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1
Wu, Hao, Zhilong Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Qing Meng, Zhaosheng Xu, Helong Zhang, Wei Qian, and Hongbing She. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression and Regulatory Characteristics Associated with Different Bolting Periods in Spinacia oleracea." Genes 15, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15010036.
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Bolting is a symbol of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants. Late bolting can effectively prolong the commercial value of spinach and is of great importance for spinach breeding. Bolting has complex regulatory networks, and current research on spinach bolting is relatively weak, with specific regulatory pathways and genes unclear. To clarify the regulatory characteristics and key genes related to bolting in spinach, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis. In this study, 18 samples from three periods of bolting-tolerant spinach material 12S3 and bolting-susceptible material 12S4 were analyzed using RNA-seq on, resulting in 10,693 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment and co-expression trend analysis indicated that most DEGs were enriched in the photoperiod pathway, the hormone signaling pathway, and the cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthetic pathways. According to the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), SpFT (SOV4g003400), SOV4g040250, and SpGASA1 (SOV6g017600) were likely to regulate bolting through the gibberellin and photoperiod pathways, and SpELF4 (SOV1g028600) and SpPAT1 (SOV4g058860) caused differences in early and late bolting among different cultivars. These results provide important insights into the genetic control of bolting in spinach and will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of bolting in leafy vegetables.
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Cramer, Christopher S. "Performance of Fall-sown Onion Cultivars Using Four Seeding Dates." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 4 (July 2003): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.4.0472.
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As fall-sown onions are seeded earlier, an increase in premature seedstalk (bolting) incidence is observed for bolting-susceptible cultivars. The mechanism of resistance for bolting-resistant cultivars is not well known. Four fall-sown cultivars (Daybreak, NuMex Mesa, NuMex Sweetpak, Texas Early White), that differed in their bolting susceptibility, were seeded on four separate dates in September, each one week apart, in Las Cruces, N.M., to observe their growth and performance at each seeding date. Plant height and leaf number were measured monthly throughout the growing season from 10 plants in each plot. Prior to harvest, the number of plants that bolted were counted. When 80% of the plants in a plot were mature, the bulbs were harvested and the maturity date, disease resistance, bulb yield, and percentage of single centers were recorded. In general, earlier seeding dates resulted in larger plants with more leaves than later seeding dates when compared early in the growing season. By harvest time, plants from later seeding dates were comparable in height and had produced more leaves than earlier seeded plants. Plant height of `NuMex Mesa' (bolting resistant) was less than the plant height of bolting-susceptible cultivars. Bolting-resistant and bolting-susceptible cultivars produced similar numbers of leaves throughout the season. The mechanism of bolting resistance for `NuMex Mesa' may be a smaller plant size and/or a greater plant size required for receptivity to bolting-inducing temperatures as compared to bolting-susceptible cultivars. In general, cultivars exhibited less bolting, later maturity dates, and an increase in bulb yield with a delay in seeding.
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Fan, Li, Yan Wang, and Yong Kun He. "Meteorological Condition Prediction Research of the Stem Mustard Premature Bolting in early Season." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.687.
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With the demand of the stem mustard premature bolting forecast in Fuling area, from the biology characteristics of stem mustard’s early bolting, the paper analyzes the two-season planting test data of stem mustard in 2011, and screens the significant meteorological factors that affecting the stem mustard premature bolting, which is average air temperature of the first 9-12 days after sowing, the maximum temperature and precipitation days in the stage of sowing - 3 leaf, and then establishes the prediction model of stem mustard premature bolting by Logistic equation. Finally, the planting test data in 2012 are used to test the model, which can better simulate the occurrences of stem mustard premature bolting, and forecast has good feasibility. Keyword: Stem mustard; Premature bolting; Two-season; Prediction
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Wang, Yubo, Bingyan Li, Yunfeng Li, Wei Du, Yueting Zhang, Yingyan Han, Chaojie Liu, Shuangxi Fan, and Jinghong Hao. "Application of exogenous auxin and gibberellin regulates the bolting of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)." Open Life Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0043.
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Abstract Plant bolting is regulated and controlled by various internal and external factors. We aimed to provide an improved method for breeding to determine whether there is a synergism between hormones and to explore the regulatory effect of plant hormones on the bolting of leaf lettuce. Lettuce plants were sprayed with exogenous auxin and gibberellin separately or in combination. The specific bolting period was determined by the change in stem length and cytological observation. The dynamic changes in endogenous hormones and genes closely related to bolting were analyzed. Treatment with gibberellin alone and the combined application of auxin and gibberellin induced bolting on the fourth day, and treatment with auxin alone resulted in bolting on the eighth day. In the early bolting stage, the auxin contents in the stems of the treatment groups, especially the combined gibberellin and auxin group, were higher than those of the control group. After the application of exogenous auxin and gibberellin, we found that the expression of the ARF8 and GID1 genes was upregulated. Based on the results of our study, combined treatment with exogenous gibberellin and auxin was the best method to promote the bolting of leaf lettuce, and the ARF8 and GID1 genes are closely related to this process.
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Borkowski, Jan, and Leszek S. Jankiewicz. "Inhibition of spinach bolting by growth regulators." Acta Agrobotanica 32, no. 2 (2015): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1979.021.
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Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) plants must be harvested during a short period of time because they bolt just after producing some edible leaves. Maleic hydrazide (MH) and its commercial preparation "Antyrost" were found to inhibit bolting very strongly. The preparation Off-shoot-O showed very weak activity in suppressing bolting but diminished markedly the resistance of spinach plants to fungus diseases. Triiodobenzoic acid stimulated bolting, and the retardant succinic acid-2-2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) did not affect bolting. Application of MH to inhibit spinach bolting cannot be recommended in practice before investigating the residues of this compound in leaves.
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Liu, Fu Sheng, Lian Guo Wang, Lei Sun, and Gang Gang Dong. "Researches on the Relationship between Characteristic Parameters of Surrounding Rock and Structural Parameters of Bolting-Grounting Support Body Based on the Ideal Elastic-Plastic Support Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.605.
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For the time being the theory about the failure mechanism of the soft rocks, mechanical behavior of bolting-grouting support body in soft rocks has not been fully comprehended. The design of the bolting-grouting support is mostly based on experience and by analogy, and the theoretical analysis results are far more different with the practical engineering. To solve the problem, the researches on the bolting-grouting support mechanism of the soft rocks and the interrelationship between characteristic parameters of the surrounding rocks and structural parameters of bolting-grouting support body are carried out based on the nested models of original surrounding rocks and the bolting-grouting structure. The qualitative and quantitative relationship between characteristic parameters of the surrounding rocks and structural parameters of bolting-grouting support is found out. At the same time, it could also provide beneficial reference to the practical engineering design and construction.
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Hao, Jing-Hong, Li-Li Zhang, Pan-Pan Li, Yan-Chuan Sun, Jian-Ke Li, Xiao-Xiao Qin, Lu Wang, et al. "Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals Molecular Basis-Associated Auxin and Photosynthesis with Bolting Induced by High Temperature." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102967.
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Bolting is a key process in the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). A high temperature can induce early bolting, which decreases both the quality and production of lettuce. However, knowledge of underlying lettuce bolting is still lacking. To better understand the molecular basis of bolting, a comparative proteomics analysis was conducted on lettuce stems, during the bolting period induced by a high temperature (33 °C) and a control temperature (20 °C) using iTRAQ-based proteomics, phenotypic measures, and biological verifications using qRT-PCR and Western blot. The high temperature induced lettuce bolting, while the control temperature did not. Of the 5454 identified proteins, 619 proteins presented differential abundance induced by high-temperature relative to the control group, of which 345 had an increased abundance and 274 had a decreased abundance. Proteins with an abundance level change were mainly enriched in pathways associated with photosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism involved in auxin (IAA) biosynthesis. Moreover, among the proteins with differential abundance, proteins associated with photosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism were increased. These findings indicate that a high temperature enhances the function of photosynthesis and IAA biosynthesis to promote the process of bolting, which is in line with the physiology and transcription level of IAA metabolism. Our data provide a first comprehensive dataset for gaining novel understanding of the molecular basis underlying lettuce bolting induced by high temperature. It is potentially important for further functional analysis and genetic manipulation for molecular breeding to breed new cultivars of lettuce to restrain early bolting, which is vital for improving vegetable quality.
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Díaz-Pérez, Juan C., Albert C. Purvis, and J. Thad Paulk. "Bolting, Yield, and Bulb Decay of Sweet Onion as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 1 (January 2003): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.1.0144.
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Bolting causes significant economic losses in sweet onion (Allium cepa L.) production. Although temperature and photoperiod are considered to be the main factors that initiate bolting in onions, preliminary results suggested that low N fertilization rates increased bolting. The objective of our study was to determine the relationships of bolting, yield and bulb decay with N fertilization rates. The N fertilization rates applied ranged from the infraoptimal to the supraoptimal (from 102 to 302 kg·ha-1 N). Shoot and bulb N content increased with increasing N rates, but there were no differences in the respective shoot and bulb N contents among cultivars. Bolting incidence declined steadily with increasing N fertilization rates up to 197 kg·ha-1 N. Bolting incidence was among the highest in the cultivar Pegasus. The percent of decayed bulbs also increased at a steady rate with the rate of N applied. Total (14.7 t·ha-1) and marketable (0.8 t·ha-1) yields at the lowest N rate (102 kg·ha-1 N) were lower (P ≤ 0.01) than those at higher N rates. Rates of N ≥145 kg·ha-1 had no significant effect on either total (mean = 33.6 t·ha-1) or marketable (mean = 21.6 t·ha-1) yields. Losses in marketable yield were primarily a combination of bolting and bulb decay and were minimized at 162 kg·ha-1 N. Yield losses at low N rates were mostly due to bolting while yield losses at high N rates were mostly due to decay. Thus, excess applications of N fertilizer should be avoided since they have little effect on yields or bolting but they increase bulb decay.
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Xu, You Lin, Hui Zhang, and Wei Zheng. "Rock Bolting Numerical Simulation Research and Application of the Face Breakthough." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 2239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.2239.
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This paper analyzes the importance of rock bolting in coal mining, and the difficult of using rock bolting in breakthough with the affect of mining, adopt hydraulic fracturing and coal-rock mass strength test methods to test the seam stress and rock strength. Make the numerical simulation of break though bolting solutions in coal mine roadway by using FLAC3D software, simulate the different distributions of pre-stressed in coal-rock with three situations, the same raw distance but different space, the same space but different raw distance, impose different preload on the roof anchor in the rock bolting of mine roadway breakthough. Then determine a reasonable bolting solution of coal mine roadway according to the case of prestressed in coal-rock.
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Rendueles, César. "Common-Pool Resources in Rock Climbing." Sociology of Sport Journal 32, no. 4 (December 2015): 436–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2014-0152.
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Sport climbing relies materially on the existence of routes equipped with bolts: vertical itineraries with anchors that allow climbers a safe ascent. Without bolting, sport climbing simply would not exist. In many countries, bolting is an altruistic individual activity that is usually neither organized nor regulated. Sport climbing bolting requires expensive hardware and sophisticated technical skills. However, equippers earn no money or prestige for this effort, which benefits many climbers. This paper develops a sociological approach to rock climbing bolting as a common-pool resource facing a deep crisis. In its early years, bolting was ruled by generalized reciprocity. The popularization of sport climbing quickly changed this framework. A small group of very active equippers has become net providers of public goods without compensation in economic or status terms.
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Smith, Patricia. "Bolting into Throat." Prairie Schooner 89, no. 4 (2016): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2016.0052.
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Jenni, Sylvie, Isabelle Gamache, John Christopher Côté, and Katrine A. Stewart. "Early Field Detection of Bolting in Celery." HortTechnology 15, no. 4 (January 2005): 843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.4.0843.
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Growers of early stalk celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) often experience financial losses due to bolting (the premature and rapid elongation of the main celery stem) in temperate regions. A method was developed to provide early warning of bolting in field-grown celery, on the basis of two criteria, one visual and one microscopic, for inflorescence development. Bolting could be detected 40 days after transplanting using the visual criterion, and as early as 30 days after transplanting using the microscopic criterion. Early detection of bolting using the visual and microscopic criteria provided celery growers with periods of, respectively, 25 days and up to 35 days to consider harvesting earlier, before the length of the celery stems exceeded commercial standards. This method could be effective in minimizing financial losses due to bolting when coupled with agro-economic studies.
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CHIURUGWI, T., H. F. HOLMES, A. QI, T. Y. P. CHIA, P. HEDDEN, and E. S. MUTASA-GÖTTGENS. "Development of new quantitative physiological and molecular breeding parameters based on the sugar-beet vernalization intensity model." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 4 (July 31, 2012): 492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000573.
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SUMMARYSugar-beet crops, Beta vulgaris spp. vulgaris (L), suffer from premature bolting and flowering as a consequence of prolonged exposure to cold conditions (vernalization). This reduces crop yield and quality and could be avoided if bolting-resistant varieties were available. Traditionally, development of bolting-resistant varieties has relied on selection against the annual growth habit associated with the bolting gene B. However, this has failed to deliver crops that can be reliably sown in early spring or grown over winter without the risk of bolting. New breeding targets and selection strategies are required and have become tractable with the recent development of the vernalization-intensity model. This model uses parameters for the intensity and duration of vernalization (vernalization hours) to predict bolting responses and discriminates between varieties by the minimum number of vernalization hours needed to induce bolting (vernalization requirement (VR)) and by the increase in bolting incidence for each extra vernalizing hour once the VR has been satisfied (bolting sensitivity (BS)). Since the vernalization-intensity model was developed from variety-assessment trials data, the present work sought to refine and test it through controlled environment (CE) experiments in which seven sugar-beet varieties were exposed to differing levels of accurately defined vernalization treatments and scored for bolting rates to determine their VR and BS values. The results confirmed and improved the model and showed that VR, not BS, has more potential for developing bolting resistant varieties. It was also observed that there exist in current varieties, the genetic potential to breed for higher VR. Further experiments assessed the correlation of attainment of VR with changes in gene expression and shoot apical meristem (SAM) morphology to identify potential markers for this trait. It was found that the time when VR is attained correlates with up-regulation of gibberellin biosynthetic genes and floral transcription factors in leaf and shoot apices; most prominently, GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE 2 (BvGA20ox2) and FLOWERING LOCUS T 2 (BvFT2). To integrate the results with weather data, temperature records for the past 47 years from the Broom's Barn weather station were used to develop a tool for predicting accumulated vernalization hours based on sowing date. The results, together with data from the CE experiments, were used to establish VR-breeding targets for bolting-resistant varieties for spring- and autumn-sown sugar-beet crops. The present paper shows that integration of weather, VR and genetic data provide useful tools to aid both cultivation and breeding selection. For growers, it provides a weather data tool to assist with the selection of suitable sowing dates. For breeders, it provides the first identification of molecular genetic factors that correlate with VR and the physiological changes associated with vernalization responses in sugar beet. The results suggest that gene-expression profiles can be developed into tools for quantifying bolting resistance in beet, thereby providing a cost-effective, high-throughput and simple method for breeders to apply the vernalization-intensity model.
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Mero, C. E., and S. Honma. "Inheritance of Bolting Resistance in an Intraspecific Chinese Cabbage × Turnip Cross." HortScience 20, no. 5 (October 1985): 881–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.5.881.
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Abstract Segregation for the difference in bolting response from a cross of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) and turnip (B. campestris L. ssp. rapifera) suggested that bolting was conditioned by 2 major additive genes. The chromosomal genome of the parents also appeared to effect segregation for this character. There was an apparent association between strong bolting resistance and turnip phenotype.
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Dyczko, Artur, Paweł Kamiński, Jacek Jarosz, Zbigniew Rak, Dariusz Jasiulek, and Tomasz Sinka. "Monitoring of Roof Bolting as an Element of the Project of the Introduction of Roof Bolting in Polish Coal Mines—Case Study." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010095.
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Roof bolting is the most popular type of support for underground mines’ workings. However, in Polish coal mines it is used only as a supplementary support. To raise the effectiveness and economic score of horizontal development works, JSW (Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa) started a project to introduce the independent rock bolting support in its mines. The key element of the project is the monitoring of mine workings supported with roof bolting, as appropriate control allows one to ensure a proper level of safety. The following work presents a monitoring system for mine working supported with roof bolting applied in the project, as well as results of the measurements obtained using this system. The aim of the monitoring was to prove that independent roof bolting provides a proper level of safety and thus is applicable in conditions of Polish underground coal mines, particularly Budryk mine. It was to be proved by the evaluation of data obtained from instrumented bolts, extensometers of different type and convergence measurements. These results allowed us to verify the validity and reliability of the roof bolting in geological and mining conditions of Silesian Coal Basin.
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Chen, Chu, Zhang, Xie, Dai, Wu, and Peng. "Tissue-Specific Metabolite Profiling on the Different Parts of Bolting and Unbolting Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (Qianhu) by Laser Microdissection Combined with UPLC-Q/TOF–MS and HPLC–DAD." Molecules 24, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071439.
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Background: Qianhu is a traditional Chinese medicine. It is thought that Qianhu roots will harden after bolting and not be suitable for medicinal purposes. Bolting Qianhu and unbolting Qianhu are referred to as “Xiong Qianhu” and “Ci Qianhu,” respectively. In this study, the properties, microscopic and chemical characteristics of Ci Qianhu and Xiong Qianhu roots were compared using fluorescence microscopy, laser microdissection coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Results: Microscopy results showed that the area of secondary xylem in the root increased after bolting, with the cork and secretory canals showing strong fluorescence intensity. A total of 34 peaks, mostly pyranocoumarins, were identified in the tissues of Ci Qianhu and Xiong Qianhu. The secretory canals contained the highest variability of coumarins, whereas the secondary xylem contained the least coumarins. Moreover, seven coumarins, especially the pyran- coumarin, decreased after bolting. Generally, both before and after bolting, coumarin level was the highest in the bark, followed by the middle part, and the lowest in the inner part. Conclusion: Thus, it was indicated that the area of secondary xylem increased after bolting, however the coumarin variant and content decreased in the secondary xylem of Qianhu. The result shows that the quality of Qianhu decreases after bolting, which supports the viewpoint that Xiong Qianhu is not suitable for medicinal use.
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Zhao, Tong, Liming Miao, Minghua Zou, Iqbal Hussain, Hongrui Yu, Jia Li, Nairan Sun, et al. "Development of SSRs Based on the Whole Genome and Screening of Bolting-Resistant SSR Marker in Brassica oleracea L." Horticulturae 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2024): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050443.
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Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), also known as microsatellites, stand out as the most crucial molecular markers in both animals and plants owing to their high polymorphism, extensive information content, ease of detection through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and widespread distribution across the genome. In this study, a total of 125,443 SSR loci were identified from the whole-genome sequence of B. oleracea, and 82,948 primer pairs for SSR have been designed. Furthermore, each primer pair is designated with a unique identifier (ranging from BolSSR00001 to BolSSR82984). Our findings indicated that certain markers within them could be transferred to other cruciferous crops. In addition, a total of 336 pairs of SSR primers have been used to screen the polymorphism between the bolting-resistant and bolting-easy gene pools. After the test of verification with F2 generation individual plants, we obtained an SSR dominant marker, BolSSR040196, linked with bolting-resistant locus in cabbage, and the genetic distance between this SSR marker and the bolting-resistant locus was 10.69 cM. Moreover, BolSSR040196 is located on the C05 chromosome with a CT motif, characterized by a repeat of 9 in bolting-easy plants and 11 in bolting-resistant plants. Haplotype analysis showed that the correct prediction rate reached 82.35%. The BolSSR040196 marker can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding, offering a straightforward and efficient approach for bolting-resistant cabbage breeding in the future.
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MILFORD, G. F. J., P. J. JARVIS, and C. WALTERS. "A vernalization-intensity model to predict bolting in sugar beet." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 2 (October 14, 2009): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609990323.
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SUMMARYA new model is presented that relates the numbers of bolters in sugar-beet crops to an intensity of vernalization calculated as the accumulated number of hours between sowing and the end of June that temperatures were between 0 and 13°C, with each temperature within this range differentially weighted for its vernalizing effect. The model allows varieties to be characterized in terms of a threshold number of vernalizing hours needed to induce bolting (the vernalization requirement) and the increase in the proportion of bolted plants with each additional 10 vernalizing hours accumulated above this vernalizing threshold (the bolting sensitivity). When parameterized for variety, the model allows the level of bolting to be predicted for crops sown on specific dates in particular locations.Data from variety-assessment trials done at a wide range of locations throughout the main UK sugar-beet growing areas between 1973 and 2006, and from early sown bolting trials done at a few sites between 2000 and 2008, were used to define specific aspects of the model. These included the range and weightings of vernalizing temperatures, the period during which vernalization occurs, and the temperatures likely to cause plants to become devernalized.The vernalization-intensity bolting model was parameterized and validated using separate subsets of the UK variety-assessment trial data. It was shown to be more discriminating and robust than an existing ‘cool-day’ model, which relates bolting to the number of days from sowing in which the maximum air temperature was below 12°C. Examples are given of the use of the new model to assess the bolting risk associated with early sowing in different regions of the UK, to interpret recent patterns of bolting (especially the large numbers of bolters seen in some commercial crops in 2008), and its potential use as an advisory tool.
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Yatsenko, V. V., O. I. Ulianych, N. V. Yatsenko, V. P. Karpenko, I. I. Mostoviak, and V. V. Liubych. "Comparative characteristics of breeding and local forms of garlic according to indicators of nutritional value." Plant varieties studying and protection 19, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.19.1.2023.277772.
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Purpose. To determine the subspecies and variety/sample of garlic with the best nutritional value by analyzing the difference between nutritional value indicators and their variation according to the time of planting (winter or spring). Methods. During 2020–2022, in field conditions (Uman, 48°46’N, 30°14’E) were studied 25 breeding and local forms of garlic (9 – winter bolting; 9 – winter non- bolting; 11 – spring, among which samples No. 14, 33, 43 and 44 were determined to be suitable for planting in autumn and spring. For the analysis of the obtained results, generally accepted methods of genetic and statistical analysis were used. Results. Varieties and samples with high protein content were selected – ‘Giovanna’, ‘Sofiivskyi’, No. 14, 43, 54 and 55; with high calorie pulp – ‘Apollon’, No. 14, 27, 33, 43 and 57 (can be the starting material in the process of creating highly nutritious varieties for the needs of the food industry). With regard to nutritional elements, the accumulation of proteins in the pulp of winter non-bolting garlic was 4.1 and 20.9% higher than that of winter bolting and spring garlic, respectively. The highest fat content was found in the pulp of winter bolting and spring subspecies. Spring garlic accumulated the most carbohydrates, while winter non-bolting garlic accumulated the least. At the same time, the energy value indicator of spring garlic was 130.03 kcal/100 g raw pulp mass, which was 3.1 and 12.6% higher than that of the winter bolting and winter non-bolting subspecies, respectively. Conclusions. The results of the study showed that winter garlic was significantly superior to spring garlic in terms of protein content in the pulp. The difference in fat content was insignificant. Spring garlic pulp was characterised by a significantly higher amount of carbohydrates and therefore the highest calorie content.
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Kroupin, Pavel Yu, Aleksandra Yu Kroupina, Gennady I. Karlov, and Mikhail G. Divashuk. "Root Causes of Flowering: Two Sides of Bolting in Sugar Beet." Agronomy 13, no. 11 (October 24, 2023): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112671.
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Sugar beet is an important root crop with a biennial life cycle. In the first year of its life cycle, it produces huge amounts of leaf and root mass used for the production of sugar and bioethanol, livestock feed, confectionery and pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, and soil restoration. Normally, after exposure to cold temperatures during winter storage, in the second year of its life cycle, it enters its reproductive phase. However, during the first year of growth, sugar beet plants may be susceptible to producing flowering shoots, or “bolting”, due to vernalization and long-day conditions. Bolting reduces both the yield and the sugar content of roots. Here, we review the published research works that study the environmental factors influencing bolting, the genetic (including epigenetic) and physiological mechanisms that regulate the transition to the reproductive phase, and the agrotechnical and breeding practices used to prevent bolting. Models of gene networks that regulate the transition to flowering are presented. Methods for selecting non-bolting plants using conventional, marker-assisted, and genomic breeding are demonstrated. Attention is also paid to the speed breeding technology that stimulates bolting and flowering sugar beet plants in an artificial climate. Growing sugar beet plants “from seed to seed” can potentially accelerate the breeding and seed production of sugar beet. This review compares different conditions for inducing bolting in sugar beet in climatic chambers and greenhouses. It examines parameters such as temperature, duration of light exposure, and light intensity during the pre-vernalization, post-vernalization, and vernalization periods. The present review may be useful for specialists in sugar beet cultivation, breeders working on developing cultivars and hybrids that are resistant to bolting, and molecular biologists studying the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying the transition of plants into the flowering stage.
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Brandenberger, Lynn, Lynda K. Wells, and Michel M. Haigh. "Yield and Quality of Spinach Cultivars for Spring Production in Oklahoma." HortTechnology 14, no. 4 (January 2004): 602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.4.0602.
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Nine (2001) and eight (2002) spinach (Spinacia oleracea) cultivars, including hybrid and open pollinated types, were tested for yield and quality characteristics during two spring production seasons in Oklahoma. Cultivars were evaluated for emergence, vigor, color, bolting resistance, and yield. Cultivars did not vary significantly for yield, which ranged from 11.9 to 14.9 tons/acre. `Baker', `Bolero', `Catalina', `Olympia', and `Padre' had significantly higher levels of bolting resistance than other cultivars in the trials. 'Catalina', `Olympia', and `Padre' also exhibited the darkest green color of those cultivars with bolting resistance. Based upon bolting resistance, `Catalina', `Olympia', `Padre', `Baker', and `Bolero' are five cultivars that can be recommended for use in spring planted spinach in Oklahoma and the southern plains.
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Hong, Ji-Su, Hoon-Ki Lee, Junghyo Nah, Kyong-Hwan Kim, Kyung-Hun Shin, and Jang-Young Choi. "Semi-3D Analysis of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Considering Bolting and Overhang Structure." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 4374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124374.
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This study deals with the characteristic analysis of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with a bolting and an overhang structure. Bolting is applied to a PMSG to prevent the defects caused by scattering. To compensate the flux reduction caused by the end effect and bolting material, an overhang structure is used for the permanent magnet machine. Therefore, an overhang structure must be considered in the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of a PMSG; however, such an analysis is time-intensive. To reduce the initial analysis time, we performed a semi-3D analysis of a PMSG considering a bolting and an overhang structure. Subsequently, we compared the output results of the characteristic analysis with a 3D finite element method and experimental results under loading.
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Gu, Shuan Chen, and Gen Fei Ye. "Experiment on Ultimate Shear Strength Parameters of Bolt Anchored Section." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.218.
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The bolt support is one of the effective support means to stable the surrounding rocks in underground projects. To determine the ultimate shear strength parameter between the surrounding rocks and bolting mass interface would have important project value to the bolt support design. In order to easy and accurately determine the shear strength of the bolting layer in the bolt design, based on elastic-plastic theory, a theoretical model under the bolt pulling function was established. The load transmission function during the bolt function process was derived. The theoretical relationship between the limit shear strength parameter of the bolting layer interface and the bolt pulling test curve was obtain. The shear strength parameter between the resin anchoring agent of the bolt support in mine roadway and the coal rock mass was determined. The results show that with the bolt pulling test curves, the cohesive strength of the bolting layer and the shearing rigidity coefficient of the bolting layer interface could be easily obtained and could provide the references to the bolt support design.
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Liu, Shuping, Junyang Lu, Jun Tian, Ping Cao, Shuhao Li, Haicui Ge, Mingxuan Han, and Fenglin Zhong. "Effect of Photoperiod and Gibberellin on the Bolting and Flowering of Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage." Horticulturae 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2023): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121349.
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Non-heading Chinese cabbage (cabbage) is an essential green leafy vegetable, and bolting and flowering are necessary for reproduction. However, further research is needed to study the effect of photoperiod on the bolting and flowering of cabbage, particularly on the development of the stem. In this study, we performed phenotypic analysis and measured endogenous gibberellin levels in the cabbage. We carried out these experiments under four different photoperiodic treatments, 12 h (light)/12 h (dark), 14 h (light)/10 h (dark), 16 h (light)/8 h (dark), and 18 h (light)/6 h (dark). The results showed that the time of bolting and flowering gradually decreased with increasing light duration. The development of stems was optimal under the 16 h (light)/8 h (dark) photoperiod treatment, and the same result was obtained via cytological observation. In addition, the changes in the endogenous gibberellin3 (GA3) content under different photoperiodic treatments were consistent with the development of stems and peaked at 16 h (light)/8 h (dark). At the same time, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the relative expression of the key gibberellin synthase genes, BcGA3ox2 and BcGA20ox2, exhibited upregulation. When treated with exogenous GA3 and its synthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PAC), exogenous gibberellins significantly promoted bolting; conversely, gibberellin inhibitors suppressed the bolting, flowering, and stem elongation of cabbage. Therefore, the photoperiod may regulate cabbage bolting by regulating endogenous GA3.
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HAMAMOTO, Hiroshi, Hideo SHIMAJI, and Tadahisa HIGASHIDE. "Earlier-Bolting Spinach Cultivars Respond to a Wider Spectrum of Night-Break Light for Bolting than Later-Bolting Cultivars." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 60, no. 3 (2004): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.60.191.
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Zhao, Yu Cheng, Zhan Liu, and Ming Yuan Liu. "A Variable Stiffness Method Application to Tunnel Support." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2085.
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This paper focuses on finding a more effective bolting design method. Stress and displacement of variable stiffness beam were calculated by using material mechanics, variable stiffness bolting designs was simulated using FLAC5.0 software. The calculation indicates that the maximum displacement of a variable stiffness beam is less than that in a constant stiffness beam, while same material quantity is used; and proper variable stiffness designs can improve the bolting effect while same total quantity of bolts is used according to the simulations.
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Norsworthy, Jason K., Mayank S. Malik, Melissa B. Riley, and William Bridges. "Time of Emergence Affects Survival and Development of Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) in South Carolina." Weed Science 58, no. 4 (December 2010): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00034.1.
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Field experiments were conducted from 2004 through 2006 at Pendleton and Clemson, SC, to determine the influence of seasonal emergence of wild radish on phenological development, survival, and seed and biomass production in a noncompetitive environment. The duration of four developmental phases, emergence to bolting, bolting to flowering, flowering to silique production, and silique production to maturity, were recorded following wild radish sowing at monthly intervals from October 2004 through September 2006. Seedling emergence occurred 2 to 4 wk after sowing. Mortality of seedlings that emerged from December through March was greater than that of seedlings that emerged in all other months. Wild radish that emerged from April through August completed its life cycle by summer or early autumn. Wild radish that emerged from September through November was able to survive the winter and complete its life cycle the following spring. The developmental phases most affected by time of emergence were emergence to bolting and bolting to flowering. The duration of emergence to bolting ranged from 249 to 479 growing degree days (GDD), and bolting to flowering from 270 to 373 GDD, depending on the month of emergence. The total life cycle of wild radish varied from a low of 1,267 GDD following June emergence to 1,503 GDD following November emergence. Multiple regression analysis revealed that emergence to bolting and silique production to maturity phases were dependent on accumulated heat units and photoperiod. Seed and biomass production were influenced by month of emergence. An average of 1,470 seeds plant−1was produced when emergence occurred in July and 10,170 seeds plant−1when emergence occurred in November. Plants that emerged in autumn exhibited minimal growth during the winter months, but conditions were conducive for growth in mid-March and April, with biomass production of 809 g plant−1at silique production.
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Khan, Zahid, Muhammad Zahid Khan, Sikandar Ali, Irshad Ahmed Abbasi, Haseeb Ur Rahman, Umar Zeb, Hizbullah Khattak, and Jiwei Huang. "Internet of Things-Based Smart Farming Monitoring System for Bolting Reduction in Onion Farms." Scientific Programming 2021 (July 23, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7101983.
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According to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan is amongst the top ten onion-producing countries in the world. Though in Pakistan, most of the districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa produce onions, Malakand division lonely contributes 60% of the total onion production of the country. In onion farming, bolting is an insidious phenomenon that occurs in onion plants due to fluctuations in environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity. Due to bolting, the flowering stem of an onion plant is produced before the crop is harvested, resulting in a poor-quality harvest and yield. Therefore, from a farmer’s perspective, it is highly desirable to monitor and control the environmental factors to avoid bolting. In this paper, we propose and design a new prototype, namely, a smart farming monitoring system (SFMS) for bolting reduction, which is based on the generic three-layered IoT architecture. By using IoT (Internet of things) technology and careful remote monitoring, a more favorable environment can be provided to reduce and avoid onion bolting. To analyze the efficacy and performance of the proposed SFMS, a real test-bed implementation was carried out. The SFMS prototype was installed both in the open and in a greenhouse environment to monitor onion crops. Based on the data received via sensors, the percentage of onion bolting was recorded as 16.7% in the open environment while 3% in the closed environment. In the closed environment, optimal temperature, humidity, and light intensity were provided to the onion crops using the SFMS. For this reason, the percentage of onion bolting was reduced from 16.7% to 3%, consequently yielding better onion production. Moreover, the SFMS is a low-cost, easy-to-install solution that is developed with locally available hardware and resources, and we believe that this new solution can transform conventional onion farming into a more productive and convenient smart farming in the region.
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Yang, Yongjie, Gang Huang, and Haiyu Ji. "Roof Bolting Anchoring Performance Research on the Entry under the Gob of Close-Distance Coal Seam." Geofluids 2022 (May 2, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8991574.
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Seam spacing plays a crucial role in selecting roof bolting of the close-distance coal seam. This work utilized three methods to determine the minimum roof bolting seam spacing of the lower coal seam (LCS) entry after the upper coal seam (UCS) mining. Based on the entry of the No.3-2 coal seam (LCS) in Chaili Coal Mine in China, theoretical analysis, pull-out bolt test, and numerical simulation were performed to calculate the maximum floor failure depth of the UCS and to determine the minimum seam spacing of the roof bolting. The maximum floor failure depth of the UCS determined through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation is 3.2 m and 3.3 m, respectively. In general, the anchorage length of rock bolting is less than 2.4 m, so the minimum seam spacing is 5.6 m or 5.7 m. To further determine the anchorage performance of the roof, the pull-out test was employed on the entry roof of the LCS. When the seam spacing is no less than 6 m, the test results show that the pull-out force of the bolt is more significant than 30kN; in addition, the numerical simulation results indicate that the roof-to-floor and rib-to-rib convergence are relatively small. Therefore, the LCS entry’s minimum roof bolting seam spacing can be determined as 6 m. This study could be used to select and design roof bolting under similar close-distance coal seam conditions.
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Upadhyaya, Mahesh K. "Induction of bolting by gibberellic acid in rosettes of diffuse (Centaurea diffusa) and spotted (C. maculosa) knapweed." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 2428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-323.
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An attempt was made to induce synchronous bolting of knapweed (Centaurea spp.) rosettes with gibberellic acid (GA3) under greenhouse conditions. Single or double (2 weeks apart) sprays of GA3 (0, 0.3 × 10−4, and 1.5 × 10−4 M) were applied to 10- to 115-day-old diffuse knapweed (C. diffusa Lam.) rosettes. With the exception of 10- and 25-day-old rosettes, highly synchronous bolting was induced by double applications of 1.5 × 10−4 M GA3. Bolted plants flowered within 8 to 10 weeks of treatment but did not form seeds because of the absence of pollinators in the greenhouse. The size of bolted plants and the percentage of plants bearing flowers depended on rosette age at the time of GA3 application. With a single GA3 application or with two applications at lower concentration, uneven and (or) irregular bolting occurred. Occasionally, the initial rapid stem growth induced by GA3 was arrested, resulting in the formation of aerial rosettes. GA3 also induced bolting in spotted knapweed (C. maculosa Lam.). Induction of synchronous bolting may be useful in mechanical, biological, and (or) environmental (e.g., winter-killing) control of biennial weeds. Its feasibility under field conditions, however, remains to be demonstrated.
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Corgan, J. N. "‘NuMex Sunlite’ Onion." HortScience 23, no. 2 (April 1988): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.2.423.
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Abstract ‘NuMex Sunlite’ is a bolting-resistant, pink root, [Pyrenochaeta terrestris, (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker and Larson] resistant, yellow grano-type onion (Allium cepa L.) developed for early fall planting. The release of ‘NuMex BR1’ as a bolting-resistant, yellow grano-type in 1981 had a significant impact on the New Mexico onion industry. Bolting resistance permits early planting and increases yield potential, and the greater plant development in cool season, resulting from early planting, helps control pink root losses, which are most severe in warm weather. More than one-half the New Mexico short-day crop in 1986 was ‘NuMex BR1’ ‘NuMex Sunlite’ resembles ‘NuMex BR1’ in bolting resistance, plant characteristics, and yield potential. ‘NuMex Sunlite’ has a higher level of pink root resistance than ‘NuMex BR1’ (Table 1), and is suggested for early fall planting on fields severely infested with P. terrestris.
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Han, Feng Shan, and Li Song. "Classification of Surrounding Rock of Bolt Supported in Coal Mine Roadway." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.775.
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Classification of Surrounding rock of roadway of Coal mine bolt supporting is the basis of bolting design, To scientifically design coal roadway bolting, classification of surrounding rock of coal roadway bolting must first be carry out. in this paper, the comprehensive application of knowledge engineering, rock mechanics, we developed the surrounding rock classification system for the bolt support of coal mine roadway engineering, the surrounding rock classification system is practical easy to use, the bolt supporting of roadway surrounding rock classification results to the coal mine roadway bolt support has important significance and practical value.
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Skrzypkowski, Korzeniowski, Zagórski, and Zagórska. "Flexibility and Load-Bearing Capacity of Roof Bolting as Functions of Mounting Depth and Hole Diameter." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193754.
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This paper presents the results of laboratory tensile testing of segmentally-installed glue-in roof bolting. We studied roof bolting of the type Olkusz-16A (Boltech Sp. z o.o., ZGH Bolesław S.A., Bukowno, Poland), additionally equipped with a steel rod coil, which was mounted in steel cylinders filled with a concrete mixture using multi-part resin cartridges with a diameter of 0.024 m and length of 0.045 m. The mounting depths were 0.1 m and 0.2 m, respectively. Our main purpose was to determine the effect of the bolt hole diameter, which assumed the values 0.028 m, 0.032 m, 0.035 m, and 0.037 m, respectively, on the load-bearing capacity of the roof bolting in relation to the mounting depth. We found that the mounting depth of 0.2 m was sufficient for the roof bolting to exhibit its full load and displacement properties for all four diameters of the bolt hole. To determine whether the roof bolting was capable of transferring the load in situ, we presented the results of the predicted load on the roof bolting applied in a room and pillar mining method in an underground mine of zinc and lead ore deposits. Our objective was to determine the influence of the room and pillar mining method geometry on the range of the fault zone of rocks around pits. We designed the deposit excavation model using the Examine3D numerical modeling software, which is based on the boundary element method. We created three-dimensional models for three variants of working space opening widths: featuring two, three, and four rows of rooms. The geometry of rooms and pillars corresponded to the mine conditions; the width, height, and length parameters were all 5 m. We determined the strength, strain, and structural parameters of the rock mass on the basis of laboratory studies of the drill core and rock forms collected from the room longwall. We used the strength factor to specify the maximum range of the fault zone of rocks around pits. In the last stage of research, we compared the load value obtained based on numerical testing with the maximum load obtained in the tensile strength tests of the roof bolting and determined the safety factor of the segmentally-installed roof bolting.
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Bickford, John H. "Advances in bolting technology." Nuclear Engineering and Design 90, no. 3 (December 1985): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(85)90018-4.
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Pavlova, I. V., N. P. Kupreenko, and E. G. Tsaryova. "MORPHOLOGICAL HOMOLOGY OF BOLTING AND NON-BOLTING GARLIC FORMS (Allium sativum L.)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 56, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2018-56-2-175-187.
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Meyering, Bo, Adam Hoeffner, and Ute Albrecht. "Reducing Preharvest Bolting in Open-field-grown Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L. cv. Santo) through Use of Growth Regulators." HortScience 55, no. 1 (January 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14614-19.
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Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.), also called coriander, is an herbaceous, annual plant that is cultivated worldwide for its leaves and seeds. Cilantro has a strong propensity to bolt quickly in hot weather and under long-day (LD) conditions, which affects the flavor and renders the crop unmarketable. High incidence of preharvest bolting in open-field production can cause significant economic loss. The phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA) regulates stem elongation and floral initiation in many LD rosette plants. In pilot experiments, we found that GA induced bolting in greenhouse-grown cilantro and that plant growth regulators (PGRs) with anti-GA activity can delay this process. We then explored the effects of different GA inhibitors on reducing the incidence of bolting in cilantro grown in a commercial open-field environment. Four field trials were conducted on a commercial farm near Clewiston in Florida between Fall 2016 and Spring 2018. Different growth regulators were applied at different times, ranging from 5 to 8 weeks after seeding (WAS), and plants were harvested 2 to 3 weeks thereafter. Applications of GA inhibitors significantly reduced the incidence of bolting in three of the four trials, but the extent depended on the type of inhibitor used. The results from one trial were inconclusive due to changes in weather that prevented bolting in the entire field. Overall, plots treated with prohexadione calcium and paclobutrazol were most effective and reduced bolting by up to 78%. Applying the PGRs at 5 and 6 WAS was more effective than at 7 or 8 WAS.
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Qin, Xiaoxiao, Panpan Li, Shaowei Lu, Yanchuan Sun, Lifeng Meng, Jinghong Hao, and Shuangxi Fan. "Phosphoproteomic analysis of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) reveals starch and sucrose metabolism functions during bolting induced by high temperature." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 29, 2020): e0244198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244198.
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High temperatures induce early bolting in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), which decreases both quality and production. However, knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying high temperature promotes premature bolting is lacking. In this study, we compared lettuce during the bolting period induced by high temperatures (33/25 °C, day/night) to which raised under controlled temperatures (20/13 °C, day/night) using iTRAQ-based phosphoproteomic analysis. A total of 3,814 phosphorylation sites located on 1,766 phosphopeptides from 987 phosphoproteins were identified after high-temperature treatment,among which 217 phosphoproteins significantly changed their expression abundance (116 upregulated and 101 downregulated). Most phosphoproteins for which the abundance was altered were associated with the metabolic process, with the main molecular functions were catalytic activity and transporter activity. Regarding the functional pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism was the mainly enriched signaling pathways. Hence, high temperature influenced phosphoprotein activity, especially that associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. We suspected that the lettuce shorten its growth cycle and reduce vegetative growth owing to changes in the contents of starch and soluble sugar after high temperature stress, which then led to early bolting/flowering. These findings improve our understanding of the regulatory molecular mechanisms involved in lettuce bolting.
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Ipek, Meryem, Ahmet Ipek, Douglas Senalik, and Philipp W. Simon. "Characterization of an Unusual Cytoplasmic Chimera Detected in Bolting Garlic Clones." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 5 (September 2007): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.5.664.
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Production of a visible flower stalk, or bolting, has been used as a major trait to categorize garlic (Allium sativum L.) clones. Analysis of mitochondrial genome variation with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed differences between bolting and nonbolting clones of garlic. Screening 333 garlic accessions from diverse geographic origins revealed a 1403-bp mitochondrial DNA marker associated with bolting that the authors call “Bolt Marker” (BltM). Bolt Marker did not amplify in any of the 131 nonbolting clones, whereas amplification of this marker was observed in 127 of 130 (97.7%) garlic clones that bolted completely in Wisconsin. Seventy-two garlic clones bolted incompletely (clones in which some but not all of the plants bolted), and this marker was not amplified in 69 (95.8%) of these clones. Because of the significant association of BltM with bolting, this PCR-based marker can be used to discriminate complete-bolting garlic clones reliably from nonbolting and incomplete-bolting ones. Sequence characterization of this marker revealed that BltM is a chimera involving both mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. The DNA sequences including and flanking both the 5′ and 3′ ends of this marker are consistent with an ≈4.8-kbp chloroplast DNA fragment having been inserted into the mitochondrial genome downstream from the mitochondrial cox3 gene. Sequence alignment of the chloroplast genes in this chimeric region with the homologous sequences in GenBank indicate the presence of deletions, insertions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding sequences, resulting in putative, incomplete open reading frames or frame shift mutations. Hence, the authors speculate that this insertion may have occurred long ago in the evolution of garlic.
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Liu, Ai Qing, Jian Zhang, Peng Cheng, and Yu Hai Zhang. "Numerical Simulation on the Effect of Compound Roof Separation Position on Bolting Performance." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1638.
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Prestress is a key parameter in bolting, while the cohesive force of layers in the compound roof strata is low and prone to separation, causing the prestress proliferation very poor. With the method of numerical simulation analysis,the location of separation in compound roof to affect the performance of bolting support was researched. It is concluded the roof separation in the edge of anchorage zone, the prestress field superpose, but is away from the deep surrounding rock and shows poor stability,however the role of cable can make up for the defect of rockbolts support. It has been found the highly prestressed strength bolting system adapts to the compound roof.
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Wang, Yudan, Lili Chen, Wei Su, Yanwei Hao, Houcheng Liu, Guangwen Sun, Riyuan Chen, and Shiwei Song. "Effect of Nitrate Concentration on the Growth, Bolting and Related Gene Expression in Flowering Chinese Cabbage." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050936.
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Nitrogen concentration affects growth and bolting of plants, but its regulation mechanism is still unclear. In this work, three nitrate concentration treatments (5%, 100%, 200%) in nutrient solution were conducted to explore the internal relationship between nitrogen and bolting in flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that the bolting and flowering time was earlier under the treatment with low nitrate and, the lower the nitrate concentration, the earlier the bolting and flowering. Low-nitrate treatment reduced the content of nitrate, soluble protein, free amino acid and total nitrogen, and increased the C/N ratio. The C/N ratio was significantly negatively correlated with plant height, stem thickness and biomass, while it was significantly positively correlated with flowering rate. Thus, it was indicated that nitrogen may affect bolting and flowering by regulating the C/N ratio of flowering Chinese cabbage plants. The expression of flowering-related genes (SOC1, LFY) was increased significantly under low nitrate treatment. In addition, the pith cell area at the stem tip was significantly reduced under low nitrate treatment, resulting in a significant decrease in stem thickness. The expression of cyclin- and expansin-related genes (CYCD3-3, CYCB1-1 and EXPA8) was significantly reduced, which indicated that nitrogen may regulate the stem development of flowering Chinese cabbage by regulating the expression of cyclin- and expansin-related genes.
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Fettig, Christa E., and Ruth A. Hufbauer. "Introduced North American Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) Populations are Biennial." Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, no. 4 (December 2014): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-14-00015.1.
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AbstractBlack henbane can be either annual or biennial. We investigated which life cycle is found in four introduced western North American populations. Plants were grown in a greenhouse common garden until half were vernalized by exposure to natural winter temperatures, while the other half remained in the greenhouse above 20 C, with 16 h of light and 8 h of dark. In total the plants were monitored 313 d after germination. We measured whether plants bolted, the time it took for bolting to commence, and the size at bolting. All vernalized plants bolted after 117 d of active growth (within 26 d of the end of the vernalization treatment), whereas only 26% of the nonvernalized plants bolted after an average of 278 d of active growth. Vernalized plants bolted at a smaller size than the nonvernalized plants that bolted (28 vs. 41 leaves on average). In the nonvernalized plants, the relationship between time to bolting and size was strong, but not so with the vernalized plants. Our results indicate that introduced black henbane plants are biennial, and that vernalization is more critical to bolting and flowering than reaching a certain size. Nonetheless, the fact that nonvernalized plants were capable of bolting if grown long enough suggests that vernalization is not the only cue that can trigger reproduction in introduced populations.
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Krawiec, Marcela. "Effect of Storage Duration and Temperature on Sets Loss and Bolting of Onion." Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-007-0007-7.
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Effect of Storage Duration and Temperature on Sets Loss and Bolting of OnionOnion sets of two cultivars - Rawska and Jetset F1were calibrated into three grades depending on the diameter of onion (11-15, 16-20 and 21-25 mm). From October to March, sets were kept in the following conditions: I - 24 weeks at 0-1°C, II - 15 weeks at 0-1°C, then 9 weeks at 18-20°C, III - 11 weeks at 0-1°C, then 13 weeks at 18-20°C, IV - 24 weeks at 18-20°C. The storage loss caused by complete drying up, sprouting into leaves and occurrence of disease symptoms were determined. The sets left over after evaluation of storage loss were planted in the field in order to determine bolting of onion. Cold storage (0-1°C) for 24 weeks reduced loss but stimulated bolting. In the case of Jetset F1, warm storage (18-20°C) for the last 9 weeks of the 24 weeks' experimental storage period practically eliminated bolting. The sets of Rawska required longer exposures of 18-20°C at the end of storage for suppressing of inflorescence development than Jetset F1. The smaller onion sets were kept the shorter the duration of warm storage required to reduce bolting. The longer onion sets were stored at 18-20°C the greater storage loss were noted.
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Ma, Yinbo, Sushil Satish Chhapekar, Jana Jeevan Rameneni, Seungho Kim, Tae Hyoung Gan, Su Ryun Choi, and Yong Pyo Lim. "Identification of QTLs and Candidate Genes Related to Flower Traits and Bolting Time in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081623.
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Radish flower color, bolting time, and flowering time are important traits for attracting certain pollinators and affect fleshy root quality. In this study, an analysis of the anthocyanidins in radish flowers by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that differences in the cyanidin content are likely to be associated with the variability in radish flower colors (i.e., purple and white petals). A quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis identified nine QTLs on three Raphanus sativus linkage groups. Three QTLs—qRFC1, qRBT1, and qRFT1—which were consistently detected and explained a high proportion of the observed variation (10.30% to 34.57%), were considered as the major QTLs responsible for flower color, bolting time, and flowering time, respectively. A total of 16 and 11 candidate genes within the major QTL regions for flower color and bolting/flowering times, respectively, were preliminarily annotated. Six genes (Rs018140, Rs018950, Rs019220, Rs020080, Rs020590, and Rs021450) related to flower color were differentially expressed in the parental lines. On the basis of nucleotide and amino acid sequence diversity between the parental lines, Rs314940, Rs315000, Rs315310, and Rs315960 were identified as candidate genes mediating the radish bolting and flowering times. This study revealed the genetic complexity of the radish flower color, bolting time, and flowering time traits. The identified candidate genes in the QTL regions may be useful for radish breeding programs and also for functional characterization in radish.
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Wang, Yudan, Xiu Huang, Xinmin Huang, Wei Su, Yanwei Hao, Houcheng Liu, Riyuan Chen, and Shiwei Song. "BcSOC1 Promotes Bolting and Stem Elongation in Flowering Chinese Cabbage." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 22, 2022): 3459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073459.
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Flowering Chinese cabbage is one of the most economically important stalk vegetables. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying bolting, which is directly related to stalk quality and yield, in this species remain unknown. Previously, we examined five key stem development stages in flowering Chinese cabbage. Here, we identified a gene, BcSOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1), in flowering Chinese cabbage using transcriptome analysis, whose expression was positively correlated with bolting. Exogenous gibberellin (GA3) and low-temperature treatments significantly upregulated BcSOC1 and promoted early bolting and flowering. Additionally, BcSOC1 overexpression accelerated early flowering and stem elongation in both Arabidopsis and flowering Chinese cabbage, whereas its knockdown dramatically delayed bolting and flowering and inhibited stem elongation in the latter; the inhibition of stem elongation was more notable than delayed flowering. BcSOC1 overexpression also induced cell expansion by upregulating genes encoding cell wall structural proteins, such as BcEXPA11 (cell wall structural proteins and enzymes) and BcXTH3 (xyloglucan endotransglycosidase/hydrolase), upon exogenous GA3 and low-temperature treatments. Moreover, the length of pith cells was correlated with stem height, and BcSOC1 interacted with BcAGL6 (AGAMOUS-LIKE 6) and BcAGL24 (AGAMOUS-LIKE 24). Thus, BcSOC1 plays a vital role in bolting and stem elongation of flowering Chinese cabbage and may play a novel role in regulating stalk development, apart from the conserved function of Arabidopsis SOC1 in flowering alone.
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Al-Jbawi, Entessar, Waeel Sabsabi, Gharibo Gharibo, and Abd El-Muhsien Al-Sayed Omar. "Effect of sowing date and plant density on bolting of four sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 256–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12647.
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This experiment was conducted in Homs Agricultural Research Station, Homs, Syria during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons to study the effect of sowing date and plant density on bolting for four sugar beet varieties, tow are monogerm varieties i.e. Parade and Etna, while the other are multigerm varieties i.e. Nadir and Mammoth. Three sowing dates were applied, began from 15/9 to 15/10, the interval between the sowing dates was 15 days. Three plant densities were executed (133 000, 100 000 and 80 000 plantha-1). Split plot design was used with three replicates. The combined analysis exhibited the significant effect of varieties (V), sowing dates (S), and plant densities (D) on all types of bolting (Early, medium, late and total). Least significant test (L.S.D 0.05) clarified that early autumn sowing (15/9 and 1/10) increased total bolting percent 74.86 and 44.88 % respectively, as compared with date (15/10) 15.57% (control). The plant density (133 000 plant ha-1) decreased total bolting percent 43.56% as compared with the other plant densities (80 000 and 100 000 plant ha-1) 46.35 and 45.40% respectively. The results showed that the monogerm varieties were superior and more resistant to bolting as compared with the multigerm ones. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12647 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 256-270
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Shin, Yun-Hee, and Young-Doo Park. "CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutagenesis of BrLEAFY Delays the Bolting Time in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010541.
Full textAbstract:
Chinese cabbage has unintended bolting in early spring due to sudden climate change. In this study, late-bolting Chinese cabbage lines were developed via mutagenesis of the BrLEAFY (BrLFY) gene, a transcription factor that determines floral identity, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. Double-strand break of the target region via gene editing based on nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) was applied to acquire useful traits in plants. Based on the ‘CT001’ pseudomolecule, a single guide RNA (sgRNA) was designed and the gene-editing vector was constructed. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to generate a Chinese cabbage line in which the sequence of the BrLFY paralogs was edited. In particular, single base inserted mutations occurred in the BrLFY paralogs of the LFY-7 and LFY-13 lines, and one copy of T-DNA was inserted into the intergenic region. The selected LFY-edited lines displayed continuous vegetative growth and late bolting compared to the control inbred line, ‘CT001’. Further, some LFY-edited lines showing late bolting were advanced to the next generation. The T-DNA-free E1LFY-edited lines bolted later than the inbred line, ‘CT001’. Overall, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the BrLFY gene was found to delay the bolting time. Accordingly, CRISPR/Cas9 is considered an available method for the molecular breeding of crops.
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Kahn, Brian A., and Dennis F. Magnello. "Bolting Differences Among Nine Leaf Lettuce Cultivars." HortScience 21, no. 5 (October 1986): 1231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.5.1231.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Bolting (premature production of flowers or seeds) of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) results in elongated seedstalks and bitter leaves (1). Seed companies often refer to differences in bolting in their advertisements for leaf lettuce cultivars. However, scientific studies that substantiate or refute these claims are not readily available.
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Burenin, V. I., and T. M. Piskunova. "ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF BREEDING OF TABLE BEET." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 4 (July 27, 2018): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-4-47-50.
Full textAbstract:
The popularity and wide spread of table beet due to its high nutritional qualities, content of biologically active substances (betaine and betanin), that make it a functional food. For Russia, characterized by a wide variety of soil and climatic conditions, varieties with high adaptability are necessary. Results of studying the genetic resources of table beet, including evaluation of cold resistance and non-bolting, monogermicity, productivity and quality of production are given in article. 56 accessions received by the collection of VIR from 17 countries are served as material for researches. Field study, evaluation of accessions during storage and analysis were carried out according to the methodological instructions of VIR. The evalution of the different origin beet accessions for their bolting showed that varieties from Sweden and Finland, as well as from the northwestern region of Russia, were the most bolting resistant. The variation in the level of bolting in domestic varieties of table beet was significant: from resistant to strongly bolting. The greatest tendency to bolting was observed in domestic varieties of southern origin. The harmfulness of the black root is especially significantly in the modern technology of beet cultivation, when sowing is carried out at a given density of standing plants. There are no varieties absolutely resistant to black root yet. Extra Early Egypt (USA), Banko (Sweden) and Fire Chief (USA), Detroit Supra and Detroit Bolivar (Netherlands), Kholodostoikaya 19 (Belarus), Bravo (Russia) were carried out from the studied accessions. The varieties of wide range, which annually provide a stable harvest in different soil and climatic conditions: Special Crosby (USA) and Forono (Denmark), Bordo 237 (Russia). For the Northern areas as well as inwinter and early spring sowings varieties Fiere Chief и Extra Early (USA), Banko and Adoptiv (Sweden), Podzimnyaya-474 Polyarnaya Ploskaya (Russia) are suitable.
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Wang, Ren-Huang, Yu-Mei Hsu, Duane P. Bartholomew, Subbiyan Maruthasalam, and Chin-Ho Lin. "Delaying Natural Flowering in Pineapple Through Foliar Application of Aviglycine, an Inhibitor of Ethylene Biosynthesis." HortScience 42, no. 5 (August 2007): 1188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.5.1188.
Full textAbstract:
In Taiwan, the major yield constraint in pineapple cultivation is natural flowering, which occurs when daylengths are shorter and nights are cooler. This natural (precocious) flowering increases the cost of cultivation and reduces the percentage of fruits of marketable size. Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory potential of aviglycine [(S)-trans-2-amino-4-(2 aminoethoxy)-3-butenoic acid hydrochloride, AVG] on natural flowering of ‘Tainon 17’ pineapple plants during the 2003 to 2004 and 2004 to 2005 cropping seasons. In the 2003 to 2004 season, bolting in the control exceeded 80% on 2 Mar. 2004, whereas no bolting was observed in the treatments. Inhibition of bolting by aviglycine (AVG) was dependent on the concentration and frequency of application. Bolting was less than 40% when plants were treated in Nov. and Dec. 2003 with 500 mg·L−1 of AVG four times at 15-day intervals or with five applications made at 10-day intervals. For the 2004 to 2005 season, bolting of plants treated with 250 or 375 mg·L−1 AVG was delayed 4 weeks relative to the control, whereas bolting was delayed 7 weeks by four or five applications of 500 mg·L−1 of AVG applied at 10- or 15-day intervals. Both experiments showed that four to five applications of 500 mg·L−1 of AVG at 10- or 15-day intervals delayed inflorescence emergence relative to the control for the duration of the treatments. We assume control was maintained for 1 to 2 weeks after treatments stopped. Based on these results, the date AVG treatments stop can be used to estimate the duration of delay in flowering. AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis and has the potential to be effectively used to delay or completely control the problem of precocious flowering and associated crop losses in pineapple.
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Yang, Shuang Suo, and Shao Qing Niu. "Thick Board Theory on the Bolting Support of the Ribs in Coal Mine Roadway." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3775.
Full textAbstract:
According to the character that broken rock mass still has higher compressive strength with appropriate support action though it can not bear tensile stress and deformation character of board with different width-thickness ratios, an idea of keeping the stability of both sides of roadway with anchorage body was put forward, namely, the width(height)-thickness ratio of the anchorage body should be higher than that of the sheet. Thus the higher compression and shear strength can play the main role in keeping the roadway stable. A clear and definite theory for bolting support has been put forward, and the determination methods of geometrical and mechanical parameters of bolting support such as bolting strength, bolt length, spacing, interval of row and bolted length etc. have been deduced.