Journal articles: 'Bone substitute; Biomaterials'

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Bedini, Rossella, Deborah Meleo, and Raffaella Pecci. "3D Microtomography Characterization of Dental Implantology Bone Substitutes Used In Vivo." Key Engineering Materials 541 (February 2013): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.541.97.

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After a short introduction to bone substitute biomaterials and X-ray microtomography, this article describes a research work carried out for in-vitro characterization of bone substitute biomaterials as well as for in-vivo investigation of human bone grafted with biomaterials. Three different bone substitute biomaterials have been analyzed in-vitro by means of 3D microtomographic technique, while human bone samples grafted with bone substitute biomaterials are investigated by 3D microtomography and histological techniques. 3D images of bone substitutes and human bone samples with biomaterials have been obtained, together with morphometric parameters, by microtomography . 2D histological images have also been obtained by traditional technique only for human bone samples with biomaterials. Compared to traditional histological analysis, 3D microtomography shows better results for investigating bone tissue and bone substitute biomaterial, and in a short time. Nevertheless, histological analysis remains the best technique for the observation of soft tissue and blood vessels.

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Yamada, M., T. Ueno, H. Minamikawa, N. Sato, F. Iwasa, N. Hori, and T. Ogawa. "N-acetyl Cysteine Alleviates Cytotoxicity of Bone Substitute." Journal of Dental Research 89, no. 4 (March 3, 2010): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034510363243.

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Lack of cytocompatibility in bone substitutes impairs healing in surrounding bone. Adverse biological events around biomaterials may be associated with oxidative stress. We hypothesized that a clinically used inorganic bone substitute is cytotoxic to osteoblasts due to oxidative stress and that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant amino acid derivative, would detoxify such material. Only 20% of rat calvaria osteoblasts were viable when cultured on commercial deproteinized bovine bone particles for 24 hr, whereas this percentage doubled on bone substitute containing NAC. Intracellular ROS levels markedly increased on and under bone substitutes, which were reduced by prior addition of NAC to materials. NAC restored suppressed alkaline phosphatase activity in the bone substitute. Proinflammatory cytokine levels from human osteoblasts on the bone substitute decreased by one-third or more with addition of NAC. NAC alleviated cytotoxicity of the bone substitute to osteoblastic viability and function, implying enhanced bone regeneration around NAC-treated inorganic biomaterials.

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Antunes, Pontes, Monte, Barbosa, and Ferreira. "Optical Properties on Bone Analysis: An Approach to Biomaterials." Proceedings 27, no. 1 (September 27, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019027036.

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of demineralization solution on the optical properties of chicken femoral samples. Biomaterials based on bone have gained importance in clinical applications due to their properties as better osseointegration and biocompatibility. Biomateriais (bone substitute) are essentials to auxiliary in treatment of diseases related to bones such as bone density disorder, low bone mineral mass and the deterioration of bone tissue. Our data shows that integrating sphere technique permits to determinate significant difference in optical properties between healthy and demineralized samples. In this work, the optical properties of bone samples from chicken femur have been measured over the wavelength range 700–1000 nm.

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Traini, Tonino, Adriano Piattelli, Sergio Caputi, Marco Degidi, Carlo Mangano, Antonio Scarano, Vittoria Perrotti, and Giovanna Iezzi. "Regeneration of Human Bone Using Different Bone Substitute Biomaterials." Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 17, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cid.12089.

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Levandowski, Nelson, Nelson H. A. Camargo, Daiara F. Silva, Gisele M. L. Dalmônico, and Priscila F. Franczak. "Characterization of Different Nanostructured Bone Substitute Biomaterials." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.695.

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The present research paper centers on physicochemical characterization of six nanostructured alloplastic bone substitutes developed at Santa Catarina State University (UDESC Brazil). In addition to identifying the main phases, the focus was to measure the morphological and microstructural features, which are believed to be crucial for controlling and guiding biological and molecular events. The studied samples exhibited rounded granules measuring 200μm 10(PO4)6(OH)2] was found as main phase for HAp, BCP and HAp/Al2O3 biomaterials. For HAp/TiO2n, HAp/SiO2n and β-TCP, the major phase was beta tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2-β]. The results demonstrate that the presence of a second phase of nanometer order, at a hydroxyapatite bioceramic matrix, may modify the surface diffusion of the grains and the phase transformation kinetics of hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate at temperatures up to 1100°C.

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Ganz, Cornelia, W. Xu, G. Holzhüter, W. Götz, B. Vollmar, and Th Gerber. "Comparison of Bone Substitutes in a Tibia Defect Model in Wistar-Rats." Key Engineering Materials 493-494 (October 2011): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.493-494.732.

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Various bone graft substitutes were used in clinical practise in the treatment of bone defects after trauma or osteoporosis. Many synthetic biomaterials were developed in recent years primarily based on hydroxyapatite (HA). NanoBone® is a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) embedded in a porous matrix of silica (SiO2). The ratio of HA:SiO2 varied between 76:24 (wt%; NanoBone®) and 61:39 (wt%; Nanobone® S). The two bone substitutes NB and NB S and a natural bovine bone substitute Bio-Oss® (BO) were evaluated by means of implantation in the tibia of the rat. The aim of this study was to analyze the remodelling process and to measure new bone formation and degradation after implantation of these biomaterials. A tibia defect model was used for all investigations with testing periods of 12, 21 and 84 days. (n=5 for each time point). The results showed, that all bone grafts were well accepted by the host tissue without inflammatory reactions. In comparison to the biomaterial BO, NanoBone® and NanoBone® S were quickly degraded, whereas autologous proteins were incorporated into nanopores. New bone formation was statistically higher in NanoBone® S compared to Bio-Oss® in defect area after 84 days implantation. The presence of osteoclasts in tissue sections were demonstrated by TRAP- and ED1-immunohistology.

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Schilling, Arndt F., Wolfgang Linhart, Sandra Filke, Matthias Gebauer, Thorsten Schinke, Johannes M. Rueger, and Michael Amling. "Resorbability of bone substitute biomaterials by human osteoclasts." Biomaterials 25, no. 18 (August 2004): 3963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.079.

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Lorenz, Jonas, Tadas Korzinskas, Poju Chia, Sarah Al Maawi, Katrin Eichler, Robert A. Sader, and Shahram Ghanaati. "Do Clinical and Radiological Assessments Contribute to the Understanding of Biomaterials? Results From a Prospective Randomized Sinus Augmentation Split-Mouth Trial." Journal of Oral Implantology 44, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-17-00139.

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The present prospective randomized split-mouth trial reports on the 3-year clinical and radiological follow-up investigation of implants placed 7 months after sinus augmentation with 2 different bone substitute materials. The aim of the study was to complete the histologic observation of cellular reactions by analyses of the implants and the volumetric changes of the augmented bone substitute materials. A sinus augmentation split-mouth trial was performed in 14 patients with the synthetic bone substitute material Nanobone (NB) and the xenogeneic Bio-Oss (BO). Changes in volume and density of the augmented biomaterials were investigated by analysis of computed tomography scans, taken immediately after augmentation and after 7 months. Clinical implant parameters were assessed after 3 years of loading. Both bone substitute materials underwent nonsignificant volume reduction and significant increase in bone density over an integration period of 7 months. No significant differences concerning volume and bone density were observed between the groups. Three years after loading, 51 of 53 implants were in situ with no peri-implant infections, and only a few soft-tissue variations were present. The present prospective randomized study showed that no differences could be observed clinically and radiologically. Accordingly, it seems that both biomaterials, independent of their physicochemical composition, enable clinical success and long-time stability for dental implants. Interestingly, the histological results showed distinct differences in cellular reactions: While the xenogeneic BO induced a mild tissue reaction with only few multinucleated giant cells and comparably low vascularization, the synthetic NB induced a multinucleated giant cell-triggered tissue reaction with an increase of vascularization. Thus, the present study showed that a combination analysis—histological, clinical, and radiological—is necessary for a detailed assessment of a biomaterial's quality for clinical application.

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Igarashi, Yuki, and Junichi Matsushita. "Fabrication of Porous β-Tricalcium Phosphate with Collagen Composite Materials." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.237.

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Biomaterials have been developed and used for bone grafting. Here, we study a fabrication of composite for bone tissue engineering by combining tricalcium phosphate and collagen. This tricalcium phosphate and collagen composite material may be applicable for use as a bone substitute. The β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is the one of the most investigated biomaterials due to its biocompatibility and good bioactivity. The β-TCP is used in a filling purpose to the bone defect region such as bone fractures. It is known that β-TCP substitutes it for a self bone in the body. The ingredient of the real bone is made of hydroxyapatite and collagen. In this study, the purpose was at giving the mechanical property and biological property which were near to a bone with β-TCP and collagen this time. We evaluate what kind of action collagen addition.

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Ghiretti, Roberto, Carlo F. Grottoli, Alberto Cingolani, and Giuseppe Perale. "Clinical Case Employing Two Different Biomaterials in Bone Regeneration." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 4516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134516.

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The case of a 59-year-old woman lacking bone in the lower left side of her mandible, and treated with two different biomaterials for bone regeneration, is reported here. Specifically, two different anatomical sites damaged by two different pathologies were studied: a radicular fracture and peri-implantitis. The sites were treated via xenograft bone substitute and calcium phosphosilicate, respectively. Follow-up evaluations showed that the two different methodologies employing different materials in the same organism undergoing the same metabolic processes achieved the same good results. This represents a significant change in current surgical strategies for the dental region: instead of focusing on a single gold-standard technique, it is possible to follow a hybrid approach by adapting the biomaterial and the protocol used to the specificities of the defect.

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Tomas, Matej, Marija Čandrlić, Martina Juzbašić, Zrinka Ivanišević, Nikola Matijević, Aleksandar Včev, Olga Cvijanović Peloza, Marko Matijević, and Željka Perić Kačarević. "Synthetic Injectable Biomaterials for Alveolar Bone Regeneration in Animal and Human Studies." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112858.

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After tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes dimensional changes. Different bone regeneration biomaterials are used to reduce bone loss. The aim of this article was to systematically review the literature on the effect of injectable synthetic biomaterials and their advantages and disadvantages for new bone formation in the maxilla and mandible in animals and humans. A literature search was conducted in November 2020 via MEDLINE PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase. Of the 501 records screened, abstract analysis was performed on 49 articles, resulting in 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Animal studies have shown heterogeneity in terms of animal models, follow-up time, composition of the injectable biomaterial, and different outcome variables such as bone–implant contact, newly formed bone, and peri-implant bone density. Heterogeneity has also been demonstrated by human studies. The following outcomes were observed: newly formed bone, connective tissue, residual injectable bone graft substitute, radiographic density, residual bone height, and different follow-up periods. Further studies, especially in humans, based on the histological and biomechanical properties of the injectable delivery form, are needed to draw more concrete conclusions that will contribute to a better understanding of the benefits of this type of biomaterials and their role in bone regeneration.

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Li, Ye, Shu-Kui Chen, Long Li, Ling Qin, Xin-Luan Wang, and Yu-Xiao Lai. "Bone defect animal models for testing efficacy of bone substitute biomaterials." Journal of Orthopaedic Translation 3, no. 3 (July 2015): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2015.05.002.

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Ito, Atsuo, and Racquel Z. LeGeros. "Magnesium- and Zinc-Substituted Beta-Tricalcium Phosphates as Potential Bone Substitute Biomaterials." Key Engineering Materials 377 (March 2008): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.377.85.

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Bai, Yunpeng, Takahiro Kanno, Hiroto Tatsumi, Kenichi Miyamoto, Jingjing Sha, Katsumi Hideshima, and Yumi Matsuzaki. "Feasibility of a Three-Dimensional Porous Uncalcined and Unsintered Hydroxyapatite/poly-d/l-lactide Composite as a Regenerative Biomaterial in Maxillofacial Surgery." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102047.

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This study evaluated the feasibility of a novel three-dimensional (3D) porous composite of uncalcined and unsintered hydroxyapatite (u-HA) and poly-d/l-lactide (PDLLA) (3D-HA/PDLLA) for the bony regenerative biomaterial in maxillofacial surgery, focusing on cellular activities and osteoconductivity properties in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro study, we assessed the proliferation and ingrowth of preosteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) in 3D-HA/PDLLA biomaterials using 3D cell culture, and the results indicated enhanced bioactive proliferation. After osteogenic differentiation of those cells on 3D-HA/PDLLA, the osteogenesis marker genes runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), and Sp7 (Osterix) were upregulated. For the in vivo study, we evaluated the utility of 3D-HA/PDLLA biomaterials compared to the conventional bone substitute of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in rats with critical mandibular bony defects. The implantation of 3D-HA/PDLLA biomaterials resulted in enhanced bone regeneration, by inducing high osteoconductivity as well as higher β-TCP levels. Our study thus showed that the novel composite, 3D-HA/PDLLA, is an excellent bioactive/bioresorbable biomaterial for use as a cellular scaffold, both in vitro and in vivo, and has utility in bone regenerative therapy, such as for patients with irregular maxillofacial bone defects.

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Chen, Chang Jun, and Min Zhang. "Fabrication Methods of Porous Tantalum Metal Implants for Use as Biomaterials." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 2063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.2063.

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Porous tantalum; biomaterials; bone ingrowth; laser cladding; Abstract. Porous tantalum, a new low modulus metal with a characteristic appearance similar to cancellous/trabecular bone, is currently available for use in several orthopedic applications (hip and knee arthroplasty, spine surgery, and bone graft substitute). The open-cell structure of repeating dodecahedrons is produced via carbon vapor deposition/infiltration of commercially pure tantalum onto a vitreous carbon scaffolding. This transition metal maintains several interesting biomaterial properties, including: a high volumetric porosity (70-80%), low modulus of elasticity (3MPa), and high frictional characteristics. Tantalum has excellent biocompatibility and is safe to use in vivo as evidenced by its historical and current use in pacemaker electrodes, cranioplasty plates and as radiopaque markers. The bioactivity and biocompatibility of porous tantalum stems from its ability to form a self-passivating surface oxide layer. This surface layer leads to the formation of a bone-like apatite coating in vivo and affords excellent bone and fibrous in-growth properties allowing for rapid and substantial bone and soft tissue attachment. Tantalum-chondrocyte composites have yielded successful early results in vitro and may afford an option for joint resurfacing in the future. The development of porous tantalum is in its early stages of evolution and the following represents a review of its biomaterial properties and fabrication methods for applications as implant biomaterials.

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Gerber, Thomas, Gerd Holzhüter, Werner Götz, Volker Bienengräber, Kai-Olaf Henkel, and Elisabeth Rumpel. "Nanostructuring of Biomaterials—A Pathway to Bone Grafting Substitute." European Journal of Trauma 32, no. 2 (April 2006): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00068-006-6046-9.

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Kuo, Yi-Jie, Chun-Jen Liao, Gary Rau, Chia-Hsien Chen, Chih-Hong Yang, and Yang-Hwei Tsuang. "THE USE OF POLY(L-LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID)/TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE AS A BONE SUBSTITUTE IN RABBIT FEMUR DEFECTS MODEL." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 22, no. 04 (August 2010): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237210002092.

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Autogenous bone grafting is still the gold standard for use in bone defects in orthopedic, plastic, and craniofacial surgeries. However, some patients are unable to provide sufficient quantity of bone and the high postoperative morbidity limits its clinical use. Currently, various bone substitutes are available for clinical applications, including calcium phosphate and biodegradable polyester. But hydroxyapatite is considered nondegradable and the degradation rate of biodegradable polyester is too fast, therefore both these biomaterials are hardly used clinically. To resolve this problem, we fabricated a biodegradable porous bone substitute by merging poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP), such that the new bone substitute could provide the advantages of both the materials. The New Zealand white rabbit femur defect model was used to assess the biocompatibility and degree of osteoconduction of this new bone substitute. There was no inflammatory reaction at the PLGA/TCP grafting site based on our macroscopic observations. Three months after grafting, the cavity and central portion of the created defect within the rabbit femur was filled with newly formed bone. Furthermore, the new ingrown bone tissues readily matured to secondary bone with Haversian systems similar to the surrounding cancellous bone. We conclude that the newly fabricated PLGA/TCP shows both excellent biocompatibility and effective osteoconduction.

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Daculsi, G. "Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules Concept for Injectable and Mouldable Bone Substitute." Advances in Science and Technology 49 (October 2006): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.49.9.

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The development of calcium phosphate ceramics and other related biomaterials for bone graft involved a better control of the process of biomaterials resorption and bone substitution. The biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (BCP) concept is determined by an optimum balance of the more stable phase of HA and more soluble TCP. The material is soluble and gradually dissolves in the body, seeding new bone formation as it releases calcium and phosphate ions into the biological medium The main attractive feature of BCP ceramic is their ability to form a direct bond with the host bone resulting in a strong interface. The formation of this dynamic interface is the result of a sequence of events involving interaction with cells; formation of carbonate hydroxyapatite CHA (similar to bone mineral) by dissolution/precipitation processes. At the present time, BCP is commercially available in blocks, particulates, customized design. The need of material for Minimal Invasive Surgery (MIS) induced the development of a concept of granules combination with polymer or calcium phosphate cement for injectable/mouldable bone substitutes. Four types of injectable/mouldable bone substitutes have been developed by INSERM Nantes University.

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Berberi, Antoine, Malkan Abdrashidova Amkhadova, Antoine Samarani, and Georges Aoun. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION: COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ALLOGRAFT BIOMATERIALS AND AUTOGENOUS BONE." Russian Journal of Dentistry 21, no. 5 (October 15, 2017): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-2802-2017-21-5-233-237.

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Objectives: bone substitutes used in oral surgery include allografts, xenografts and synthetic materials that are frequently used to compensate bone loss or to reinforce repaired bone by encouraging new bone ingrowth into the defect site. The aim of this study was to evaluate a number ofphysical and chemical properties in a variety of allografts biomaterials used in oral surgery and to compare them with those of autogenous bone. Materials and methods: autogenous bone andfive different allograft biomaterials were studied by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, laser diffraction, and checked for their chemical composition, calcium release concentration, crystallinity and granulation size. Results: the highest calcium release concentration was 24.94 mg/gforPuros® and the lowest one was 4.05 mg/gfor OsteoSponge® compared to 20.15 mg/g to natural bone. The range ofparticles size, in term of median size D50, varied between 394.24 pm for DIZG Spongiosa® and 902.41 pm for OsteoSponge®, compared to 282.1 pm for natural bone. Bone and Puros® displayed a hexagonal shape as bone except and OsteoSponge® which showed a triclinic shape and all the rest showed monoclinic shape. Conclusion: a bone substitute of choice depends largely on its clinical application that is associated to its biological and mechanical performance. These morphological differences between biomaterials greatly influence their in-vivo behavior of biomaterials. Significant differences were detected in terms of calcium concentration, particles size, and crystallinity.

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Meskhi, K. T., and A. G. Aganesov. "Modern Synthetic Substitute of Bone Tissue." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 19, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto20120216-19.

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Potentialities of synthetic bone substitutes application in vertebrology, especially in cervical spine surgery is demonstrated. From 2010 to 2011 thirty seven patients (21 — 70 years) with spine injuries and degenerative diseases were operated on. During surgical intervention subtotal resection of cervical vertebra body was performed. BoneMedik-S block of appropriate size was inserted into the defect. In all cases the final step of operation was stable fixation of segment by metal plate and screws. It was shown that modern synthetic biomaterials for substitution of bone tissue defects enabled to shorten the volume of surgical intervention and contributed to the formation of natural spongy human bone structure at minimum terms.

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Knaack, David, M. E. P. Goad, Maria Aiolova, Christian Rey, Ali Tofighi, Pramod Chakravarthy, and D. Duke Lee. "Resorbable calcium phosphate bone substitute." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 43, no. 4 (1998): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199824)43:4<399::aid-jbm7>3.0.co;2-j.

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Barbeck, Mike, Marie-Luise Schröder, Said Alkildani, Ole Jung, and Ronald E. Unger. "Exploring the Biomaterial-Induced Secretome: Physical Bone Substitute Characteristics Influence the Cytokine Expression of Macrophages." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 4442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094442.

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In addition to their chemical composition various physical properties of synthetic bone substitute materials have been shown to influence their regenerative potential and to influence the expression of cytokines produced by monocytes, the key cell-type responsible for tissue reaction to biomaterials in vivo. In the present study both the regenerative potential and the inflammatory response to five bone substitute materials all based on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), but which differed in their physical characteristics (i.e., granule size, granule shape and porosity) were analyzed for their effects on monocyte cytokine expression. To determine the effects of the physical characteristics of the different materials, the proliferation of primary human osteoblasts growing on the materials was analyzed. To determine the immunogenic effects of the different materials on human peripheral blood monocytes, cells cultured on the materials were evaluated for the expression of 14 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, VEGF, RANTES, IL-12p40, I-CAM, IL-4, V-CAM, TNF-α, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, Il-8 and MCP-1 using a Bio-Plex® Multiplex System. The granular shape of bone substitutes showed a significant influence on the osteoblast proliferation. Moreover, smaller pore sizes, round granular shape and larger granule size increased the expression of GM-CSF, RANTES, IL-10 and IL-12 by monocytes, while polygonal shape and the larger pore sizes increased the expression of V-CAM. The physical characteristics of a bone biomaterial can influence the proliferation rate of osteoblasts and has an influence on the cytokine gene expression of monocytes in vitro. These results indicate that the physical structure of a biomaterial has a significant effect of how cells interact with the material. Thus, specific characteristics of a material may strongly affect the regenerative potential in vivo.

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Toda, Erina, Yunpeng Bai, Jingjing Sha, Quang Ngoc Dong, Huy Xuan Ngo, Takashi Suyama, Kenichi Miyamoto, Yumi Matsuzaki, and Takahiro Kanno. "Feasibility of Application of the Newly Developed Nano-Biomaterial, β-TCP/PDLLA, in Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery: A Pilot Rat Study." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020303.

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This study was performed to examine the applicability of the newly developed nano-biocomposite, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/u-HA/poly-d/l-lactide (PDLLA), to bone defects in the oral and maxillofacial area. This novel nano-biocomposite showed several advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and osteoconductivity. In addition, its optimal plasticity also allowed its utilization in irregular critical bone defect reconstructive surgery. Here, three different nano-biomaterials, i.e., β-TCP/PDLLA, β-TCP, and PDLLA, were implanted into critical bone defects in the right lateral mandible of 10-week-old Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats as bone graft substitutes. Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and immunohistochemical staining for the osteogenesis biomarkers, Runx2, osteocalcin, and the leptin receptor, were performed to investigate and compare bone regeneration between the groups. Although the micro-CT results showed the highest bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume to total volume (BV/TV) with β-TCP, immunohistochemical analysis indicated better osteogenesis-promoting ability of β-TCP/PDLLA, especially at an early stage of the bone healing process. These results confirmed that the novel nano-biocomposite, β-TCP/PDLLA, which has excellent biocompatibility, bioresorbability and bioactive/osteoconductivity, has the potential to become a next-generation biomaterial for use as a bone graft substitute in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery.

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Wang, Xin, Yan Luo, Yan Yang, Baoyu Zheng, Fuhua Yan, Fei Wei, Thor E. Friis, Ross W. Crawford, and Yin Xiao. "Alteration of clot architecture using bone substitute biomaterials (beta-tricalcium phosphate) significantly delays the early bone healing process." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 48 (2018): 8204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb01747f.

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When a bone substitute biomaterial is implanted into the body, the material's surface comes into contact with circulating blood, which results in the formation of a peri-implant hematoma or blood clot.

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Shao, Anliang, You Ling, Liang Chen, Lina Wei, Changfa Fan, Dan Lei, Liming Xu, and Chengbin Wang. "GGTA1/iGb3S Double Knockout Mice: Immunological Properties and Immunogenicity Response to Xenogeneic Bone Matrix." BioMed Research International 2020 (June 4, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9680474.

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Background. Animal tissues and tissue-derived biomaterials are widely used in the field of xenotransplantation and regenerative medicine. A potential immunogenic risk that affects the safety and effectiveness of xenografts is the presence of remnant α-Gal antigen (synthesized by GGTA1 or/and iGb3S). GGTA1 knockout mice have been developed as a suitable model for the analysis of anti-Gal antibody-mediated immunogenicity. However, we are yet to establish whether GGTA1/iGb3S double knockout (G/i DKO) mice are sensitive to Gal antigen-positive xenoimplants. Methods. α-Gal antigen expression in the main organs of G/i DKO mice or bovine bone substitutes was detected via a standardized ELISA inhibition assay. Serum anti-α-Gal antibody titers of G/i DKO mice after immunization with rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) and implantation of raw lyophilized bone substitutes (Gal antigen content was 8.14±3.17×1012/mg) or Guanhao Biotech bone substitutes (50% decrease in Gal antigen relative to the raw material) were assessed. The evaluation of total serum antibody, inflammatory cytokine, and splenic lymphocyte subtype populations and the histological analysis of implants and thymus were performed to systematically assess the immune response caused by bovine bone substitutes and bone substitute grafts in G/i DKO mice. Results. α-Gal epitope expression was reduced by 100% in the main organs of G/i DKO mice, compared with their wild-type counterparts. Following immunization with RRBC, serum anti-Gal antibody titers of G/i DKO mice increased from 80- to 180-fold. After subcutaneous implantation of raw lyophilized bone substitutes and Guanhao Biotech bone substitutes into G/i DKO mice, specific anti-α-Gal IgG, anti-α-Gal IgM, and related inflammatory factors (IFN-γ and IL-6) were significantly increased in the raw lyophilized bone substitute group but showed limited changes in the Guanhao Biotech bone substitute group, compared with the control. Conclusion. G/i DKO mice are sensitive to Gal antigen-positive xenogeneic grafts and can be effectively utilized for evaluating the α-Gal-mediated immunogenic risk of xenogeneic grafts.

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Hotz, G., and G. Herr. "Bone substitute with osteoinductive biomaterials — Current and future clinical applications." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 23, no. 6 (December 1994): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80033-5.

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Alexander, R. E. "Bone substitute with osteoinductive biomaterials: Current and future clinical applications." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 53, no. 6 (June 1995): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(95)90201-5.

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Hofmann, M. P., U. Gbureck, C. O. Duncan, M. S. Dover, and J. E. Barralet. "Carvable calcium phosphate bone substitute material." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 83B, no. 1 (2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30761.

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Al-Maawi, Sarah, James L. Rutkowski, Robert Sader, C. James Kirkpatrick, and Shahram Ghanaati. "The Biomaterial-Induced Cellular Reaction Allows a Novel Classification System Regardless of the Biomaterials Origin." Journal of Oral Implantology 46, no. 3 (February 18, 2020): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00201.

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Several different biomaterials are being introduced for clinical applications. However, no current material-specific systematic studies define parameters for evaluating these materials. The aim of this retrospective animal study is to classify biomaterials according to the in vivo induced cellular reaction and outline the clinical consequence of the biomaterial-specific cellular reaction for the regeneration process. A retrospective histologic analysis was performed for 13 polymeric biomaterials and 19 bone substitute materials (BSMs) (of various compositions and origins) that were previously implanted in a standardized subcutaneous model. Semiquantitative analyses were performed at days 3, 15, and 30 after implantation according to a standardized score for the induction of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) and vascularization rate. The induced cellular reaction in response to different polymeric materials allowed their classification according to the MNGC score in the following groups: class I induced no MNGCs at any time point, class II induced and maintained a constant number of MNGCs over 30 days, and class III induced MNGCs and provided an increasing number over 30 days. All BSMs induced MNGCs to varying extents. Therefore, the resultant BSM classifications are as follows: class I induced MNGCs with a decreasing number, class II induced and maintained constant MNGCs over 30 days, and class III induced MNGCs with increasing number over 30 days. These observations were mostly related to the biomaterial physicochemical properties and were independent of the biomaterial origin. Consequently, the induction of MNGCs and their increase over 30 days resulted in disintegration of the biomaterial. By contrast, the absence of MNGCs resulted in an integration of the biomaterial within the host tissue. This novel classification provides clinicians a tool to assess the capacity and suitability of biomaterials in the intended clinical indication for bone and soft tissue implantations.

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Kastrin, Matevž, Vilma Urbančič Rovan, and Igor Frangež. "Possible Advantages of S53P4 Bioactive Glass in the Treatment of Septic Osteoarthritis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint in the Diabetic Foot." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061208.

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Biomechanically, the great toe with its metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint plays a key role in standing and walking, making the first MTP joint one of the main predilection sites for ulcer formation, and consequently for bone and joint infection and even amputation. If conservative treatment fails, the main goal of surgery is to remove all infected tissue and preserve the first ray. To improve surgical outcomes, development of new biomaterials like Bioactive Glass S53P4 has begun. Bioactive Glass is useful because of its antibacterial properties; furthermore, its osteostimulative and osteoconductive qualities make the bone substitute particularly suitable as a bone defect filler for the treatment of osteomyelitis. The aim of our retrospective observational study was to compare the outcomes following ulcerectomy with segmental resection of the infected joint and bone and temporary stabilization with an external fixator, both with and without added Bioactive Glass. A comparison of added Bioactive Glass with the traditional surgical treatment in septic osteoarthritis of the first MTP joint showed Bioactive Glass to be effective. During a one-year follow-up, patients with Bioactive Glass required no additional antibiotic therapy or surgical intervention. Bioactive Glass, when applied to the diabetic foot, showed itself to be a safe bone substitute biomaterial.

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Wegst, Ulrike G. K., Matthew Schecter, Amalie E. Donius, and Philipp M. Hunger. "Biomaterials by freeze casting." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1917 (April 28, 2010): 2099–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0014.

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The functional requirements for synthetic tissue substitutes appear deceptively simple: they should provide a porous matrix with interconnecting porosity and surface properties that promote rapid tissue ingrowth; at the same time, they should possess sufficient stiffness, strength and toughness to prevent crushing under physiological loads until full integration and healing are reached. Despite extensive efforts and first encouraging results, current biomaterials for tissue regeneration tend to suffer common limitations: insufficient tissue–material interaction and an inherent lack of strength and toughness associated with porosity. The challenge persists to synthesize materials that mimic both structure and mechanical performance of the natural tissue and permit strong tissue–implant interfaces to be formed. In the case of bone substitute materials, for example, the goal is to engineer high-performance composites with effective properties that, similar to natural mineralized tissue, exceed by orders of magnitude the properties of its constituents. It is still difficult with current technology to emulate in synthetic biomaterials multi-level hierarchical composite structures that are thought to be the origin of the observed mechanical property amplification in biological materials. Freeze casting permits to manufacture such complex, hybrid materials through excellent control of structural and mechanical properties. As a processing technique for the manufacture of biomaterials, freeze casting therefore has great promise.

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Kashan, Jenan S., Wisam K. Hamdan, and Baha Fakhri. "Bone Defect Animal Model for Hybrid Polymer Matrix Nano Composite as Bone Substitute Biomaterials." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.03.004.

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Addition of bioactive materials such as Titanium oxide (TiO2), and incorporation of bio inert ceramic such as alumina (Al2O3), into polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been adopted as an effective approach to improve bone-implant interfaces. In this paper, hot pressing technique has been adopted as a production method. This technique gave a homogenous distribution of the additive materials in the proposed composite biomaterial. Different compositions and compounding temperatures have been applied to all samples. Mechanical properties and animal model have been studied in all different production conditions. The results of these new TiO2/Al2O3/PEEK biocomposites with different compositions were promising, mechanical properties within the range of human cortical bone, suitable for load bearing applications. At the same time, in vivo test shows no inflammation reaction with implanted samples. Sustained viability in contact with the sample over seven-day period, showed evidence of excellent biocompatibility in injured rejoins.

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Noorjahan, S. E., and T. P. Sastry. "Physiologically clotted fibrin-calcined bone composite—A possible bone graft substitute." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 75B, no. 2 (2005): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30309.

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Schneider, Oliver D., Dirk Mohn, Roland Fuhrer, Karina Klein, Käthi Kämpf, Katja M. R. Nuss, Michèle Sidler, Katalin Zlinszky, Brigitte von Rechenberg, and Wendelin J. Stark. "Biocompatibility and Bone Formation of Flexible, Cotton Wool-like PLGA/Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites in Sheep." Open Orthopaedics Journal 5, no. 1 (March 16, 2011): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001105010063.

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Background: The purpose of this preliminary study was to assess the in vivo performance of synthetic, cotton wool-like nanocomposites consisting of a biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) fibrous matrix and containing either calcium phosphate nanoparticles (PLGA/CaP 60:40) or silver doped CaP nanoparticles (PLGA/Ag-CaP 60:40). Besides its extraordinary in vitro bioactivity the latter biomaterial (0.4 wt% total silver concentration) provides additional antimicrobial properties for treating bone defects exposed to microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Both flexible artificial bone substitutes were implanted into totally 16 epiphyseal and metaphyseal drill hole defects of long bone in sheep and followed for 8 weeks. Histological and histomorphological analyses were conducted to evaluate the biocompatibility and bone formation applying a score system. The influence of silver on the in vivo performance was further investigated. Results: Semi-quantitative evaluation of histology sections showed for both implant materials an excellent biocompatibility and bone healing with no resorption in the adjacent bone. No signs of inflammation were detectable, either macroscopically or microscopically, as was evident in 5 µm plastic sections by the minimal amount of inflammatory cells. The fibrous biomaterials enabled bone formation directly in the centre of the former defect. The area fraction of new bone formation as determined histomorphometrically after 8 weeks implantation was very similar with 20.5 ± 11.2 % and 22.5 ± 9.2 % for PLGA/CaP and PLGA/Ag-CaP, respectively. Conclusions: The cotton wool-like bone substitute material is easily applicable, biocompatible and might be beneficial in minimal invasive surgery for treating bone defects.

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Neimane, Laura, Andrejs Skagers, Girts Salms, and Liga Berzina-Cimdina. "Radiodensitometric Analysis of Maxillary Sinus-Lift Areas Enforced with Bone Substitute Materials Containing Calcium Phophate." Acta Chirurgica Latviensis 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10163-012-0009-5.

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SummaryIntroduction. An enforcement of atrophic maxilla with biomaterials during sinus-lift surgery improves size and quality of alveolar bone. Radiological densitometric analysis can prove it. Within the study a density of bone was investigated and findings were compared with natural bone around the implants.Aim of the Study.Was to determine if density around the implant inserted with one stage sinus-lift operation using bone substitute materials increase and if that can be detected radiologically.Materials and Methods.Totally there were examined 22 patients where 64 implants were inserted in maxilla: 48 implants were inserted with one stage sinus-lift operation using bone substitute materials; represented study group. Sixteen implants were inserted in natural maxillary alveolar bone of the same patients, representing control group. The density of implant supporting tissue was measured with cone beam computed tomography and expressed in Hounsfield units (HU). The measurements were performed according to standardized pattern.Results.Densitometric measurements were higher in the study group than in the control group in all points, but statistically significant difference was observed in two measurement sites: buccally in sinus elevation area (BSM) (p=0.005) and palatinally in sinus elevation area (PSM) (p=0.0012), and corresponding areas in control group.Conclusions.Surgical elevation of maxillary sinus floor using calcium phosphate bone substitute materials resulted in higher optical density compared to natural bone. Mineralization of the bone, induced by the bone substitute materials, can be detected radiologically

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Daculsi, G., Eric Aguado, Pierre Corre, Xavier Bourges, Serge Baroth, and Eric Goyenvalle. "Improvement of Radio Opacity of Injectable Bone Substitute MBCP Gel^TM for Minimal Invasive Surgery MIS." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 1277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.1277.

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Dedicated to Minimal Invasive Surgery MIS particularly in spine for vertebroplasty, the surgeons and radiologists ask for improvement of radio opacity, to be sure of the injection site, and to prevent injection in blood vessels. MBCP Gel® is an Injectible biomaterial non self hardening, the biomaterials consists of BCP granules associated with a hydrosoluble polymer. These materials have been shown to be perfectly biocompatible and potentially resorbable and, thanks to their initial plasticity, they assume the shape of the bone defects very easily, eliminating the need to shape the material to adjust to the implantation site. MBCP gels do not have mechanical properties like the hydraulic bone cements. However bone cells are able to invade the spaces created by the disappearance of the polymer carrier. Bone ingrowth takes place all around the granules at the expense of the resorption of the BCP granules. In time, the mechanical property is increased due to the presence of the newly formed bone. This study demonstrates an improvement of MBCP gel by freeze drying and reconstitution using iodine solution or sterile water in a classical model of rabbit bone defects.

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Haddock, Sean M., Jack C. Debes, Eric A. Nauman, Keith E. Fong, Yves P. Arramon, and Tony M. Keaveny. "Structure-function relationships for coralline hydroxyapatite bone substitute." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 47, no. 1 (October 1999): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199910)47:1<71::aid-jbm10>3.0.co;2-u.

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Li, Guanbao, Pinquan Li, Qiuan Chen, Hnin Ei Thu, and Zahid Hussain. "Current Updates on Bone Grafting Biomaterials and Recombinant Human Growth Factors Implanted Biotherapy for Spinal Fusion: A Review of Human Clinical Studies." Current Drug Delivery 16, no. 2 (December 14, 2018): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201815666181024142354.

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Background:Owing to their great promise in the spinal surgeries, bone graft substitutes have been widely investigated for their safety and clinical potential. By the current advances in the spinal surgery, an understanding of the precise biological mechanism of each bone graft substitute is mandatory for upholding the induction of solid spinal fusion.Objective:The aim of the present review is to critically discuss various surgical implications and level of evidence of most commonly employed bone graft substitutes for spinal fusion.Method:Data was collected via electronic search using “PubMed”, “SciFinder”, “ScienceDirect”, “Google Scholar”, “Web of Science” and a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, conferences, and e-books.Results:Despite having exceptional inherent osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive features, clinical acceptability of autografts (patient’s own bone) is limited due to several perioperative and postoperative complications i.e., donor-site morbidities and limited graft supply. Alternatively, allografts (bone harvested from cadaver) have shown great promise in achieving acceptable bone fusion rate while alleviating the donor-site morbidities associated with implantation of autografts. As an adjuvant to allograft, demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has shown remarkable efficacy of bone fusion, when employed as graft extender or graft enhancer. Recent advances in recombinant technologies have made it possible to implant growth and differentiation factors (bone morphogenetic proteins) for spinal fusion.Selection of a particular bone grafting biotherapy can be rationalized based on the level of spine fusion, clinical experience and preference of orthopaedic surgeon, and prevalence of donor-site morbidities.

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Bongio, Matilde, Jeroen J. J. P. van den Beucken, Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh, and John A. Jansen. "Preclinical evaluation of injectable bone substitute materials." Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 9, no. 3 (November 8, 2012): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/term.1637.

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Shavandi, Amin, Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit, Zhi Fa Sun, and Azam Ali. "A Review of Synthesis Methods, Properties and Use of Hydroxyapatite as a Substitute of Bone." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 25 (October 2015): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.25.98.

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In recent years, a significant achievement has been made in developing biomaterials, in particular the design of bioceramics, from natural sources for various biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals of structure, function and characteristics of human bone, its calcium and phosphate composition, role and importance of bioceramics for bone repairing or regeneration. This review also outlines various isolation techniques and the application of novel marine-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) and tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) for biocomposites engineering, and their potentials for bone substitute and bone regeneration.

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Gomes Machado, Callinca Paolla, Andrea Vaz Braga Pintor, and Mônica Diuana Calasans Maia. "Evaluation of strontium-containing hydroxyapatite as bone substitute in sheep tibiae." Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences 1, no. 7 (December 18, 2019): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2019v1n7p153-164.

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With the advancement of research in biomaterials, it has been suggested that the best osteoconductivity of hydroxyapatite would be achieved if its crystal were closer to the structure, size and morphology of biological apatite, that is why nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) is of great importance. current interest. Strontium ions are known to reduce bone resorption, induce osteoblastic activity and stimulate bone formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate biocompatibility and osteoconduction in surgical defects filled with nano-hydroxyapatite microspheres containing 1% strontium (nano-SrHA), stoichiometric nano-HA microspheres (nano-HA) compared to the clot (control) . Four Santa Inês sheep, weighing an average of 32 kg, were anesthetized and submitted to three 2 mm diameter perforations in the medial face of the tibia. The surgical defects were filled with blood clot, microspheres of Sr-HA 1% and microspheres of HA. After 30 days the samples were drawn (6 mm), decalcified, processed for inclusion in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histological evaluation with light microscopy. All groups revealed bone neoformation from the periphery to the center of the defect, with the nano-SrHA group being less intense among those studied. Presence of a discrete mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in all experimental groups. Giant foreign body cells were only observed in the HA group. Areas of bone neoformation were observed in close contact with both biomaterials. According to the results obtained, microspheres of HA and SrHA 1% are biocompatible and have osteoconductive properties.

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Chang, Hong, Haibo Xiang, Zilong Yao, Shenyu Yang, Mei Tu, Xianrong Zhang, and Bin Yu. "Strontium-substituted calcium sulfate hemihydrate/hydroxyapatite scaffold enhances bone regeneration by recruiting bone mesenchymal stromal cells." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328220915816.

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Fabrication of osteoconductive scaffold with osteoinductive capability and appropriate resorption rate is of great significance for treating bone defects. To achieve this aim, strontium-substituted calcium sulfate hemihydrate (Sr-CSH) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were mixed to develop a novel composite. Sr-CSH containing 5% and 10% strontium was mixed with HA at the weight ratio of 6:4, respectively. Female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bone defect surgery in left tibia were randomly assigned to three different treatment groups filled with CSH/HA, 5% and 10% Sr-CSH/HA. Micro-CT analysis showed increased new bone formation in 10% Sr-CSH/HA group compared to CSH/HA group. In addition, histological analysis showed large amounts of chondrocytes and osteoblasts within the pores of Sr-CSH/HA composites as a result of the CSH resorption. Further, CFU-F assay demonstrated the increased amount of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) colonies in 10% Sr-CSH/HA group. In primary BMSCs, extraction from Sr-CSH/HA composite significantly increased the migration of cells, up-regulated the expression of osteoblastic marker genes, and increased the area of mineralized nodules. Together, Sr-CSH/HA may promote bone formation by recruiting and stimulating osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Therefore, this composite may be proposed as an ideal substitute to repair bone defects.

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Miramond, T., Pascal Borget, Serge Baroth, and Daculsi Guy. "Comparative Critical Study of Commercial Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes in Terms of Physic-Chemical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 587 (November 2013): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.587.63.

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Physico-chemical characteristics impact directly or indirectly the bioactive properties of biomaterials, it is then essential to correlate it with their effect in vivo. A panel of biomaterials available on the market, based on Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is studied in terms of surface area, hydrophilicity, porosity, zeta potential, crystalline phases and density. This study highlights the dispersity of commercial calcium phosphates (CaP) properties, and demonstrates how the quality criteria required for such bone substitute based on biomimicry concept, whose pores distribution is certainly the more relevant, are often incompletely or not respected according to literature.

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Guo, Hongzhang, Changde Wang, Jixiang Wang, and Yufang He. "Lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone substitute improves osteogenesis in critical-sized bone defect repair." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 32, no. 10 (April 19, 2018): 1421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328218768185.

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This study aimed to explore the surface modification of deproteinized bovine bone using lithium-ion and evaluate its efficacy on osteogenesis improvement and critical-sized bone defect repair. Hydrothermal treatment was performed to produce lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone. In vitro study, human osteosarcoma cell MG63 (MG63) was cultured with the bone substitute to evaluate the cell viability and then calcium deposition was measured to analyze the osteogenesis. In vivo studies, male adult goats were chosen to build critical-sized bone defect model and randomly divided into three groups. The goats were treated with autogenous cancellous bone, lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone, and deproteinized bovine bone. Animals were evaluated using radiological analysis including X-ray, computed tomography, and Micro-CT; histological methods involving hematoxylin–eosin dyeing, Masson dyeing, and immunofluorescence detection at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery were carried out. According to the results, lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone produced nano-structured surface layer. The lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone could promote the osteoblast proliferation and increase the calcium deposition. In vivo studies, radiographic results revealed that lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone scaffolds provided better performance in terms of mean gray values of X films, mean pixel values of computed tomography films, and bone volume and trabecular thickness of micro-computed tomography pictures when compared with the deproteinized bovine bone group. In addition, histological analysis showed that the lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone group also significantly achieved larger new bone formation area. At the same time, when the expression of osteogenic factors in vivo was evaluated, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and collagen type one (Col-1) were expressed more in lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone group than those in deproteinized bovine bone group. However, the bone defect repair effect using autograft is still a little better than that of lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone substitute based on our results. In conclusion, surface lithium-incorporated deproteinized bovine bone achieved improvement of osteogenesis effect and could enhance the new bone formation in critical-sized bone defects.

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Giuliani, Alessandra, Maria Laura Gatto, Luigi Gobbi, Francesco Guido Mangano, and Carlo Mangano. "Integrated 3D Information for Custom-Made Bone Grafts: Focus on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Biomaterials." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144931.

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Purpose: Several studies showed that the sintering temperature of 1250 °C could affect the formation of α-Ca3(PO4)2, which is responsible for the reduction of the hardness value of biphasic calcium phosphate biocomposites, but they did not evaluate the inference of the sintering time at peak temperature on transition of β-Ca3(PO4)2 to α-Ca3(PO4)2. This analysis explored, in an innovative way, inferences and correlations between volumetric microstructure, mechanical properties, sintering temperature, and time at peak temperature in order to find the best sintering conditions for biphasic calcium phosphate composites grafted in severe alveolar bone defects. Methods: Sintered biphasic calcium phosphates (30%-hydroxyapatite/70%-tricalcium phosphate) were tested by microCT imaging for the 3D morphometric analysis, by compressive loading to find their mechanical parameters, and by X-ray diffraction to quantify the phases via Rietveld refinement for different sintering temperatures and times at the peak temperature. Data were analysed in terms of statistical inference using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results: All the studied scaffolds closely mimicked the alveolar organization of the jawbone, independently on the sintering temperatures and times; however, mechanical testing revealed that the group with peak temperature, which lasted for 2 hours at 1250 °C, showed the highest strength both at the ultimate point and at fracture point. Conclusion: The good mechanical performances of the group with peak temperature, which lasted for 2 hours at 1250 °C, is most likely due to the absence of the α-Ca3(PO4)2 phase, as revealed by X-ray diffraction. However, we detected its presence after sintering at the same peak temperature for longer times, showing the time-dependence, combined with the temperature-dependence, of the β-Ca3(PO4)2 to α-Ca3(PO4)2 transition.

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Pramod, VT. "Bone Grafts in Periodontics-A Review." CODS Journal of Dentistry 7, no. 2 (2015): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/cods-7-2-64.

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Abstract The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy should not be limited to the establishment and maintenance of periodontal health. The potential for regeneration of the hard and soft periodontal tissues lost to disease should be considered. Of all the bone grafting materials being developed, the demineralized freeze dried bone allograft (DFDBA) has been used as a substitute for bone graft for more than four decades. The basis for the use of any bone grafting material is to induce bone formation. In this article various bone grafts and biomaterials used are reviewed. How to cite this article Tatuskar P, Prakash S. Bone Grafts in Periodontics -A Review. CODS J Dent 2015;7: 64-70.

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Lee, Tien-Ching, Yan-Hsiung Wang, Shih-Hao Huang, Chung-Hwan Chen, Mei-Ling Ho, Yin-Chih Fu, and Chih-Kuang Wang. "Evaluations of clinical-grade bone substitute-combined simvastatin carriers to enhance bone growth: In vitro and in vivo analyses." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 33, no. 2 (July 24, 2017): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911517720813.

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We demonstrated in a value-added study that the combination of calcium phosphate–based bone substitute (MaxiBone® bioceramics) and simvastatin/poly lactic- co-glycolic acid (SIMm) carriers which were fabricated by GMP pharmaceutical company and underwent our patterned double-emulsion technique can promote bone growth. The average size distribution of SIMm, the encapsulation efficacy, and the in vitro release profile of simvastatin in SIMm over 14 days were investigated in this study. Based on the results of Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase activity, the released simvastatin of SIMm can effectively induce osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (D1 cells). In the non-union fracture model of animal study, the MaxiBone bioceramics group and MaxiBone bioceramics with SIMm group showed a significant increase in the percentages of new bone matrix compared with the control group and SIMm groups at the 8th and 10th weeks. Moreover, the MaxiBone bioceramics with SIMm group showed the strongest effect in new bone formation among these groups. We concluded that the calcium phosphate–based ceramics of MaxiBone combined with SIMm can accelerate osteogenic differentiation and bone growth in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide a proof of concept that SIMm can play as an osteoinductive material and the combination with bone substitutes with osteoconductive property effectively enhance bone growth, and this treatment is value added for clinical application, especially in the healing of large bone defects or non-union. Graphical abstract. The clinical-grade calcium phosphate–based bone substitute combined SIM/PLGA/HAp microspheres were fabricated by GMP pharmaceutical company to promote bone growth in bone defect model of mice.

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Niinomi, M., and M. Nakai. "Titanium-Based Biomaterials for Preventing Stress Shielding between Implant Devices and Bone." International Journal of Biomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/836587.

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β-type titanium alloys with low Young's modulus are required to inhibit bone atrophy and enhance bone remodeling for implants used to substitute failed hard tissue. At the same time, these titanium alloys are required to have high static and dynamic strength. On the other hand, metallic biomaterials with variable Young's modulus are required to satisfy the needs of both patients and surgeons, namely, low and high Young's moduli, respectively. In this paper, we have discussed effective methods to improve the static and dynamic strength while maintaining low Young's modulus forβ-type titanium alloys used in biomedical applications. Then, the advantage of low Young's modulus ofβ-type titanium alloys in biomedical applications has been discussed from the perspective of inhibiting bone atrophy and enhancing bone remodeling. Further, we have discussed the development ofβ-type titanium alloys with a self-adjusting Young's modulus for use in removable implants.

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Ceccarelli, Gabriele, Rossella Presta, Laura Benedetti, Maria Gabriella Cusella De Angelis, Saturnino Marco Lupi, and Ruggero Rodriguez y Baena. "Emerging Perspectives in Scaffold for Tissue Engineering in Oral Surgery." Stem Cells International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4585401.

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Bone regeneration is currently one of the most important and challenging tissue engineering approaches in regenerative medicine. Bone regeneration is a promising approach in dentistry and is considered an ideal clinical strategy in treating diseases, injuries, and defects of the maxillofacial region. Advances in tissue engineering have resulted in the development of innovative scaffold designs, complemented by the progress made in cell-based therapies. In vitro bone regeneration can be achieved by the combination of stem cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors. The biomimetic approach to create an ideal bone substitute provides strategies for developing combined scaffolds composed of adult stem cells with mesenchymal phenotype and different organic biomaterials (such as collagen and hyaluronic acid derivatives) or inorganic biomaterials such as manufactured polymers (polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), and polycaprolactone). This review focuses on different biomaterials currently used in dentistry as scaffolds for bone regeneration in treating bone defects or in surgical techniques, such as sinus lift, horizontal and vertical bone grafts, or socket preservation. Our review would be of particular interest to medical and surgical researchers at the interface of cell biology, materials science, and tissue engineering, as well as industry-related manufacturers and researchers in healthcare, prosthetics, and 3D printing, too.

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Firdous, S., M. Fuzail, M. Atif, and M. Nawaz. "Polarimetric characterization of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for bone substitute biomaterials." Optik 122, no. 2 (January 2011): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2009.10.008.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bone substitute; Biomaterials'

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