Journal articles: 'Bone and Bones – anatomy – histology'

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Mark, M. P., C. W. Prince, T. Oosawa, S. Gay, A. L. Bronckers, and W. T. Butler. "Immunohistochemical demonstration of a 44-KD phosphoprotein in developing rat bones." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 7 (July 1987): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.7.3295029.

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Polyclonal antibodies against a 44-KD phosphoprotein (44K BPP) from rat bone were raised in rabbits, affinity-purified, and used as probes to study the protein's distribution in various types of developing bones from newborn rats. Three immunostaining procedures were applied utilizing indirect immunofluorescence, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex, and avidin-gold complex with silver enhancement. All methods gave essentially identical and/or complementary results. Antigenicity for anti-44K BPP was detected in endochondral and membranous bone. In the latter, it was also demonstrated in the osteoid. In the woven bone of lower jaw, immunoreactivity for anti-44K BPP antibodies was found in fibroblast-shaped cells (pre-osteoblasts) that were between the bone trabeculae but not in direct contact with bony extracellular material. In addition to these presumed osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts as well as osteocytes were strongly stained; the cytoplasmic staining was associated with the Golgi apparatus. Occasionally immunoreactivity was detected in osteoclasts, but in these cells immunostaining was either diffusely spread in the cytoplasm or present only at sites of bone erosion. These findings support the hypothesis that the 44K BPP is a protein made by osteoblasts and is localized predominantly in bone. Furthermore, the protein appears to be expressed early in histogenesis of the bone-forming cells.

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Neumann, Paul E., and Thomas R. Gest. "How many bones? Every bone in my body." Clinical Anatomy 33, no. 2 (July 2019): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.23425.

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Chinsamy, Anusuya, and Trevor H. Worthy. "Histovariability and Palaeobiological Implications of the Bone Histology of the Dromornithid, Genyornis newtoni." Diversity 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050219.

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The bone microstructure of extinct animals provides a host of information about their biology. Although the giant flightless dromornithid, Genyornis newtoni, is reasonably well known from the Pleistocene of Australia (until its extinction about 50–40 Ka), aside from various aspects of its skeletal anatomy and taxonomy, not much is known about its biology. The current study investigated the histology of fifteen long bones of Genyornis (tibiotarsi, tarsometatarsi and femora) to deduce information about its growth dynamics and life history. Thin sections of the bones were prepared using standard methods, and the histology of the bones was studied under normal and polarised light microscopy. Our histological analyses showed that Genyornis took more than a single year to reach sexual maturity, and that it continued to deposit bone within the OCL for several years thereafter until skeletal maturity was attained. Thus, sexual maturity and skeletal maturity were asynchronous, with the former preceding the latter. Our results further indicated that Genyornis responded to prevailing environmental conditions, which suggests that it retained a plesiomorphic, flexible growth strategy. Additionally, our analyses of the three long bones showed that the tibiotarsus preserved the best record of growth for Genyornis.

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Nakamura, Y., A. Yamaguchi, T. Ikeda, and S. Yoshiki. "Acid phosphatase activity is detected preferentially in the osteoclastic lineage by pre-treatment with cyanuric chloride." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 10 (October 1991): 1415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.10.1940313.

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We previously reported a simple method to detect osteoid matrices in decalcified bone sections by pre-treatment with cyanuric chloride. We have applied this technique to identify osteoclasts and their precursors in rats. In JB-4 sections prepared from untreated bone tissues with cyanuric chloride, both acid phosphatase (ACP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were found not only in osteoclasts and bone marrow mononuclear cells but also in osteoblasts. In contrast, treatment of bones with cyanuric chloride resulted in staining ACP preferentially in osteoclasts and mononuclear cells adjacent to the bone surface. In the osteoclasts and most of the ACP-positive mononuclear cells, autoradiography showed calcitonin binding. Decalcification with EDTA did not affect the staining for ACP activity in bones treated with cyanuric chloride. It was possible to simultaneously identify ACP and osteoid matrix in a decalcified section. In soft tissues without treatment with cyanuric chloride, both ACP and TRAP were detected in splenic macrophages, alveolar macrophages, and proximal convoluted ducts in kidney. Neither ACP nor TRAP was found in these cell types in the tissues treated with cyanuric chloride. This procedure provides a new, simple method to identify a more restricted population in the osteoclastic lineage than that detected by TRAP staining.

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Nakano, Yukiko, Hadil F. Al-Jallad, Aisha Mousa, and Mari T. Kaartinen. "Expression and Localization of Plasma Transglutaminase Factor XIIIA in Bone." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 55, no. 7 (March 19, 2007): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.6a7091.2007.

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Transglutaminases (TGs) are protein crosslinking enzymes involved in cell adhesion and signaling and matrix stabilization and maturation, in many cell types and tissues. We previously described that in addition to transglutaminase 2 (TG2), cultured MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts also express the plasma TG Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA). Here we report on the expression and localization of FXIIIA in bone in vivo and provide confirmatory in vitro data. Immuno-histochemistry and in situ hybridization demonstrated that FXIIIA is expressed by osteoblasts and osteocytes in long bones formed by endochondral ossification (femur) and flat bones formed primarily by intramembranous ossification (calvaria and mandible). FXIIIA immuno-reactivity was localized to osteoblasts, osteocytes, and the osteoid. RT-PCR analysis revealed FXIIIA expression by both primary osteoblasts and by the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line. Western blot analysis of bone and MC3T3-E1 culture extracts demonstrated that FXIIIA is produced mainly as a small, 37-kDa form. Sequential RT-PCR analysis using overlapping PCR primers spanning the full FXIIIA gene showed that the entire FXIIIA gene is expressed, thus indicating that the 37-kDa FXIIIA is not a splice variant but a product of posttranslational proteolytic processing. Forskolin inhibition of osteoblast differentiation revealed that FXIIIA processing is regulated by the protein kinase A pathway.

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Ikegame, Mika, Sadakazu Ejiri, and Hirohiko Okamura. "Expression of Non-collagenous Bone Matrix Proteins in Osteoblasts Stimulated by Mechanical Stretching in the Cranial Suture of Neonatal Mice." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 2 (August 16, 2018): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155418793588.

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We investigated the influence of mechanical stretching on the genetic expression pattern of non-collagenous bone matrix proteins in osteoblasts. The cranial sutures of neonatal mice were subjected to ex vivo mechanical stretching. In the non-stretched control group, as osteoblast differentiation progressed, the successive genetic expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) was detected using in situ hybridization, in that order. In the stretched group, the sutures were widened, and after 24 hr of cultivation, a large number of osteoblasts and abundant new osteoid were observed on the borders of the parietal bones. All new osteoblasts expressed BSP and some of them expressed OPN, but very few of them expressed OCN. After 48 hr, more extensive presence of osteoid was noted on the borders of the parietal bones, and this osteoid was partially mineralized; all osteoblasts on the osteoid surface expressed BSP, and more osteoblasts expressed OPN than those after 24 hr cultivation. Surprisingly, many of the osteoblasts that did not express OPN, expressed OCN. This suggests that when osteoblast differentiation is stimulated by mechanical stress, the genetic expression pattern of non-collagenous proteins in the newly differentiated osteoblasts is affected.

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Schwartz, Z., A. Ornoy, and W. A. Soskolne. "An in vitro Assay of Bone Development Using Fetal Long Bones of Mice: Morphological Studies." Cells Tissues Organs 124, no. 3-4 (1985): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146118.

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Zhang, Chenyang, Shuai Zhang, and Yao Sun. "Expression of IFT140 During Bone Development." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 10 (June 25, 2019): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155419859357.

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Primary cilia, hair-like organelles projecting from the surface of cells, are critical for sensing extracellular stimuli and transmitting molecular signals that regulate cell functions. During bone development, cell cilia are found in several types of cells, but their roles require further investigation. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the formation and maintenance of most eukaryotic cilia. IFT140 is a core protein of the IFT-A complex. Mutations in IFT140 have been associated with cases of skeletal ciliopathies. In this study, we examined the expression of IFT140 during bone development. The results showed that, compared with many soft tissues, Ift140 (mRNA level) was highly expressed in bone. Moreover, its expression level was downregulated in the long bones of murine osteoporosis models. At the histological level, IFT140 was characteristically expressed in osteoblasts and chondrocytes at representative stages of bone development, and its expression level in these two types of cells was observed in two waves. These findings suggest that IFT140 may play an important role in the process of chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation during bone development.

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Seiffert, D. "Detection of vitronectin in mineralized bone matrix." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 44, no. 3 (March 1996): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/44.3.8648088.

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Adhesive glycoproteins in the bone matrix are of critical importance for cell anchorage, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and regulation of bone metabolism. The localization of the adhesive glycoprotein vitronectin (Vn) in murine bone tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Vitronectin was present throughout the mineralized bone matrix of cancellous and cortical bone, whereas cartilage was devoid of Vn staining. To exclude the possibility that the positive Vn staining resulted from plasma Vn in blood vessels within the bone sections, adjacent tissue sections were stained with antibodies to fibrinogen, and abundant plasma protein. Fibrinogen immunoreactivity was confined to blood vessels in the bone marrow and Haversian system, whereas the mineralized bone matrix was devoid of staining. The presence of Vn in murine bones was confirmed by sequential extraction, followed by fractionation of the resulting polypeptides by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis. Hydroxyapatite affinity chromatography raises the possibility that mineral interactions, at least in part, mediate the incorporation of Vn into the bone matrix. These results indicate that Vn is a specific component of bone tissue and raise the possibility that Vn is involved in regulation of bone metabolism.

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Frota Ruchon, Andréa, Mieczyslaw Marcinkiewicz, Géraldine Siegfried, Harriet S. Tenenhouse, Luc DesGroseillers, Philippe Crine, and Guy Boileau. "Pex mRNA Is Localized in Developing Mouse Osteoblasts and Odontoblasts." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 4 (April 1998): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600405.

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Mutations in PEX, a phosphate-regulating gene with homology to endopeptidase on the X chromosome, were recently identified in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), an inherited disorder of phosphate homeostasis characterized by growth retardation and rachitic and osteomalacic bone disease. To understand the mechanism by which loss of PEX function elicits the mutant phenotype, a study of its mRNA localization and ontogenesis was undertaken. Using the reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) with polyA+ RNA purified from mouse testis, a 337-bp Pex cDNA fragment was generated and cloned in the pCRII plasmid. The cDNA was used to generate sense and anti-sense Pex riboprobes for in situ hybridization (ISH) and Northern analysis. To survey a large number of different tissues, sagittal sections of embryos and newborn mice were examined. ISH showed the presence of Pex mRNA in osteoblasts and odontoblasts. Pex gene expression was detectable on Day 15 of embryonic development, which coincides with the beginning of intercellular matrix deposition in bones. Finally, Northern analysis of total RNA from calvariae and teeth of 3-day-old and adult mice showed that the abundance of the 7-kb Pex transcript is decreased in adult bones and in nongrowing teeth. The present study demonstrates that Pex mRNA is expressed in bones and teeth and suggests that this putative endopeptidase plays an important role in the development of these tissues.

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Eckhard, Andreas H., Jennifer T. O’Malley, Joseph B. Nadol, and Joe C. Adams. "Mechanical Compression of Coverslipped Tissue Sections During Heat-induced Antigen Retrieval Prevents Section Detachment and Preserves Tissue Morphology." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 6 (January 29, 2019): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155419826940.

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Heat-induced antigen retrieval (HIAR) is routinely employed on aldehyde-fixed tissue sections to enhance the reactivity of antibodies that exhibit weak or no specific interactions with tissue antigens when applied in conventional immunohistochemical protocols. A major drawback of HIAR protocols is, however, the heat-induced detachment of sections from the microscope slide with resultant impaired tissue morphology or loss of the section. We developed a method in which tissue sections mounted on glass slides are temporally coverslipped, and a clamp is used to compress the sections on the microscope slide during HIAR treatment. This “pressurized coverslipping” during HIAR was tested on various formalin-fixed tissues (murine kidneys and temporal bones, human tonsils and temporal bones) that were embedded in paraffin or celloidin. The method reliably kept the sections adherent to the slide, preserved the tissue morphology, and effectively retrieved tissue antigens for improved results in immunohistochemical labeling, even for exceptionally delicate, large, and poorly adhering sections, that is, decalcified human temporal bone sections. In summary, we present a simple method for improved slide adherence and morphological preservation of tissue sections during HIAR treatment that can be combined with all HIAR protocols and that requires only basic lab equipment.

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Åberg, Thomas, Ritva Rice, David Rice, Irma Thesleff, and Janna Waltimo-Sirén. "Chondrogenic Potential of Mouse Calvarial Mesenchyme." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 53, no. 5 (May 2005): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.4a6518.2005.

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Facial and calvarial bones form intramembranously without a cartilagenous model; however, cultured chick calvarial mesenchyme cells may differentiate into both osteoblasts and chondroblasts and, in rodents, small cartilages occasionally form at the sutures in vivo. Therefore, we wanted to investigate what factors regulate normal differentiation of calvarial mesenchymal cells directly into osteoblasts. In embryonic mouse heads and in cultured tissue explants, we analyzed the expression of selected transcription factors and extracellular matrix molecules associated with bone and cartilage development. Cartilage markers Sox9 and type II collagen were expressed in all craniofacial cartilages. In addition, Msx2 and type I collagen were expressed in sense capsule cartilages. We also observed that the undifferentiated calvarial mesenchyme and the osteogenic fronts in the jaw expressed Co∗∗∗l2A1. Moreover, we found that cultured mouse calvarial mesenchyme could develop into cartilage. Of the 49 explants that contained mesenchyme, intramembranous ossification occurred in 35%. Only cartilage formed in 4%, and both cartilage and bone formed in 4%. Our study confirms that calvarial mesenchyme, which normally gives rise to intramembranous bone, also has chondrogenic potential.

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van de Wijngaert, F. P., and E. H. Burger. "Demonstration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in un-decalcified, glycolmethacrylate-embedded mouse bone: a possible marker for (pre)osteoclast identification." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 10 (October 1986): 1317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.10.3745910.

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Fixed, undecalcified mouse long bones were embedded in glycol methacrylate (GMA), sectioned, and incubated for acid phosphatase in the presence or absence of tartrate, to investigate the feasibility of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a histochemical marker for osteoclast identification. Naphthol AS-BI phosphate was used as the substrate and hexazonium pararosanaline as coupler. Cytocentrifuge preparations of mouse, rat, and quail bone marrow or frozen and GMA sections of mouse splenic tissue were used as controls to specify acid phosphatase activity. After adequate fixation, acid phosphatase activity sensitive to tartrate inhibition (TS-AP) was demonstrated in macrophages from spleen, bone marrow, and loose connective tissue surrounding bone rudiments. Acid phosphatase activity resistant to tartrate inhibition (TR-AP), was detected in multi-nuclear osteoclasts and in some mononuclear cells from bone marrow and periosteum. In cytocentrifuge preparations and frozen sections of mouse spleen, TR-AP was demonstrated after simultaneous incubation with substrate and tartrate. In GMA sections, however, TR-AP could only be demonstrated after pre-incubation with tartrate before application of substrate. We suggest that histochemical demonstration of TR-AP versus TS-AP on GMA-embedded bone sections by means of a pre-incubation method can be used as an identification marker of (pre)osteoclasts. Plastic embedding is recommended for its excellent preservation of morphology and enzyme activity.

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Helder, M. N., E. Ozkaynak, K. T. Sampath, F. P. Luyten, V. Latin, H. Oppermann, and S. Vukicevic. "Expression pattern of osteogenic protein-1 (bone morphogenetic protein-7) in human and mouse development." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 10 (October 1995): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.10.7560881.

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Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1; BMP-7) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein subfamily. Because members of the TGF-beta superfamily have a role in tissue development, the distribution of OP-1 expression in developing human embryos (5-8 gestational weeks) and fetuses (8-14 gestational weeks) and mouse (9.5-17.5 gestational days) fetuses was examined. Northern hybridization with specific OP-1 probes revealed two mRNA species of 4 and 2.2 KB. Highest levels of OP-1 mRNA were found in human fetal kidney and heart between 12-14 weeks of gestation. By in situ hybridization, the OP-1 transcripts were found in various tissues, i.e., the ectodermal epithelium of the mouse fore- and hindlimbs, heart, teeth, intestinal epithelium, perichondrium, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and periosteum/osteoblast layer of developing human bones. In kidneys, transcripts were first detected in the epithelium of the branching uretheric buds, whereas at later stages glomeruli were the major site of OP-1 mRNA accumulation. These data suggest that, although OP-1 has been isolated from bone matrix, it may have additional regulatory roles in the morphogenesis and/or function of the kidney, limb bud, tooth, heart, and intestine.

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Hongo, Hiromi, Tomoka Hasegawa, Masami Saito, Kanako Tsuboi, Tomomaya Yamamoto, Muneteru Sasaki, Miki Abe, et al. "Osteocytic Osteolysis in PTH-treated Wild-type and Rankl−/− Mice Examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Isotope Microscopy." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 68, no. 10 (September 18, 2020): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155420961375.

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To demonstrate the ultrastructure of osteocytic osteolysis and clarify whether osteocytic osteolysis occurs independently of osteoclastic activities, we examined osteocytes and their lacunae in the femora and tibiae of 11-week-old male wild-type and Rankl−/− mice after injection of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) [1-34] (80 µg/kg/dose). Serum calcium concentration rose temporarily 1 hr after PTH administration in wild-type and Rankl−/− mice, when renal arteries and veins were ligated. After 6 hr, enlargement of osteocytic lacunae was evident in the cortical bones of wild-type and Rankl−/− mice, but not so in their metaphyses. Von Kossa staining and transmission electron microscopy showed broadly demineralized bone matrix peripheral to enlarged osteocytic lacunae, which contained fragmented collagen fibrils and islets of mineralized matrices. Nano-indentation by atomic force microscopy revealed the reduced elastic modulus of the PTH-treated osteocytic perilacunar matrix, despite the microscopic verification of mineralized matrix in that region. In addition, 44Ca deposition was detected by isotope microscopy and calcein labeling in the eroded osteocytic lacunae of wild-type and Rankl−/− mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that osteocytes can erode the bone matrix around them and deposit minerals on their lacunar walls independently of osteoclastic activity, at least in the murine cortical bone. (J Histochem Cytochem 68: –XXX, 2020)

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Simon, Mark R. S., Kenneth R. Holmes, and Aart M. Olsen. "Bone Mineral Content of Limb Bones of Male Weanling Rats Subjected to 30 and 60 Days of Simulated Increases in Body Weight." Cells Tissues Organs 121, no. 1 (1985): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000145933.

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Dąbrowski, K., H. Stankiewicz-Jóźwicka, A. Kowalczyk, M. Markuszewski, and B. Ciszek. "Ossa Sesamoidea — prevalence of sesamoid bones in human hands." Folia Morphologica 79, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2019.0123.

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Hermans, M. H., and D. Opstelten. "In situ visualization of hemopoietic cell subsets and stromal elements in rat and mouse bone marrow by immunostaining of frozen sections." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 12 (December 1991): 1627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.12.1940317.

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We have developed a method to section frozen long bones of rat and mouse and stained bone marrow (BM) by (double) immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase. Here we report this method and reveal the location of early hemopoietic progenitors (Thy-1) and myeloid cells (Mac-1) in mouse BM, and early hemopoietic progenitors and lymphoid cells (Thy-1), erythroid cells (HIS49), and macrophages (ED2) in rat BM. In mouse BM our new findings include (a) the scattered localization of early hemopoietic progenitors (Thy-1low) all over the marrow, and (b) the presence of Thy-1+ stromal cells, mainly subendosteally. In rat BM an important finding is that of (a) a subendosteal region of 12-14 hemopoietic cell layers characterized by an abundance of Thy-1 and the virtual absence of erythroid cells, and (b) the scattering of Thy-1very bright cells which are candidates for the earliest hemopoietic progenitors in this species. The results illustrate that the technique is an excellent tool for studying the topology of BM as an organ of hemopoiesis.

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Rueff-Barroso, Carlos Romualdo, Fernanda Vieira Botelho Delpupo, Valéria Paula Sassoli Fazan, Sérgio Ricardo Rios Nascimento, Lerud Frosi Nunes, Rudi Natalli Montenegro, Jorge Luiz Kriger, and Bernardo Garcia Barroso. "Clinical and Anatomical Aspects of Anterior Dislocation of the Pisiform Bone." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 02 (April 2, 2019): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1683860.

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Introduction The pisiform bone is the fourth bone of the proximal row of the carpal bones, and it is located in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, being considered a sesamoid bone. Traumatic dislocation of the pisiform bone is a rare condition, which usually results from a trauma in dorsal flexion of the wrist. Its treatment can be conservative or surgical, ending or not with the removal of the pisiform bone. Objective To report a case of a child who fell from his own height and presented wrist pain, diagnosed with dislocation of the pisiform bone. We emphasize the importance of anatomy knowledge in the evaluation of wrist trauma. Case Report The anamnesis confirmed that the fall occurred with the wrist in hyperextension. The physical examination showed a slight limitation of movement due to pain. Radiographic exams and a computed tomography (CT) scan of the wrist were performed, in which an anterior deviation/luxation of the pisiform bone was evidenced. A conservative treatment with plaster immobilization for analgesia was performed for 1 week. As there were no symptoms and no signs of trauma consistent with the images, such as edema and local ecchymosis, in addition to the early complete disappearance of pain, the responsible team proposed the hypothesis of asymptomatic chronic dislocation of the pisiform bone. Conclusion Imaging exams in orthopedic traumatology are fundamental for an accurate diagnosis. Nevertheless, they must be associated with knowledge of the anatomy to correlate the image findings with the anamnesis, leading to a better understanding of silent, asymptomatic, and preexisting conditions in the clinical practice.

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Jheon, Andrew, Jun Chen, William Teo, Bernhard Ganss, Jaro Sodek, and Sela Cheifetz. "Temporal and Spatial Expression of a Novel Zinc Finger Transcription Factor, AJ18, in Developing Murine Skeletal Tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 50, no. 7 (July 2002): 973–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540205000711.

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Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are characterized by their ability to induce osteoblastic differentiation. However, the mechanism of osteo-induction by BMPs has yet to be determined. Using differential display we previously identified AJ18, a zinc finger transcription factor, as an immediate-early response gene to BMP-7. AJ18 was shown to bind to the osteoblast-specific element2 (OSE2) and to modulate transactivation by Runx2, a master gene in osteoblastic differentiation. Here we describe the temporal and spatial expression of AJ18 in developing mouse tissues. AJ18 mRNA expression was observed in most tissues, except liver, and was generally highest early in embryonic development, decreasing markedly after parturition. Consistent with immunohistochemical analysis, AJ18 mRNA expression was highest in the brain, kidney, and bone of 17 dpc (days post coitum) embryos. In endochondral bones of embryonic and 4-week-old mice, immunostaining for AJ18 was strong in the nuclei of proliferating and pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, whereas there was low or no staining in hypertrophic chondrocytes. In teeth of embryonic and 4-week-old mice, nuclear staining was observed in precursor and mature ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and cementoblasts, respectively. In addition, in 4-week-old mice staining of AJ18 was observed within alveolar bone cells and periodontal ligament cells. In general, the spatial expression of AJ18 in skeletal and non-skeletal tissues of mouse embryos showed striking similarity to the expression of BMP-7 mRNA. Therefore, the expression of AJ18 is consistent with its perceived role as a transcriptional factor that regulates developmental processes downstream of BMP-7.

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Korenkov, O. "Regeneration of experimental long bone defect after implantation in its cavity of osteoplastic material “Calc-i-oss®”." Journal of Morphological Sciences 33, no. 02 (April 2016): 099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.090215.

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Abstract Introduction: There is a significant divergence of data on the rate of resorption and replacement by the bone tissue of osteoplastic materials based on β-tricalcium phosphate in cancellous bone. At the same time in literature missing morphometric and electron microscopic features of bone tissue of the regenerate of compact substance of bone in these conditions. This study was aimed at the assessment of the healing of compact bone tissue defect after implantation of osteoplastic material “Calc-i-oss®” with the definition of the dynamics of resorption and morphological characteristics of bone tissue of the regenerate. Material and Methods: In the middle third of the diaphysis of the femur of rats there was reproduced the perforated defect to the bone-brain channel that was filled with osteoplastic material “Calc-i-oss®”. After surgery the fragments of injured bones were studied at the 60th and 120th day by methods of light microscopy with morphometry and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The conducted research revealed no inflammatory reaction at the site of the defect, signs of necrobiosis and necrosis of osteocytes in adjacent to the site of implantation maternal bone. The site of defect was filled with lamellar bone tissue high in osteoblasts, osteocytes and with integrated into its structure remains of “Calc-i-oss®”. On the surface and inside the implant there were found osteogenic cells and bone foci. It was established that the osteoplastic material throughout the observation period is subjected to development and replacement by bone tissue of the regenerate, the ratio of which on the 60th day of the experiment was 25.72 ± 2.06% to 74.28 ± 2.06%, and on the 120th day - 18.31 ± 1.54% to 81.69 ± 1.54%. Conclusion: Osteoplastic material “Calc-i-oss®” exhibits biocompatibility, osteoconductive properties, ability to resorption and is replaced by bone tissue, with which it integrates well.

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Gadre, Arun K., Jose N. Fayad, Michael J. O'Leary, Rizkalla Zakhary, and Fred H. Linthicum. "Arterial Supply of the Human Endolymphatic Duct and Sac." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 108, no. 2 (February 1993): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989310800206.

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The arterial anatomy of the endolymphatic duct and sac was studied in vascular casts of methyl methacrylate of six human heads. The chief source of arterial blood supply to the endolymphatic duct and sac appeared to be the occipital artery. Arterioles entered the bone of the mastoid process. Arterioles in bone, the walls of the sigmoid sinus, and the posterior fossa dura coursed medially to supply the endolymphatic sac. The orientation of arterioles tended to be along the long axis of the endolymphatic duct and sac, whereas venules were more likely to be circumferentially oriented. Arterioles arising from dural vessels divided into deeper branches, which supplied periductal connective tissue, and superficial branches, which entered canaliculi of the vestibular aqueduct. Gross anatomic findings were confirmed by histologic examination of temporal bones.)

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Olson, Nicholas J., Carrie Y. Inwards, Doris E. Wenger, and Karen J. Fritchie. "Fibrous Dysplasia at Unusual Anatomic Sites: A Series of 86 Cases With Emphasis on Histologic Patterns." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 29, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896921997141.

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Aims. Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a benign fibro-osseous neoplasm that most commonly arises in the ribs, femur, and craniofacial bones. We analyzed features of FD arising in the spine/short tubular/small bones of the hands/feet (STSBHF), specifically assessing for pattern of bone formation (conventional, complex/anastomosing, psammomatoid/cementum like), myxoid change, and presence of osteoclast-type giant cells. Materials and methods. A total of 1958 cases of FD were reviewed, of which 131 arose in the spine/STSBHF representing 2.5% of institutional and 10% of consultation cases, respectively. Eighty-six cases had material available for review. Anatomic sites included vertebrae ( n = 58, 67%), short tubular bones ( n = 20, 23%), and small bones of the hands/feet ( n = 8, 9%). The most common morphologic pattern of bone identified was conventional ( n = 77, 90%), followed by complex/anastomosing ( n = 22, 26%) and psammomatoid/cementum like ( n = 22, 26%). Eighteen cases (21%) had matrix-poor areas. Hypercellular areas were identified in 6 cases, 2 cases of which showed matrix-poor areas. Osteoclast-type giant cells were noted in 9 cases and myxoid change was present in 3 cases. Radiologic imaging studies available for 41 cases nearly all demonstrated features typical of FD, but the diagnosis was not predicted due to the unexpected location. Conclusions. FD arising in the spine/STSBHF is rare and frequently results in expert consultation. A significant number of cases exhibited less commonly recognized patterns of bone formation, and stromal changes including osteoclast-type giant cells, and matrix poor areas. Furthermore, imaging features in the STSBHF are often less specific. Awareness of the morphologic spectrum at these locations coupled with radiologic correlation should aid in accurate classification.

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Alsafy, Mohamed A. M., Mahmoud H. El-Kammar, Samir R. Nouh, Howaida M. Abou-Ahmed, William Perez, Noelia Vazquez, and Dina Swidan. "Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Donkey Carpus." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 03 (August 2, 2019): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693719.

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Introduction Joint diseases represent most of the musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to make a radiographic and computed tomographic analysis of the structures of the donkey carpus and investigate carpal joint affections. Materials and Methods The study was performed with the use of cross-sectional anatomy, digital X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans. Twelve adult donkeys were used. Results The results provide a full description of the bones and soft tissues of the carpus. The carpal joint was examined at many levels using different CT and X-ray planes. The carpus was studied through bone and soft-tissue windows that were compared with cadaver cross-sections for interpretation. The study revealed some joint affections that were detected by the CT scans but were unapparent in X-ray films, such as bony cysts, hemorrhagic bony cysts, old and microfractures, and bony sclerosis. Some normal anatomic variants were recorded during the examination of the CT scans to assist the equine practitioners that deal with the carpal joints of donkeys. Conclusion Both imaging techniques are suitable for the examination of the carpus, and the selection of the technique is conditioned to many factors, like the type of tissue affected and economic reasons, such as the availability of the apparatus and the cost of the animal.

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Natsis, K., M. Piagkou, N. Lazaridis, N. Anastasopoulos, G. Nousios, G. Piagkos, and M. Loukas. "Incidence, number and topography of Wormian bones in Greek adult dry skulls." Folia Morphologica 78, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2018.0078.

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Bianco, P., L. W. Fisher, M. F. Young, J. D. Termine, and P. G. Robey. "Expression and localization of the two small proteoglycans biglycan and decorin in developing human skeletal and non-skeletal tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 11 (November 1990): 1549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.11.2212616.

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The messenger RNAs and core proteins of the two small chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, were localized in developing human bone and other tissues by both 35S-labeled RNA probes and antibodies directed against synthetic peptides corresponding to nonhomologous regions of the two core proteins. Biglycan and decorin expression and localization were substantially divergent and sometimes mutually exclusive. In developing bones, spatially restricted patterns of gene expression and/or matrix localization of the two proteoglycans were identified in articular regions, epiphyseal cartilage, vascular canals, subperichondral regions, and periosteum, and indicated the association of each molecule with specific developmental events at specific sites. Study of non-skeletal tissues revealed that decorin was associated with all major type I (and type II) collagen-rich connective tissues. Conversely, biglycan was expressed and localized in a range of specialized cell types, including connective tissue (skeletal myofibers, endothelial cells) and epithelial cells (differentiating keratinocytes, renal tubular epithelia). Biglycan core protein was localized at the cell surface of certain cell types (e.g., keratinocytes). Whereas the distribution of decorin was consistent with matrix-centered functions, possibly related to regulation of growth of collagen fibers, the distribution of biglycan pointed to other function(s), perhaps related to cell regulation.

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Bogoevski, Kristofor, Anna Woloszyk, Keith Blackwood, Maria A. Woodruff, and Vaida Glatt. "Tissue Morphology and Antigenicity in Mouse and Rat Tibia: Comparing 12 Different Decalcification Conditions." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 67, no. 8 (May 15, 2019): 545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155419850099.

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Conventional bone decalcification is a time-consuming process and is therefore unsuitable for clinical applications and time-limited research projects. Consequently, we compared the effect of four different decalcification solutions applied at three different temperatures, and assessed the rate of decalcification and the implications on tissue morphology and antigenicity of mouse and rat tibiae. Bones were decalcified with 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% formic acid, 5% hydrochloric acid, and 5% nitric acid at 4C, 25C, and 37C. Decalcification in both species was fastest in nitric acid at 37C and slowest in EDTA at 4C. Histological and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that the conventional protocols of EDTA at 4C and 25C remain the best option regarding the quality of tissue preservation. Whereas formic acid at 4C is a good alternative saving about 90% of the decalcification time, hydrochloric and nitric acids should be avoided particularly in case of rat tibia. By contrast, due to their smaller size, mouse tibiae had shorter decalcification times and tolerated higher temperatures and exposure to acids much better. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that depending on the specific research question and sample size, alternative decalcification methods could be used to decrease the time of decalcification while maintaining histological accuracy.

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Pretterklieber, M. L. "Dimensions and Arterial Vascular Supply of the Sesamoid Bones of the Human Hallux." Cells Tissues Organs 139, no. 1 (1990): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146983.

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Skedros, John G., Scott M. Sorenson, and Nathan H. Jenson. "Are Distributions of Secondary Osteon Variants Useful for Interpreting Load History in Mammalian Bones?" Cells Tissues Organs 185, no. 4 (2007): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000102176.

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Korenkov, Oleksii. "Comparative Effect of Calcium Phosphate Biocomposite Materials on the Healing of Experimental Defect of Compact Bone Tissue." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 03 (June 6, 2019): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688836.

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Introduction For the treatment of bone defects, a considerably large number of biocomposite calcium-phosphate materials has been developed and used. However, in the scientific literature, there is no information about the comparative effect of biocomposite materials based on β-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and collagen on the dynamics of healing of the defect of compact bone tissue. Materials and Methods The experiment was performed on 48 white Wistar rats. In the middle third of the femoral shaft, a perforated defect 2.5 mm in diameter was reproduced in the bone marrow canal, which was filled with the calcium phosphate material Collapan (Intermedapatit, Moscow, Russia) (hydroxyapatite/collagen/antibiotics) in the animals of the first group, and with Guidor easy-graft Crystal (Sunstar S.A., Etoy, Switzerland) (hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate) in the animals of the second group. Fragments of the injured bones were examined on the 15th and 30th days by light microscopy with morphometry and scanning electron microscopy. Results It was found that, in the area of implantation of Collapan and of Guidor easy-graft Crystal, signs of inflammation were not detected, and osteogenic cells exhibited high topism to biocomposite materials. The biomaterials during the entire period of the experiment are subjected to resorption and replacement by the bone tissue of the regenerate. On the 15th and 30th days of the experiment, the predominance in the rate of biomaterial resorption (of 35.04% and 53.47%, respectively) and the formation of regenerate bone tissue (of 58.67% and 50.47%, respectively) was in the area of implantation of Collapan. Conclusion The biocomposite materials tested exhibit a high biocompatibility, osteoconductive properties, and good integration with the tissues of the regenerate. However, the biocomposite material Collapan undergoes resorption and replacement by the bone tissue of the regenerate much faster, and Guidor easy-graft Crystal provides stability of the defect volume of compact bone tissue due to full resorption and good integration with the tissues of the regenerate.

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Mohamed, Reda. "Anatomical and Radiographic Study on the Skull and Mandible of the African Lion (Panthera leo)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 03 (August 9, 2019): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691756.

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Objective The taxonomic affiliations can be detected via the skull morphology. The objective of this study was to give a detailed gross anatomical and radiographic description of the bones and foramina of the skull and mandible of the lion. This information could be used in the identification of the skull and mandible of the lion, which is of great importance in taxonomic affiliation and to help the zoo veterinarians to detect, diagnose, and treat head conditions. Materials and Methods The current work was conducted on two skulls and mandibles of lions. The skulls and mandible were prepared using standard boiling and maceration technique. The gross and radiographic photos of the bones and foramina of the skull and mandible were taken using a Kodak digital camera and Siemens mobile full wave X-ray machine (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). Results The skull of the lion comprised of facial and cranial parts. The nasal openings were large, and the bony orbit was incomplete. The supraorbital foramen was absent. The zygomatic arch was large. The frontal region had a deep longitudinal depression dorsally. The mandible was a paired bone with movable articulation, and it had strongly excavated masseteric fossa with a well-developed crest. The dental formula was 30 teeth consisting of small incisors, long canines and carnassial premolars. Conclusion The current study showed that the osteology and foramina of the skull and mandible of the lion were similar to those of other mammals. The information is important for taxonomic affiliation, and wildlife forensic as well as to help the zoo veterinarians to manage clinical head diseases in this species.

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Mottershead, S. "Sesamoid bones and cartilages: An enquiry into their function." Clinical Anatomy 1, no. 1 (1988): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980010110.

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Russell, Anthony P., Matthew K. Vickaryous, and Aaron M. Bauer. "The phylogenetic distribution, anatomy and histology of the post-cloacal bones and adnexa of geckos." Journal of Morphology 277, no. 2 (November 25, 2015): 264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20494.

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Davis, W. Hodges, Mark Sobel, Edward F. DiCarlo, Peter A. Torzilli, Xianghua Deng, Mark J. Geppert, Manoj B. Patel, and Jonathan Deland. "Gross, Histological, and Microvascular Anatomy and Biomechanical Testing of the Spring Ligament Complex." Foot & Ankle International 17, no. 2 (February 1996): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079601700207.

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In recent years there has been an increased interest in the treatment of acquired pes planus. The breakdown of the medial longitudinal arch is most often seen at the talonaviculocalcaneal articulation. This suggests a relationship between the ligamentous complex at this articulation and acquired pes planus. This study was undertaken to gain a better understanding of the gross, histologic, and microvascular anatomy, as well as the biomechanics of the ligamentous structures surrounding the talonaviculocalcaneal articulation. Cadaver dissections of 38 fresh-frozen feet were performed. Detailed descriptions of the gross anatomy of the superomedial calcaneonavicular ligament, inferior calcaneonavicular ligament, and the superficial deltoid ligament were recorded. Their relationships to the posterior tibialis tendon and to the bones of the talonaviculocalcaneal articulation are described. The histology and microvascularity of these structures were also studied. Preliminary biomechanical testing was performed. It was found there are two definitive anatomic structures that are commonly called the spring ligament: the superomedial calcaneonavicular ligament (SMCN) and the inferior calcaneonavicular ligament (ICN). The SMCN ligament was found to have histologic properties that suggest significant load bearing. The histology of the ICN ligament suggests a pure tensile load function. The deltoid ligament and the posterior tibialis tendon had direct attachments to the SMCN ligament in all specimens. An articular facet composed of fibrocartilage was found in each SMCN ligament specimen. The microvascular structures showed an avascular articular facet present in the ligament. The biomechanical testing showed that the SMCN ligament and ICN ligament had strength similar to ankle ligaments. This study suggests this “spring ligament complex” has more of a “sling” function for the talar head. It is hoped that the better understanding of this region will add to our understanding of the etiology of pes planus and possible treatment alternatives.

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Lipphaus, Andreas, and Ulrich Witzel. "Finite‐Element Syntheses of Callus and Bone Remodeling: Biomechanical Study of Fracture Healing in Long Bones." Anatomical Record 301, no. 12 (November 2018): 2112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23893.

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Simon, Mark R. S., Kenneth R. H. Holmes, and Aart M. Olsen. "Effects of Simulated Increases in Body Weight on the Growth of Limb Bones in Hypophysectomized Rats." Cells Tissues Organs 121, no. 1 (1985): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000145932.

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Livne, Erella. "Introduction: Microscopy of bones, joints, and osteoarthritis." Microscopy Research and Technique 37, no. 4 (May 15, 1997): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970515)37:4<243::aid-jemt1>3.0.co;2-m.

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Goldberg, Michel, Arnaud Marchadier, Catherine Vidal, Yassine Harichane, Agnès Kamoun-Goldrat, Odile Kellermann, Tina Kilts, and Marian Young. "Differential Effects of Fibromodulin Deficiency on Mouse Mandibular Bones and Teeth: A Micro-CT Time Course Study." Cells Tissues Organs 194, no. 2-4 (2011): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000324397.

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Simon, Mark R. S., Kennet R. H. Holmes, and Aar M. Olsen. "Effects of Simulated Increases in Body Weight from Birth on the Growth of Limb Bones in Rats." Cells Tissues Organs 121, no. 1 (1985): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000145934.

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Sacragi, A., T. Ikeda, and H. Terada. "Fibulo-Tibial Weight Index – A New Criterion for Sex Identification Based on the Lower Leg Bones." Cells Tissues Organs 147, no. 3 (1993): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147503.

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Nganvongpanit, Korakot, Puntita Siengdee, Kittisak Buddhachat, Janine L. Brown, Sarisa Klinhom, Tanita Pitakarnnop, Taweepoke Angkawanish, and Chatchote Thitaram. "Anatomy, histology and elemental profile of long bones and ribs of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)." Anatomical Science International 92, no. 4 (August 4, 2016): 554–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-016-0361-y.

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Motojima, Masaru, Sho Tanimoto, Masato Ohtsuka, Taiji Matsusaka, Tsutomu Kume, and Koichiro Abe. "Characterization of Kidney and Skeleton Phenotypes of Mice Double Heterozygous for Foxc1 and Foxc2." Cells Tissues Organs 201, no. 5 (2016): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445027.

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Foxc1 and Foxc2 play key roles in mouse development. Foxc1 mutant mice develop duplex kidneys with double ureters, and lack calvarial and sternal bones. Foxc2 null mice have been reported to have glomerular abnormalities in the kidney and axial skeletal anomalies. Expression patterns of Foxc1 and Foxc2 overlap extensively and are believed to have interactive roles. However, cooperative roles of these factors in glomerular and skeletal development are unknown. Therefore, we examined the kidneys and skeleton of mice that were double heterozygous for Foxc1 and Foxc2. Double heterozygotes were generated by mating single heterozygotes for Foxc1 and Foxc2. Newborn double heterozygous mice showed many anomalies in the kidney and urinary tract resembling Foxc1 phenotypes, including duplex kidneys, double ureters, hydronephrosis and mega-ureter. Some mice had hydronephrosis alone. In addition to these macroscopic anomalies, some mice had abnormal glomeruli and disorganized glomerular capillaries observed in Foxc2 phenotypes. Interestingly, these mice also showed glomerular cysts not observed in the single-gene knockout of either Foxc1 or Foxc2 but observed in conditional knockout of Foxc2 in the kidney. Serial section analysis revealed that all cystic glomeruli were connected to proximal tubules, precluding the possibility of atubular glomeruli resulting in cyst formation. Dorsally opened vertebral arches and malformations of sternal bones in the double heterozygotes were phenotypes similar to Foxc1 null mice. Absent or split vertebral bodies in the double heterozygotes were phenotypes similar to Foxc2 null mice, whilst hydrocephalus noted in the Foxc1 phenotype was not observed. Thus, Foxc1 and Foxc2 have a role in kidney and axial skeleton development. These transcription factors might interact in the regulation of the embryogenesis of these organs.

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Herskovits, M. S., B. H. Hallas, and I. J. Singh. "Study of Sympathetic Innervation of Cranial Bones by Axonal Transport of Horseradish Peroxidase in the Rat: Preliminary Findings." Cells Tissues Organs 147, no. 3 (1993): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147501.

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Chałas, R., O. Rudzka, I. Wójcik-Chęcińska, and M. Vodanović. "The impact of type 1 diabetes on the development of the craniofacial mineralised tissues (bones and teeth): literature review." Folia Morphologica 75, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2016.0001.

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Nissinen, M. J., K. Karlstedt, E. Castrén, and P. Panula. "Expression of histidine decarboxylase and cellular histamine-like immunoreactivity in rat embryogenesis." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 12 (December 1995): 1241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.12.8537641.

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In this study we investigated the developmental expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA and the distribution of histamine-immunoreactive (histamine-ir) cells in the rat embryonic tissues. We applied Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to the rat HDC cDNA, and indirect histamine immunocytochemistry. Northern blot analysis revealed the appearance of a major (2.6 KB) HDC mRNA species in liver on embryonic Day 14. Its hybridization level peaked on Day E18, when two minor (1.6 and 3.5 KB) mRNA species were also present. During the periparturition period, a rapid decrease in HDC RNA was apparent, as the 2.6 KB mRNA species was expressed at a low level on postnatal Day P1. The embryonic liver expressed HDC on days E14-E20. On days E18 and E20, the periosteum and the epiphyseal growth plates of the endochondrally ossificating bones, and some striated muscle cells, showed hybridization signal for HDC. Histamine immunoreactivity was detected in many epithelial and neuronal cell types during embryogenesis. An intense histamine immunoreaction appeared first in essentially all cells of the liver parenchyma on day E12. This parenchymal histamine immunoreactivity disappeared by birth, after which this immunofluorescence in liver was restricted to a few scattered mast cells until adulthood. Some neurons in the peripheral sensory, sympathetic and cranial nerve ganglia were histamine-immunoreactive from day E16 to birth. In addition, many immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in the gastrointestinal muscularis externa, mesentery, salivary glands, kidney, lung, and muscle tissue. We conclude that during rat embryogenesis histamine is produced and stored transiently by cells in liver, developing bone, and a few striated muscle cells, in addition to previously reported neurons in rat brain. Many peripheral neurons, epithelial cells, and mast cells display histamine immunoreactivity during rat embryogenesis but are devoid of detectable HDC mRNA with the current method. It remains possible that histamine is formed by another enzyme or is taken up from the extracellular space. The results support the concept that a significant proportion of histamine is formed and stored by embryonic cells other than mast cells.

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Giraud-Guille, Marie-Madeleine. "Liquid crystalline order of biopolymers in cuticles and bones." Microscopy Research and Technique 27, no. 5 (April 1, 1994): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070270508.

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Koo, Bon San, Yoonah Song, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Seunghun Lee, and Jae-Bum Jun. "Prevalence and distribution of sesamoid bones in the hand determined using digital tomosynthesis." Clinical Anatomy 30, no. 5 (April 19, 2017): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22881.

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Msamati, B. C., and P. S. Igbigbi. "Radiographic appearance of sesamoid bones in the hands and feet of Malawian subjects." Clinical Anatomy 14, no. 4 (2001): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.1042.

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Kambe, K., A. Yamamoto, T. Yoshimori, K. Hirayoshi, R. Ogawa, and Y. Tashiro. "Preferential localization of heat shock protein 47 in dilated endoplasmic reticulum of chicken chondrocytes." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 7 (July 1994): 833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.7.8014466.

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We investigated the distribution of heat shock protein 47 (hsp47) in cultured chicken embryonic chondrocytes and epiphyseal chondrocytes of tibial bones from 1-day-old to 6-week-old chickens. Northern blot and immunoblot analyses revealed that hsp47 exists in epiphyseal cartilage and cultured chondrocytes. Confocal laser immunofluorescence microscopy showed that hsp47 was localized mainly in the many granular structures found in the cytoplasm that contain Type II collagen. Epiphyseal cartilage and cultured chondrocytes were embedded in LR White resin and hsp47 was detected by protein A-immunogold electron microscopy. Gold particles were localized exclusively in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the labeling density of the cisternal space of the dilated ER was always higher than that of the non-dilated ER. In all the differentiating zones of epiphyseal cartilage, the labeling density was highest in the hypertrophic cells. These findings suggest that hsp47 plays an important role(s) in the synthesis, processing, and assembly of Type II collagen.

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Amar, Eyal, Yishai Rozenblat, and Ofir Chechik. "Sesamoid and accessory bones of the hand-An epidemiologic survey in a Mediterranean population." Clinical Anatomy 24, no. 2 (October 29, 2010): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.21077.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bone and Bones – anatomy – histology'

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