakluyt’s description of his ‘prescribed limites’. This chapter re-evaluates authorial subjectivity. In chapter two, Walsingham’s authority over the Queen’s printing house generally and the production of Principall Navigations particularly is traced through the examination of the Stationers’ Company archive and the evolution of the office of the royal printer. This chapter contends that Walsingham commanded the production of Principall Navigations. Chapter three represents a bibliographical study which integrates the production of Principall Navigations into the Queen’s printers’ general work patterns and investigates textual variants and paper-stocks. The date of the interpolation of the Drake leaves is posited with reference to the debate concerning their suppression. The final chapter explores the relationship between early modern readers and empirical records, through historical reading practice, and concludes by evaluating the location of discursive authority.
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Trépanier, Stéphane. "Description de l'incidence et de certains facteurs de risque de la malaria, l'hépatite A, la typhoïde et la shigellose chez les voyageurs québécois." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5963.

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Au Québec, en 2007, plus de 1 384 000 voyages internationaux ont été effectués. Ce nombre est 50 % plus élevé qu'il ne l'était en 2000. Conséquemment, le comité consultatif québécois sur la santé des voyageurs (CCQSV) a émis, comme priorité en 2008, de dresser un portrait actuel de l'épidémiologie et du fardeau lié aux maladies acquises en voyage. OBJECTIFS Décrire l'épidémiologie des 4 maladies à l'étude au Québec, entre 2004 et 2007. Secondairement, comparer certains résultats avec une étude antérieure pour 3 de ces maladies et valider une variable nommée "ÉPISODE ACQUIS HORS QUÉBEC" ajoutée au fichier provincial des maladies à déclaration obligatoire (MADO) en 2003. DEVIS : Étude descriptive transversale des cas de fièvre typhoïde, d'hépatite A, de malaria et de shigellose. DONNÉES ET MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les cas des quatre maladies à l'étude, inscrits dans le fichier MADO, entre les années 2004 et 2007, ont été analysés avec l'information disponible dans les enquêtes épidémiologiques. Pour les cas de shigellose, un échantillonnage a eu lieu. Les variables ont été colligées par un seul évaluateur à l'aide d'une grille pré-testée. La qualité des données a été validée par une double collecte et une double saisie. Lorsque possible, les données concernant l'ensemble des voyageurs, et non seulement les cas, ont été tirées des données sur les voyages internationaux de STATISTIQUE CANADA. La sensibilité et la spécificité de la variable "épisode acquis hors Québec" ont été calculées en comparant l'information inscrite au fichier MADO avec celle des questionnaires d'enquête épidémiologique des directions de santé publique, considérés comme l'étalon or. L'étude de Provost et al. (2006) a été utilisée aux fins de comparaisons. RÉSULTATS: La proportion de cas liés aux voyages a été calculée : malaria (78,3 %), fièvre typhoïde (73,4 %), shigellose (50 %) et hépatite A (35,8 %). Le nombre de cas déclarés durant la période varie de 55 cas pour la fièvre typhoïde à 760 cas pour la shigellose. L'incidence annuelle moyenne (par 100 000 personnes) liée aux voyages pour la période 2004-2007 est de 0,59 pour la malaria, 0,13 pour la fièvre typhoïde, 0,49 pour la shigellose et 0,44 pour l'hépatite A. Les immigrants qui retournent visiter la famille et les amis (VFA). sont importants en proportion chez les cas de malaria (52,9 %). Les cas d'hépatite A surviennent davantage durant les voyages de plus de deux semaines (75,6 %). Une proportion importante des cas d'hépatite A provient de l'Afrique (28,3 %). Le sous-continent indien obtient le rapport du nombre de cas sur le nombre de voyages le plus élevé pour la fièvre typhoïde, l'hépatite A et la shigellose. La shigellose se démarque des autres maladies avec une majorité de cas chez les touristes (76,1 %) et les cas surviennent principalement lors de courts séjours d'une semaine ou moins (39,6 %). La variable "ÉPISODE ACQUIS HORS QUÉBEC" du fichier MADO présente encore une proportion importante de dossiers ou l'information est inconnue (28,6 %) pour les maladies à l'étude. En excluant les données inconnues, la variable présente une sensibilité de 97,5 % et une spécificité de 98,5 %. Comparativement à la période 2000-2002, la proportion de cas chez les VFA a augmentée pour la malaria et la fièvre typhoïde. La proportion de cas de malaria contractés en Afrique sub-saharienne a aussi augmentée (87,2 % vs 72 % en 2000-2002). CONCLUSIONS Les 4 maladies à l'étude sont encore des maladies fréquentes chez les voyageurs internationaux québécois. Les voyageurs à destination de l'Afrique et du sous-continent indien méritent une attention spéciale, tout particulièrement les voyageurs du type VFA. Les touristes devraient être avisés du risque de shigellose malgré la vaccination contre d'autres maladies. Il est recommandé d'uniformiser le format des questionnaires d'enquête au niveau provincial et de sensibiliser les professionnels à l'importance de saisir le pays d'acquisition au fichier MADO. Malgré l'excellente sensibilité et spécificité de la variable, il est conseillé de l'utiliser avec prudence.
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Chang, Na. "The East and the West in the travel writings of the late medieval East and West." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708975.

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Bush, Charmel Lolita. "Image of Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB): an external stakeholder's perspective." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/9097.

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A distinctive destination image is required in order to compete with other destinations for tourists and investors alike. This main objective of this study is to develop a model for destination image formation for Nelson Mandela Bay as a secondary economy to boost its global competitiveness. Several researchers have studied destination image and based on the fact that tourists and investors usually have a limited knowledge of destinations they have not previously visited, destination image fulfils an important function insofar as destinations with strong, positive, discriminatory and recognisable images. A literature study was conducted to identify the key influencers on destination image as well as to identify which forces are likely to influence the destination image of Nelson Mandela Bay. The different factors of destination image were identified from the literature sources and these factors provided a basis for an empirical study that was conducted amongst external stakeholders. The primary research objective was to create a model of destination image for Nelson Mandela Bay and to explain the cause and effect relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Added to the primary research objective, eight secondary research objectives were identified. The primary research question for this study was to identify what influences the destination image of Nelson Mandela Bay. Added to the primary research question, the researcher also identified eight research questions as part of the study. The empirical analysis was used to test the hypotheses and ultimately develop a model for destination image formation for Nelson Mandela Bay. This study was exploratory in nature and thus used a limited sample to gain insights for further research. Data were obtained through questionnaires that were distributed electronically to 120 respondents. This study concluded with the development of a destination image model for Nelson Mandela Bay that can be expanded upon with further research. The results indicate that general infrastructure and social environment; leisure and recreation; and culture influence the Affective component of Nelson Mandela Bay. Information sources and Political stability and risk influence the Cognitive component of Nelson Mandela Bay. Together the Affective and Cognitive component makes up the overall image of Nelson Mandela Bay.
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Books on the topic "Borneo – Description and travel"

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Robinson, Daniel. Borneo. 2nd ed. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2011.

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Anderson, Peter. Discover Borneo-Sarawak. [Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Photo Images & Design, 1996.

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O'Hanlon, Redmond. Into the heart of Borneo. New York: Random House, 1985.

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Allan, Jeremy. Borneo: Adventures in East Kalimantan. Singapore: Times Editions, 1988.

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Klum, Mattias. Borneo rain forest. San Francisco, Calif: Chronicle Books, 1998.

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Hansen, Eric. Stranger in the forest: On foot across Borneo. London: Century, 1988.

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Hansen, Eric. Stranger in the forest: On foot across Borneo. London: Abacus, 1990.

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1943-, Morgan Susan, ed. A decade in Borneo. London: Leicester University Press, 2001.

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Blair, Lorne. River of gems: A Borneo journal. Sanur, Bali, Indonesia: Image Network Indonesia, 1991.

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Harrisson, Tom. World within: A Borneo story. Kota Kinabalu: Opus Publications, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Borneo – Description and travel"

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Zhiri, Oumelbanine. "Leo Africanus’s Description of Africa." In Travel Knowledge, 258–66. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62233-7_25.

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Haji-Othman, Noor Azam, and James McLellan. "Researching Borneo Language Description, Language Maintenance and Language Shift." In Fieldwork and the Self, 291–306. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2438-4_15.

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Reeck, Matt. "Travel in Rachid Djaïdani's Film Sur ma ligne [On My Line] (2006)." In Ethics of Description, 214–28. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003428558-10.

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Peng, Hui, Dan Tan, Yafei Liu, Xuying Wu, and Wenqing Zhang. "Semantic Description and Discovery for Travel Web Services." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 311–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34240-0_41.

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Robertson, Ben P. "Description of the Sacred Chapel—The Treasury." In The Travel Writings of John Moore Vol 2, 106–9. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003553113-33.

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Brodie, Allan. "W. Hutton, A Description of Blackpool, in Lancashire (1789)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 363–79. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113003-41.

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Brodie, Allan. "[T. G.], A Description of the Isle of Thanet (1765)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 145–52. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113003-19.

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Barton, Susan. "A. E. Hargrove, a Brief Description of Places of Public Interest (1843)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 337–41. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112976-40.

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Brodie, Allan. "[Anon.], Life Beneath the Waves, and a Description of the Brighton Aquarium (1871)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 347–53. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112990-55.

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Brodie, Allan. "[T. G.], A Description of the Isle of Thanet, and Particularly of the Town of Margate (1765)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 39–41. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112990-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Borneo – Description and travel"

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Liu, Huaxing, Soon Keat Tan, Jing Li, and Xikun Wang. "Three Dimensional Simulation of Bore Flow Using SPH." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-21090.

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Tidal bore is a fascinating and powerful hydraulic phenomenon. In this paper, the tidal bore’s process is studied using 3D Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) model. The Lagrangian nature of SPH suits well to the modeling of the complex fluid flow phenomenon. In the SPH method, the Navier-Stokes equations are discretized with fluid particles in the Lagrangine sense. Boundary conditions, including both no slip wall and bottom wall, are implemented using dynamic boundary particles. Using SPH, the bore’s generation together with its traverse along the channel are presented, including the description of flow field and bore’s configuration. Different types of bores’ behavior are investigated. It is observed that there is a splash of water surge up the wall and the front of the bore becomes a breaker wave when the initial water column travels at high speed. The velocity field and bore heights at different locations are visualized and discussed as well.
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Chiong, Raymond, Jofry Hadi Sutanto, and Wendy Japutra Jap. "A comparative study on informed and uninformed search for intelligent travel planning in Borneo Island." In 2008 International Symposium on Information Technology. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsim.2008.4631975.

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Czapla, Zbigniew, and Stanislaw Krawiec. "Travel Time Description for Urban Routes Operated with Electric Buses." In 2020 Smart City Symposium Prague (SCSP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scsp49987.2020.9133867.

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Leiduan, Alessandro. "La sémiologie face au défi de la fiction interactive. Enjeux épistémologiques et esthétiques de la « transition » numérique." In Actes du congrès de l’Association Française de Sémiotique. Limoges: Université de Limoges, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25965/as.8560.

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L’étude des manifestations fictionnelles de l’ère numérique ne saurait se borner à décrire les modalités à travers lesquelles celles-ci actualisent les potentialités expressives inscrites dans la technologie numérique. La conceptualisation de la « transition numérique » dans le domaine de l’imaginaire artistique doit également se poser la question de savoir si les nouvelles formes d’expressivité artistiques satisfont aux conditions esthétiques qui présidaient à la consécration des fictions traditionnelles (sous peine de ne pas pouvoir appliquer à leur phénoménologie l’appellation de « fiction »). Il a ainsi été nécessaire de redécouvrir les critères de conditionnalité esthétiques qui sont incorporés dans la notion « trans-historique » de fiction afin de recentrer sur eux la description – mais surtout l’évaluation critique – des nouveaux avatars de l’imaginaire numérique. Conformément à ces grandes lignes méthodologiques, cet article entreprend l’analyse du film interactif République, moins pour inventorier sur un ton émerveillé ses fonctionnalités numériques que pour les mettre à l’épreuve des paramètres esthétiques qui sous-tendent la catégorie culturelle de fiction.
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Kvernland, M., F. Lund, and L. Strømmegjerde. "Keeping Subsea Pipelines Free from Wax and Hydrate Deposits by Use of a Subsea Cooler Unit." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215591-ms.

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Abstract This paper presents the "cold flow" technology and tests performed to qualify a subsea concept as a step towards taking the technology into use. By combining subsea cooling and the traditional cold flow seeding method with a novel inductive heating mechanism, all hydrate and wax potential can be converted into small and inert solid particles in a subsea cooler downstream of the wellhead. The particles will travel suspended in the bulk flow at ambient seabed temperature towards the host facility without any additional flow assurance measures, like pipeline insulation, heating, or chemical injection. The paper contains a description of the Empig cold flow technology, and the initial concept launched by SINTEF. Furthermore, a description of a hydrocarbon flow loop used in the testing of the technology together with a brief description of test results. A subsea cooler unit used for a pit test is then presented. This section contains a discussion on its design principles, a description of the marinized heating system, and test results.
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Li, Chen, Bicheng Yan, Rui Kou, and Shunhua Gao. "Rapid Inference of Reservoir Permeability From Inversion of Travel Time Data Under a Fast Marching Method Based Deep Learning Framework." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214385-ms.

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Abstract The Fast Marching Method (FMM) is a highly efficient numerical algorithm frequently used to solve the Eikonal equation to obtain the travel time from the source point to spatial locations, which can generate a geometric description of monotonically advancing front in anisotropic and heterogeneous media. In modeling fluid flow in subsurface heterogeneous porous media, application of the FMM makes the characterization of pressure front propagation quite straightforward using the diffusive time of flight (DTOF) as the Eikonal solution from an asymptotic approximation to the diffusivity equation. For the infinite-acting flow that occurs in smoothly varying heterogeneous media, travel time of pressure front from the active production or injection well to the observation well can be directly estimated from the DTOF using the concept of radius of investigation (ROI). Based on the ROI definition, the travel time to a given location in space can be determined from the maximum magnitude of partial derivative of pressure to time. Treating travel time computed at the observation well as the objective function, we propose a FMM based deep learning (DL) framework, namely the Inversion Neural Network (INN), to inversely estimate heterogeneous reservoir permeability fields through training the deep neural network (DNN) with the travel time data directly generated from the FMM. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is adopted to establish the mapping between the heterogeneous permeability field and the sparse observational data. Because of the quasi-linear relationship between the travel time and reservoir properties, CNN inspired by FMM is able to provide a rapid inverse estimate of heterogeneous reservoir properties that show sufficient accuracy compared to the true reference model with a limited number of observation wells. Inverse modeling results of the permeability fields are validated by the asymptotic pressure approximation through history matching of the reservoir models with the multi-well pressure transient data.
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Lee, Ho-Hoon. "Modeling and Control of a 2-Dimensional Overhead Crane." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0439.

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Abstract In this paper, a trolley-axis-based swing angle description is proposed for a 2-dimensional overhead crane, and then a new nonlinear dynamic model for the crane is derived based on the proposed swing angle description. The dynamic model is equivalent to that for 3-link flexible robots having only the first flexible mode. Furthermore, when the model is linearized around the vertical stable equilibrium, it becomes decoupled and symmetric with respect to the travel and traverse axes of the crane. From this result, a decoupled feedback control method is proposed based on the linearized model via the loop shaping and the root locus methods. Theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed control method guarantees not only fast damping of load swing but also accurate control of trolley position with sufficient damping for the 2-dimensional motion of the crane.
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Mittal, Samir, and Chia-Hsiang Menq. "Precision Motion Control of a Magnetic Suspension System Using a Robust Nonlinear Compensation Scheme." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0352.

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Abstract The article presents a robust nonlinear compensation algorithm for realizing large travel in magnetic suspension systems suffering from parameter variations, and external disturbance forces. A geometric feedback linearization technique that utilizes the complete nonlinear description of the electromagnetic field distribution is employed to obtain large travel. Robustness to uncertainties in the feedback linearized system is achieved through the development of a discrete time delay control based compensation algorithm. In comparison to previous developments, the new scheme removes the constraints of triangularity conditions in compensation of unmatched uncertainties. The performance of this algorithm is experimentally investigated on a magnetic suspension system. In each of the experiments, the controller is designed using the approximate nonlinear model of the system which is significantly different from the actual plant model. For a fixed set of gains, the robust nonlinear controller accurately stabilizes the system for a large range of ball positions. In trajectory tracking performance evaluation, the controller provides tracking accuracies that are of the same order of magnitude as the accuracy of the position sensor. Finally, when the suspended ball is impressed with an external disturbance force, the controller provides adequate model regulation and rejection of disturbance forces, demonstrating high stiffness control. The experimental results therefore, verify the consistent performance of the algorithm in realizing large travel inspite of parameter variations and external disturbances.
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Lee, Kum-Bae, Md Faisal Kader, and Young-Muk Youn. "Numerical Analysis of Automobile Environment During the Cooling Period in Summer." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52344.

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Understanding the temperature and humidity profiles inside a vehicle when the A/C is on during summer is of paramount practical significance to maintain comfortable environment. In this paper, the airflow patterns, temperature and humidity distributions are predicted utilizing a three-dimensional finite volume numerical method and measured experimentally inside the automobile. Numerical analyses of the three-dimensional geometry predict a detailed description of fluid flow patterns. The velocity vectors from the side instrument panel registers impinge on the front occupant’s chest to head then travel forward and finally reach to the rear parcel shelf area. The undesirable returning flow passing by the driver’s head and neck has been observed. The velocity vectors from the central instrument panel registers travel directly to the rear compartment. A recirculation has been observed near the occupant’s knee area of the front compartment and rear compartment. The Temperature comes down to a comfortable range almost linearly at the initial stage. After that no considerable change has been observed. A good agreement has been found between the numerical and experimental results.
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Sankaran, Vasu, and Jasprit Singh. "Quantum Transport of an Electron Wavepacket across a Heterostructure Discontinuity – Applications in the GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructure." In Picosecond Electronics and Optoelectronics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/peo.1991.we6.

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Theoretical techniques used to study time dependent electron transport in heterostructures use one or more of the following approximations: i) In Monte Carlo methods the electron is described as a point particle whose transport properties (such as effective mass, scattering rates, etc.) change abruptly when it moves across a boundary. As the electron moves across a boundary, the role of central cell symmetries (i.e., Γ, X, L character) is suppressed; ii) In time dependent quantum description, once again the electron wavepacket is assumed to abruptly see different material properties across a discontinuity. Moreover, the quantum description usually employs a one band effective mass equation that implicitly assumes that the character of the Bloch function is not significantly altered across the regions. The first approach is valid for heterostructures where electrons travel ≈ 1000 Å in each region and where the valley order is not altered across the heterostructure. The second approach is required in heterostructures of dimension ≈ 50 Å where the effects of quantum confinement are important, but where the central cell symmetry is again unchanged across the heterostructure.
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Reports on the topic "Borneo – Description and travel"

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Freshley, M. D., and M. J. Graham. Estimation of ground-water travel time at the Hanford Site: Description, past work, and future needs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7045828.

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Miksic, John N., and Geok Yian Goh. The Empress Place (EMP) Site: A Preliminary Report. NUS Press, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56159/sitereport11.

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An archaeological site report of an excavation of the Empress Place site in Singapore. Empress Place was the fourth site excavated in Singapore, and the first and so far the only ancient site located directly on the Singapore River’s bank. The opportunity to investigate this site arose when it was decided to convert the Empress Place Building into a permanent Asian Civilisations Museum under the National Heritage Board. The project began in January 1998, during the rainy season and the excavation was completed in May the same year. Empress Place was occupied during the 14th through 16th centuries CE. A wide variety of Chinese porcelain from the Ming Dynasty is quite plentiful at Empress Place. This is significant in view of the rarity of Chinese porcelain from the 15th century CE outside of China. Artifacts from Vietnam, Thailand, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, China, and Persia are consistent with the description of EMP as a site where goods from much of maritime Asia were loaded, unloaded, and transhipped.
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Volpe Martincus, Christian, Pablo Sanguinetti, and Iulia Traistaru. Economic Integration and Location of Production Activities: The Case of Mercosur. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008723.

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This research aims at answering the following questions: How do specialization patterns look like in member countries of Mercosur and how have they evolved over time? How do concentration patterns look like and how have they evolved over time? What are the main determinants of locational patterns? Did Mercosur have an impact on location of economic activities? What are the consequences for the smaller countries? Do we see production clusters? We analyse specialization, concentration, and locational patterns in Mercosur using production value data for the period 1971-1998. We identify the determinants of those patterns during the period 1985-1998 using econometric techniques. In addition, we calculate intraindustry trade statistics within Mercosur and with the Rest of the World for the period 1986-2001 in order to investigate the formation of clusters and uncover their determinants. We complement this analysis with a brief description of production developments in border regions with the purpose of determining whether this phenomenon has a specific spatial dimension. Finally, we draw some conclusions about the implications for smaller countries within the bloc and some lessons for upcoming trade initiatives such as a deepening of integration within the region, the establishment of FTAA, and a free trade agreement with the European Union.
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Sakhare, Rahul Suryakant, Jairaj Desai, Jijo K. Mathew, John McGregor, Mischa Kachler, and Darcy M. Bullock. Measuring and Visualizing Freeway Traffic Conditions: Using Connected Vehicle Data. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317751.

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Historically, a network of roadside sensors and cameras have been used to monitor freeway conditions. Although these systems are effective, they are typically not operational in and around work zones. Furthermore, it is often not financially viable to deploy in-road sensors and cameras in rural areas. Connected vehicle trajectory data has emerged as a viable source of data and provides a unique opportunity for monitoring freeways. This monograph describes how these connected vehicles can be used to directly measure queue lengths and travel times and this description is summarized in a graphical format easily used by agencies to make management decisions. Approximately 50 use cases are described to demonstrate these techniques under diverse conditions, such as lane reductions, short term closures, rolling slowdowns, work zone set up, work zone removal and inclement weather. A number of the use cases were selected from Indiana locations that had good ITS camera coverage to provide context-sensitive information to help the reader understand the graphics. In addition, several case studies are presented from selected states around the country to demonstrate the scalability of these techniques.
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Aromi, J. Daniel, María Paula Bonel, Julián Cristia, Martín Llada, and Luis Palomino. Socioeconomic Status and Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Eight Large Latin American Cities. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003315.

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This study analyzes mobility patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic for eight large Latin American cities. Indicators of mobility by socioeconomic status (SES) are generated by combining georeferenced mobile phone information with granular census data. Before the pandemic, a strong positive association between SES and mobility is documented. With the arrival of the pandemic, in most cases, a negative association between mobility and SES emerges. This new pattern is explained by a notably stronger reduction in mobility by high-SES individuals. A comparison of mobility for SES decile 1 vs decile 10 shows that, on average, the reduction is 75% larger in the case of decile 10. According to estimated lasso models, an indicator of government restrictions provides a parsimonious description of these heterogeneous responses. These estimations point to noticeable similarities in the patterns observed across cities. We also explore how the median distance traveled changed for individuals that travel at least 1 km (the intensive margin). We find that the reduction in mobility in this indicator was larger for high-SES individuals compared to low-SES individuals in six out of eight cities analyzed. The evidence is consistent with asymmetries in the feasibility of working from home and in the ability to smooth consumption under temporary income shocks.
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Montagut Cifuentes, Eduardo Alejandro, Robinson Fidel Casanova Rosero, Julián Mauricio Betancourt Portela, Juan Alberto Patiño Martínez, Cabrera Luna Edgard Enrico, and Blanco García José Luis. Anuario Científico CCCP 1984 - 2000. Direccion General Maritima - DIMAR, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.26640/anuario.cccp-2000.

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Manejo integral de la zona costera aplicado al ordenamiento territorial del municipio de Tumaco. // Análisis de algunas características físico-químicas registradas en las aguas estuarinas de la Ensenada de Tumaco. // Variación espacio-temporal del zooplancton en la Ensenada de Tumaco, Pacífico colombiano. // Investigación oceanográfica conjunta en la Región Pacífica Sudeste y su proyección. La Dirección General Marítima a través de sus dos Centros de Investigación localizados en Cartagena y Tumaco, desarrolla investigación científica marina con una tradición de más de dos décadas y aportes sign ificativos al conocimiento descriptivo de las aguas oceánicas del Caribe y del Pacífico, a sus litorales y zonas costeras. Es tal vez esta materia en la que mayores resultados tangibles se han obtenidoen los últimos años, no solamente al existir una tradición y experiencia ampliamente reconocidas nacional e internacionalmente, sino porque contamos con un recurso humano idóneo, cal ificado, tanto a bordo de las unidades oceanográficas como en tierra y con un extraordinario sentido de pertenencia. Considerando que las plataformas de investigación son esenciales para el fortalecimiento de la capacidad operativa e investigativa de la Armada Nacional y la Dirección General Marítima, se desarrol la desde 1999, el proyecto de reparaciones mayores de los buques oceanográficos ARC Malpelo y ARC Providencia, que debe terminar en el 2001. La Agenda para la Colombia del siglo XXI , publicada por COLCI ENCIAS, nos indica que se han promulgado los planes estratégicos preparados en los siete programas Nacionales de Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico. En este contexto la Dirección General Marítima formuló su Agenda Científica que identificó cuatro Programas para ser desarrol lados en el período 2000-2010: Oceanografía Operacional , Protección del Medio Marino, Zona Costera e Hidrografía. La estrategias regionales de ciencia y tecnología cobran entonces, especial relevancia. Es en el espacio regional, y en el de las necesidades locales, que se puede buscar una más clara articulación entre los programas nacionales y los requerimientos de desarrollo del país. Con el lema: Colombia dos Mares, una Patria , el presente Anuario Científico, en su primera edición pretende consolidar en un solo volumen, resultados de investigaciones adelantadas en los dos Centros y que por lo tanto ameritan su divulgación y difusión, dentro de la estrategia institucional de comunicación para dar a conocer los avances de la investigación desarrollada, así como la toma de conciencia sobre el problema ambiental, la degradación de la zona costera y su situación particular de riesgo en la región del Pacífico, el rol principal de los océanos y el clima, la explotación de recursos oceánicos vivos y no vivos y la necesidad de sostenibil idad en su utilización.
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Lonin, Serguei A., Luis Alfredo Calero Hernández, Tuchkovenko Yuri S., Ricardo José Molares Babra, Jesús Antonio Garay Tinoco, María Teresa Vélez, Luis Alvaro Mendoza Mazzeo, et al. Anuario Científico CIOH 1975 - 2000. Direccion General Maritima - DIMAR, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.26640/anuario.cioh-2000.

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Modelación numérica de derrames de crudo y concepto del problema inverso. Aplicación de la modelación numérica a la solución de problemas ambientales de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. Diagnóstico Ambiental del Archipiélago Islas del Rosario, como fundamento para su ordenamiento territorial. Caracterización geomorfológica de la franja litoral del Departamento del Atlántico - Caribe colombiano. La Dirección General Marítima a través de sus dos Centros de Investigación localizados en Cartagena y Tumaco, desarrolla investigación científica marina con una tradición de más de dos décadas y aportes significativos al conocimiento descriptivo de las aguas oceánicas del Caribe y del Pacífico, a sus litorales y zonas costeras. Es tal vez esta materia en la que mayores resultados tangibles se han obtenido en los últimos años, no solamente al existir una tradición y experiencia amplia- mente reconocidas nacional e internacionalmente, sino porque contamos con un recurso humano idóneo, calificado, ta nto a bordo de las unidades oceanográficas como en tierra y con un extraordinario sentido de pertenencia. Considerando que las plataformas de investigación son esenciales para el fortalecimiento de la capacidad operativa e investigativa de la Armada Nacional y la Dirección General Marítima, se desarrolla desde 1999, el proyecto de reparaciones mayores de los buques oceanográficos ARC Malpelo y ARC Providencia, que debe terminar en el 2001. La Agenda para la Colombia del siglo XXI, publicada por COLCIENCIAS, nos indica que se han promulgado los planes estratégicos preparados en los siete programas Nacionales de Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico. En este contexto la Dirección General Marítima formuló su Agenda Científica que identificó cuatro Programas para ser desarrollados en el período 2000-2010: Oceanografía Operacional, Protección del Medio Marino, Zona Costera e Hidrografía. La estrategias regionales de ciencia y tecnología cobran entonces, especial relevancia. Es en el espacio regional, y en el de las necesidades locales, que se puede buscar una más clara articulación entre los programas nacionales y los requerimientos de desarrollo del país. Con el lema: Colombia dos Mares, una Patria, el presente Anuario Científico,en su primera edición pretende consolidar en un solo volumen, resultados de investigaciones adelantadas en los dos Centros y que por lo tanto ameritan su divulgación y difusión, dentro de la estrategia institucional de comunicación para dar a conocer los avances de la investigación desarrollada, así como la toma de conciencia sobre el problema ambiental, la degradación de la zona costera y su situación particular de riesgo en la región del Pacífico, el rol principal de los océanos y el clima, la explotación de recursos oceánicos vivos y no vivos y la necesidad de sostenibilidad en su utilización.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.

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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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