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Academic literature on the topic 'Bolted flanged pipe joint'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bolted flanged pipe joint"

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Khan, Niaz B., Muhammad Abid, Mohammed Jameel, and Hafiz Abdul Wajid. "Joint strength of gasketed bolted pipe flange joint under combined internal pressure plus axial load with different (industrial and ASME) bolt-up strategy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 3 (October 29, 2015): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408915614460.

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Gasketed bolted flange joints are used in process industry for connecting pressure vessels and pipes. Design procedures available in the literature mostly discuss structural strength, while sealing failure is still a big concern in industries. Similarly, limited work is found in the literature regarding performance of gasketed bolted joints under combined loading. A detailed 3D nonlinear finite element analysis is performed to study the strength and sealing of a gasketed bolted flanged pipe joint under different bolt-up strategy (Industrial and ASME) and under combined internal pressure and axial loading.
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Abid, Muhammad, and Niaz B. Khan. "Behavior of gasketed bolted pipe flange joint under combined internal pressure, axial, and bending load: Three-dimensional numerical study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408917697888.

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Optimized performance of joint is categorized by its “structural integrity” and “sealing capability”. In literature, limited data are available regarding the performance of gasketed bolted flanged joint under combined internal and external loading; hence an optimized joint performance cannot be addressed. In this paper, a detailed three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of bolted gasketed flange joint is performed, to study its performance under combined internal (pressure) and external (axial and bending) load. Results of the finite element analysis are compared with the experimental results available in literature providing the validation of the numerical approach developed.
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Abid, Muhammad. "STAMINA OF A GASKETED BOLTED FLANGED PIPE JOINT UNDER DYNAMIC LOADING." IIUM Engineering Journal 17, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v17i2.565.

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Gasketed bolted flange joints are the most critical components in pipelines for their sealing and strength under operating conditions. Most of the work available in literature is under static loading, whereas in industry, cyclic loads are applied due to the vibrating machinery such as motors, pumps, sloshing in offshore applications and in the ships etc. In this study a three dimensional finite element analysis of a gasketed joint is carried out using a spiral wound gasket under bolt up and dynamic operating conditions (internal pressure, axial and bending) singly and in combination. The cyclic axial loads are concluded relatively more challenging for both the sealing and strength of the joint. Higher magnitudes of loads and frequencies are also observed more challenging to the joints performance.
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Webjörn, J. "An Alternative Bolted Joint for Pipework." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 203, no. 2 (August 1989): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_199_02.

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Use of the conventional gasketed pipe joint with raised-face flanges is questioned. In this note the author demonstrates the interaction of forces and displacements within the structure, explains why gaskets leak, points out the weaknesses of the bolting and also some inconsistencies in codes and standards. An alternative compact flange design is presented based on modern principles of bolted joint engineering.
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Hossain, Muhammad Monowar, Zasiah Tafheem, and Khan Mahmud Amanat. "Experimental investigation on bolted flanged steel pipe joint subjected to flexure." International Journal of Structural Engineering 11, no. 2 (2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijstructe.2021.114265.

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Amanat, Khan Mahmud, Zasiah Tafheem, and Muhammad Monowar Hossain. "Experimental investigation on bolted flanged steel pipe joint subjected to flexure." International Journal of Structural Engineering 11, no. 2 (2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijstructe.2021.10034440.

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Lee, F. O. Y., I. M. Gardner, and G. Thompson. "Maintainability Aspects of Process Plant Pipe Joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 201, no. 1 (February 1987): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_008_02.

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The paper is concerned with the maintainability aspects of pipe joints, the most common type of which is the bolted flange. An appreciation of pipe joint maintenance practice is obtained from two plant studies and a review of alternatives to flanges is then made with respect to these practical observations. Guidelines are given to help select the most appropriate coupling for an application. In the absence of a generally acceptable replacement coupling, a novel bolt design for use with standard flanges is proposed to alleviate some of the maintenance difficulties experienced.
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Hakimian, Soroosh, Lucas Hof, and Hakim A. Bouzid. "Investigation of Corrosion in Bolted Flanged Joints Using a Novel Experimental Setup." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 16 (July 7, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0116990mtgabs.

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The second most common cause of hydrocarbon leakage is corrosion in offshore platforms. In seawater and hydrocarbon services, bolted flange joints can be susceptible to corrosion on the flange face. Flanges connect pipes, valves, pumps, and other equipment to form a piping system. In flanged joints, two flanges are bolted together with a gasket between them to provide a seal. The current research considers corrosion in bolted flanged gasketed joints and proposes a new approach to quantify corrosion at the gasket and flange interface. According to the literature, both crevice corrosion and galvanic corrosion widely occur in bolted flanged gasketed connections, which create paths to leakage of the pressurized fluid. Leakage failure in bolted flanged gasketed joints can cause hazards to the environment and human safety. Corrosion in bolted gasketed joints was investigated in other papers and reports. Still, these studies did not consider the influence of the operating conditions. Fluid flow, pressure, pH, conductivity, temperature, and gasket contact pressure are some parameters to consider. To achieve this goal, a novel experimental setup - mimicking an industry-standard NPS 2 bolted flange connection - is introduced to examine the corrosion behavior of the contact surface between the flange and gasket. The setup enables monitoring and recording of the corrosion parameters under the influence of service conditions (gasket contact pressure, pH, salinity, temperature, fluid flow, and fluid pressure) during the corrosion tests. In a second step, the influence of the service conditions on corrosion will be studied. Two levels of temperature (25 o C and 85 o C), gasket contact pressure (4 MPa and 35 MPa), and flow rate (1.4 cm. s-1 and 4.5 cm. s-1) are considered in the study. The flange material selected in this study is stainless steel 304/304L since it has a wide application in the industry. Flexible graphite materials, commonly used due to their chemical resistance, high-temperature capability, low cost, and good sealing properties, are used in the corrosion tests. Two direct current electrochemical test techniques, polarization resistance (Rp) and potentiodynamic anodic polarization, are carried out, according to ASTM G5, to measure the corrosion rate in addition to other quantification methods based on visual observations and mass loss. These tests are conducted using the novel designed setup that consists of a working electrode (flange material), a reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), and an auxiliary electrode (a stainless-steel rod). The synthetic seawater solution recommended in ASTM D1141 is used for the corrosion tests. In a final step, the corroded surfaces of the specimens are examined via some of the following available techniques; confocal laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray microscopy (EDS/EDX), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques. Confocal microscopy is used to visualize the morphology of the damaged zones on the surface, and localize and quantify the crevices volume caused by corrosion, respectively. SEM and XRD analysis can reveal the scale morphology and phases present on the corroded plate surfaces. Comparing the results of the electrochemical tests and the microscopic studies will identify the influence of operating factors on the corrosion at the gasket-flange interface. Preliminary tests were performed to check the applicability of the novel setup for studying corrosion behaviour between gaskets and flanges and solve initial setup problems to get reproducible results. In the current research, the corrosion behaviour is studied under dynamic conditions. The majority of other works consider only the static condition, so it is important to run some preliminary tests to shakedown the rig and fixture and resolve unanticipated issues. First attempts failed due to noisy polarization curves that could not be used for corrosion analysis. After several experiments on small samples, it was decided to use filter paper immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution as a salt bridge to reduce the distance between the reference and working electrodes in the setup. This resulted in smooth polarization curves useful for further corrosion analysis (Fig. 1). The novel designed bolted flange joint setup allows corrosion monitoring and characterization under dynamic operating conditions for the first time. Figure 1
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Abid, Muhammad, Masroor Hussain, Ayesha Khan, and Hafiz A. Wajid. "Application of monotonic adaptive kernel for optimization: A case study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, no. 2 (January 11, 2017): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916688501.

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Optimization is considered to be the integral part of designing a wide range of engineering solutions. Manual optimization is a hectic job to obtain desired optimized results using hit and trial method. Monotonic adaptive kernel algorithm optimizes the solution to the target stress by using linear interpolation function and checking current values on every iterative step and computing differential load. Using monotonic adaptive kernel algorithm, numerical simulations are conducted on gasketed bolted flange pipe joints to achieve required preload in the bolts as per industrial guidelines for their optimized performance. It is observed that the monotonic adaptive kernel algorithm produces more accurate and fast results conforming to the desired target values as compared to the manual and semiautomatic optimization techniques implemented for the gasketed bolted flange pipe joint.
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Abid, Muhammad, Shahid Maqsood, and Hafiz Abdul Wajid. "Comparative Modal Analysis of Gasketed and Nongasketed Bolted Flanged Pipe Joints: FEA Approach." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 4 (January 2012): 413583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/413583.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bolted flanged pipe joint"

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Dilintas, Georgios. "Étude mécanique et numérique de liaisons manchonnées en matériaux composites." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ECAP0018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bolted flanged pipe joint"

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Fukuoka, Toshimichi. "Thermal and mechanical behaviors of pipe flange connections." In The Mechanics of Threaded Fasteners and Bolted Joints for Engineering and Design, 277–89. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-95357-3.00007-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bolted flanged pipe joint"

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Abid, Muhammad, and David H. Nash. "Bolt Bending Behaviour in a Bolted Flanged Pipe Joint: A Comparative Study." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93965.

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The joint strength of a bolted flanged pipe joint depends upon its proper assembly using a suitable level pre-loading leading to a static behavioral mode whilst in operation. This is opposed to a dynamic behavioral mode observed in the gasketed joint, where there is relative movement between components, resulting in subsequent joint relaxation, fatigue mechanism and potentially ultimately joint failure. The static behavioral mode present in non-gasketed joints however shows no joint relaxation, and hence effective sealing. This paper presents results of detailed comparative experimental studies of both gasketed and non-gasketed joint behavior during assembly, and highlights bolt bending and relaxation as the main factors effecting joint performance. In addition the importance of proper bolt tightening sequences, bolt tightening methodology and the influence of the number of passes to make a joint is also presented. For the case of the gasketed joint only, the influence of different types of gaskets in the joint and their effect is discussed since such factors can lead to joint relaxation.
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Kondo, Koji, and Toshiyuki Sawa. "A Determination Method of Bolt Preload for Bolted Pipe Flange Connections With Metal Gaskets Under Internal Pressure." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45163.

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FEM calculations and leakage experiments are carried out for bolted flanged connections with metal flat gaskets. It is found that the sealing performance of bolted flanged connections with raised face metal gaskets under internal pressure is improved significantly when the contact gasket stress reaches the gasket yield stress. In our FEM calculations it is demonstrated that the contact gasket stress at the outside diameter is bigger than that at the inside diameter due to the flange rotation. It is also found from the leakage test results and the FEM calculations that the sealing performance of the bolted flange connections with metal flat gasket is better than that of the metal gasket in platen device tests,. In addition, the contact stress in the joints with RTJ (ring type joint) gasket is examined and 4 stress peaks on the oval type and 8 peaks on the octagonal type are found. From the obtained results, a method for determining the bolt preloads in the bolted joints using flat metal gaskets and RTJ gaskets under internal pressure is proposed taking account the given allowable leak rate. Finally, the leak rates for bolted flanged connections tightened under internal pressure are compared with the experimental results. The new method can be proposed for determining the bolt preload for bolted flange connections with metal gaskets under internal pressure at room temperature.
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Mann, J. Adin, Jeremy Hilsabeck, Cale Mckoon, and Courtnee Jackson. "Bolted Flanged Joint Creep/Relaxation Results at High Temperatures." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28261.

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An ASME Class 300 NPS12 flange connection between a control valve and a pipe has been evaluated at a temperature of 1100° F with testing and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The goal of the testing was to validate the FEA simulation. The valve side of the test sample was a cast structure, the pipe side was a forged flange butt welded to a pipe section, and the gasket was a Thermiculite filled spiral wound gasket. The valve, flange, and piping material are SA-217, SA-182, and SA-335 (2 ¼ Cr – 1 Mo) steel respectively. The bolt length and flange geometry was measured before and after loading the bolts, and before and after heating the sample in order to measure changes in the bolt load and flange rotation which would indicate creep/relaxation in the joint. Tests were run with two types of bolts, B16 (SA-193) and 718 (SB-637), and also with two gasket arrangements, no gasket and then a spiral wound gasket. The results of the completed test and the correlation to an FEA analysis will be presented.
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Abid, Muhammad, and David H. Nash. "Risk Assessment Studies of Gasketed and Non-Gasketed Bolted Pipe Joints." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27386.

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Over many years much effort has been made to develop design codes for pressure vessels, pipe-work, flanges and so on to design a system of high structural integrity. In-spite of the efforts the reliability of the system can be adversely affected for many reasons. Poor construction practices, incorrect selection of components such as gasket, improper quality of bolts and surface treatment, incorrect tooling, wrong application, underestimated joint size due to incorrect loading consideration, incorrect use of code, lack of thought to plant use, or a change of use during the life of a plant may make a joint unsuitable. The list is not exhaustive and not all the possible causes of failure may become apparent during commissioning. Failure of a pipe joint means the achievement of a leak rate below a certain maximum limit or the gross failure of the pipeline in which structural integrity is lost. So the high reliability of a system can be obtained if the right joint is selected for an application and factors that affect the reliability should be considered carefully. A very limited work has been done for the risk assessment of bolted pipe joints. At first, the most comprehensive work is done by Det Norske Veritas (DNV) regarding risk assessment of pipe joints. In addition, Webjorn and Thompson have also performed comparative reliability studies for these joints. Both DNV and Webjorn concluded that compact flange joints show better functional safety than conventional gasketed flange joints. Thomson concluded that both the joints are of high integrity and perform well in excellent service under appropriate installation and maintenance conditions. All above studies have been performed based on information and observations. Present author has performed detailed failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) in the light of above-mentioned studies, idustrial surveys, analysis, experimental work and subsequent observations. The aim of the study was to increase the reliability knowledge about the gasketed and non-gasketed flanged pipe joints and thereby to increase the basis for finding the optimal pipe connection based on general observation and experimental studies performed.
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Muramatsu, Akira, Koji Sato, Maksud Uddin Khan, and Toshiyuki Sawa. "FEM Stress Analysis and the Sealing Performance Evaluation of Bolted Pipe Flange Connections With Large Nominal Diameter Subjected to Internal Pressure." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63407.

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The gasket fundamental characteristics such as the stress-strain curves of compressed sheet gaskets (CSG) and the spiral wound gaskets (SWG) and the relationship between the average gasket stress and the leak rate using rigid platens were measured. Then, using the measured data of the gasket properties, the mechanical characteristics of bolted pipe flange connections under internal pressure are examined such as the contact gasket stress distribution, hub stress and changes in axial bolt forces (the load factor) using FEM. FEM code employed is ABAQUS. Using the obtained gasket stress distributions and the fundamental gasket relationship between the gasket stress and the leak rate, the leak rates of bolted pipe flange connections are predicted. In addition, the effect of nominal diameters (from 2” to 24”) on the mechanical characteristics is examined. For verification of the FEM calculations, experiments to measure the load factor, the hub stress and the leak rates were performed using 2” and 24” bolted pipe flange connections. The FEM results of the load factor, the hub stress and the leak rate are in a fairly good agreement with the measured results. The value of the load factor is found to be positive for 2” pipe flanged joints, while it is negative for 24” pipe flanged connection due to the flange rotation. It is noticed that the values of the load factor decreases with an increase of the nominal diameter of pipe flanges. The hub stress is kept constant when the gasket stress is held constant for each connection with each nominal diameter while it increases as the nominal diameter increases according to ASME codes. In addition, the leak rate increases as the nominal diameter increases.
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Abid, Muhammad, David H. Nash, and Jan Webjörn. "Emerging Technologies for Pipe Joints." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-165.

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In recent years new technologies, novel products, improved services and better contracting procedures are emerging and showing great potential for increased performance and safety. This is increasingly evident for applications in sectors like offshore, petrochemical and refining, ship and submarine building, nuclear power, hydropower, oil and gas transfer lines where failures are can lead to hazards to life. One such technology is a non-gasketed pipe connection and is recognised by the authors as representative of an ‘emerging technology’. It is based on several un-orthodox principles and does consist not only of a pair of welding neck flanges, but of an all-inclusive entire system, comprising bolts, washers, nuts, wrenches, procedures and training. This paper is based on two years of experimental and finite element studies [Ref 1,2] of both standard/conventional ANSI (gasketed) and modern non-gasketed flanged joints. This has led to a deeper understanding of the requirements for a successful assembly and long term usage. ANSI and VCF joints have been subject to internal pressure, axial and lateral forces, with these loads having been applied both singly and in combinations. Mode of load acting in the joint i.e. static or dynamic has been studied for both kinds of joints. Experimental and analytical results have been compared. Some practical considerations on the use of important emerging technology i.e. non-gasketed pipe joints in comparison to conventional gasketed systems are presented. Of fundamental importance is an insight into the mechanism of the bolted joint showing the effect from an external load on a preloaded bolt. It is found that it can be made near zero hence, in a properly built, non-gasketed bolted joint a static mode rules, and therefore the stamina of such a joint is unlimited. Other practical issues of fabrication, handling, surface damage and assembly, have been examined in the lab and on site and a summary of results is presented. In addition a probability risk assessment has been undertaken and results compared with the standard (conventional) ANSI type joints. In addition this paper demonstrates that the novel system is an efficient and well -engineered alternative to traditionally designed joints.
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Ferino, Jan, Antonio Lucci, and Giuseppe Demofonti. "Pressurized Flanged Joints Subjected to Bending Cyclic Loading: Tests and Finite Element Analyses." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97894.

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Temporary ground deformations produced by strong seismic activity can result in severe cyclic loading applied to piping, fittings and components such as flanges, elbows, tee joints etc. The integrity of the piping system in such condition is of critical importance for the safety of petro-chemical plants or refineries. Among various reasons of failures under earthquakes, the accumulation of plastic strains due to cyclic bending loading of pressurized piping sections containing bolted flanged joints, have to be carefully considered. This paper reports the results of the experimental full scale tests performed within the RFCS INDUSE Project [1] on PN40 and PN63 piping sections containing bolted flanged joints subjected to monotonic and cyclic bending load, in presence of internal pressure. On the basis of the experimental results, a FE model adopting Lemaitre-Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening rule for the pipe material has been developed, allowing to extend the results of the tests by performing a study on the main parameters affecting resistance of the joint.
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Semke, William H., George D. Bibel, Sanjay B. Gurav, Adam L. Webster, and Sukhvarsh Jerath. "Dynamic Response of a Pipe Having Bolted Flange Connection With a Gasket." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/pipe-29026.

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In this paper the effect of a bolted joint on the dynamic response of a pipe will be presented. The problem is analyzed both experimentally and by computer modeling. Standard 2-in. (51mm) Schedule 40 steel piping with a Class 300 RFWN flange is used. The pipe is used as a simply supported beam at its ends with a 14.5-ft (4.42 m) span. It is connected at the midspan by two flanges, with or without a gasket, and high strength bolts. The gasket used is a flexible spiral wound steel gasket of 0.180in. (4.57mm) thickness. Two values of pre-tensioning, 25,000 psi (172.5 MPa) and 50,000 psi (345 MPa) are used in the high strength bolts connecting the two flanges. Experimental values of fundamental frequency are comparable to the values obtained by computer modeling. It is found that the presence of the gasket and the loading exerted by the bolts on the flanges had very little effect on the fundamental frequency of the pipe system.
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Grmek, Damir. "Improving the Integrity of Lap Joint Flange Connections." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64383.

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Bolted connections where proper alignment is critical usually require the use of lap joint flanges. The ability of lap joint flanges to swivel around the pipe enables the connection to be installed with no rotational stress applied to the attached piping and equipment. The majority of lap joint flanges on the Enbridge Pipelines system are ANSI 600 and are located at pump nozzles. In these applications, Enbridge Pipelines’ standard specifies the use of spiral wound gaskets with inner rings. Problems with lap joint flanges typically occur at the time of assembly. There are a number of factors that contribute to the challenges of properly seating a gasket in these joints: • Since the raised face is separate from the flange, there is some flex in the face that could unevenly load the gasket; • The flange may not be concentric with the raised face that is welded to the pipe because of clearance between the pipe OD and the flange ID. Using the bolt holes to align the flange does not necessarily ensure that the raised faces are aligned; • Line up pins are not recommended on pump nozzles in order to ensure that no stress is placed on the pump. Consequently, the bottom studs are used to center the gasket and it is possible for the gasket to sit in the stud threads, increasing the misalignment between the gasket windings and the flange raised faces; • Specified torque values for a given flange size may be too high for use in a lap joint application. The perfect bolt alignment in these joints may result in a lower nut factor and subsequently a higher bolt stress for a given torque value. All of these factors can cause damage to the windings on a spiral wound gasket, eventually resulting in a leak. This paper will discuss ways to mitigate these issues.
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Sawa, Toshiyuki, Takashi Kobayashi, Hirokazu Tsuji, and Satoshi Nagata. "Stress Analysis and a Design Method for Bolted Pipe Flanged Joints Subjected to Internal Pressure." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77587.

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This paper deals with the stress analysis of a pipe flange connection with a spiral wound gasket using the elasto-plastic finite element method when an internal pressure is applied to the pipe flange connections with the different nominal diameters from 2″ to 20″. The effects of the nominal diameter of the pipe flange on the contact stress distributions at the interfaces and the hub stress are examined. Leakage tests of the pipe flange connections with 3″ and 20″ nominal diameters were conducted and measurement of the axial bolt force was also performed. The results by the finite element analysis are fairly consistent with the experimental results concerning the variation in the axial bolt force (Load factor). By using the contact stress distributions and the results of the leakage test, the modified gasket constants are proposed and compared with PVRC values. As a result, it is found that the variations in the contact stress distributions are substantial due to the flange rotation in the pipe flange connections with the larger nominal diameter. The hub stress has been overestimated by ASME method. In addition, a method to determine the bolt preload for a given tightness parameter and a rational design method for pipe flange connections are demonstrated.
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