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Journal articles on the topic 'Boran'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Mutiga, E. R., E. Mukasa-Mugerwa, and T. Azage. "Luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2α in Boran and Boran × Friesian cross-bred heifers." Journal of Agricultural Science 120, no. 1 (February 1993): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600073652.

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SUMMARYThe luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) during the confirmed luteal phase of the oestrous cycle was evaluated in ten Boran and ten Boran × Friesian cross-bred heifers. Following injection with 25 mg Lutalyse, animals were bled every 6 h for 96 h and plasma progesterone (P4) determined by the ELISA technique. Borans had significantly (P < 0·05) smaller corpora lutea (12·01±0·72 ν. 17·03±2·10 mm) and responded faster to PGF2α injection (65·57±1·40 ν. 78·27±2·18 h) than the cross-bred heifers. However, there was no significant difference in either the initial P4 values (6.24±0·98 ν. 8·00±1·71 ng/ml) or the rate of its decline following PGF2α injection between the two breeds. Values declined sharply to basal levels (11% of the initial pretreatment values) within 48 h in both breeds. All ten cross-breds and eight Borans showed standing oestrus within a week of treatment. However, oestrus was better synchronized (P < 0·05) in Borans than cross-breds. It was concluded that PGF2α is effective for oestrus synchronization in both breeds, but oestrus occurred earlier and was more precise in Borans than in cross-breds.

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2

Jemal, Hamid, Tamrat Degefa, Sayid Ali, and Alemayehu Lemma. "Influence of breed on the quality of in vivo produced embryos from Boran and Holstein Friesian cross dairy breed in Ethiopia." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 25, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v25i2.4.

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The variation of the dairy breed can determine the success of bovine embryo transfer by influencing the quantity and quality of in vivo embryo production. In this experiment, output and quality of in vivo produced embryos using semen of progeny tested Holstein Friesian (HF) sire in Boran and HF*Boran F1 cross cows, and semen from purebred Boran sire in HF*Boran F1 cross and Boran cows were evaluated. Boran (n=18) and HF*Boran cross (n=18) breed donor dams were superovulated using a previously optimized follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) (Pluset®) dose regimen: 650 IU for HF*Boran cross and 250 IU for Boran breeds. Each cow was flushed on Day-7 post insemination and embryos were evaluated for their developmental stages and quality. Superovulatory response rates were 88.9% and 83.3%, respectively, for Boran and HF*Boran with no significant (P>0.05) breed differences. Total recovery rates were relatively lower (56.5%) in Boran compared to in HF*Boran (67.4%). The mean (±SE) embryo flush outputs were 6.5±0.8 for Boran and 6.9±0.7 forHF*Boran with no significant breed difference. Recovery of a transferrable embryo was significantly higher (68.0%; P<0.05) in HF*Boran dam inseminated with HF sire semen. Boran cows yielded a significantly higher (P<0.05) proportion of unfertilized ovum (57.6 %) irrespective of the sire breeds. Comparatively, a higher number of degenerated embryos were produced by HF*Boran cows. This study demonstrated that the presence of breed-related differences in both the quality and quantity of in vivo produced Bovine embryos.

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3

Acarali, Nil Baran, Emre Ozturk, Melek Bardakci, Mehmet Burcin Piskin, and Nurcan Tugrul. "Zinc borate production with boron mineral source: effect of process parameters on yield and hydrophobicity." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2015-0040.

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Streszczenie Celem tego artykułu jest synteza boranu cynku przy użyciu węglanu cynku, kwasu borowego, referencyjnego boranu cynku (ZB) jako substancji aktywnej oraz badanie efektywności tego procesu modyfikowanego odczynnikami i parametrami reakcji na hydrofobowość i wydajność syntezy boranu cynku. Dotyczy to działania różnych czynników modyfikujących hydrofobowość i parametry reakcji: glikol propylenowy (PG) (0−6%, kerozyna 1−6%, kwas oleinowy (OA) 1−6% oraz rozpuszczalniki: alkohol izopropylowy (IPA), etanol i metanol. Po pierwsze, badano jak wpływają następujące parametry reakcji na uzysk boranu cynku: czas reakcji (1−5 h), wskaźnik reaktywacji (H3BO3 : ZnO), (2−5), udział zarodków krystalizacji (0−1,5%) w odniesieniu do kwasu borowego, temperatura reakcji (50−120°C), temperatura chłodzenia (10−80 °C), szybkość mieszania (400−700 obr./min). Ponadto, reakcje były przeprowadzone w określonych warunkach mieszania mechanicznego i magnetycznego. Wytwarzany boran cynku ze względu na hydrofobowość badano metodami: dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej XRD, spektroskopii FT-IR oraz pomiarami kąta zwilżania. Reasumując, stwierdzono, że boran cynku można otrzymać z powodzeniem z różnymi rozpuszczalnikami wpływającymi na jego hydrofobowość.

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4

Parks, Daniel J., Rupert E. von H. Spence, and Warren E. Piers. "Bis(pentafluorphenyl)boran: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Hydroborierungschemie eines sehr elektrophilen Borans." Angewandte Chemie 107, no. 7 (March 31, 1995): 895–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19951070724.

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5

Bayssa, Merga, Sintayehu Yigrem, Simret Betsha, and Adugna Tolera. "Production, reproduction and some adaptation characteristics of Boran cattle breed under changing climate: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): e0244836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244836.

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Introduction Climate change affects livestock production and productivity, which could threaten livestock-based food security in pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems of the tropics and sub-tropics. Boran cattle breed is one of the hardiest Zebu cattle reared by Borana Oromo pastoralists for milk and meat production. However, there is limited comprensive information on production, reproduction and adaption traits of the Boran cattle in Ethiopia. Thus, this paper aims to compile the main production, reproduction and some adaptation traits of Boran cattle based on systematic review and meta-analysis of peer reviewed published and unpublished literature. Methodology A combination of systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA guideline was employed. Accordingly, out of 646 recorded articles identified through database searching, 64 were found to be eligible for production, reproduction and adaptation characteristics of the Boran cattle, 28 articles were included in qualitative systematic review while 36 articles were used for quantitative meta-analysis. Result The Boran cattle breed has the ability to survive, produce and reproduce under high ambient temperature, utilize low quality forage resources, and resist water shortage or long watering intervals and tick infestations. The review revealed that the breed employs various adaptation responses (morphological, physiological, biochemical, metabolic, cellular and molecular responses) to cope with harsh environmental conditions including climate change, rangeland degradation, seasonal feed and water shortages and high incidences of tick infestations. The meta-analysis using a random-effects model allowed provision of pooled estimates of heritability and genetic correlations for reproduction and production traits, which could be used to solve genetic prediction equations under a population level in purebred Boran cattle. In addition, heritability and genetic-correlation estimates found in the present study suggest that there is high genetic variability for most traits in Boran cattle, and that genetic progress is possible for all studied traits in this breed. Conclusion The Boran cattle breed has the ability to survive, produce and reproduce under high ambient temperature, utilize low quality forage resources, and resist water shortage or long watering intervals and tick infestations. However, currently there are several challenges such as recurrent droughts, pasture deterioration and lack of systematic selection and breeding programs that play to undermine the realization of the potential of the breed. Thus, we recommend systematic selection for enhancing the reproductive and production performances without compromising the adaptation traits of the breed coupled with improved management of rangelands.

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6

Jemal, Jeilu, Tamrat Degefa, Tefera Yilma, Sayid Ali, and Lemma Alemayehu. "Ovarian follicular dynamics in Boran and Crossbred heifers in Ethiopia: Implications for assisted reproductive techniques." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 24, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i2.4.

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The study was conducted to characterize the follicular dynamics of purebred Boran (Bos indicus) and Boran * Holstein Friesian crossbred heifers during estrous cycles; for use in ovum pick up and in-vitro embryo production. Insight of reproductive physiology of cattle would help to understand and exploit the reproductive potential of elite animals for breed improvement. Follicular development, growth and atresia during estrous cycles were evaluated using a trans-rectal real-time B-mode ultrasound system for three consecutive estrus cycles. Luteal activity was evaluated by serum progesterone level. Follicular aspirations were done to investigate the potential of Boran cattle and their crosses for transvaginal oocyte production; using a vacuum pressure pump and Aloka SSD Prosound-2 ultrasound device. Boran heifers (n=15) manifested two (n = 6, 40%), three (n = 5, 33%), four (n= 3, 20%) and five (n=1, 6.7%) follicular waves. Crossbred heifers (n=14) showed one (n= 2, 14%), two (n= 6, 43%) and three (n= 6, 43%) follicular waves. Interovulatory interval was 21.1 ± 3.4 and 21.4 ± 2.7 days for Boran (n=45) and crossbred (n=42) heifers, respectively. The progesterone level in Boran and Crossbred heifers during diestrus was 9.5 ± 11.0 and 4.6 ± 8.8 ng/ml, respectively. The maximum diameter of the ovulatory follicle for crossbred heifers was higher (15.4 ± 1.6 mm) than the diameter of the Boran (14.0 ± 1.9 mm) heifers (p<0.005). Differences (p<0.005) were observed in the size of both right (26.6 ± 5.14 and 28.6 ± 5.1 mm) and left (21.7 ± 4.85 and 24.1 ± 5.07 mm) ovaries of Boran and Crossbred heifers, respectively. Difference (p<0.005) was also observed in follicular count of the right ovaries of Boran (4.84 ± 1.96) and Crossbred (5.13 ± 2.05) heifers. Oocyte recovery rate in once weekly collection scheme for Boran and their crossbred heifers was (n=19, 42.08%) and (n=17, 42.55%), respectively. The recovery rate for twice weekly collection scheme was (n=24, 34.53%) and (n=23, 40.44%) for Boran and crossbred heifers, respectively. Follicular dynamics in Boran heifers is characterized by a higher incidence of cycles with two, three and four waves, associated with a low persistence of the dominant follicles; and smaller size of ovulatory follicles and less intense heat signs from their crossbred counterpart. Boran heifers proved to have potential for comparable number of follicular population and ease of aspiration procedures that can be tapped for advancedreproductive techniques. Keywords: Estrus cycle; follicular wave; ovarian follicle; ovum pickup; ultrasound.

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7

Heininger, Joseph. "Then Again by Pat Boran." New Hibernia Review 23, no. 4 (2019): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2019.0047.

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8

Jenet, A., A. Yimegnuhal, S. Fernandez-Rivera, A. Tegegne, P. O. Osuji, G. McCrabb, and M. Kreuzer. "Long-term response to feeding level in lactational performance of Boran (Bos indicus) and Boran ✕ Holstein cows." Animal Science 78, no. 2 (April 2004): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054114.

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AbstractIn an experiment lasting from 1.5 years before first calving until third parturition, 24 purebred indigenous Bos indicus (Boran) cows and 24 Boran crosses with Holstein (proportionately 0.50 and 0.75 Holstein blood level) were given a diet composed of Bermuda grass hay and wheat bran (0.65: 0.35) offered at low, medium and high level. This level was adapted in amount to actual body weight every 2nd week corresponding to assumed 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 times maintenance energy requirements. Cows were subjected to working exercise before and after first parturition. Body weight differences (lower with low and medium feeding level) developed mostly before calving for the first time and showed the typical decline at the start of lactation and increase in the dry period. Additionally, Boran cows given the high level increased their body weight from the first to the second lactation cycle. Body condition scores were higher in the Boran cows and, in both genotypes, with high feeding level. Independent of feeding level and genotype, calving intervals in cycles 1 and 2 were 530 and 421 days, respectively. Lactation length was considerably shorter in the Boran cows than in the crossbred cows. Milk yield, calculated over the first 13 weeks of lactation and over the whole lactation in both cycles, was 2.06 and 3.06 times higher in the crossbreds than in the Boran. Milk of Boran cows had 1.30, 1.15 and 1.20 times higher contents of fat, total solids and protein. In the first 13 weeks of lactation, milk yield of crossbreds with high feeding level (8.7 kg/day) was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the crossbreds with medium (6.5 kg/day) and low feeding level (5.4 kg/day), respectively. Boran cows never showed a significant response in milk yield to feeding level. Accordingly, the amount of organic matter intake required per kg milk increased with feeding level in the Boran cows while it remained unaffected in the crossbreds. Organic matter digestibility, as measured in lactation cycle 1, was higher (P < 0.01) in Boran. Response to high feeding level and estimated maintenance requirements of crossbred cows corresponded with current assumptions, but crossbreds subjected to medium feeding level expressed unexpectedly little difference from those receiving the low level. It seems that current recommendations are not generally applicable to indigenous tropical breeds as these responded differently from crossbreds to feeding level.

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9

Rouhani, Alexandre, and Renate Schilling. "Nuad Boran – die traditionelle thailändische Massage." DO - Deutsche Zeitschrift für Osteopathie 14, no. 04 (September 8, 2016): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-112744.

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10

Möhlen, M., B. Neumüller, and K. Dehnicke. "Tris(triphenylphosphaniminato)boran, B(NPPh3)3." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 624, no. 2 (February 1998): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3749(199802)624:2<177::aid-zaac177>3.0.co;2-x.

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11

Fehlner, Thomas P. "Boran-Mimetika von C1-Mm-Organometallkomplexen." Angewandte Chemie 117, no. 14 (March 29, 2005): 2092–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200500054.

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12

Martin, Arnd. "Thermische Bodenreinigung mit dem BORAN-Wirbelschichtverfahren." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 62, no. 3 (March 1990): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330620310.

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13

Tegegne, A., K. W. Entwistle, and E. Mukasa-Mugerwa. "Nutritional influences on growth and onset of puberty in Boran and Boran × Friesian bulls in Ethiopia." Theriogenology 37, no. 5 (May 1992): 1005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90099-d.

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14

Mamman, M., Y. O. Aliu, and A. S. Peregrine. "Comparative pharmacokinetics of diminazene in noninfected Boran (Bos indicus) cattle and Boran cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 37, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.37.5.1050.

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Tegegne, Azage, K. W. Entwistle, and E. Mukasa-Mugerwa. "A quantitative histological study of testicular and epididymal development in Boran and Boran × Friesian bulls in Ethiopia." Theriogenology 35, no. 5 (May 1991): 991–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(91)90309-2.

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O'Gorman, Grace M., Stephen D. E. Park, Emmeline W. Hill, Kieran G. Meade, Laura C. Mitchell, Morris Agaba, John P. Gibson, et al. "Cytokine mRNA profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle infected withTrypanosoma congolense." Physiological Genomics 28, no. 1 (December 2006): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00100.2006.

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To examine differences in cytokine profiles that may confer tolerance/susceptibility to bovine African trypanosomiasis, N'Dama (trypanotolerant, n = 8) and Boran (trypanosusceptible, n = 8) cattle were experimentally challenged with Trypanosoma congolense. Blood samples were collected over a 34-day period, and RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The expression levels of a panel of 14 cytokines were profiled over the time course of infection and between breeds. Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript levels for the IL2, IL8, and IL1RN genes were significantly downregulated across the time course of infection in both breeds. There was an early increase in transcripts for genes encoding proinflammatory mediators ( IFNG, IL1A, TNF, and IL12) in N'Dama by 14 days postinfection (dpi) compared with preinfection levels that was not detected in the susceptible Boran breed. By the time of peak parasitemia, a type 2 helper T cells (TH2)-like cytokine environment was prevalent that was particularly evident in the Boran. Increases in transcripts for the IL6 (29 and 34 dpi) and IL10 (21, 25, and 29 dpi) genes were detected that were higher in the Boran compared with N'Dama. These findings highlight the implications for using murine models to study the bovine immune response to trypanosomiasis, where in some cases cytokine expression patterns differ. Overall, these data suggest that the trypanotolerant N'Dama are more capable of responding very early in infection with proinflammatory and TH1 type cytokines than the trypanosusceptible Boran and may explain why N'Dama control parasitemia more efficiently than Boran during the early stages of infection.

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17

Dallacker, Franz, Thomas Böhmel, and Heinrich Mückter. "Amin-carbamoyl-10B-boran, Darstellung und biologische Eigenschaften / Amine-carbamoyl-dihydro-10B-borane, Preparation, and Biological Properties." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 40, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1985): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1985-5-611.

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Abstract The chemical section deals with the synthesis of sodiumcyano-10B-borhydride (3) from 10B-boric acid trimethyl ester (1) via sodium-10B-borhydride (2). By converting 3 with trimethylammonium chloride, trimethylamine-cyano-10B-borane (4) is formed which, via nitrilium tetrafluoroborate 5, is transformed by water to Trimethylamine-carboxy-dihydro-10B-borane (6). Trimethylamine-ethoxycarbonyl-dihydro-10B-borane (8b) and amine-carbamoyl-dihydro-10B-borane (8c) can be synthesized from the imidazolid 8a. In the biological section an orientation to the toxicity and the tumor affinity of the compounds 6, 7, and 8c are described. Further the possibility is shown by achieving a maximal concentration of 10B-boron in the tumor whilst at the same time retaining as low a concentration of 10B-Boron as possible in the surrounding tissue.

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18

Paetzold, Peter, and Klaus Delpy. "μ-[tert-Butyl(tert-butylimino)boran]-hexacarbonyldicobalt." Chemische Berichte 118, no. 6 (June 1985): 2552–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19851180630.

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19

Paetzold, Peter, Burkhard Redenz-Stormanns, Roland Boese, Michael Bühl, and Paul von Raguéschleyer. "Azadiboriridin-Boran: ein nichtklassisches Säure-Base-Addukt." Angewandte Chemie 102, no. 9 (September 1990): 1059–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19901020910.

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Körte, Leif A., Jan Schwabedissen, Marcel Soffner, Sebastian Blomeyer, Christian G. Reuter, Yury V. Vishnevskiy, Beate Neumann, Hans-Georg Stammler, and Norbert W. Mitzel. "Tris(perfluortolyl)boran - eine Bor-Lewis-Supersäure." Angewandte Chemie 129, no. 29 (June 9, 2017): 8701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201704097.

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21

Njogu, A., R. Dolan, A. Wilson, and P. Sayer. "Trypanotolerance in East African Orma Boran cattle." Veterinary Record 117, no. 24 (December 14, 1985): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.117.24.632.

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22

Tegegne, A., A. Lahlou-Kassi, and E. Mukasa-Mugerwa. "The effect of season on superovulatory response, embryo yield and quality in Boran and Boran × Friesian crossbred cows." Theriogenology 47, no. 1 (January 1997): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(97)82307-2.

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Moloo, S. K., G. Gettinby, R. O. Olubayo, J. M. Kabata, and I. O. Okumu. "A comparison of African Buffalo, N'Dama and Boran cattle as reservoirs of Trypanosoma vivax for different Glossina species." Parasitology 106, no. 3 (April 1993): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075090.

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SUMMARYTeneral Glossina morsitans centralis were fed on the flanks of African buffalo, N'Dama or Boran cattle infected with Trypanosoma vivax IL 2337. The infected tsetse were maintained on goats and on day 25 after the infected feed, the surviving tsetse were dissected to determine the infection rates. The mean mature infection rates (% ± S.E.) in the tsetse fed on buffalo, N'Dama and Boran cattle were 34·3 ± 9·9, 33·7 ± 13·4 and 58·9 ± 7·1, respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that infection rates in the labrum and hypopharynx of the tsetse were significantly lower when fed on the infected buffalo or N'Dama than Boran cattle. Similarly, the risk of infection was significantly lower in male than female tsetse. When teneral G. m. centralis, G. pallidipes, G. p. gambiensis, G. brevipalpis and G. longipennis were fed simultaneously on either the buffalo cow, the N'Dama bull or the Boran steer infected with T. vivax IL 2337, the mature infection rates were higher in the two morsitans group than the two fusca group tsetse, whilst G. p. gambiensis was relatively refractory to the infection, irrespective of the host species on which they fed. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the infection rates in the labrum and hypopharynx were significantly different amongst the five tsetse species for each of the three infected host animals. Nevertheless, the trypanotolerant African buffalo and N'Dama cattle may serve as reservoirs of T. vivax infection as can trypanosusceptible Boran cattle.

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Trail, J. C. M., M. Murray, K. Sones, J. M. C. Jibbo, J. Durkin, and D. Light. "Boran cattle maintained by chemoprophylaxis under trypanosomiasis risk." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055829.

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SUMMARYReproductive performance, mortality, growth, and culling and replacement rates based on 20000 calving records were evaluated for grade Boran beef cattle maintained with trypanocidal drugs in an area of high trypanosomiasis risk in Tanzania. Under ranching conditions, over a 10-year period in this area of high Glossina morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes and G. brevipalpis challenge, a calving interval of 15·9 months, pre-weaning mortality of 8%, annual cow mortality of 5·8% and 8-month weaning weight of 133·5 kg resulted in a herd productivity of 96 kg of weaner calf per cow per year. The proportion of heifers required as replacements (45%) and the generation interval (6·9 years) indicated scope for implementation of selection programmes on growth traits. The level of productivity achieved compared favourably with major data sets recently analysed from pure Boran cattle under trypanosomiasis-free ranching conditions in Kenya, and from trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle in West Africa. These results indicate the possibility of improving livestock production in tsetse-infested areas by the rational use of chemoprophylaxis as an integral part of management.Year, season, cow age, calf sex and location on ranch had significant effects on practically all the traits of calving interval, pre-weaning mortality and growth, and cow productivity. Superior performance where bush clearance and tsetse fly control had taken place suggests that economic evaluation of these interventions should be attempted. The season of calving had a major effect on productivity. Cows of 5–8 years of age were the most productive, as were animals producing male calves, features well recognized in beef cattle production.An average of 4·4 treatments with Samorin, a prophylactic, and 0·6 treatments with Berenil, a therapeutic, were required per year. The number of treatments varied from year to year and by area, being greater in the south of the ranch where the tsetse challenge was considered higher. However, the age and season of calving had little effect on the number of treatments required. Despite such extensive use of trypanocidal drugs, there was no indication that drug resistance had developed or evidence that repeated inoculation of Samorin had affected productivity.Grading-up of small East African Zebu cattle to Boran over an 8-year period allowed annual comparison of birth weights, pre-weaning growth and weaning weights of two groups of calves, one having a higher level of Boran genes (varying from 12 to 6% higher annually) than the other. Those with the higher level of Boran genes performed better by 3·3% for all attributes studied, but as the percentage difference in Boran genes decreased, so did this difference. In an environment improved through bush clearance and tsetse fly control, the calves with higher levels of Boran genes were superior, but this superiority was not expressed in the unimproved environment.

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Abdulcadir, I. A., L. Di Stasio, R. Rasero, and G. Sartore. "RESEARCH ON GENETIC MARKERS IN THE SURQO ZEBU OF SOMALIA." Animal Genetic Resources Information 7 (April 1990): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003011.

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SUMMARYThe zebu population of Somalia includes four main types (Boran, Dawara,, Gasara and Surqo), which cannot be considered as breeds in the same sense as cattle in Europe. Boran, Dawara and Gasara are included in the type known as East African Shorthorned zebu, while the Surqo is regarded as an ancient stable mixture of zebu and Sanga (see Figure 1).The task of identifying the genetic relationships existing among these types, within a rather heterogeneous population, could best be approached through the study of marker loci like thoseicontrolling the immmogenetic and biochemical polymorphic systems, rather than through the comparison of morphological traits.Research was continued along these lines to facilitate the genetic characterization of Boran and Dawara types (Di Stasio et al., 1978.and 1980), and the study was extended to include the Surqo type ird-a comparison of the results.

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Gaughan, J. B., T. L. Mader, S. M. Holt, M. J. Josey, and K. J. Rowan. "Heat tolerance of Boran and Tuli crossbred steers." Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 9 (1999): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1999.7792398x.

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27

Kennedy, D. J., S. G. A. Leak, S. J. Kemp, and A. J. Teale. "Development of an N'Dama × Boran population segregating trypanotolerance." Theriogenology 41, no. 1 (January 1994): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(05)80136-0.

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Arnason, Th, and H. Kassa-Mersha. "Genetic parameters of growth of Ethiopian Boran cattle." Animal Science 44, no. 2 (April 1987): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018559.

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ABSTRACTRecords on birth weight and pre-weaning growth of 3959 Boran calves, which were progeny of 51 sires and 979 dams, were analysed by least-squares analysis of variance. The variance components for sires, dams and maternal grandsires were estimated from the data. On the basis of assumed genetic correlations −0·44 and −0·55 between direct and maternal effects on birth weight and weaning weight, respectively, the maternal genetic component and the genetic covariance between direct and maternal effects were estimated. The heritabilities for direct effects on birth weight and weaning weight were 0·11 and 0·22, respectively, while the heritabilities of maternal effects were estimated as 0·02 and 0·11, respectively for the same traits. Selection indices for direct and maternal genetic components of weaning weight were constructed for practical use. These selection indices combined information on the individual, the parents and sibs.

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29

Paetzold, Peter, Eleftherios Eleftheriadis, Rolf Minkwitz, Volker Wölfel, Rolf Gleiter, Peter Bischof, and Gert Friedrich. "Bildung, Struktur und Reaktionen von Methyl(methylimino)boran." Chemische Berichte 121, no. 1 (January 1988): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19881210110.

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30

Männig, Detlef, Heinrich Nöth, Manfred Schwartz, Siefried Weber, and Ulrich Wietelmann. "Hydroborierung und Hydrozirconierung vontert-Butylimino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino-boran." Angewandte Chemie 97, no. 11 (November 1985): 979–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19850971121.

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31

Marder, Todd B. "Der Ammoniak-Boran-Komplex: ein Automobiltreibstoff der Zukunft?" Angewandte Chemie 119, no. 43 (November 5, 2007): 8262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200703150.

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32

Terheiden, Annegret, Eduard Bernhardt, Helge Willner, and Friedhelm Aubke. "Carbonyltris(trifluormethyl)boran, (CF3)3BCO, ein ungewöhnliches Borcarbonyl." Angewandte Chemie 114, no. 5 (March 1, 2002): 823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3757(20020301)114:5<823::aid-ange823>3.0.co;2-j.

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33

Jordt, T., G. Mahon, B. Touray, W. Ngulo, W. Morrison, J. Rawle, and M. Murray. "Successful transfer of N'Dama embryos into Boran recipients." Veterinary Record 119, no. 10 (September 6, 1986): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.119.10.246.

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34

Baudler, M., and C. Block. "Beitr�ge zur Chemie des Phosphors. 239 [1]. Reaktion von Diphosphan(4) mit Diboran(6) und mit THF-Boran: Bildung von Diphosphan-boran, P2H4 � BH3, und Diphosphan-1,2-bis(boran), BH3 � P2H4 � BH3." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 622, no. 12 (December 1996): 2035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966221206.

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35

Mapeka, M. H., F. V. Ramukhithi, C. M. Pilane, D. Norris, C. Banga, and K. C. Lehloenya. "17 SPERM FERTILITY RATE ASSESSED BY EMBRYO PRODUCTION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO IN SOUTH AFRICAN BULLS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab17.

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The aim of this study was to determine the sperm fertility rate by embryo production in vivo and in vitro in South African bulls and further compare the embryo quality developed from different oocyte recovery methods. A total of 15 frozen semen straws (5 Bonsmara; 5 Nguni; 5 Boran) were thawed and evaluated for sperm motility characteristics using sperm class analyzer. The fertilizing ability of frozen–thawed semen was assessed by performing AI and in vitro fertilization. For AI, 6 cows were superovulated and inseminated with frozen–thawed semen followed by flushing on Day 7 post-insemination and then evaluated for embryo developmental stages. For IVF, oocytes were retrieved using two recovery methods namely ovum pick-up (OPU) and ovary aspiration. A total of 383 (106, OPU; 277, ovary aspiration) oocytes were matured in M199 + 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) maturation medium at 38.5°C for 24h. Oocytes were washed in Bracket and Oliphant’s fertilization medium, co-incubated with frozen–thawed (Boran) semen at 38.5°C for 6 h, and then cultured in SOF-BSA medium, incubated at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 for 7 days, and further evaluated for embryo development. Data were analysed by ANOVA. Total sperm motility was >70% in all breeds. Boran had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher total post-thaw sperm motility (93.2 ± 3.6) compared with Nguni (75.1 ± 4.2) and Bonsmara (80.7 ± 6.9). Furthermore, Boran had higher (P < 0.05) progressive motility (39.7 ± 3.4) and rapid motility (36.1 ± 5.9) compared with other breeds. Interestingly, Boran produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher blastocyst rate (56.34%) compared with Bonsmara (38.03%) Nguni (31.08%). Superovulation and OPU resulted in a significantly higher (P < 0.05) number of blastocysts (10.5 ± 3.3 and 10.5 ± 3.3) respectively, compared with aspiration (1.3 ± 3.3). Moreover, the OPU method yielded a significantly higher (P < 0.05) number of grade 2 blastocyst (3.0 ± 0.1) compared with aspiration (0.50 ± 0.1). However, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the number of grade 1 and grade 3 blastocysts obtained when the 3 recovery methods were used. In conclusion, the Boran breed showed better a sperm fertility rate following in vivo and in vitro embryo production. The superovulation and OPU methods resulted in higher numbers and better quality blastocysts compared with aspiration.

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36

Corcoran, Ali. "Michael Boran, Triskel Arts Centre, Cork, September - October 1994." Circa, no. 70 (1994): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25562751.

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37

Mamman, M., Y. O. Aliu, and A. S. Peregrine. "Pharmacokinetics of diminazene in female boran (bos indicus) cattle." European Journal of Pharmacology 183, no. 5 (July 1990): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(90)92200-3.

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38

Bedhane, Mohammed, and Hailu Dadi. "Growth and Slaughter Characteristics of Ethiopian Boran Breed Bull." International Journal of Livestock Research 6, no. 3 (2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20150215090156.

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39

Groteklaes, Michael, and Peter Paetzold. "Oxo(tri-tert-butylphenyl)boran ArBO als Zwischenstufe." Chemische Berichte 121, no. 4 (April 1988): 809–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19881210431.

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40

Alcaraz, Gilles, and Sylviane Sabo-Etienne. "Koordination und Dehydrierung von Amin-Boran-Addukten an Metallzentren." Angewandte Chemie 122, no. 40 (August 18, 2010): 7326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201000898.

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41

Braunschweig, Holger, and Rian D Dewhurst. "Reversible σ-Boran-Borylen-Umwandlung: etwas für jeden Geschmack." Angewandte Chemie 121, no. 11 (March 2, 2009): 1925–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200805248.

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42

Paetzold, Peter, Stephan Neyses, and Laurence G�ret. "Oxo(trisyl)boran (Me3Si)3C?B?O als Zwischenstufe." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 621, no. 5 (May 1995): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19956210506.

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43

Hogg, Richard. "The politics of drought: The pauperization of lsiolo Boran." Disasters 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00908.x.

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44

Yu, Mingyan, Charity Muteti, Moses Ogugo, William A. Ritchie, Jayne Raper, and Stephen Kemp. "Cloning of the African indigenous cattle breed Kenyan Boran." Animal Genetics 47, no. 4 (April 25, 2016): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/age.12441.

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45

Hunter, Michael. "Elizabethanne Boran,The correspondence of James Ussher, 1600–1656." Seventeenth Century 31, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0268117x.2015.1134094.

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46

ALIU, Y. O., M. MAMMAN, and A. S. PEREGRINE. "Pharmacokinetics of diminazene in female Boran (Bos indicus) cattle." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16, no. 3 (September 1993): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1993.tb00176.x.

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47

Tegegne, A., Y. Dembarga, and T. Kassa. "Gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves in Boran and Boran × Friesian bulls raised on two planes of nutrition in the Highlands of Ethiopia." Theriogenology 37, no. 4 (April 1992): 953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90057-x.

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48

Tegegne, A., K. W. Entwistle, and E. Mukasa-Mugerwa. "Effects of dry season nutritional supplementation on growth, onset of puberty and subsequent fertility in Boran and Boran × Friesian heifers in Ethiopia." Theriogenology 37, no. 5 (May 1992): 1017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90100-6.

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49

Jenet, A., S. Fernandez-Rivera, A. Tegegne, A. Yimegnuhal, P. O. Osuji, and M. Kreuzer. "Growth and feed conversion of Boran (Bos indicus) and Holstein×Boran heifers during three physiological states receiving different levels of a tropical diet." Livestock Production Science 89, no. 2-3 (September 2004): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.02.005.

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50

Fratkin, Elliot. "East African Pastoralism in Transition: Maasai, Boran, and Rendille Cases." African Studies Review 44, no. 3 (December 2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525591.

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