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1

Fong, Jenna. "Breast cancer cells affect bone cell differentiation and the bone microenvironment." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104758.

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Breast carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, with approximately 1 in 7 expected to be affected during her lifetime. The spread of breast cancer to secondary sites is generally incurable. Bone is the preferred site of metastasis, where the development of a secondary tumour causes severe osteolysis, hypercalcemia and a considerable pain burden. However, how breast cancer cells establish supportive interactions with bone cells is not well understood. We have examined the effects of factors released from MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 breast cancer cells on the differentiation of C57BL6 mouse bone marrow cells. Treatment with cancer-derived factors resulted in a sustained 40–60% decrease in osteoblast differentiation markers, and induced an osteoclastogenic change in the ratio of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG). Importantly, exposure of bone cells to breast cancer-derived factors stimulated the subsequent attachment of cancer cells to immature osteoblasts. Inhibition of γ-secretase using pharmacological inhibitors DAPT and Compound E completely reversed cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis as well as cancer-induced enhancement of cancer cell attachment, identifying γ-secretase activity as a key mediator of these effects. We next evaluated the effects of breast cancer cells on the energy metabolism of bone cells. Treatment of bone marrow cells with conditioned medium from 4T1 breast cancer cells resulted in an increase in glucose consumption by bone cells, higher mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and a 2.3-fold rise in cellular ATP content. In addition, breast cancer derived factors stimulated the expression of mRNA and protein levels of metabolic sensor, AMP-regulated protein kinase (AMPK). To assess if such change in cell bioenergetics may have consequences for cell differentiation and activity, we used defined models of osteoclastogenesis, and increased precursor metabolic activity by providing excess energy substrates. We have found that an increase in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and cellular ATP levels during osteoclastogenesis resulted in the formation of larger osteoclasts that demonstrate higher resorptive activity. Thus, we have uncovered that osteoblasts act as a critical intermediate of premetastatic signalling by breast cancer cells, and pinpointed γ-secretase as a robust target for developing therapeutics potentially capable of reducing both the homing and progression of cancer metastases to bone. In addition, we have discovered heightened energetics in bone cells exposed to breast cancer cell-released factors, which may contribute to the formation of larger, more active osteoclasts. Modification of the AMPK pathway may prove an important therapeutic target for breast cancer metastasis to bone.
Le cancer du sein est le cancer plus diagnostiqué chez les femmes. On estime qu'environ une femme sur sept en sera affectée. La diffusion du cancer du sein aux emplacements secondaires est généralement incurable. L'os est l'emplacement préféré de la métastase, où le développement d'une tumeur secondaire cause de l'osteolyse, de l'hypercalcemie, et une douleur considérable. Cependant, comment les cellules de cancer du sein établissent des interactions supportifs avec des cellules d'os n'est pas bien compris. Nous avons examiné les effets des facteurs libérés des cellules du cancer du sein MDA-MB-231 et 4T1 sur la différentiation des cellules de moelle de la souris C57BL6. Le traitement avec des facteurs cancer-dérivés a produit une diminution de 40-60% des marqueurs de différentiation d'osteoblast, comparé au traitement par l'acide ascorbique, et a induit un changement osteoclastogenique dans le rapport du RANKL/osteoprotegerin. L'exposition des cellules d'os à des facteurs dérivés du cancer du sein a ensuite stimulé l'attachement des cellules cancéreuses aux osteoblasts non mûrs. L'inhibition du γ-secretase utilisant les inhibiteurs pharmacologiques DAPT et le Compound E a complètement inversé l'osteoclastogenise cancer-induit aussi bien que le perfectionnement cancer-induit de l'attachement de cellules cancéreuses, identifiant l'activité de le γ-secretase comme étant le médiateur principal de ces effets. Nous avons ensuite évalué les effets des cellules cancereuse sur le métabolisme énergétique des cellules d'os. Le traitement des cellules de moelle avec le medium conditionné des cellules du cancer du sein 4T1 a eu comme conséquence une augmentation des mitochondries à haut-potentiel de membrane, une augmentation de 2.3 fois le contenu cellulaire de triphosphate d'adénosine, et une consommation plus rapide du glucose. Ce changement de l'énergétique a été accompagné d'une stimulation d'AMPK dans la protéine et l'ADN messagère. Pour évaluer les effets du statut de haute énergie dans les osteoclasts, nous avons élevé l'énergique des osteoclasts avec du pyruvate de sodium. Cette addition a causée une croissance des osteoclasts, avec des plus grands nucleus, et la résorption de plus de substrat. Ainsi, nous avons découvert l'osteoblast comme étant un intermédiaire clé à la signalisation prémetastatique par des cellules du cancer du sein. Nous avons aussi indiqué le γ-secretase comme cible robuste pour le developpement de thérapeutique potentiellement capable de réduire l'autoguidage et la progression des métastases de cancer à l'os. Additonellement, nous avons découvert l'énergétique intensifiée chez les cellules d'os exposées aux facteurs cellule-libérés par le cancer du sein, qui mène à une osteoclastogenesise plus active et plus importante. La modification de la voie d'AMPK peut s'avérer être une cible thérapeutique importante pour que la métastase de cancer du sein aux os.
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2

Hoebertz, Astrid. "Purinergic signalling in bone cells." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249706.

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3

Laketic-Ljubojevic, Ira. "Glutamate signalling in bone cells." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311080.

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4

Malone, Amanda Michelle Dolphin. "Mechanotransduction mechanisms in bone cells /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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5

Porter, Ryan Michael. "Examination of Glucocorticoid Treatment on Bone Marrow Stroma: Implications for Bone Disease and Applied Bone Regeneration." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36365.

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Long-term exposure to pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids has been associated with the development of osteopenia and avascular necrosis. Bone loss may be partially attributed to a steroid-induced decrease in the osteoblastic differentiation of multipotent progenitor cells found in the bone marrow. In order to determine if there is a change in the osteogenic potential of the bone marrow stroma following glucocorticoid treatment, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered methylprednisolone for up to six weeks, then sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks during treatment or 4 weeks after cessation of treatment. Femurs were collected and analyzed for evidence of steroid-induced osteopenia and bone marrow adipogenesis. Although glucocorticoid treatment did inhibit bone growth, differences in ultimate shear stress and mineral content were not detected. The volume of marrow fat increased with increasing duration of treatment, but returned to near control levels after cessation of treatment. Marrow stromal cells were isolated from tibias, cultured in the presence of osteogenic supplements, and analyzed for their capacity to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Glucocorticoid treatment diminished the absolute number of isolated stromal cells, but did not inhibit the relative levels of bone-like mineral deposition or osteocalcin expression and secretion. Although pharmacological glucocorticoid levels induce bone loss in vivo, physiologically equivalent concentrations have been shown to enhance the formation of bone-like tissue in vitro. However, glucocorticoids have also been reported to inhibit proliferation and type I collagen synthesis in marrow stromal cell cultures. In order to assess the effects of intermittent dexamethasone treatment on the progression of osteogenesis in rat marrow stromal cell culture, this synthetic glucocorticoid was removed from the culture medium after a variable period of initial supplementation. Cell layers were analyzed for total cell number, collagen synthesis, phenotypic marker expression, and matrix mineralization. Prolonged supplementation with dexamethasone decreased proliferation, but did not significantly affect collagen synthesis. Furthermore, increased treatment duration was found to increase bone sialoprotein expression and mineral deposition. The duration of glucocorticoid treatment may be a key factor for controlling the extent of differentiation in vitro.
Master of Science
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6

Bennett, Jonathan Hilary. "The differentiation of osteogenic cells from bone marrow." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3460f26e-a124-4605-8601-2e300241de14.

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7

Gronthos, Stan. "Stromal precursor cells : purification and the development of bone tissue." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg8757.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 152-223. Experiments were designed to identify and purify human bone marrow stromal precursor cells by positive immunoselection, based on the cell surface expression of the VCAM-1 and STRO-1 antigens. The data presented demonstrates a hierarchy of bone cell development in vitro.
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8

Kandimalla, Yugandhar. "Study of Chitosan Microparticles with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Bone Tissue Regeneration." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1250778129.

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9

Wigzell, Cathy. "Differentiation of bone cells in vitro." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14070.

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Osteoblastic differentiation was studied in vitro using primary cultures of bone cells derived from neonatal mouse calvaria. Using alkaline phosphatase as a marker, maintenance of the osteoblastic phenotype was found to be dependent upon the presence of ascorbic acid. No toxic effect due to ascorbic acid was seen. Insulin and dexamethasone were found to stimulate alkaline phosphatase expression, the former only in the absence of ascorbic acid. Two growth factors, epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, were found to inhibit alkaline phosphatase expression in the presence of ascorbic acid. Osteogenesis was most pronounced in cultures supplemented with ascorbic acid. The osteoblasts formed multilayers of cells and secreted an organic extracellular matrix composed mainly of type I collagen. Matrix vesicles were found among the collagen fibres. In the presence of 6-glycerophosphate, calcium phosphate crystals were deposited in discrete patches forming a mineralisation front which progressively engulfed osteoblasts. The type of matrix formed and the pattern of mineralisation resembled those of lamellar bone. Insulin at 5000ng/ml stimulated matrix calcification in the absence of ascorbic acid. Dexamethasone, EGF and PDGF inhibited calcification. The extent of calcification was dependent upon the concentration of glycerophosphate in the culture medium. Conditioned medium from osteogenic cultures contained a GM-CSF which was secreted constitutively by the osteoblasts. Preliminary experiments with a mesenchymal stem cell line, Balb/c 3T3, showed the existence of a factor(s) with mitogenic activity in bone cell conditioned medium. No inducer of osteogenic differentiation was found.
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10

Weber, Matthew Charles. "Engineering human bone marrow stromal cells." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055867071.

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11

Ke, Jin, and 柯金. "Transgenic stem cells for craniofacial bone reconstruction." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44362973.

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Bone loss from the cranio-maxillofacial region is a major clinical problem affecting patients worldwide. Conventional treatment strategy includes the use of autogenous or allogeneic bone, biomaterials, and osteogenic growth factors. However, there has been no effective therapy for most cases so far. Stem cell-based gene therapy is the latest research method with possible applications in humans. The present study aims to (1) characterize rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) relating to growth pattern, surface antigens, and the potential for multi-differentiation; (2) determine the transduction efficiency and duration of recombinant adeno-associated virus2 carrying enhanced green fluorescent protein (rAAV2EGFP) reporter gene in rabbit MSCs and study the effects of rAAV2EGFP transduction on stem cells’ phenotype and capacity of multi-differentiation; (3) evaluate the differentiation characteristics of rabbit MSCs following recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 carrying bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene (rAAV2BMP2) transduction; (4) investigate whether MSCs transduced by rAAV2BMP2 could successfully induce bone regeneration in rabbit critical-size cranial defects. MSCs were isolated from bone marrows of rabbit tibias and cultured. Cell counting and colony-forming assays demonstrated that growth rates of MSCs dropped substantially with increasing passages. Flow cytometry on MSCs at passage 1 showed that cells expressed high level of CD49a and low level of CD44 as well as stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4). Multi-differentiation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) tests demonstrated that rabbit MSCs were capable to differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that rabbit MSCs produced a series of hematopoietic growth factors, including stem cell factor (SCF), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). Subsequently, rabbit MSCs were transduced with rAAV2EGFP in vitro. By comparing the transduction efficiency with different doses of rAAV2EGFP particles, multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 x 10 4 was identified as an optimal parameter for the transduction of rAAV2 in rabbit MSCs. Fluorescent microscopy demonstrated long-term expression of EGFP in rabbit MSCs after transduction both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, cell proliferation assay, adipogenic induction test and flow cytometry showed that rAAV2EGFP transduced MSCs exhibited a similar pattern with non-transduced cells on the cell growth, capacity of adipogenic differentiation and expression of surface antigens, indicating that rabbit MSCs maintain their stem cell properties after rAAV2EGFP transduction.
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Dentistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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12

Lloyd, Brandon R. "Comparison of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Limb and Jaw Bones." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1458678153.

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13

Both, Sanne Karijn. "Embryonic stem cells in bone tissue engineering." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2008. http://doc.utwente.nl/58765.

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14

O'Shaughnessy, Margaret Clare. "Nitric oxide mediated effects on bone cells." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367610.

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15

Amofah, Eunice. "Bone marrow stem cells in liver disease." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497234.

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16

Gu, Yuchun. "Investigation of ion channels on bone cells." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369360.

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17

Birch, Mark Andrew. "Investigations of bone cells in Paget's disease." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333632.

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18

Rawlinson, Simon Charles Fielding. "Early loading-related responses of bone cells." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313688.

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19

Hall, Brett Matthew. "Effects of high dose chemotherapy on the bone marrow microenvironment." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2558.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 173 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-169).
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20

Kwong, Rebecca Sze-Wai. "Interaction of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on neuroblastoma cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48541485.

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Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were first discovered in the 1970s by scientist A.J. Friedenstein and his colleagues. Friedenstein isolated the first mesenchymal stem cells and was credited for discovering its multilineage differentiation potential. To this day, an extensive amount of research has been conducted on the use of these cells in the treatment of degenerative diseases and various autoimmune disorders. Its migratory ability and immunosuppressive characteristics make MSCs advantageous in an inflammatory environment. Recently, MSCs were also found to have the ability to phagocytose apoptotic bodies generated from T-cells and B-cells. Objectives In this study, we sought to investigate the phagocytic capability of MSCs further in a cancer setting and observe whether or not MSCs could become immunostimulatory cells after phagocytosis of apoptotic cancer cells. Methods To conduct this study, we first used UV-irradiation to generate apoptotic cells from 3 neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines. After apoptotic NB cells were generated, they were then co-cultured with MSCs for phagocytosis to occur. To detect phagocytosis, we stained the apoptotic NB cells with a red fluorescent dye PKH-26 and MSCs with CFSE, a green fluorescent dye. Then, we used flow cytometry to detect the percentage of phagocytosis. After phagocytosis, we collected the supernatants from the MSCs treated with the apoptotic NB cells and observed how the IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine levels changed compared to the levels from the supernatant of the MSCs only. Results and Conclusions After conducting this experiment, our results showed that in a cancer environment MSCs were able to phagocytose apoptotic NB cells. Furthermore, after phagocytosis the IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine levels increased significantly in the MSCs treated with apoptotic NB cells compared to the control group with MSCs only. Since IL-6 and IL-8 are both considered pro-inflammatory cytokines, we can conclude that after phagocytosis of apoptotic NB cells, MSCs can become immunostimulatory cells. To further confirm our findings, various other cytokines should be tested and more experiments should be done. This way, a more complete picture can be generated describing how MSC cytokine secretion activity changes after phagocytosis of apoptotic neuroblastoma cells.
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Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Master
Master of Medical Sciences
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21

Tsui, Yat-ping, and 徐軼冰. "Derivation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from adult bone marrow stromal cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197485.

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Myelin is essential for neuronal survival and maintenance of normal functions of the nervous system. Demyelinating disorders are debilitating and are often associated with failure of resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to differentiate into mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. Derivation of OPCs, from a safe source that evades ethical issues offers a solution to remyelination therapy. We therefore hypothesized that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) harbour neural progenitor cells at a pre-commitment stage and that in vitro conditions can be exploited to direct differentiation of these cells along the oligodendroglial lineage. For the current study, adult rat BMSCs used were >90% immunopositive for CD90, CD73, STRO-1 (stromal cell markers), 10% for nestin (neural progenitor marker) but negligible for CD45 (haematopoietic cell marker) as measured by flow cytometry. Transfer of the culture from a highly adhesive substratum to a moderately adhesive substratum resulted in increase in proportion of p75-positive cells but CD49b-positive cells remained at 97% and Sox 10-positive cells remained negligible. Transfer of the culture to a non-adherent substratum fostered the generation of neurospheres comprising cells that were positive for the neural stem/progenitor cell (NP) marker, nestin, and for the neural crest markers CD49b, p75 and Sox10. Prior to this stage, the BMSCs were not yet committed to the neural lineage even though transient upregulation of occasional marker may suggest a bias towards the neural crest cell lineage. The BM-NPs were then maintained in adherent culture supplemented with beta-Heregulin (β-Her), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA) to direct differentiation along the oligodendroglial lineage. Within two weeks of glial induction, cells expressing the OPC markers - NG2, Olig2, PDGFRa and Sox10, were detectable and these could be expanded in culture for up to 3 months with no observable decline in marker expression. These BM-OPCs matured into myelinating oligodendrocytes after 2 weeks in co-culture with either dorsal root ganglion neurons or cortical neurons. In vivo myelination by BM-OPCs was demonstrated by exploitation of the non-myelinated axons of retinal ganglion cells of adult rats. By 8 weeks post-injection of BM-OPCs into the retina, myelin basic protein-positive processes were also observable along the retinal axons. The results not only suppport our hypothesis, but also provide pointers to the adult bone marrow as a safe and accessible source for the derivation of OPCs towards transplantation therapy in acute demyelinating disorders.
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Biochemistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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22

Raveney, Ben J. E. "Interactions between CD8+ T cells and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/dbbc656f-a103-4787-aeb9-f203c3f0082b.

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23

Baba, Shinji. "Commitment of bone marrow cells to hepatic stellate cells in mouse." Kyoto University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144726.

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24

Bhattacharjee, Atanu. "The potential of umbilical cord cells, autologous bone marrow stromal cells and autologous chondrocytes for bone and cartilage repair." Thesis, Keele University, 2018. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/4592/.

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Aims: To evaluate the in vitro potential of umbilical cord(UC)-derived cells as an allogeneic cell source that could be used ‘off-the-shelf’ in orthopaedics for bone and cartilage regeneration. The study also assesses the in-vivo efficacy of cell therapy in orthopaedics for the formation of de novo bone, cartilage and integration of both. Methods: - In vitro potential of cells isolated from the four structural layers of the umbilical cord were characterised according to the criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). The differentiation potentials of these cell preparations, particularly for bone and cartilage formation, were also evaluated to ascertain their efficacy as potential cell sources for orthopaedic regenerative medicine. - Efficacy of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC) for new bone formation in vivo for patients with lower limb long bone nonunions were assessed with a self-controlled randomised trial. - Efficacy and structural outcome of simultaneous autologous bone plug graft to restore subchondral bone with Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) were evaluated to identify the quality and integration of the repair cartilage with the subchondral bone, described as the ‘Osplug’ technique. - Efficacy of concurrent realignment with ACI in patients with underlying chondral defects and idiopathic varus or valgus malalignments of the knee joint were studied to ascertain the outcome of simultaneous correction of the mechanical axis in patients receiving biological repair of the cartilage. Results: - Potential of UC-derived cells in bone and cartilage formation: Cell preparations from four structural regions of umbilical cord were isolated via an in vitro explant culture technique. Osteogenic differentiation in these cell preparations correlated with a significant rise in alkaline phosphatase activity in the culture medium of the differentiated cells, in comparison to their respective controls. Following chondrogenic differentiation, a considerable variation in metachromasia was noted with toluidine blue staining, although type II collagen immunostaining was predominantly absent except in one sample of cells from Wharton’s Jelly. Cells from all the four layers of UC also expressed surface markers according to the ISCT criteria for Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC). However, it did not conform to the recommended standards quantitatively on fluorometric analysis. - New bone formation in nonunion: There was absence of significant increase in new bone formation on the side of BMSC insertion in cases with nonunion of fracture. Four predictors of successful fracture union in this study were shorter in-vitro cell doubling times of patient’s BMSC, the absence of diabetes, younger age and fewer operative procedures to treat the nonunion before the trial intervention. - Bone and cartilage healing in osteochondral defects: Significant improvement in clinical and functional outcome was found at mid-term follow-up after concurrent bone graft and ACI to restore subchondral bone and cartilage. Integration of the grafted bone had a direct correlation with the clinical outcome in these patients. - Cartilage repair with realignment: Simultaneous ACI with correction of malalignment led to significant improvement in clinical outcome, particularly in patients with varus deformity. Patients with valgus deformity were noted to fail relatively early with poor outcome. Conclusion: The current thesis extends from exploring the in vitro potential of UC to the clinical application of autologous chondrocytes and BMSC for cartilage and bone regeneration. UCderived cells were noted to have properties akin to MSC with trilineage differentiation capacity. However, regeneration of new bone with BMSC in nonunions remains challenging. Nonetheless,significant clinical improvement was noted in patients receiving ACI with underlying malalignment and subchondral bone defect when treated with concurrent realignment and bone graft respectively. Further work on the immunomodulatory effect of UC-derived cells in addition to longer-term follow-up of the patients receiving cell-based therapy is required to consolidate our understanding of future cell therapy in orthopaedics.
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25

Mauney, Joshua R. "Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells : implications to bone tissue engineering strategies /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2004.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2004.
Adviser: David L. Kaplan. Submitted to the Dept. of Biotechnology Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-222). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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26

Adamek, Gaston. "Fatty acid oxidation in bone tissue and bone cells : characterization and hormonal influences /." [S.l : s.n.], 1987. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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27

Singhatanadgit, Weerachai. "Expression and regulation of bone morphogenetic protein receptors in human alveolar bone cells." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445851/.

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Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor P (TGF-P) superfamily of growth factors that stimulate osteoblast differentiation and function. They exert their biological activities through signal transduction via three specific serine/threonine kinase transmembrane receptors, designated types-IA, -IB and -II (BMPR-IA, -IB and -II). These BMP-specific receptors thus determine in part the sensitivity and responsiveness of target cells to the BMP and thereby the biological activity of the BMP. However, little is known about BMPR-IA, -IB and -II in bone. The present study was therefore carried out to examine the expression and regulation of the BMPR in primary human alveolar bone (AB) cells in vitro. Cells were obtained from explants of human AB and exhibited a number of characteristic phenotypic features of osteoblasts. They were also found to express all three BMPR mRNA transcripts and proteins, each of which had a unique subcellular distribution. For example, in addition to its expected localisation at the plasma membrane, a major proportion of BMPR-IB was also observed in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Moreover, the distribution of BMPR-IB was found to be highly regulated by TGF-pi, which caused a pronounced translocation of this receptor to the plasma membrane, resulting in a marked increase in BMP-2 binding and bone cell response. The BMPR also appeared to be differentially controlled at the post-translational level by inflammatory cytokines, which were shown, for the first time, to cause shedding of the cell surface proteins and the concurrent generation of 'soluble' forms of the BMPR. IL-1 p and TNF-ct were found to significantly induce the shedding of soluble BMPR-IB specifically, thereby reducing BMPR-IB surface expression and diminishing BMP-2- induced AB cell functions, such as Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin (OC) expression. In contrast, the expression of BMPR-IB was found to be up-regulated by osteogenic growth factors including TGF-pl, FGF-2 and PDGF-AB, which enhanced BMP-2-induced AB cell functions. The biological importance of BMPR-IB in these cells was established using an RNA interference approach, which demonstrated that the expression of pivotal osteoblast-associated genes ALP, OC, distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5) and core binding factor alpha1 (Cbfalpha1) was dependent on the BMPR-IB signalling pathway. In conclusion, the activities of the BMPR-IA, -IB and -II genes in primary human AB cells were found to be controlled by a number of biological mediators. In addition, the expression of these receptors was also regulated at both the transcriptional and post- translational levels, with BMPR-IB being the most responsive receptor, at least in vitro. These findings suggest that BMPR-IB could thus be a possible therapeutic target for eliciting improved BMP-induced bone healing in vivo.
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28

Aljazzar, Ahmed. "The role of osteocytes in the regulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701677.

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29

Shah, Mittal. "The role of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in bone physiology." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559073.

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Wang, Xiao Nong. "Quantitative analysis of alloreactive T cells in allogeneic stem cell transplantation." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362419.

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31

Liu, Limin. "Expression of follicular dendritic cell determinants by mouse bone marrow stromal cells." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ37142.pdf.

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32

Liu, Limin 1954. "Expression of follicular dendritic cell determinants by mouse bone marrow stromal cells." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27544.

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Stromal reticular cells in mouse bone marrow and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in peripheral lymphoid tissues both interact with B lymphocytes and influence their development at various stages of the B cell lineage. The possibility that BM reticular cells and FDCs may share common surface properties has been examined in mouse bone marrow by in vivo administration of $ sp{125}$I-labelled purified monoclonal antibodies (mAb) raised against mouse FDC, detecting mAb-binding by light microscope (LM) and electron microscope (EM) radioautography. Young mice were injected intravenously with $ sp{125}$I-mAb FDC-M1, FDC-M2, FDC-M3 and then perfused to remove unbound antibody. Quantitative analyses of radioautographic LM sections of femoral bone marrow revealed discrete FDC-labelling throughout bone marrow sections, especially in outer areas near the surrounding bone and intermediate areas, forming both linear arrangements and irregular patches. Electron microscopy revealed labelling aligned over delicate processes of certain reticular cells intimately associated with lympho hemopoietic cells, as well as localized regions of sinusoidal endothelium, particularly in central areas and at sites of contact with hemopoietic cells. The results demonstrate that a subset of stromal reticular cells in mouse BM express FDC-associated surface determinants, suggesting possible common lineage or functional properties.
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33

Nyambo, Rachel Netsai. "Signalling interactions between human bone marrow stromal cells and prostate cancer cells." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420799.

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34

Tang, Hoi-ching, and 鄧鎧政. "The developmental origin of osteoblasts in endochondral bone." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4659940X.

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35

Clutter, Suzanne Davis. "Chemotherapy disrupts bone marrow stromal cell function." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4528.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 180 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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36

Zachos, Terri A. "Gene-augmented mesenchymal stem cells in bone repair." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1146076285.

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37

Ilvesaro, J. (Joanna). "Attachment, polarity and communication characteristics of bone cells." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2001. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514259351.

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Abstract Bone resorbing osteoclasts require tight attachment of their plasma membrane to the bone surface in order to retain the specific microenvironment and thus to be able to dissolve the bone matrix underneath. Cadherins are transmembrane glycoproteins usually mediating homophilic calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. In the present work we have studied the effects of the cadherin CAR sequence HAV-containing hexapeptide AHAVSE on osteoclasts. The primary attachment of osteoclasts to bone surface is not affected by the peptide, suggesting that it is not mediated by cadherins. Treatment of osteoclast cultures with AHAVSE decreased the number of resorption pits and the total resorbed area. Furthermore, we show rapid inactivation of osteoclasts with AHAVSE, which is seen as a decrease in the percentage of osteoclasts with actin rings. Pan-cadherin antibodies localized cadherin-like molecule in the sealing zone area of osteoclasts. These results suggest that cadherin-like molecules may mediate the tight attachment of osteoclasts in the sealing zone area and that the decrease of resorption in AHAVSE-treated osteoclast cultures is due to prevention of sealing zone formation. We studied the polarity of mesenchymal osteoblasts using osteosarcoma cell line UMR-108 and endosteal osteoblasts in situ in bone tissue cultures. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed that the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) was targeted to the culture medium-facing surface. In endosteal osteoblasts, VSV G protein was found in the surface facing the bone marrow and circulation. On the contrary, Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) was localized to the bone substrate-facing surface of the UMR-108 cells. Electron microscopy showed that VSV particles were budding from the culture medium-facing surface, whereas Influenza viruses budded from the bone substrate-facing plasma membrane. These findings suggest the bone attaching plasma membrane of osteoblasts is apical, and the circulation or bone marrow facing plasma membrane is basolateral in nature. Gap junctions often mediate communication between different cells and cell types. In the present work, we demonstrate that rat osteoclasts show connexin-43 staining localizing in the plasma membrane of the cells in cell-cell contacts and over the basolateral membrane of osteoclasts. The effects of heptanol and Gap 27, known gap- junctional inhibitors, were studied using the well-characterized pit formation assay. The inhibitors decreased the number and activity of osteoclasts, suggesting a defect in the fusion of mononuclear osteoclast precursors to multinucleated mature osteoclasts. Furthermore, the total resorbed area and the number of resorption pits also decreased in the cultures. These results suggest that gap-junctional connexin-43 plays a functional role in osteoclasts, and that the blocking of gap junctions decreases both the number and the activity of osteoclasts.
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38

Kapanen, A. (Anita). "Biocompatibility of orthopaedic implants on bone forming cells." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2002. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514266064.

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Abstract Reindeer antler was studied for its possible use as a bone implant material. A molecular biological study showed that antler contains a growth factor promoting bone formation. Ectopic bone formation assay showed that antler is not an equally effective inducer as allogenic material. Ectopic bone formation assay was optimised for biocompatibility studies of orthopaedic NiTi implants. Ti-6Al-4V and stainless steel were used as reference materials. The assay showed differences in bone mineral densities, with superior qualities in NiTi. The rate of endochondral ossification varied between the implants, NiTi ossicles had larger cartilage and bone areas than ossicles of the two other materials. The cytocompatibility of NiTi was studied with three different methods. Cell viability, cell adhesion and TGF-β1 concentration were assessed in ROS-17/2.8 cell cultures. Cells grown on NiTi had better viability than cells grown on pure nickel or stainless steel. Cell attachment on the materials was studied with paxillin staining of focal contacts. The number of focal contacts was clearly higher in cells grown on NiTi than in cells grown on pure titanium, pure nickel or stainless steel. TGF-β1 concentration was measured with ELISA. The results showed that there was only some minor variation between NiTi, pure titanium and stainless steel. Nickel showed a lower TGF-β1 concentration. Taken together, these results suggest that NiTi is well tolerated by ROS-17/2.8 cells. The cytocompatibility of stainless steel is not so good as that of NiTi. The same tests were used to study the effects of the surface roughness of the implant on cytocompatibility. Three different surface roughness grades were compared in cell cultures on NiTi and titanium alloy discs. Titanium alloy was subjected to two different heat treatments, to compare the effects of the treatments on cytocompatibility. The studies showed that NiTi had a lesser impact on cell viability and attachment than titanium alloy. Further, rough NiTi was found to be a better tolerated surface than the others. In this study, heat treatment of titanium alloy at +850° C did not interfere with cell viability or attachment, as did the +1050° C treatment of the alloy. On the contrary, TGF-β1 concentrations decreased on the +850° C treated alloy and were approximately same on the +1050° C treated alloy and on NiTi.
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39

Randle, Wesley Liam. "Tissue engineering of bone from embryonic stem cells." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11880.

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40

Al-Khaldi, Abdulaziz A. "Therapeutic angiogenesis using autologous bone marrow stromal cells." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32749.

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Objectives. To study marrow stromal cells (MSCs) induced angiogenesis. To examine the possible mechanisms involved in the process. To evaluate neovascularization following implantation of MSCs in ischemic hind limb model.
Methods and result. Using murine Matrigel angiogenesis model, we compared MSCs related angiogenesis to that produced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor. We found that MSCs result in an efficient and organized angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis. MSC-related angiogenesis is VEGF dependent. MSCs in vivo produce VEGF that through paracrine effect induces local angiogenesis and through an autocrine loop stimulates FLK1+MSCs to differentiate into endothelial cells. MSCs implanted into ischemic hind limb resulted in marked improvement in blood flow and collateral vessels formation.
Conclusion. MSCs spontaneously induce efficient and mature angiogenesis in ischemic/hypoxic tissues with significant arteriolar component resulting in increased blood flow. They are also capable of spontaneous differentiation into endothelium. VEGF appears to be necessary for MSC-related angiogenesis and vasculogenesis.
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41

Powell, Timothy Jack. "Characterisation of rat bone marrow derived dendritic cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298613.

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42

Graves, Stephen Ellis. "Studies on human bone-derived cells in vitro." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302849.

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43

El-Gendy, Reem Omar Othman Mostafa. "Bone tissue engineering using dental pulp stem cells." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535682.

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44

Rust, Philippa Ann. "Human mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering bone." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383233/.

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My thesis hypothesises that cells isolated from human bone marrow could be stimulated to differentiate into osteoblasts and that, these cells when cultured on a scaffold could be used in the tissue engineering of bone, as the constructs could potentially be implanted into patients' bone defects resulting in increased healing. The multipotency of the bone marrow-isolated cells was assessed by the use of histological stains to show that they could be stimulated to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. The cells were further characterised by Stro- 1 and, as a result, were defined as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). More specifically, it was shown that when the cells were cultured with osteogenic stimulants, the production of osteoblastic proteins, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin increased (P<0.05), indicating that they were differentiating into osteoblasts. The cells were shown to retain their multipotent potential, and could be manipulated by surfaces and culture supplements in vitro. The ability of MSCs to differentiate in this way is fundamental for their use in tissue engineering of bone. This concept was investigated by growing marrow-isolated human MSCs on 3-dimensional porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds. In this environment, MSCs were shown to differentiate into osteoblasts, producing extracellular bone matrix proteins, even without the use of osteogenic stimulants. In order to simulate living bone conditions, where osteoblasts are perfused with tissue fluid, a novel bioreactor was developed for the culture of the MSC-HA constructs. Use of the bioreactor, to perfuse MSCs with oxygenated medium, promoted 3-dimensional growth of cells and stimulated differentiation into active osteoblasts resulting in increased production of extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the flow of medium through the scaffold encouraged the movement of cells and increased penetration into the HA (P<0.05). Cryopreservation was shown to be an effective method of storage, as it did not alter the cell function, measured by proliferation and the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts. Thus, it can be used as a practical method for storage of MSCs between harvest and implantation. These results indicate that, as marrow-isolated MSCs can be cultured successfully on a scaffold, they could be used for the tissue engineering of bone and implanted into patients to repair bone defects.
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45

McDougall, Kathleen Emma. "Evaluation of biocompatibility using human craniofacial bone cells." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368260.

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46

Qualtrough, John David. "Bone morphogenetic proteins in human embryonal carcinoma cells." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311810.

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47

Matthews, Natalie Anne. "Functional characterisation of Notch signalling in bone cells." Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442415.

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48

Spencer, Gary James. "Glutamate recycling and signalling mechanisms in bone cells." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399248.

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49

Marcotti, Stefania. "Mechanical characterisation of bone cells and their glycocalyx." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19596/.

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Mechanotransduction refers to the process by which a cell is able to translate mechanical stimulation into biochemical signals. In bone, mechanotransduction regulates how cells detect environmental stimuli and use these to direct towards bone deposition or resorption. The mechanical properties of bone cells have an impact on the way mechanical stimulation is sensed, however, little evidence is available about how these properties influence mechanotransduction. The aim of the present Thesis was to quantify the mechanical properties of bone cells with a combined experimental and computational approach. Atomic force microscopy was employed to quantify the stiffness of bone cells and their glycocalyx. Changes in cell stiffness during osteocytogenesis were explored. Single molecule force spectroscopy of glycocalyx components was performed to evaluate their anchoring to the cytoskeleton. A single cell finite element model was designed to discern the contributions of sub-cellular components in response to simulated cell nano-indentation. Wide ranges of variation were found for bone cell stiffness and a method was proposed to determine suitable sample sizes to capture population heterogeneity. By targeting single components of the bone glycocalyx, it was possible to hypothesise different mechanotransduction mechanisms depending on the hyaluronic acid attachment to the cytoskeleton. The developed computational framework showed similar results to the nano-indentation experiments and highlighted the role of the actin cytoskeleton in withstanding compression and distributing strain within the cell.
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50

Davies, Julie Theresa. "Activation of adhesion of bone marrow stromal cells." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656858.

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Osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, derive from multipotential bone marrow stromal precursors called colony-forming units-fibroblastic (CFU-F). CFU-F rapidly adhere to plastic upon culture ex vivo, adhesion of such stromal precursors to bone in vivo is likely to be an early event in the anabolic response to bone stimulatory factors. It has been suggested that osteoclasts are involved in the activation of bone formation during bone remodelling. In order to test this, osteoclast conditioned medium was prepared from osteoclasts cultured on either plastic or bone. It was then used as culture medium for bone marrow cells. It was found that the conditioned medium was unable to increase the adherence of bone marrow cells and therefore the number of CFU-F when cultured in 6-well plates. The ability of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to enhance bone formation has recently been exploited in the treatment of osteoporosis. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. PTH and other possible osteoblast activating factors were tested for the ability to activate adhesion of CFU-F in vitro. For this, bone marrow cells were incubated in PTH for varying times. Non-adherent cells were then removed, and the adherent cells were incubated in PTH-free medium for 14 days to assess, as colony formation, the number of CFU-F that had adhered in the preceding period. Incubation in PTH caused a substantial increase in the number of CFU-F that adhered within 24 h. This increase was abrogated by peptidic inhibitors of integrins. The increase did not appear to be mediated through a PTHinduced increase in interleukin-6, since interleukin-6 had no effect on CFU-F numbers when substituted for PTH. Similarly, adhesion was unaffected by incubation of bone marrow cells in dibutyryl cyclic AMP, nor by inhibitors or donors of nitric oxide. However, activation of CFU-F in vitro by PTH was strongly inhibited by indomethacin and mimicked by Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). To test the effects of PTH in vivo, the number of CFU-F that could be extracted from murine bone marrow after administration of an anabolic dose of PTH were measured. A dramatic reduction in the number of CFU-F that could be extracted from their bone marrow commenced within 2 h of treatment. It was also found that indomethacin reversed the PTH mediated reduction of CFU-F that could be extracted from mouse bone marrow. Intermittent PTH administered over a 6 day period increased the dynamic parameters associated with bone formation and there was a concomitant increase in the number of osteoblasts on bone surfaces. These results suggested that PTH rapidly activates adhesion of CFU-F to plastic or bone surfaces. This activation may represent an early event in the anabolic response of bone cells to PTH.
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