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Journal articles on the topic 'Bones Histology'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Sander, P. M. "Life history of Tendaguru sauropods as inferred from long bone histology." Fossil Record 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020107.

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Abstract. Sauropod dinosaurs present exceptional challenges in understanding their biology because of their exceptional body size. One of these, life history, can be inferred from the histology of their bones. For this purpose, the diverse sauropod assemblage of the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru beds was sampled with a new coring method which provided unprecented access to and insights into sauropod bone histology. Growth series of humeri and femora as well as long growth records from single bones suggest that all four sauropod taxa are characterized by continued growth after sexual maturity but that growth was determinate. Fibrolamellär bone is dominant in the samples, indicating that the bones of the Tendaguru sauropods grew at rates comparable to those of modern large mammals. The growth pattern of these sauropods thus combines typically reptilian traits with typically mammalian traits. In the details of their bone histology, the Tendaguru sauropod taxa show considerable variation which reflects life history. In addition, Barosaurus exhibits probable sexual dimorphism in bone histology. Das Verständnis der Biologie der sauropoden Dinosaurier wird durch ihre enorme Körpergröße außerordentlich erschwert. Allerdings kann ein Aspekt, die Lebensgeschichte, anhand der Histologie ihrer Knochen untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die diverse Sauropoden-Vergesellschaftung der oberjurassischen Tendaguru-Schichten beprobt, und zwar mit einer neuartigen Kernbohrmethode, die einen herausragenden Zugang und Einblick in die Knochenhistologie der Sauropoden ermöglichte. Wachstumsserien von Humeri und Femora sowie umfassende Überlieferungen des Wachstums von Individuen anhand einzelner Knochen machen es wahrscheinlich, daß alle vier Sauropoden-Taxa der Tendaguru-Schichten durch ein auch nach der Geschlechtsreife anhaltendes Wachstum gekennzeichnet waren. Allerdings ging das Wachstum nicht bis zum Tode des Tieres weiter, sondern kam bei einer etwas variablen Maximalgröße zum Stillstand. Fibrolamellärer Knochen ist der vorherrschende Knochentyp in den Proben, was anzeigt, daß die Tendaguru-Sauropoden mit für Säugetieren typische Raten wuchsen. Die Tendaguru-Sauropoden kombinerten also ein für Reptilien typisches Muster des Wachstums, nämlich nach der Geschlechtsreife anhaltendes Wachstum, mit für Säuger typischen Raten des Wachstums. Die verschiedenen Sauropoden-Taxa zeigen erstaunliche Unterschiede in den Details ihrer Knochenhistologie, die Unterschiede in der Lebensgeschichte belegen. Bei Barosaurus scheint außerdem ein Geschlechtsdimorphismus in der Histologie der Langknochen vorzukommen. doi:1002/mmng.1999.4860020107

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2

de Buffrénil, Vivian, and Jean-Michel Mazin. "Bone histology of the ichthyosaurs: comparative data and functional interpretation." Paleobiology 16, no. 4 (1990): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010174.

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The periosteal cortex in the shaft of limb bones is described histologically in three ichthyosaurian genera, Omphalosaurus, Stenopterygius, and Ichthyosaurus. The primary periosteal deposits are composed of typical woven-fibered tissue that was accreted as spongy bone in young individuals, and more or less compact bone in older individuals. During growth, the bone tissue was extensively remodeled with a quantitative imbalance between resorption and redeposition. As a result, the cortex was made cancellous, if previously compact, or still more spongy, if already cancellous. This pattern of remodeling explains why compact cortices are generally lacking in the long bones of ichthyosaurs. The presence of woven-fibered tissue strongly suggests that the limb bones, and probably also the body as a whole, had a rapid postnatal growth in ichthyosaurs, that might have been related to a high, “endotherm-like” metabolic rate. This hypothesis bears on the ecological interpretation of the ichthyosaurs: they could have been capable of sustained, fast swimming and long-range movements, rather than being slow-moving creatures as commonly supposed.

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3

Chinsamy, Anusuya, and Trevor H. Worthy. "Histovariability and Palaeobiological Implications of the Bone Histology of the Dromornithid, Genyornis newtoni." Diversity 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050219.

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The bone microstructure of extinct animals provides a host of information about their biology. Although the giant flightless dromornithid, Genyornis newtoni, is reasonably well known from the Pleistocene of Australia (until its extinction about 50–40 Ka), aside from various aspects of its skeletal anatomy and taxonomy, not much is known about its biology. The current study investigated the histology of fifteen long bones of Genyornis (tibiotarsi, tarsometatarsi and femora) to deduce information about its growth dynamics and life history. Thin sections of the bones were prepared using standard methods, and the histology of the bones was studied under normal and polarised light microscopy. Our histological analyses showed that Genyornis took more than a single year to reach sexual maturity, and that it continued to deposit bone within the OCL for several years thereafter until skeletal maturity was attained. Thus, sexual maturity and skeletal maturity were asynchronous, with the former preceding the latter. Our results further indicated that Genyornis responded to prevailing environmental conditions, which suggests that it retained a plesiomorphic, flexible growth strategy. Additionally, our analyses of the three long bones showed that the tibiotarsus preserved the best record of growth for Genyornis.

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4

Gruntmejer, Kamil, Dorota Konietzko-Meier, and Adam Bodzioch. "Cranial bone histology ofMetoposaurus krasiejowensis(Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Late Triassic of Poland." PeerJ 4 (November 8, 2016): e2685. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2685.

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In this study, 21 skull bones ofMetoposaurus krasiejowensisfrom the Late Triassic of Poland were investigated histologically. Dermal bones show a diploë structure, with an ornamented external surface. The ridges consist of mostly well vascularized parallel-fibered bone; the valleys are built of an avascular layer of lamellar bone. The thick middle region consists of cancellous bone, with varying porosity. The thin and less vascularized internal cortex consists of parallel-fibered bone. The numerous Sharpey’s fibers and ISF are present in all bones. The cyclicity of growth is manifested as an alternation of thick, avascular annuli and high vascularized zones as well as a sequence of resting lines. The detailed histological framework of dermal bones varies even within a single bone; this seems to be related to the local biomechanical loading of the particular part of the skull. The dynamic processes observed during the ornamentation creation indicate that the positions of the ridges and grooves change during growth and could be a specific adaptation to changing biomechanical conditions and stress distribution during bone development. In the supratemporal, the cementing lines show that the remodeling process could be involved in the creations of sculpture. The common occurrence of ISF suggests that metaplastic ossification plays an important role during cranial development. Endochondral bones preserved the numerous remains of calcified cartilage. This indicates that ossification follows a pattern known for stereospondyl intercentra, with relatively slow ossification of the trabecular part and late development of the periosteal cortex. The large accumulation of Sharpey’s fibers in the occipital condyles indicates the presence of strong muscles and ligaments connecting the skull to the vertebral column.

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5

Shelton, Christen D., P. Martin Sander, Koen Stein, and Herman Winkelhorst. "Long bone histology indicates sympatric species of Dimetrodon (Lower Permian, Sphenacodontidae)." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 103, no. 3-4 (September 2012): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175569101300025x.

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ABSTRACTThe Briar Creek Bonebed (Artinskian, Nocona Formation) in Archer County is one of the richest sources of Dimetrodon bones in the Lower Permian of Texas, USA. Based on size, a small (D. natalis), an intermediate (D. booneorum), and a large species (D. limbatus) have been described from this locality. It has been proposed that these traditionally recognised species represent an ontogenetic series of only one species. However, the ontogenetic series hypothesis is inconsistent with the late ontogenetic state of the small bones, as suggested by their osteology and degree of ossification. Histological analysis of newly excavated material from the Briar Creek Bonebed has resolved some of the discretion between these two competing hypothesis, confirming the coexistence of a small (D. natalis) with at least one larger Dimetrodon species. An external fundamental system is present in the largest sampled long bones identified as D. natalis. The histology of D. natalis postcrania is described as incipient fibro lamellar bone. This tissue is a combination of parallel-fibred and woven-fibred bone that is highly vascularised by incipient primary osteons. The species status of D. booneorum and D. limbatus remain unresolved.

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6

WAIZENEGGER, M. "Intraosseous Ganglia of Carpal Bones." Journal of Hand Surgery 18, no. 3 (June 1993): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(93)90061-j.

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25 patients with 26 intraosseous ganglia in carpal bones are described, 14 in the scaphoid and 12 in the lunate. In most cases, attention was drawn to the lesion when X-rays were performed after a recent injury to the wrist. Typically, they occurred eccentrically and were surrounded by a radio-dense rim of bone. In a few cases the cortex was breached but never expanded by the lesion. Curettage and bone grafting were performed only if symptoms persisted and no other source for the pain could be found. Most contained the typical jelly-like material also found in soft tissue ganglia and the histology showed an identical structure. A suggested format for the management of these lesions is presented.

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7

HIRANO, Shigeki. "Observations on pigment granules in the bones of silky fowls." Archives of Histology and Cytology 53, no. 1 (1990): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1679/aohc.53.89.

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8

Dimitri, Paul J., Paul Arundel, Jerry K. W. Wales, and Nick J. Bishop. "Fat children, thin bones." Bone 42 (March 2008): S48—S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.081.

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9

Johnson, Shane B., Sebahattin Cureoglu, Jennifer T. O’Malley, and Peter A. Santi. "Comparison of Traditional Histology and TSLIM Optical Sectioning of Human Temporal Bones." Otology & Neurotology 35, no. 7 (August 2014): 1145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000000416.

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10

Klein, Nicole, Alexandra Houssaye, James M. Neenan, and Torsten M. Scheyer. "Long bone histology and microanatomy of Placodontia (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)." Contributions to Zoology 84, no. 1 (February 23, 2015): 59—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08401005.

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Placodontia, an enigmatic group of durophagous and in part heavily armoured animals, were members of Sauropterygia, the most diverse and successful group of Mesozoic marine reptiles. Microanatomy and histology of long bones of several armoured and non-armoured Placodontia were studied, covering most of their taxonomic breadth, to elucidate the paleoecology, physiology, and lifestyle of its members. Results reveal an unexpected and not phylogenetically or stratigraphically related disparity of microanatomical and histological features for the group. The non-armoured Paraplacodus and the heavily armoured Psephoderma grew with lamellar-zonal bone tissue type, which is typical for modern sauropsids. In the former, the tissue is nearly avascular surrounding a compacted medullary region, whereas in the latter, the lamellar-zonal bone tissue is vascularized framing a large open medullary cavity and a perimedullary region. Armoured Henodus and Placodontia indet. aff. Cyamodus as well as non-armoured Placodus exhibit a reduced medullary cavity and grew with highly vascularized plexiform to radiating fibro-lamellar bone. Several long bones of Placodontia indet. show circumferential fibro-lamellar bone and can be distinguished into two groups on the basis of microanatomical features. In addition, all bones that grew with fibro-lamellar bone show locally primary spongeous-like architecture and had secondarily widened primary osteons throughout the cortex, resulting in a secondarily spongeous tissue. The highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone of these Placodontia indicates growth rates comparable to that of open marine ichthyosaurs. Differences in microanatomy and bone histology as expressed by a principal component analysis, thus clearly indicate different paleoecologies, including differences in lifestyle and swimming modes and capabilities in Placodontia. This would have reduced competition in the shallow marine environments of the Tethys and might be a key to their success and diversity. A certain developmental plasticity among the studied placodonts is interpreted as response to different environmental conditions as is obvious from inter- and intraspecific histological variation. Most striking is the difference in life history strategy in armoured Psephoderma and non-armoured Paraplacodus when compared to armoured Henodus, Placodontia indet. aff. Cyamodus, non-armoured Placodus, and Placodontia indet. Bone tissue of Psephoderma and Paraplacodus indicates low growth rates and a low basal metabolic rate, as many modern sauropsids have such as the marine iguana, whereas the others grew with extremely fast growth rates, more typical for birds and mammals, indicating an increased basal metabolic rate.

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11

Dąbrowski, K., H. Stankiewicz-Jóźwicka, A. Kowalczyk, M. Markuszewski, and B. Ciszek. "Ossa Sesamoidea — prevalence of sesamoid bones in human hands." Folia Morphologica 79, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2019.0123.

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12

Martin, R. B., O. C. Yeh, and D. P. Fyhrie. "On sampling bones for microcracks." Bone 40, no. 4 (April 2007): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.11.014.

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13

OHNO, Keiichi, Kyouichi HASEGAWA, and Kazuhiro ABE. "Morphological relationships between osteoclasts and bone resorption surfaces on mouse parietal bones." Archives of Histology and Cytology 53, no. 1 (1990): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1679/aohc.53.95.

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14

Reid, R. P. "Diseases of Bones and Joints." Histopathology 25, no. 6 (December 1994): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1994.tb01382.x.

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15

Straehl, Fiona R., Torsten M. Scheyer, Analía M. Forasiepi, Ross D. MacPhee, and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra. "Evolutionary Patterns of Bone Histology and Bone Compactness in Xenarthran Mammal Long Bones." PLoS ONE 8, no. 7 (July 9, 2013): e69275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069275.

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16

Jentgen-Ceschino, Benjamin, Koen Stein, and Valentin Fischer. "Case study of radial fibrolamellar bone tissues in the outer cortex of basal sauropods." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1793 (January 13, 2020): 20190143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0143.

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The histology of sauropod long bones often appears uniform and conservative along their evolutionary tree. One of the main aspects of their bone histology is to exhibit a fibrolamellar complex in the cortex of their long bones. Here, we report another bone tissue, the radial fibrolamellar bone (RFB), in the outer cortex of the humeri of a young adult cf. Isanosaurus (Early to Late Jurassic, Thailand) and an adult Spinophorosaurus nigerensis (Early to Middle Jurassic, Niger) that do not exhibit any pathological feature on the bone surface. Its location within the cortex is unexpected, because RFB is a rapidly deposited bone tissue that would rather be expected early in the ontogeny. A palaeopathological survey was conducted for these sampled specimens. Observed RFB occurrences are regarded as spiculated periosteal reactive bone, which is an aggressive form of periosteal reaction. A ‘hair-on-end’ pattern of neoplasmic origin (resembling a Ewing's sarcoma) is favoured for cf. Isanosaurus , while a sunburst pattern of viral or neoplasmic origin (resembling an avian osteopetrosis or haemangioma) is favoured for Spinophorosaurus . This study highlights the importance of bone histology in assessing the frequency and nature of palaeopathologies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.

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17

YANG, Rong-Sen, Tang-Kue LIU, Keh-Sung TSAI, Shoei-Yn LIN-SHIAU, and Kuo-Shyan LU. "Morphological and Immunocytochemical Characterization of Osteoblast Cultures from Long Bones of Neonatal Rats." Archives of Histology and Cytology 55, no. 4 (1992): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1679/aohc.55.415.

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18

Armitage, Mark H. "Ultraviolet Autofluorescence Microscopy of Nanotyrannus lancensis Sections Reveals Blood Clots in Vessel Canals." Microscopy Today 30, no. 6 (November 2022): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929522001262.

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Abstract:Theropod dinosaurs have captured the imagination of the public and paleontologists alike. Histology of the bones of theropods has revealed much about dinosaur physiology, behavior, and growth. Histology and ultraviolet fluorescence (UVFL) microscopy of one controversial dinosaur, Nanotyrannus lancensis, reveals the presence of blood clots in post-fixed vessel canals of claw, vertebra, and other isolated post-cranial elements collected at Hell Creek, MT. These clots are thicker, more closely adherent to canal walls, and more reactive to 347 nm UVFL incident light than unfixed specimens. Theropod histology images in the literature display similar clots, and those should be subjected to UVFL for confirmation. In addition, nematodes are evidently preserved in vessel canals of dinosaurs.

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19

Mark, M. P., C. W. Prince, T. Oosawa, S. Gay, A. L. Bronckers, and W. T. Butler. "Immunohistochemical demonstration of a 44-KD phosphoprotein in developing rat bones." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 7 (July 1987): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.7.3295029.

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Polyclonal antibodies against a 44-KD phosphoprotein (44K BPP) from rat bone were raised in rabbits, affinity-purified, and used as probes to study the protein's distribution in various types of developing bones from newborn rats. Three immunostaining procedures were applied utilizing indirect immunofluorescence, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex, and avidin-gold complex with silver enhancement. All methods gave essentially identical and/or complementary results. Antigenicity for anti-44K BPP was detected in endochondral and membranous bone. In the latter, it was also demonstrated in the osteoid. In the woven bone of lower jaw, immunoreactivity for anti-44K BPP antibodies was found in fibroblast-shaped cells (pre-osteoblasts) that were between the bone trabeculae but not in direct contact with bony extracellular material. In addition to these presumed osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts as well as osteocytes were strongly stained; the cytoplasmic staining was associated with the Golgi apparatus. Occasionally immunoreactivity was detected in osteoclasts, but in these cells immunostaining was either diffusely spread in the cytoplasm or present only at sites of bone erosion. These findings support the hypothesis that the 44K BPP is a protein made by osteoblasts and is localized predominantly in bone. Furthermore, the protein appears to be expressed early in histogenesis of the bone-forming cells.

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20

Frota Ruchon, Andréa, Mieczyslaw Marcinkiewicz, Géraldine Siegfried, Harriet S. Tenenhouse, Luc DesGroseillers, Philippe Crine, and Guy Boileau. "Pex mRNA Is Localized in Developing Mouse Osteoblasts and Odontoblasts." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 4 (April 1998): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600405.

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Mutations in PEX, a phosphate-regulating gene with homology to endopeptidase on the X chromosome, were recently identified in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), an inherited disorder of phosphate homeostasis characterized by growth retardation and rachitic and osteomalacic bone disease. To understand the mechanism by which loss of PEX function elicits the mutant phenotype, a study of its mRNA localization and ontogenesis was undertaken. Using the reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) with polyA+ RNA purified from mouse testis, a 337-bp Pex cDNA fragment was generated and cloned in the pCRII plasmid. The cDNA was used to generate sense and anti-sense Pex riboprobes for in situ hybridization (ISH) and Northern analysis. To survey a large number of different tissues, sagittal sections of embryos and newborn mice were examined. ISH showed the presence of Pex mRNA in osteoblasts and odontoblasts. Pex gene expression was detectable on Day 15 of embryonic development, which coincides with the beginning of intercellular matrix deposition in bones. Finally, Northern analysis of total RNA from calvariae and teeth of 3-day-old and adult mice showed that the abundance of the 7-kb Pex transcript is decreased in adult bones and in nongrowing teeth. The present study demonstrates that Pex mRNA is expressed in bones and teeth and suggests that this putative endopeptidase plays an important role in the development of these tissues.

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21

Neumann, Paul E., and Thomas R. Gest. "How many bones? Every bone in my body." Clinical Anatomy 33, no. 2 (July 2019): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.23425.

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22

Gruntmejer, Kamil, Adam Bodzioch, and Dorota Konietzko-Meier. "Mandible histology in Metoposaurus krasiejowensis (Temnospondyli, Stereospondyli) from the Upper Triassic of Poland." PeerJ 9 (September 30, 2021): e12218. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12218.

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Recent studies that have systematically augmented our knowledge of dermal bones of the Late Triassic temnospondyl amphibian Metoposaurus krasiejowensis have mostly focused on shoulder girdle elements and the skull. So far, histological data on the mandible are still scant. For the present study, two mandibles have been examined, using 50 standard thin sections. Dermal bones of the mandible reveal a uniform diploë structure, with the external cortex consisting of moderately vascularised, parallel-fibred bone, as well as a distinct alternation of thick zones and thinner annuli. Dense bundles of well-mineralised Sharpey’s fibres are seen in the external cortex over the entire length of the mandible. The trabecular middle region is highly porous and well vascularised, showing small primary vascular canals and more numerous secondary osteons; irregular erosion spaces occur in large numbers as well. The thin and poorly vascular internal cortex consists of parallel-fibred bone. The articular is not a dermal bone in origin, having been formed of a thin layer of avascular cortex and a very extensive, trabecular middle region. In contrast to the dermal bones of the mandible, the articular developed from a cartilaginous precursor, as evidenced by numerous remains of calcified cartilage in the central parts of the bone. Histological variability is extremely high along the mandible, its anterior part being characterised by high compactness and biomechanically good resistance in contrast to the highly porous posterior parts. Distinct variations of bone thickness and degree of bone porosity in specific areas of the mandible, may be due to local differences in biomechanics during feeding. The microstructure of the mandible corroborates a previous study of the active and ambush predation strategy in metoposaurids.

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Vaish, Abhishek, Raju Vaishya, Lokesh Kumar Singh, and Vikas Kashyap. "Langerhans cell histiocytosis of a metatarsal bone in an adult female." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 10 (October 2019): e231343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231343.

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) commonly occurs in children. It mimics infection and many benign and malignant tumours. This disease mainly involves the spine, skull and long bones, and its incidence is sporadic in the small bones of the foot and hand. We could not find any case reports with the involvement of a metatarsal bone, and hence, awareness about its possibility is essential to suspect it as a differential diagnosis of lytic lesions in the foot bones and therefore treat it judiciously. We have reported a case of a 35-year-old woman with spontaneous onset of pain over her right foot for the last year. An extensive curettage was performed, where the histology confirmed the features of LCH. Awareness about this entity and its differential diagnosis may help to clinch and early diagnosis and to treat effectively.

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24

Ahmadi, Zahra, and Milad Ashrafizadeh. "Down Regulation of Osteocalcin Gene in Chickens Treated with Cadmium." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.13.1.540.3.

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Background: Cadmium is one of the heavy metals with harmful effects on different body organs and systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the harmful effects of cadmium, as a heavy metal, on the histological structure of bone and the expression of osteocalcin gene. Methods: Forty chickens were obtained, anesthetized and their femurs were surgically removed. The real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to study the osteocalcin gene expression. Results: The osteocalcin gene expression rate were: 1.000± 0.1; 0.86± 0.01; 0.63± 0.09, and 0.41± 0.06 in the controls, experiment I, experiment II and experiment III groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Also, the nuclear pyknosis in osteocytes and decreased bone formation were observed in the histology slides of the chicken bones. Conclusions: We conclude that cadmium adversely affected the chicken bones as evident by the decreased osteocalcin gene expression and the adverse effects on the bone histology. We recommend that plans be developed to prevent the outbreak of cadmium and other heavy metals in animal and human environment.

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Sanchez, Sophie, Per E. Ahlberg, Katherine M. Trinajstic, Alessandro Mirone, and Paul Tafforeau. "Three-Dimensional Synchrotron Virtual Paleohistology: A New Insight into the World of Fossil Bone Microstructures." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, no. 5 (October 2012): 1095–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612001079.

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AbstractThe recent developments of phase-contrast synchrotron imaging techniques have been of great interest for paleontologists, providing three-dimensional (3D) tomographic images of anatomical structures, thereby leading to new paleobiological insights and the discovery of new species. However, until now, it has not been used on features smaller than 5–7 μm voxel size in fossil bones. Because much information is contained within the 3D histological architecture of bone, including an ontogenetic record, crucial for understanding the paleobiology of fossil species, the application of phase-contrast synchrotron tomography to bone at higher resolutions is potentially of great interest. Here we use this technique to provide new 3D insights into the submicron-scale histology of fossil and recent bones, based on the development of new pink-beam configurations, data acquisition strategies, and improved processing tools. Not only do the scans reveal by nondestructive means all of the major features of the histology at a resolution comparable to that of optical microscopy, they provide 3D information that cannot be obtained by any other method.

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Lambertz, Markus, Filippo Bertozzo, and P. Martin Sander. "Bone histological correlates for air sacs and their implications for understanding the origin of the dinosaurian respiratory system." Biology Letters 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 20170514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0514.

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Air sacs are an important component of the avian respiratory system, and corresponding structures also were crucial for the evolution of sauropod dinosaur gigantism. Inferring the presence of air sacs in fossils so far is restricted to bones preserving internal pneumatic cavities and foramina as osteological correlates. We here present bone histological correlates for air sacs as a new potential identification tool for these elements of the respiratory system. The analysis of several avian and non-avian dinosaur samples revealed delicate fibres in secondary trabecular and secondary endosteal bone that in the former case (birds) is known or in the latter (non-avian dinosaurs) assumed to have been in contact with air sacs, respectively. The bone histology of this ‘pneumosteal tissue’ is markedly different from those regions where muscles attached presenting classical Sharpey's fibres. The pneumatized bones of several non-dinosaurian taxa do not exhibit the characteristics of this ‘pneumosteum’. Our new histology-based approach thus can be instrumental in reconstructing the origin of air sacs among dinosaurs and hence for our understanding of this remarkable evolutionary novelty of the respiratory system.

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27

RICE, J., M. STEPHENS, and J. COLVILLE. "Scaphoid Osteochondroma Mimicking Carpal Coalition." Journal of Hand Surgery 21, no. 6 (December 1996): 779–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(96)80188-4.

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We present the case of a 10-year-old girl who presented with a block to wrist abduction. Plain radiographs of the wrist suggested a coalition between the carpal bones. ACT scan, however, revealed the presence of an osteocartilaginous lesion on the distal pole of the scaphoid. This was resected and histology showed it to be an osteochondroma.

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28

Natsis, K., M. Piagkou, N. Lazaridis, N. Anastasopoulos, G. Nousios, G. Piagkos, and M. Loukas. "Incidence, number and topography of Wormian bones in Greek adult dry skulls." Folia Morphologica 78, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2018.0078.

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29

Aygit, A. C., A. Sarikaya, L. Candan, M. S. Ayhan, and T. F. Çermik. "Comparison of alloplastic implants for facial bones by scintigraphy and histology: an experimental study." European Journal of Plastic Surgery 22, no. 2-3 (April 9, 1999): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002380050158.

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30

Mottershead, S. "Sesamoid bones and cartilages: An enquiry into their function." Clinical Anatomy 1, no. 1 (1988): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980010110.

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31

Sarkalkan, Nazli, Harrie Weinans, and Amir A. Zadpoor. "Statistical shape and appearance models of bones." Bone 60 (March 2014): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2013.12.006.

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32

Livne, Erella. "Introduction: Microscopy of bones, joints, and osteoarthritis." Microscopy Research and Technique 37, no. 4 (May 15, 1997): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970515)37:4<243::aid-jemt1>3.0.co;2-m.

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33

Pretterklieber, M. L. "Dimensions and Arterial Vascular Supply of the Sesamoid Bones of the Human Hallux." Cells Tissues Organs 139, no. 1 (1990): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146983.

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34

Ikegame, Mika, Sadakazu Ejiri, and Hirohiko Okamura. "Expression of Non-collagenous Bone Matrix Proteins in Osteoblasts Stimulated by Mechanical Stretching in the Cranial Suture of Neonatal Mice." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 2 (August 16, 2018): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155418793588.

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We investigated the influence of mechanical stretching on the genetic expression pattern of non-collagenous bone matrix proteins in osteoblasts. The cranial sutures of neonatal mice were subjected to ex vivo mechanical stretching. In the non-stretched control group, as osteoblast differentiation progressed, the successive genetic expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) was detected using in situ hybridization, in that order. In the stretched group, the sutures were widened, and after 24 hr of cultivation, a large number of osteoblasts and abundant new osteoid were observed on the borders of the parietal bones. All new osteoblasts expressed BSP and some of them expressed OPN, but very few of them expressed OCN. After 48 hr, more extensive presence of osteoid was noted on the borders of the parietal bones, and this osteoid was partially mineralized; all osteoblasts on the osteoid surface expressed BSP, and more osteoblasts expressed OPN than those after 24 hr cultivation. Surprisingly, many of the osteoblasts that did not express OPN, expressed OCN. This suggests that when osteoblast differentiation is stimulated by mechanical stress, the genetic expression pattern of non-collagenous proteins in the newly differentiated osteoblasts is affected.

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35

Eckhard, Andreas H., Jennifer T. O’Malley, Joseph B. Nadol, and Joe C. Adams. "Mechanical Compression of Coverslipped Tissue Sections During Heat-induced Antigen Retrieval Prevents Section Detachment and Preserves Tissue Morphology." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 6 (January 29, 2019): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155419826940.

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Heat-induced antigen retrieval (HIAR) is routinely employed on aldehyde-fixed tissue sections to enhance the reactivity of antibodies that exhibit weak or no specific interactions with tissue antigens when applied in conventional immunohistochemical protocols. A major drawback of HIAR protocols is, however, the heat-induced detachment of sections from the microscope slide with resultant impaired tissue morphology or loss of the section. We developed a method in which tissue sections mounted on glass slides are temporally coverslipped, and a clamp is used to compress the sections on the microscope slide during HIAR treatment. This “pressurized coverslipping” during HIAR was tested on various formalin-fixed tissues (murine kidneys and temporal bones, human tonsils and temporal bones) that were embedded in paraffin or celloidin. The method reliably kept the sections adherent to the slide, preserved the tissue morphology, and effectively retrieved tissue antigens for improved results in immunohistochemical labeling, even for exceptionally delicate, large, and poorly adhering sections, that is, decalcified human temporal bone sections. In summary, we present a simple method for improved slide adherence and morphological preservation of tissue sections during HIAR treatment that can be combined with all HIAR protocols and that requires only basic lab equipment.

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36

Mitchell, Jessica, P. Martin Sander, and Koen Stein. "Can secondary osteons be used as ontogenetic indicators in sauropods? Extending the histological ontogenetic stages into senescence." Paleobiology 43, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2016.47.

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AbstractSauropod bone histology has provided a great deal of insight into the life history of these enormous animals. However, because of high growth rates, annual growth rings are not common in sauropod long bones, so directly measuring growth rates and determining sexual maturity require alternative measures. Histological ontogenetic stages (HOS) have been established to describe the changes in bone histology through development for basal Macronaria and Diplodocoidea, and subsequently for Titanosauria. Despite this, the current HOS model is not able to discriminate bone tissues in late ontogeny, when sauropods had reached asymptotic size and continued to live into senescence but their long bones became extensively remodeled by secondary osteons and all primary bone was destroyed. Here we establish remodeling stages (RS) to characterize the Haversian bone development through ontogeny in eight sauropod taxa (Apatosaurinae, Giraffatitan brancai, Camarasaurus spp., Dicraeosaurus spp., Ampelosaurus atacis, Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae, Magyarosaurus dacus, and Alamosaurus sanjuanensis) and find significant correlation of RS with corresponding femur length (CFL) for the studied taxa, with the exception of Dicraeosaurus and Magyarosaurus. Remodeling stages are based on the maximum number of observable generations of crosscutting osteons from the innermost, mid-, and outermost part of the cortex. The correlation with CFL indicates that secondary osteons present an ontogenetic signal that could extend the histological ontogenetic stages. Remodeling stages also provide additional insight into the changes in histology through ontogeny for Sauropoda. This method has the potential to be used in other taxa, such as thyreophorans and many ornithischians, that develop Haversian tissue through development.

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37

Eitel, F., H. Waldner, U. Brunner, and R. Seibold. "New Uses of Plastination in Bone Histology." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 06, no. 04 (1993): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633064.

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SummaryThe plastination techniques, originally developed for macroscopy, were modified in order to prepare plasti-nated sections for microscopy. A particularly good penetration of the specimen occurred during the preparation of the histological section when the described techniques for freeze substitution, defatting and forced impregnation with resin were employed. The different polymer mixtures were compared, in order to determine their particular advantages and disadvantages. The sectioning technique and the use of histological stains were described both for the undecalcified, as well as decalcified bones. The production of a deplastinated thin section presents a particular problem which can be addressed by this method. The modified Spalteholz technique with decalcification of sections and “Nach-Plastination” was described for the preparation of plane-parallel standardized sections for morphometric examination of the vascular structure of the bone.The possible uses of plastination, for running histological examination procedures such as fluorescence microscopy, microangiography and microradiography, were shown. The validity of different microangiographic techniques could be determined only through the use of the further-developed Spalteholz and plastination techniques. Thus, the plastination technique appears to be an especially useful procedure for the examination of microscopy specimens. It is recommended as well for other disciplines unrelated to bone, for example in pathology and anatomy.The plastination is a very modern technique to produce anatomical teaching specimens and to prepare tissue very naturally without artefacts. Some technical modifications allow the transfer to histologic preparations including bone histology.

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38

GROPPER, P. T., J. Y. MAH, B. M. GELFANT, and H. M. BELL. "Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia of the Hand." Journal of Hand Surgery 10, no. 3 (October 1985): 404–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681_85_80076-0.

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A case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of a long bone of the hand is reported. There has been only one similar case recorded, though it is not uncommon in other long bones. The diagnosis was proved by histology, and the tumour treated by subperiosteal excision. There has been no recurrence after 31 months, though in similar cases excision including the periosteum has been advised to reduce the likelihood of recurrence.

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39

Russell, Anthony P., Matthew K. Vickaryous, and Aaron M. Bauer. "The phylogenetic distribution, anatomy and histology of the post-cloacal bones and adnexa of geckos." Journal of Morphology 277, no. 2 (November 25, 2015): 264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20494.

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40

Burr, D. B., A. G. Robling, and C. H. Turner. "Effects of biomechanical stress on bones in animals." Bone 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00707-x.

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41

Johansson, S., P. M. Lind, H. HÅKansson, H. Oxlund, J. rberg, and H. Melhus. "Subclinical hypervitaminosis A causes fragile bones in rats." Bone 31, no. 6 (December 2002): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00910-9.

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42

Rowe, D. J., and L. A. Etre. "Uptake of a fluorinated bisphosphonate by cultured bones." Bone 9, no. 5 (January 1988): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(88)90013-0.

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43

Tobias, Jon. "What has ALSPAC told us about children’s bones?" Bone 45 (July 2009): S48—S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.04.014.

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44

Skedros, John G., Scott M. Sorenson, and Nathan H. Jenson. "Are Distributions of Secondary Osteon Variants Useful for Interpreting Load History in Mammalian Bones?" Cells Tissues Organs 185, no. 4 (2007): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000102176.

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45

Lim, Jin Xi, Min He, and Alphonsus Khin Sze Chong. "3D-printed Poly-Lactic Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) scaffolds in non-critical bone defects impede bone regeneration in rabbit tibia bone." Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering 32, no. 6 (November 3, 2021): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bme-216017.

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BACKGROUND: An increasing number of bone graft materials are commercially available and vary in their composition, mechanism of action, costs, and indications. OBJECTIVE: A commercially available PLGA scaffold produced using 3D printing technology has been used to promote the preservation of the alveolar socket after tooth extraction. We examined its influence on bone regeneration in long bones of New Zealand White rabbits. METHODS: 5.0-mm-diameter circular defects were created on the tibia bones of eight rabbits. Two groups were studied: (1) control group, in which the bone defects were left empty; (2) scaffold group, in which the PLGA scaffolds were implanted into the bone defect. Radiography was performed every two weeks postoperatively. After sacrifice, bone specimens were isolated and examined by micro-computed tomography and histology. RESULTS: Scaffolds were not degraded by eight weeks after surgery. Micro-computed tomography and histology showed that in the region of bone defects that was occupied by scaffolds, bone regeneration was compromised and the total bone volume/total volume ratio (BV/TV) was significantly lower. CONCLUSION: The implantation of this scaffold impedes bone regeneration in a non-critical bone defect. Implantation of bone scaffolds, if unnecessary, lead to a slower rate of fracture healing.

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46

Nakano, Yukiko, Hadil F. Al-Jallad, Aisha Mousa, and Mari T. Kaartinen. "Expression and Localization of Plasma Transglutaminase Factor XIIIA in Bone." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 55, no. 7 (March 19, 2007): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.6a7091.2007.

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Transglutaminases (TGs) are protein crosslinking enzymes involved in cell adhesion and signaling and matrix stabilization and maturation, in many cell types and tissues. We previously described that in addition to transglutaminase 2 (TG2), cultured MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts also express the plasma TG Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA). Here we report on the expression and localization of FXIIIA in bone in vivo and provide confirmatory in vitro data. Immuno-histochemistry and in situ hybridization demonstrated that FXIIIA is expressed by osteoblasts and osteocytes in long bones formed by endochondral ossification (femur) and flat bones formed primarily by intramembranous ossification (calvaria and mandible). FXIIIA immuno-reactivity was localized to osteoblasts, osteocytes, and the osteoid. RT-PCR analysis revealed FXIIIA expression by both primary osteoblasts and by the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line. Western blot analysis of bone and MC3T3-E1 culture extracts demonstrated that FXIIIA is produced mainly as a small, 37-kDa form. Sequential RT-PCR analysis using overlapping PCR primers spanning the full FXIIIA gene showed that the entire FXIIIA gene is expressed, thus indicating that the 37-kDa FXIIIA is not a splice variant but a product of posttranslational proteolytic processing. Forskolin inhibition of osteoblast differentiation revealed that FXIIIA processing is regulated by the protein kinase A pathway.

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47

Nakamura, Y., A. Yamaguchi, T. Ikeda, and S. Yoshiki. "Acid phosphatase activity is detected preferentially in the osteoclastic lineage by pre-treatment with cyanuric chloride." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 10 (October 1991): 1415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.10.1940313.

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We previously reported a simple method to detect osteoid matrices in decalcified bone sections by pre-treatment with cyanuric chloride. We have applied this technique to identify osteoclasts and their precursors in rats. In JB-4 sections prepared from untreated bone tissues with cyanuric chloride, both acid phosphatase (ACP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were found not only in osteoclasts and bone marrow mononuclear cells but also in osteoblasts. In contrast, treatment of bones with cyanuric chloride resulted in staining ACP preferentially in osteoclasts and mononuclear cells adjacent to the bone surface. In the osteoclasts and most of the ACP-positive mononuclear cells, autoradiography showed calcitonin binding. Decalcification with EDTA did not affect the staining for ACP activity in bones treated with cyanuric chloride. It was possible to simultaneously identify ACP and osteoid matrix in a decalcified section. In soft tissues without treatment with cyanuric chloride, both ACP and TRAP were detected in splenic macrophages, alveolar macrophages, and proximal convoluted ducts in kidney. Neither ACP nor TRAP was found in these cell types in the tissues treated with cyanuric chloride. This procedure provides a new, simple method to identify a more restricted population in the osteoclastic lineage than that detected by TRAP staining.

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48

Blair-West, J. R., D. A. Denton, M. J. McKinley, B. G. Radden, E. H. Ramshaw, and J. D. Wark. "Behavioral and tissue responses to severe phosphorus depletion in cattle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): R656—R663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.r656.

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Two-year-old Aberdeen Angus heifers were depleted of phosphorus (P) by loss of phosphate in saliva from a parotid gland fistula combined with a low-P diet. The inorganic phosphate concentrations (Pi) of plasma, parotid saliva, ruminal fluid, and feces were reduced, but cerebrospinal fluid Pi was unaltered. Plasma Pi fell to less than 1.0 mM in 12 wk, and the cows displayed an avid appetite for old bones. P-deficient cows preferred old weathered bones to fresh bones until the latter had aged for approximately 1.5 yr. They did not eat blood, peritoneal fat, or meat, fresh or aged for 2-3 yr. They did not eat Na or Ca phosphate salts or bone heated to greater than 250 degrees C. P-replete cows did not take or eat bones. The behavioral effects of P deficiency were associated with failure to gain body weight and maintain condition, significant bone changes indicated by reduced bone weight and specific gravity, osteopenia indicated by radiology, evidence of reduced bone formation indicated by plasma osteocalcin levels and histology, and abnormal estrous cycles. Prolonged P deficiency was associated with increased plasma concentrations of total Ca and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and reduced plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone.

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49

Tsyhykalo, O., R. Dmytrenko, I. Popova, and B. Banul. "Features of the formation of certain bones of the skull at the early stages of human ontogenesis." Bukovinian Medical Herald 25, no. 3 (99) (November 29, 2021): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xxv.3.99.2021.22.

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The study of morphogenesis and embryotopography of skull bones is important not only in understanding the normal development of the human embryo but also will improve existing methods of invasive treatment and visualization of various pathologies of the central nervous system in children.The aim was to investigate the peculiarities of morphogenesis and topography of some skull bones during the early stages of human ontogenesis.Material and methods. We have studied 14 series of consecutive histological sections of human embryos and pre-fetuses aged 6 to 11 weeks of intrauterine development by using a set of topical morphological methods (anthropometry, morphometry, histology, three-dimensional reconstruction).Results. The frontal and parietal bones appear at the end of the embryonic period as mesenchymal rudiments that gradually expand upwards from primary points of ossification (starting from the basolateral parts of the head). During 8th week of IUD, the germ of the ectomeningeal capsule is detected in the form of a thin plate, close to the brain. At the beginning of the pre-fetal period, histological signs of membranous ossification are revealed; frontal and parietal bones develop from paired rudiments, which gradually fuse, which was accompanied by active angiogenesis.Conclusions. The primary ossification centers in frontal and parietal bones of the human embryo appear at the beginning of embryological period and develop by membranous type. Two ossification centers appear in frontal and parietal bones and they gradually merge. At the beginning of the prenatal period, the rudiment of a small wing of the sphenoid, spheno-ethmoidal cartilage and signs of merging of both ossification centers in the parietal bone are detected.

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50

Schwartz, Z., A. Ornoy, and W. A. Soskolne. "An in vitro Assay of Bone Development Using Fetal Long Bones of Mice: Morphological Studies." Cells Tissues Organs 124, no. 3-4 (1985): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146118.

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