Journal articles: 'Bones – Growth'

1

Levine, Milton I. "Fragile Bones, Soft Bones, and Linear Growth Failure." Pediatric Annals 16, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 943–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19871201-04.

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Scheven, Ben A. A., and Nicola J. Hamilton. "Longitudinal bone growth in vitro: effects of insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone." Acta Endocrinologica 124, no. 5 (May 1991): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1240602.

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Abstract. Longitudinal growth was studied using an in vitro model system of intact rat long bones. Metatarsal bones from 18- and 19-day-old rat fetuses, entirely (18 days) or mainly (19 days) composed of chondrocytes, showed a steady rate of growth and radiolabelled thymidine incorporation for at least 7 days in serum-free media. Addition of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I to the culture media resulted in a direct stimulation of the longitudinal growth. Recombinant human growth hormone was also able to stimulate bone growth, although this was generally accomplished after a time lag of more than 2 days. A monoclonal antibody to IGF-I abolished both the IGF-I and GH-stimulated growth. However, the antibody had no effect on the growth of the bone explants in control, serum-free medium. Unlike the fetal long bones, bones from 2-day-old neonatal rats were arrested in their growth after 1-2 days in vitro. The neonatal bones responded to IGF-I and GH in a similar fashion as the fetal bones. Thus in this study in vitro evidence of a direct effect of GH on long bone growth via stimulating local production of IGF by the growth plate chondrocytes is presented. Furthermore, endogenous growth factors, others than IGFs, appear to play a crucial role in the regulation of fetal long bone growth.

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Hagan, Michael. "Sticks and Bones." Arithmetic Teacher 33, no. 1 (September 1985): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.33.1.0044.

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The proliferation of both teacher-made and professionally prepared games might easily tempt a teacher to conclude that using them to kindle a child's interest in mathematics is an end in itself. And yet the full riches of many games may lie undiscovered until children are challenged to go beyond their interests, to think about their actions, and to elaborate on them. From this perspective, the most valuable games are those that interest children and that have rich variations to encourage their growth.

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Soliz, Mónica, María Jose Tulli, and Virginia Abdala. "Forelimb musculoskeletal-tendinous growth in frogs." PeerJ 8 (February 25, 2020): e8618. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8618.

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The tendons unite and transmit the strength of the muscles to the bones, allowing movement dexterity, the distribution of the strength of the limbs to the digits, and an improved muscle performance for a wide range of locomotor activities. Tissue differentiation and maturation of the structures involved in locomotion are completed during the juvenile stage; however, few studies have investigated the ontogenetic variation of the musculoskeletal-tendinous system. We ask whether all those integrated tissues and limb structures growth synchronically between them and along with body length. We examined the ontogenetic variation in selected muscles, tendons and bones of the forelimbs in seventy-seven specimens belonging to seven anuran species of different clades and of three age categories, and investigate the relative growth of the forelimb musculoskeletal-tendinous structures throughout ontogeny. Ten muscles and nine tendons and their respective large bones (humerus and radioulna) were removed intact, and their length was measured and analyzed through a multivariate approach of allometry. We obtained an allometry coefficient, which indicates how the coefficient departures from isometry as well as allometric trends. Our data suggest that along with the post-metamorphic ontogeny, muscles tend to elongate proportionally to bone length, with a positive allometric trend. On the contrary, tendons show a negative allometric growth trend. Only two species show different patterns: Rhinella granulosa and Physalaemus biligonigerus, with an isometric and positive growth of muscles and bones, and most tendons being isometric.

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DeLuca, H. F. "TRIENNIAL GROWTH SYMPOSIUM— Vitamin D: Bones and beyond12." Journal of Animal Science 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7237.

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McKee, Malcolm. "Growth deformities of the long bones in dogs." In Practice 32, no. 7 (July 2010): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inp.c3914.

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Deltoro, J., and Ana M. López. "Allometric growth patterns of limb bones in rabbits." Animal Production 46, no. 3 (June 1988): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100019073.

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ABSTRACTRelative growth of length and thickness of femur, tibia, humerus and radius-ulna was studied using data from 320 rabbits from both sexes of two lines (New Zealand White and California). A cross-sectional design was used with slaughter points fixed at weekly intervals from 1 to 20 weeks of age. Carcass length was chosen as independent variable and two models were fitted to the data. Model 1 assumed the existence of one allometric change at some moment of the post-natal development and model 2 of a continuous change of the allometric coefficient throughout the experimental period.Most of the bone measurement showed allometric changes and in all the cases they were not abrupt but continuous. The theoretical and practical implications of the existence of these changes are discussed. The allometric coefficients of all the bone measurements showed a decreasing rate of change except radius-ulna thickness. While the coefficients for bone lengths were positive tending to isometry, for bone thickness they were always negative.

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Efthimiou, J., and P. J. Barnes. "Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on bones and growth." European Respiratory Journal 11, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.11051167.

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Garzón-Alvarado, D. A., J. M. García-Aznar, and M. Doblaré. "A reaction–diffusion model for long bones growth." Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 8, no. 5 (December 24, 2008): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10237-008-0144-z.

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Lok, F., J. A. Owens, L. Mundy, J. S. Robinson, and P. C. Owens. "Insulin-like growth factor I promotes growth selectively in fetal sheep in late gestation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 270, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): R1148—R1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.5.r1148.

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Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is required for normal fetal growth and skeletal maturation in late gestation, because null mutations of the IGF-I gene in mice reduce fetal weight and retard ossification of bones. To determine if, conversely, increased abundance of IGF-I promotes fetal growth and skeletal maturation, fetal sheep were infused intravascularly with recombinant human IGF-I (n = 7) (26 +/- 3 micrograms. h-1.kg-1) from 120 to 130 days gestation and compared with controls (n = 15). IGF-I infusion increased plasma IGF-I concentrations by 140% (P = 0.002) and weights of fetal liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, pituitary, and adrenal glands by 16-50% (P < 0.05). Weights and/or lengths of the fetus, placenta, gastrointestinal tract, individual skeletal muscles, and long bones were unchanged by IGF-I. However, IGF-I increased the percentage of proximal epiphyses of long bones present (P < 0.05) and their cross-sectional areas by 15 to 38% (P < 0.05). These results show that IGF-I promotes growth of major fetal organs, endocrine glands, and skeletal maturation in vivo, consistent with IGF-I actively controlling and not merely facilitating fetal growth. The variable response of different tissues may partly reflect tissue specificity in growth requirements for additional factors.

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Smirina, Ella, and Natalia Ananjeva. "Growth layers in bones and acrodont teeth of the agamid lizard Laudakia stoliczkana (Blanford, 1875) (Agamidae, Sauria)." Amphibia-Reptilia 28, no. 2 (2007): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853807780202512.

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AbstractGrowth layers in different tubular bones, in dental bone and in tooth dentine of L. stoliczkana were examined to estimate their suitability for the study of its age and growth. All bones studied have growth layers recording annual seasonal patterns of growth. Their pattern is identical in all bones studied. Resting lines, or Lines of Arrested Growth (LAGs) corresponding to the two first hibernations are subjected to resorption in the massive elongate tubular bones (femur and tibia) whereas in the more slender fibula the rate of resorption is lower. In the phalanx even the first formed layers are not subjected to resorption, but its growth in width is most likely limited. Growth layers are formed in acrodont tooth dentine, but these layers are indistinct and cannot be used for age determination. There are growth layers in the bone of attachment, but due to their multidirectional deposition it is difficult, if not impossible, to count them.

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Oberbauer, A. M., T. A. Currier, C. D. Nancarrow, K. A. Ward, and J. D. Murray. "Linear bone growth of oMT1a-oGH transgenic male mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 262, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): E936—E942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.262.6.e936.

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Linear bone growth was studied in male mice possessing a controlled ovine metallothionein 1a promoter-ovine growth hormone (oMT1a-oGH) transgene. Transgene expression was activated at weaning by the addition of 25 mM zinc sulfate to drinking water; transgenic and control mice received the zinc supplementation. The ulna, humerus, and tibia were excised at 10-day intervals until 130 days from control and from mice hemizygous for oMT1a-oGH. Bones from mice overexpressing growth hormone (GH) were 11-20% longer than those from controls (P less than 0.01) at 130 days. Transgenic mice exhibited both an enhanced rate of bone growth and a growth period of greater duration, i.e., the ulna, tibia, and humerus from oMT1a-oGH mice grew at an accelerated rate for an additional 20-40 days relative to the same bones from control mice. The bones from both groups were characterized by isometric growth patterns. Genetic size scaling revealed that the observed differences in bone growth were directly related to the mature size of the bone, suggesting that the bones possess an inherent growth pattern that is followed even in the presence of elevated GH.

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Artemiev, D. A., S. V. Kozlov, S. O. Loshchinin, and A. V. Egunova. "FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE BONES OF DOGS AND CATS." Scientific Life 16, no. 7 (2021): 896–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-7-896-907.

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This article is devoted to the systematic and comparative aspects of the phylo - and ontogenetic development, growth and structure of the bones of dogs and cats. We know that bone (lat. os) is a solid organ of humans and vertebrates, consisting of several tissues, the most important of which is bone. The bone performs musculoskeletal and protective functions, is an integral part of the vertebrate endoskeleton, produces red and white blood cells, and stores minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the function of the particular bone. There are between 289 and 292 bones in the body of dogs and cats (a range of difference due to the diversity of the caudal vertebrae). Each has a complex structure, so that they are quite light, but at the same time rigid and durable. The bone may include in its structure: bone marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels, cartilage. Bones are made up of various bone tissue cells: osteoblasts are involved in the formation and mineralization of bones, osteocytes maintain structure, and osteoclasts provide bone resorption. The mineralized matrix of bone tissue has an organic component mainly from collagen and an inorganic component of bone tissue from various salts. Therefore, the coverage of the features of development, growth and structure of bones, as well as the role of bones in maintaining calcium homeostasis, blood supply and biomechanical aspects in cats and dogs, today is necessary for teachers, practitioners and students.

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Animesh Katiyar. "Calcium's Role in Child Growth and Development and It's Complications." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.1.1.

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Calcium (Ca) is an important mineral used to build and maintain the skeletal system. Calcium is the body's most vital mineral. Bone and teeth contain calcium, phosphorus, and the rest of the body's calcium. This mineral aids in the creation of bones and teeth, blood coagulation and muscle contraction as well as nerve transmission and cell metabolism. Calcium deficiency in children causes physical and mental growth problems, as well as the development of Rashitisme, a kind of osteoporosis. This disorder is characterised by deformed bones, big joints, and mobility issues. Calcium shortage in adults produces osteomalacia, which causes hollow and brittle bones due to a reduction in calcium density in the bones. Vitamin D deficiency causes bone mineralization difficulties and severe muscle cramping. Calcium is required for bone and tooth development, blood coagulation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and cell metabolism, say the researchers. This study concluded that calcium causes bone strength. Children's meals should include enough calcium to prevent osteoporosis in adults. A new scientific barrier has been published, as well as the importance of calcium's function in the body and the repercussions of its deficiency on children's growth and development.

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Hughes, Rebecca C. "“Grandfather in the Bones”." Social Sciences and Missions 33, no. 3-4 (September 24, 2020): 347–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-bja10011.

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Abstract Evangelical Anglicans of the Church Missionary Society constructed a triumphal narrative on the growth of the Ugandan Church circa 1900–1920. This narrative developed from racial theory, the Hamitic hypothesis, and colonial conquest in its admiration of Ugandans. When faced with closing the mission due to its success, the missionaries shifted to scientific racist language to describe Ugandans and protect the mission. Most scholarship on missionaries argues that they eschewed scientific racism due to their commitment to spiritual equality. This episode reveals the complex ways the missionaries wove together racial and theological ideas to justify missions and the particularity of Uganda.

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Feiner, Nathalie, Illiam S. C. Jackson, Eliane Van der Cruyssen, and Tobias Uller. "A highly conserved ontogenetic limb allometry and its evolutionary significance in the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (June 23, 2021): 20210226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0226.

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Diversifications often proceed along highly conserved, evolutionary trajectories. These patterns of covariation arise in ontogeny, which raises the possibility that adaptive morphologies are biased towards trait covariations that resemble growth trajectories. Here, we test this prediction in the diverse clade of Anolis lizards by investigating the covariation of embryonic growth of 13 fore- and hindlimb bones in 15 species, and compare these to the evolutionary covariation of these limb bones across 267 Anolis species. Our results demonstrate that species differences in relative limb length are established already at hatching, and are resulting from both differential growth and differential sizes of cartilaginous anlagen. Multivariate analysis revealed that Antillean Anolis share a common ontogenetic allometry that is characterized by positive allometric growth of the long bones relative to metapodial and phalangeal bones. This major axis of ontogenetic allometry in limb bones deviated from the major axis of evolutionary allometry of the Antillean Anolis and the two clades of mainland Anolis lizards. These results demonstrate that the remarkable diversification of locomotor specialists in Anolis lizards are accessible through changes that are largely independent from ontogenetic growth trajectories, and therefore likely to be the result of modifications that manifest at the earliest stages of limb development.

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TAKEUCHI, Shuji. "A Case of Growth Transformation in Unexercised Limb Bones." Journal of Anthropological Society of Nippon 99, no. 3 (1991): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.99.319.

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Litsas, G. "Growth hormone therapy and craniofacial bones: a comprehensive review." Oral Diseases 19, no. 6 (December 21, 2012): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/odi.12041.

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Cussenot, O., A. Zouaoui, and G. Hidden. "Growth of the facial bones of the fetus (27.04.90)." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 12, no. 3 (September 1990): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01624530.

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Nwaogu, I. C. "Foetal Alcohol Syndrome: Growth Rate of Bones in Rats." Journal of Applied Animal Research 22, no. 2 (December 2002): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2002.9706406.

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Acharya, P., S. Putha, R. Sutaria, H. Acharya, and A. Acharya. "EP05.13: Fetal biometry and growth curve of long bones." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 52 (October 2018): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.19843.

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Rocha, J. H. G., A. F. Lemos, S. Agathopoulos, S. Kannan, P. Valério, and J. M. F. Ferreira. "Hydrothermal growth of hydroxyapatite scaffolds from aragonitic cuttlefish bones." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 77A, no. 1 (2006): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30566.

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Chagin, Andrei S., Elham Karimian, Katja Sundström, Emma Eriksson, and Lars Sävendahl. "Catch-up growth after dexamethasone withdrawal occurs in cultured postnatal rat metatarsal bones." Journal of Endocrinology 204, no. 1 (October 8, 2009): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-09-0307.

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Children exposed to systemic glucocorticoids often exhibit growth retardation and after the cessation of therapy catch-up growth occurs in many, but not all patients. The developmental regulation and underlying cellular mechanisms of catch-up growth are not fully understood. To clarify this issue, we established an in vitro model of catch-up growth. Here we present a protocol for the long-term culture (up to 160 days) of fetal (E20) as well as postnatal (P8) rat metatarsal bones which allowed us to characterize ex vivo the phenomenon of catch-up growth without any influence by systemic factors. The relevance of the model was confirmed by the demonstration that the growth of fetal and postnatal bones were stimulated by IGF1 (100 ng/ml) and inhibited by dexamethasone (Dexa; 1 μM). We found that the capacity to undergo catch-up growth was restricted to postnatal bones. Catch-up growth occurred after postnatal bones had been exposed to Dexa for 7 or 12 days but not after a more prolonged exposure (19 days). Incomplete catch-up growth resulted in compromised bone length when assessed at the end of the 4-month period of culture. While exposure to Dexa was associated with decreased chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, catch-up growth was only associated with increased cell proliferation. We conclude that the phenomenon of catch-up growth after Dexa treatment is intrinsic to the growth plate and primarily mediated by an upregulation of chondrocyte proliferation.

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Charoenphan, S., and A. Polchai. "Finite Element Modeling for Strain Rate Dependency of Fracture Resistance in Compact Bone." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 129, no. 1 (August 7, 2006): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2401179.

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Crack growths in compact bones driven by various strain rate levels were studied using finite element modeling. The energy resistance curves in bovine femur cortical bones were characterized, whereas the orthotropic viscoelasticity in bone materials was accounted for to assess the effect of strain rate on the energy resistance curve. The models were also used to justify the anticipated plane strain response as a result of rather thick specimens used in experiments. Similarities were found between the experimental and model results when crack resistance ability exhibited in bones with slow loading rates, while unstable crack growth existed in bones with rapid loading rates. The critical energy release rates slightly decreased with the increase in strain rates. The hybrid experimental and computational method introduced in this study could be beneficial for application in fracture study in which standard experiments cannot be validly performed.

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Sarnat, Bernard G. "Some Methods of Assessing Postnatal Craniofaciodental Growth: A Retrospective of Personal Research." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 34, no. 2 (March 1997): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0159_smoapc_2.3.co_2.

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Objective The purposes of this review and summary are to evaluate several selected significant clinical and basic science methods utilized to assess growth of bone(s), and in particular craniofaciodental growth: appositional and resorptive (bone), endochondral (bones), and sutural (bones). This personal retrospective report includes in part anthropometry, impressions and casts, vital markers, histology, radiopaque implant markers with and without serial cephalometric radiographs, and autoradiography. Knowledge obtained from the use of these various methods on rats, ground squirrels, rabbits, pigs, dogs, monkeys, and humans has contributed to a deeper and more fundamental understanding of both the processes and roles that craniofaciodental biology plays in the advancement not only of basic biology but also of craniofacial surgery. Growth and development of the skeletal system has an important role in determining body form. The dynamics of growth of bones is a complicated process. A number of different methods have been described by which growth of bones can be evaluated on both a quantitative and qualitative basis. No single method, however, should be relied on, because although it may have certain definite advantages, it also has its limitations. The use of all available methods at both the basic and the clinical science levels will give a more complete and accurate understanding of the problems associated with the growth of bone(s). Conclusions Many of us are concerned with the correction of malformations and deformations that can be a result of faulty growth of bones. Thus, further knowledge obtained in regard to the sites, direction, and amount of growth as well as pattern, rate, and mechanism will lead not only to a more accurate diagnosis of the bony defect but also to a better understanding of both prevention and treatment.

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SHAHIN, KARIMA A., and R. T. BERG. "GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-038.

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Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls, serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight, were used to determine the influence of 'double muscling' and maturity type on bone growth patterns and distribution. Relative to total side bone (TSB), breed types tended to have similar growth coefficients for all bones or bone groups except the vertebral column where HE tended to have a higher growth coefficient than either SY or DM. As TSB increased the proportion of bone in scapula, costae, vertebrae lumbales and os coxae increased (b > 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of bone in humerus, radius et ulna, tibia, carpus and atlas decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05) and the proportion of bones in vertebrae cervicales with atlas, vertebrae thoracicae, sternum and femur remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05). The appendicular skeleton followed an increasing disto-proximal growth gradient, whereas the vertebrae followed an increasing cranio-caudal gradient. Compared with the more normal breed types, adjusted to the same TSB, DM had proportionately less bone weight in the proximal hindlimb and total long bones, but they had proportionately more bone weight in costae and sternum. The hypodevelopment of bones in the muscular hypertrophied animals followed a disto-proximal gradient which was most pronounced in the proximal pelvic limb. Key words: Cattle, bone growth, bone distribution, double muscling

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Wang, Yongmei, Shigeki Nishida, Takeshi Sakata, Hashem Z. Elalieh, Wenhan Chang, Bernard P. Halloran, Steven B. Doty, and Daniel D. Bikle. "Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Is Essential for Embryonic Bone Development." Endocrinology 147, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 4753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0196.

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Although IGF-I has been identified as an important growth factor for the skeleton, the role of IGF-I on embryonic bone development remains unknown. Here we show that, in IGF-I-deficient (IGF-I−/−) mice, skeletal malformations, including short-limbed dwarfism, were evident at days post coitus (dpc) 14.5 to 18.5, accompanied by delays of mineralization in the spinal column, sternum, and fore paws. Reduced chondrocyte proliferation and increased chondrocyte apoptosis were identified in both the spinal ossification center and the growth plate of long bones. Abnormal chondrocyte differentiation and delayed initiation of mineralization was characterized by small size and fewer numbers of type X collagen expressing hypertrophic chondrocytes and lower osteocalcin expression. The Indian hedgehog-PTHrP feedback loop was altered; expression of Indian hedgehog was reduced in IGF-I−/− mice in long bones and in the spine, whereas expression of PTHrP was increased. Our results indicate that IGF-I plays an important role in skeletal development by promoting chondrocyte proliferation and maturation while inhibiting apoptosis to form bones of appropriate size and strength.

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Mahgoub, O., and G. A. Lodge. "Growth and body composition of Omani local sheep 2. Growth and distribution of musculature and skeleton." Animal Science 58, no. 3 (June 1994): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007315.

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AbstractDistribution of tissue weight in the musculature and skeleton was studied in ram, wether and ewe Omani sheep raised under an intensive management system and slaughtered over the range 18 to 38 kg live weight. Ram lambs had higher muscle weight in the forequarters than wether and ewe lambs whereas the latter ‘sexes’ had heavier hindquarters and slightly more muscle in the muscle groups of proximal hind- and forelimbs and those surrounding the spinal column. Some of the neck region muscles, e.g. m. splenius and m. longissimus capitis et atlantis, were more developed in ram than in wether and ewe lambs. The proportions in the side muscle weight of some muscles (mainly in the hindquarter) decreased with increased slaughter weight whereas others (mainly in forequarter) increased, with the majority of the muscles showing no significant slaughter weight effects. The magnitude of change in proportions of individual muscles with increased slaughter weight was small and unlikely to have a commercial impact on meat production from Omani sheep.As a proportion of total carcass bone, the axial skeleton and the hindlimb decreased with increased slaughter weight whereas the forelimb did not show a significant change. Ram lambs had heavier individual bones than wether and ewe lambs and higher proportions of the axial skeleton and lower proportions of the hindlimb than wethers at 28 kg live weight. There were few differences between the various ‘sexes’ in length, width or circumference of bones. Except for the 12th rib, individual bones, in all sexes, grew at a rate lower than empty body weight.It is suggested that future improvement of Omani sheep should take into consideration the high proportion of bone in the carcass of these animals as well as the relatively higher proportion of bone in the limbs than in the axial skeleton.

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Ohashi-Takeuchi, H., N. Yamada, R. Hosokawa, and T. Noguchi. "Vesicles with lactate dehydrogenase and without alkaline phosphatase present in the resting zone of epiphyseal cartilage." Biochemical Journal 266, no. 1 (February 15, 1990): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2660309.

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Matrix vesicles are membrane-invested vesicles that initiate mineralization in the extracellular matrix of calcifying tissues. The epiphyseal cartilages of young-rat rib bones were divided into the growth zone and the resting zone, followed by the isolation of matrix vesicles after collagenase treatment. Matrix vesicles with both alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were detected in the growth cartilage found in the epiphyseal growth plates of young rabbits [Hosokawa, Uchida, Fujiwara & Noguchi (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10045-10047], but were not detected in the resting zone. By contrast, and surprisingly, lactate dehydrogenase-containing vesicles without alkaline phosphatase were found in the resting zone, but not in the growth zone. In both the growth and resting zones, isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in the two different vesicles were identical with those of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase of chondrocytes, suggesting the presence of a mechanism for specific uptake of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase. The same results as for young-rat rib bones were obtained with the resting and growth cartilages of young-dog and monkey rib bones.

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Archer, James R., Victoria A. Archer, Michael F. W. Festing, and Mirian A. Ghiraldini. "Tich: a mutant causing disproportional growth in the mouse." Genetical Research 57, no. 1 (February 1991): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300029001.

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SummaryA spontaneous mutation ‘tich’ (gene symbol tch) appeared as a recessive mutation in inbred mice of strain A. TL. Homozygotes are rather dumpy mice of approximately normal weight but with short limbs and tail. Skeletal measurements on backcross siblings show that the mandible bones are almost normal but long bones and some parts of the pelvic and pectoral girdles are short. Although tich resembles brachypodism phenotypically it is not linked to agouti, and does not match the description of any other skeletal mutation. There was some evidence for weak linkage with albinism on chromosome 7. The mutation has reappeared amongst the A. TL mice of a UK commercial breeder and may have been accepted as the norm for A. TL amongst some European users of this mouse.

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Wells, Meher D., and L. Michaels. "Mode of growth of acquired cholesteatoma." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 105, no. 4 (April 1991): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100115567.

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AbstractA histopathological study of acquired cholesteatoma in four temporal bones from two adults and one child is presented. The findings suggest that the cholesteatoma originated from the retraction pockets of the tympanic membrane and there was active growth of the squamous epithelium of the retraction pockets, which may be enhanced in the presence of otitis media.

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Dickman, S. "GENETICS: No Bones About a Genetic Switch for Bone Growth." Science 276, no. 5318 (June 6, 1997): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5318.1502.

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Galloway, Alison. "Human growth in the past: Studies from bones and teeth." American Journal of Human Biology 13, no. 4 (2001): 562–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1091.

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Sanchez, Cheryl P., Isidro B. Salusky, Beatriz D. Kuizon, Patricia Abdella, Harald Jüppner, and William G. Goodman. "Growth of long bones in renal failure: Roles of hyperparathyroidism, growth hormone and calcitriol." Kidney International 54, no. 6 (1998): 1879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00199.x.

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Barreto, C., R. M. Albrecht, D. E. Bjorling, J. R. Horner, and N. J. Wilsman. "Evidence of the Growth Plate and the Growth of Long Bones in Juvenile Dinosaurs." Science 262, no. 5142 (December 24, 1993): 2020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.262.5142.2020.

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Mammadova, Aytan Siraj, MaKenzie Hodge, Kehinde Matilda Folawewo, Elizabeth Cobbs, Gail Louise Nunlee-Bland, Wolali Akua-Sabia Odonkor, Vijaya A. Ganta, and Anteneh Woldetensay Zenebe. "Bones Versus Teeth." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A185—A186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.375.

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Abstract Introduction: A 200% increase in population growth among those over 85 is projected in the United States by 2050. Approximately half of women over 50 will experience an osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime. Osteoporosis disproportionately affects old-old adults (those between 85 and 95) as more than half of those admitted to the hospital for hip fracture are over 80 years of age. Older adults are also likely to need dental care. The American Dental Association guidelines offer preventive recommendations for those over 60 years of age but do not address the nuances of treatment options for nonagenarian persons. This case illustrates the treatment dilemma of nonagenarians wishing to optimize both bone and dental health. Case: We have a 95-year-old performance artist, who seeks to optimize bone health in the face of recommended dental work. She has been physically active her whole life and consumes adequate quantities of calcium and Vitamin D. She doesn’t smoke but has needed periodic glucocorticoids for exacerbations of chronic lung disease. At age 84 she began ibandronate but stopped due to worsening of esophageal reflux. She was then treated with teriparatide for 2 years. DEXA scans have shown declining hip T scores from -2.8 at age 88 to -3.5 at age 94 (osteoporotic bone density: T-score lower than -2.5). Her dentist recommended the extraction of several teeth before beginning zoledronate. She refused tooth extraction and sought treatment options to enhance her bone density. Discussion: Persons of advanced age are likely to have oral health problems requiring dental treatment. Bone health treatments such as bisphosphonates and denosumab are generally safe but can potentially cause osteonecrosis of the jaw even with simple tooth extraction in old-old population. Specific guidelines are lacking for treatment to maintain bone and dental health. The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons suggests that extractions and implants can be conducted as usual in patients who have been treated with oral bisphosphonates for less than four years and lack other clinical risk factors. A delay of two months is suggested for those who have been treated for more than four years or has taken glucocorticoids concomitantly. The approach is uncertain for old-old adults who are taking treatment but develop a need for dental surgery. More research is needed about options for optimizing dental health while enhancing bone density in aging population.

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Chinsamy, Anusuya, and Trevor H. Worthy. "Histovariability and Palaeobiological Implications of the Bone Histology of the Dromornithid, Genyornis newtoni." Diversity 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050219.

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The bone microstructure of extinct animals provides a host of information about their biology. Although the giant flightless dromornithid, Genyornis newtoni, is reasonably well known from the Pleistocene of Australia (until its extinction about 50–40 Ka), aside from various aspects of its skeletal anatomy and taxonomy, not much is known about its biology. The current study investigated the histology of fifteen long bones of Genyornis (tibiotarsi, tarsometatarsi and femora) to deduce information about its growth dynamics and life history. Thin sections of the bones were prepared using standard methods, and the histology of the bones was studied under normal and polarised light microscopy. Our histological analyses showed that Genyornis took more than a single year to reach sexual maturity, and that it continued to deposit bone within the OCL for several years thereafter until skeletal maturity was attained. Thus, sexual maturity and skeletal maturity were asynchronous, with the former preceding the latter. Our results further indicated that Genyornis responded to prevailing environmental conditions, which suggests that it retained a plesiomorphic, flexible growth strategy. Additionally, our analyses of the three long bones showed that the tibiotarsus preserved the best record of growth for Genyornis.

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STEENDIJK, R. "Remarkable catch-up growth in a boy with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S8—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s008.

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Abstract A boy is described who was followed from 4 to 21.5 years of age, during which time he was treated with high doses of corticosteroids for a steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. For the first 10 years therapy was mainly continuous and height decreased from -0.5 to -4.5 SDS. Later discontinuous treatment without a reduction in the total weekly dose was accompanied by rapid catch-up growth. Final height was -1.0 SDS. During most of the time skeletal age was severely retarded and a discrepancy between the development of the short bones of the hand and the carpal bones was noted.

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Schrader, Susan L., Rebecca Blue, and Arlene Horner. "Better Bones Buddies: An Osteoporosis Prevention Program." Journal of School Nursing 21, no. 2 (April 2005): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405050210020801.

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Although osteoporosis typically surfaces in later life, peak bone mass attained before age 20 is a key factor in its prevention. However, most American children’s diets lack sufficient calcium during the critical growth periods of preadolescence and adolescence to achieve peak bone mass. Better Bones (BB) Buddies is an educational program targeting children ages 9–15 years in an effort to improve their knowledge of bone health and to increase their intake of calcium-rich foods, thereby reducing the risk for osteoporosis later in life. In the 1998–1999 school year, Better Bones Buddies was given to more than 2,200 school children in southeastern South Dakota and southwestern Minnesota. Posttest results ( N = 900) indicate participants improved in their knowledge of osteoporosis, and half reported modifications in their dietary habits to increase calcium consumption. Implications of the Better Bones Buddies program are discussed, with recommendations for future use of this program to increase children’s knowledge about bone growth and osteoporosis.

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Doran, I. C., M. R. Owen, and E. J. Comerford. "Carpal derangement and associated carpal valgus in a dog." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 19, no. 02 (2006): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632985.

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SummaryThis case report describes derangement of the numbered carpal bones resulting in a valgal growth deformity in the right carpus of a seven-month-old dog. Radiographic assessment of the right carpus revealed abnormalities in the size and shape of the numbered carpal bones and carpal valgus. Surgical correction of the growth deformity was planned by partial carpal arthrodesis; however medial collateral laxity associated with the carpal valgus necessitated a pancarpal arthrodesis to achieve correct limb alignment.

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Cullen, Thomas M., Juan I. Canale, Sebastián Apesteguía, Nathan D. Smith, Dongyu Hu, and Peter J. Makovicky. "Osteohistological analyses reveal diverse strategies of theropod dinosaur body-size evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1939 (November 25, 2020): 20202258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2258.

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The independent evolution of gigantism among dinosaurs has been a topic of long-standing interest, but it remains unclear if gigantic theropods, the largest bipeds in the fossil record, all achieved massive sizes in the same manner, or through different strategies. We perform multi-element histological analyses on a phylogenetically broad dataset sampled from eight theropod families, with a focus on gigantic tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids, to reconstruct the growth strategies of these lineages and test if particular bones consistently preserve the most complete growth record. We find that in skeletally mature gigantic theropods, weight-bearing bones consistently preserve extensive growth records, whereas non-weight-bearing bones are remodelled and less useful for growth reconstruction, contrary to the pattern observed in smaller theropods and some other dinosaur clades. We find a heterochronic pattern of growth fitting an acceleration model in tyrannosaurids, with allosauroid carcharodontosaurids better fitting a model of hypermorphosis. These divergent growth patterns appear phylogenetically constrained, representing extreme versions of the growth patterns present in smaller coelurosaurs and allosauroids, respectively. This provides the first evidence of a lack of strong mechanistic or physiological constraints on size evolution in the largest bipeds in the fossil record and evidence of one of the longest-living individual dinosaurs ever documented.

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Agarwal, Vishakha, Ragni Tandon, Kamlesh Singh, Pratik Chandra, and Swati Agarwal. "Growth prediction methods: A review." IP Indian Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research 7, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijodr.2021.020.

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Growth prediction is an estimation of the amount of growth to be expected. In orthodontics the term refers to the estimation of amount and direction of growth of the bones of the craniofacial skeletal and overlying soft tissues. Successful prediction requires specifying both the amount and the direction of growth, in relation to the reference point. Estimation of dentofacial growth must consider the increments, vectors, area, duration and timing of growth accessions. All these are subjected to the changes in growth pattern

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Dupuis, Holly, Michael Andrew Pest, Ermina Hadzic, Thin Xuan Vo, Daniel B. Hardy, and Frank Beier. "Exposure to the RXR Agonist SR11237 in Early Life Causes Disturbed Skeletal Morphogenesis in a Rat Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 20, 2019): 5198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205198.

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Longitudinal bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification (EO), controlled by various signaling molecules. Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) is a nuclear receptor with important roles in cell death, development, and metabolism. However, little is known about its role in EO. In this study, the agonist SR11237 was used to evaluate RXR activation in EO. Rats given SR11237 from post-natal day 5 to post-natal day 15 were harvested for micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanning and histology. In parallel, newborn CD1 mouse tibiae were cultured with increasing concentrations of SR11237 for histological and whole-mount evaluation. RXR agonist-treated rats had shorter long bones than the controls and developed dysmorphia of the growth plate. Cells invading the calcified and dysmorphic growth plate appeared pre-hypertrophic in size and shape, in correspondence with p57 immunostaining. Additionally, SOX9-positive cells were found surrounding the calcified tissue. The epiphysis of SR11237-treated bones showed increased TRAP staining and additional TUNEL staining at the osteo-chondral junction. MicroCT revealed morphological disorganization in the long bones of the treated animals. This study suggests that stimulation of RXR causes irregular ossification, premature closure of the growth plate, and disrupted long bone growth in rodent models

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Hallett, Shawn A., Wanida Ono, and Noriaki Ono. "Growth Plate Chondrocytes: Skeletal Development, Growth and Beyond." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 6009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236009.

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Growth plate chondrocytes play central roles in the proper development and growth of endochondral bones. Particularly, a population of chondrocytes in the resting zone expressing parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is now recognized as skeletal stem cells, defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and clonally give rise to columnar chondrocytes in the postnatal growth plate. These chondrocytes also possess the ability to differentiate into a multitude of cell types including osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells during skeletal development. Using single-cell transcriptomic approaches and in vivo lineage tracing technology, it is now possible to further elucidate their molecular properties and cellular fate changes. By discovering the fundamental molecular characteristics of these cells, it may be possible to harness their functional characteristics for skeletal growth and regeneration. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular signatures defining growth plate chondrocytes.

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Jartarghar, Nagaratna, Chethan Kumar VK, Lowkesh Chandravanshi, and Shubhangi Rathore. "Ayurvedic approach to Osgood Schlatter disease: A case report." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2017.3403.

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Osgood Schlatter disease (OSD) is an inflammatory injury of the growth plate on the tibia just below the level of the knee at the tibial tubercle. The tibial tubercle is the bony attachment of the quadriceps (front thigh muscle). Contraction of the quadriceps results primarily in straightening of the leg at the level of the knee. A growth plate is an area of developing tissue near the ends of long bones or areas of muscle attachment. The growth plate in children allows the bones to expand in length thus allowing a child to reach his/her full height by the age of 16-19years. Compared to the surrounding bones and muscles, the growth plate serves as a weak point. Thus, repetitive pulling on a growth plate, especially from a larger powerful muscle like the quadriceps, can result in injury to the growth plate and subsequent pain. Pain is usually worse during or just after activity, and tends to improve with rest. It is commonly seen in growing, active adolescents between the ages of 11 and 15 years. In this article, a case of 14 years old boy diagnosed as Osgood Schlatter treated with Panchakarma and oral medicines. Encouraging results were observed in the form of reduction in pain and range of movements.

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Wilson, Laura E., and Karen Chin. "Comparative osteohistology of Hesperornis with reference to pygoscelid penguins: the effects of climate and behaviour on avian bone microstructure." Royal Society Open Science 1, no. 3 (November 2014): 140245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140245.

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The broad biogeographic distribution of Hesperornis fossils in Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway deposits has prompted questions about whether they endured polar winters or migrated between mid- and high latitudes. Here, we compare microstructures of hesperornithiform long bones from Kansas and the Arctic to investigate whether migration or Late Cretaceous polar climate affected bone growth. We also examine modern penguin bones to determine how migration and climate may influence bone growth in birds with known behaviours. Histological analysis of hesperornithiform samples reveals continuous bone deposition throughout the cortex, plus an outer circumferential layer in adults. No cyclic growth marks, zonation or differences in vasculature are apparent in the Hesperornis specimens. Comparatively, migratory Adélie and chinstrap penguin bones show no zonation or changes in microstructure, suggesting that migration is not necessarily recorded in avian bone microstructure. Non-migratory gentoos show evidence of rapid bone growth possibly associated with increased chick growth rates in high-latitude populations and large body size. The absence of histological evidence for migration in extinct Hesperornis and extant pygoscelid penguins may reflect that these birds reached skeletal maturity before migration or overwintering. This underscores the challenges of using bone microstructure to infer the effects of behaviour and climate on avian growth.

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Eby, Thomas L., and Joseph B. Nadol. "Postnatal Growth of the Human Temporal Bone." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 95, no. 4 (July 1986): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948609500407.

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Recent interest in cochlear implantation for children has made it important to understand how postnatal growth of the ear will affect such devices. In this study, the postnatal growth of the labyrinth, middle ear, and mastoid was measured in three dimensions using radiographic and temporal bone data. Measurements were made from histologic sections of 48 temporal bones from children and compared to adult temporal bones. Radiographic measurements were made from 253 sets of skull radiographs of children and compared to adult skull series. In the three dimensions measured, there was no postnatal growth of the labyrinth and little variation in size between individuals. Measurements of the middle ear showed greater variation between individuals than measurements of the inner ear, but growth only in the distance from stapes footplate to the tympanic membrane. The mastoid showed growth in all three dimensions: length, width, and depth. The pattern of growth for mastoid length and width appears to follow a double logistic model, with differences between males and females. The growth in mastoid depth is smaller and appears to follow a single exponential curve. The implications for cochlear implantation in children are discussed.

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Reynolds, Mathew, Michael Reynolds, Samer Adeeb, and Tarek El-Bialy. "3-D Volumetric Evaluation of Human Mandibular Growth." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 5, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701105010083.

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Bone growth is a complex process that is controlled by a multitude of mechanisms that are not fully understood.Most of the current methods employed to measure the growth of bones focus on either studying cadaveric bones from different individuals of different ages, or successive two-dimensional (2D) radiographs. Both techniques have their known limitations. The purpose of this study was to explore a technique for quantifying the three dimensional (3D) growth of an adolescent human mandible over the period of one year utilizing cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken for regular orthodontic records. Three -dimensional virtual models were created from the CBCT data using mainstream medical imaging software. A comparison between computer-generated surface meshes of successive 3-D virtual models illustrates the magnitude of relative mandible growth. The results of this work are in agreement with previously reported data from human cadaveric studies and implantable marker studies. The presented method provides a new relatively simple basis (utilizing commercially available software) to visualize and evaluate individualized 3D (mandibular) growth in vivo.

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DIAKAKIS (Ν.ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ), N., and A. DESIRIS (Α. ΔΕΣΙΡΗΣ). "Report of an equine forelimb varus case." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 2 (November 24, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14980.

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Angular limb deformities could be congenital oracquired and could result from: a) asymmetrical growth from the distal radial epiphysis, b) incomplete growth of the carpal bones, the second and fourth metacarpal bones and c) laxity of the carpal joints. The causes of these conditions are numerous. As far as congenital angular deformities are concerned, the cause may be due to intrauterine malposition, overnutrition of the mare in the latter half of pregnancy, joint laxity, twin pregnancy, short gestation period, defective endochondral ossification of the carpal bones or maldevelopment of the second and fourth metacarpal bones. Specifically for the defective endochondral ossification of the carpal bones, the condition is put down to placentitis or reduced uterine blood supply, which prohibits the development of the placenta. Moreover, others claim that toxic and hormonal factors pray a role in the aetiopathogenesis of the disease. As far as the acquired angular limb deformity is concerned, it can be due to growth plate injury, deterioration of an existing subtle congenital deformity, excessive contralateral limb weight bearing, over nutrition, improper trimming, excessive exercise or bad training and poor limb conformation. This report describes the case of a 15-month-old foal, which was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, A.U.Th. with bilateral forelimb varus, which was due to overfeeding of the animal. Based on the radiological findings and the age of the animal, the transection of the periosteum (periosteal stripping) from the concave side was the recommended treatment of choice. On re-examination, 4months post-operatively, carpal varus had resolved completely in both forelimbs.

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Shahin, Karima A., and R. T. Berg. "Influence of bone growth on muscle growth and bone-muscle relationships in double-muscled and normal cattle." Animal Science 44, no. 2 (April 1987): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018572.

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ABSTRACTEighteen bulls each of double-muscled (DM), Beef Synthetic (SY) and Hereford (HE) breed types, serially slaughtered from about 250 to 800 kg live weight, were used to examine muscle-bone relationships in double-muscled and normal cattle.Relative to total side bone, DM animals differed significantly from the other breed types in relative growth rate of muscles in all regions which exhibited gross muscular hypertrophy. They showed generalized and regionally differentiated muscular hypertrophy. At equal bone weight in the given anatomical region, DM/HE and DM/SY muscle:bone ratios were respectively: proximal hindlimb 1·35 and 1·24; proximal forelimb 1·25 and 117; back and loin 1·20 and 1·10; and the expensive regions 1·30 and 1·20. In the limbs of DM animals, muscular hypertrophy in the proximal region was associated with bone hypotrophy while minimal muscular hypertrophy in the distal parts was associated with relatively heavier bones. Consequently, increased muscle:bone ratios were most pronounced in the proximal region, which suggests that muscles in these animals had increased in weight without proportionate increase of bones, i.e. muscle and bone growth were to some extent independent. Bone response in the distal limbs may have been influenced by a relative increase in weight support function.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bones – Growth'

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