Books on the topic 'Bone point'

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

The study of joint morphology can help us to understand the risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), how it progresses, and aids in developing imaging biomarkers for study of the disease. OA results in gross structural changes in affected joints. Growth of osteophytes, deformation of joint components, and loss of joint space where cartilage has broken down are all characteristics of the disorder. Certain bone shapes as well as malalignment predispose people to future OA, or may be a marker for early OA. Geometrical measures, such as the alpha angle or Wiberg’s CE angle, used to be the primary tool for investigating morphology. In recent years, however, statistical shape modelling (SSM) has become increasingly popular. SSM can be used with any imaging modality and has been successfully applied to a number of musculoskeletal conditions. It uses sets of landmark points denoting the anatomy of one or more bones to generate new variables (modes) that describe and quantify the shape variation in a set of images via principal components analysis. With the aid of automated search algorithms for point placement, the use of SSMs is expanding and provides a valuable and versatile tool for exploration of bone and joint morphometry. Whilst the majority of research has focused on hip and knee OA, this chapter provides an overview of joint morphology through the whole skeleton and how it has helped our ability to understand and quantify the risk and progression of osteoarthritis.

Monolateral external fixation is a system for the stabilization, reduction, and manipulation of bone segments by means of bone anchorage consisting of pins fastened to an external frame. Monolateral external fixators in their various forms have the advantage that they allow the use of half-pins (bicortical pins that do not penetrate both sides of the soft tissue envelope), thereby avoiding major damage to the neurovascular structures contralateral to the insertion point. The simple structure of monolateral systems permits rapid application and simplified preoperative planning, both of which are features particularly appreciated in traumatology.

This chapter, found in the bone, joint, and extremity pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of Doppler ultrasound for diagnosing suspected lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. This study demonstrated that 2-point ultrasonography is equivalent to the whole-leg ultrasonography for diagnosing symptomatic deep venous thrombosis. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

This chapter, found in the bone, joint, and extremity pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of Doppler ultrasound for diagnosing suspected lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. This study demonstrated that 2-point ultrasonography is equivalent to the whole-leg ultrasonography for diagnosing symptomatic deep venous thrombosis. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

Public health officials are constantly challenged by pressure to accept new product markets that may benefit some consumers but may harm others. How are these trade-offs to be evaluated? Both E-cigarettes and the marketing of recreational marijuana are cases in point. Other innovations, such as social impact bonds, may help in stretching public health dollars and improving overall impact.

The tremendous individual and societal burden underpin a strong rationale for the development of disease-modifying agents for osteoarthritis. Current approaches to managing the disease remain largely palliative and focused on alleviating symptoms, specifically pain and functional limitation. The chapter considers the multitude of tissues that potentially can be targeted in this heterogeneous disease of osteoarthritis and the agents that can modify these tissues. It first focuses on molecules targeting inflammatory pathways and then breaks that down by particular tissue targeted: specifically and in particular synovium, cartilage, and bone. There is widespread demonstration of the ability to modify osteoarthritis in preclinical models; however, this has not been translated to the human disease to the satisfaction of regulatory bodies at this point in time. There are a number of products currently in testing that demonstrate great promise although there remain considerable challenges to the demonstration of disease modification.

Vascular calcification (VC) is a common feature of patients with advanced CKD and it could be, at least in part, the cause of increased cardiovascular mortality in these patients. From a morphologic point of view, there are at least two types of pathologic calcium phosphate deposition in the arterial wall—namely, intima calcification (mostly associated with atherosclerotic plaques) and media calcification (associated with stiffening of the vasculature, resulting in significantly adverse cardiovascular outcomes). Although VC was viewed initially as a passive phenomenon, it appears to be a cell-mediated, dynamic, and actively regulated process that closely resembles the formation of normal bone tissue, as discovered recently. VC seems to be the result of the dysregulation of the equilibrium between promoters and inhibitors. The determinants are mostly represented by altered calcium and phosphorus metabolism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D excess, high fibroblast growth factor 23, and high levels of indoxyl sulphate or leptin; meanwhile, the inhibitors are vitamin K, fetuin A, matrix G1a protein, osteoprotegerin, and pyrophosphate. A number of non-invasive imaging techniques are available to investigate cardiac and vascular calcification: plain X-rays, to identify macroscopic calcifications of the aorta and peripheral arteries; two-dimensional ultrasound for investigating the calcification of carotid arteries, femoral arteries, and aorta; echocardiography, for assessment of valvular calcification; and, of course, computed tomography technologies, which constitute the gold standard for quantification of coronary artery and aorta calcification. All these methods have a series of advantages and limitations. The treatment/ prevention of VC is currently mostly around calcium-mineral bone disease interventions, and unproven. There are interesting hypotheses around vitamin K, Magnesium, sodium thiosulphate and other potential agents.

Prince Prisdang Chumsai (1852–1935) served as Siam's first diplomat to Europe during the most dramatic moment of Siam's political history, when its independence was threatened by European imperialism. Despite serving with patriotic zeal, he suffered irreparable social and political ruin based on rumors about fiscal corruption, sexual immorality, and political treason. This book pursues the truth behind these rumors, which chased Prisdang out of Siam. This book recounts the personal and political adventures of an unwitting provocateur who caused a commotion in every country he inhabited. Prisdang spent his first five years in exile from Siam living in disguise as a commoner and employee of the British Empire in colonial Southeast Asia. He then resurfaced in the 1890s in British Ceylon, where he was ordained as a Buddhist monk and became a widely-respected abbot. Foreigners from around the world were drawn to this prince who had discarded wealth and royal status to lead the life of an ascetic. His fluency in English, royal blood, acute intellect, and charisma earned him importance in international diplomatic and Buddhist circles. Prisdang's life journey reminds us of the complexities of the colonial encounter and the recalibrations it caused in local political cultures. His drama offers more than a story about Siamese politics: it also casts in high relief the subjective experience of global imperialism. Telling this history from the vantage point of a remarkable individual grounds and animates the historical abstractions of imperialism, Buddhist universalism, and the transformation of Siam into a modern state.

Radiography of the sacroiliac (SI) joints still forms the cornerstone of diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), although its limitations in early disease preclude early diagnosis. Equivocal radiographic findings of sacroiliitis should be followed by MRI evaluation of the SI joints, especially if clinical suspicion of SpA is high. Routine diagnostic evaluation for SpA by MRI of the SI joints should include simultaneous evaluation of T1-weighted (T1W) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) or T2 fat-suppressed scans. Bone marrow oedema (BME) in subchondral bone is the primary MRI feature that points to the diagnosis of SpA, although structural lesions such as erosion and fat metaplasia may also be evident in early disease and enhance confidence in the diagnosis. Both inflammatory and structural lesions in the SI joints on MRI can now be quantified in a reliable manner to facilitate therapeutic evaluation in clinical trials and for basic and clinical research.

Chapter 6 introduces quantum-mechanical ensemble theory by proving the asymptotic equivalence of the quantum-mechanical, microcanonical ensemble average with the quantum grand canonical ensemble average for many-particle systems, based on the method of Darwin and Fowler. The procedures involved identify the grand partition function, entropy and other statistical thermodynamic variables, including the grand potential, Helmholtz free energy, thermodynamic potential, Gibbs free energy, Enthalpy and their relations in accordance with the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Accompanying saddle-point integrations define temperature (inverse thermal energy) and chemical potential (Fermi energy). The concomitant emergence of quantum statistical mechanics and Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac distribution functions are discussed in detail (including Bose condensation). The magnetic moment is derived from the Helmholtz free energy and is expressed in terms of a one-particle retarded Green’s function with an imaginary time argument related to inverse thermal energy. This is employed in a discussion of diamagnetism and the de Haas-van Alphen effect.

This chapter describes depression and its various symptoms from the point of view of a psychiatrist. The chapter argues that depression is not the same as being sad and certainly not the same as anxiety or even panic. It is something like a deep existential terror that seeps into the sufferer’s bones and poisons their blood. It may be accompanied by a tormenting restlessness, in which every single decision is excruciatingly hard. Depression is an umbrella term for many conditions, such as having a difficult personality that makes you perpetually unhappy, or suffering from a deadly episodic illness. The chapter talks about experiences with bouts of depression and medication and the use of alternative remedies and therapies.

In this chapter, the theory of near-equilibrium oscillations is developed and normal mode analysis is performed. This topic requires a little bit of linear algebra when dealing with matrices, as well as an understanding of differential equations. The chapter explores small perturbations (small nudges or tiny shifts) to a stable equilibrium point in configuration space and introduces the characteristic equation. Interdisciplinary examples are then investigated, including a surface science example in which the bond frequencies of surface adsorbates are calculated, an example in which the motion of atoms in a triatomic molecule is examined and an example in which the molecular physics of atomic force microscopy is analysed. The properties of the eigenvalue problem for small oscillations are also investigated.

Already in the nineteenth century, German-language writers were contending with the challenge of imagining and accounting for a planet whose volatility bore little resemblance to the images of the Earth then in circulation. In The Geological Unconcious, Jason Groves traces the withdrawal of the lithosphere as a reliable setting, unobtrusive backdrop, and stable point of reference for literature written well before the current climate breakdown, let alone the technologies that could forecast those changes. Through a series of careful readings of romantic, realist, and modernist works by Tieck, Goethe, Stifter, Benjamin, and Brecht, the author traces out a geological unconscious—in other words, unthought and sometimes actively repressed geological knowledge—where it manifests in European literature and environmental thought. This inhuman horizon of reading and interpretation offers a new literary history of the Anthropocene in a period where this novel geological epoch, though arguably already underway, remains unnamed and otherwise unmarked. These close readings also unearth an entanglement of the human and the lithic in periods well before the geological turn of cotemporary cultural studies. In those depictions of human-mineral encounters on which The Geological Unconcious lingers, the minerality of the human and the minerality of the imagination becomes apparent. While The Geological Unconcious does not explicitly set out to imagine alternatives to fossil capitalism, in elaborating a range of such encounters and in registering libidinal investments in the lithosphere that extend beyond Carboniferous deposits and beyond any carbon imaginary, it points toward alternative relations with, and less destructive mobilizations of, the geologic.

Chapter 5 examines eight different ways of defending the method of cases against Unreliability, Dogmatism, and Parochialism, and finds them wanting. It defends the experimental bona fides of experimental philosophy, provides evidence that reflective judgments do not differ from the judgments reported by experimental philosophers, shows that philosophers are not expert judgers, explains why their findings generalize beyond the cases that have been examined, argues that the lesson to be drawn from experimental philosophy can’t just be that judgments are fallible, explains why the prospects for a reform of the method of cases are dim, makes the point that Unreliability, Dogmatism, and Parochialism do not rest on a mischaracterization of the use of cases in philosophy, and defuses the threat that if sound these three arguments would justify an unacceptable general skepticism about judgment.

At this point the chapters catch up in time with the events narrated in the prologue. Chapter 5 begins by recounting George Nicholls’ discoveries in June 1921. The detective searched the Goodings’ and Swans’ houses and took from the Swans’ a quantity of blotting paper that bore the imprint of some of the libels. Rose Gooding’s handwriting was very different. When Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prosecutions, read Nicholls’ report, he declared that this was fundamentally ‘a case of handwriting’. How, Bodkin mused, could an ‘uneducated’ woman develop such a distinctive style? The chapter uses Bodkin’s reaction to Rose Gooding’s letters, the evidence provided by spelling and misspelling, and the inventory of writing paraphernalia in the Gooding and Swan households, to explore the relationship between popular literacy and agency, engaging with the recent work of Jane Caplan and Patrick Joyce.