Journal articles: 'Bolted Flange Joint'

1

Bouzid, Abdel-Hakim, and Akli Nechache. "An Analytical Solution for Evaluating Gasket Stress Change in Bolted Flange Connections Subjected to High Temperature Loading." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 4 (May 29, 2005): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2042480.

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The tightness of bolted flanged joints subjected to elevated temperature is not properly addressed by flange design codes. The development of an analytical method based on the flexibility of the different joint components and their elastic interaction could serve as a powerful tool for elevated temperature flange designs. This paper addresses the effect of the internal fluid operating temperature on the variation of the bolt load and consequently on the gasket stress in bolted joints. The theoretical analysis used to predict the gasket load variation as a result of unequal radial and axial thermal expansion of the joint elements is outlined. It details the analytical basis of the elastic interaction model and the thermally induced deflections that are used to evaluate the load changes. Two flange joint type configurations are treated: a joint with identical pair of flanges and a joint with a cover plate. The analytical models are validated and verified by comparison to finite element results.

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Qureshi, Jawed, Yashida Nadir, and Shaise K. John. "Cyclic Response of Bolted and Hybrid Pultruded FRP Beam-Column Joints between I-Shaped Sections." Fibers 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9110066.

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This paper presents cyclic behaviour of bolted and hybrid–combined bolted and bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) beam-to-column joints between I-shaped members using steel and FRP cleats. Five full-scale cyclic tests are carried out to study moment-rotation behaviour, cyclic response, and failure patterns. The test parameters include position of cleat (flange or combined web and flange), fastening method (bolting or hybrid–combining bolting and bonding) and cleat material (steel or FRP). First two tests had bolted and hybrid joints with steel flange and web double angles. Next two tests had the same joint detailing but with no web cleats. Last test used bolted joint only with FRP web and flange cleats. Three failure modes were observed: shear-out failure of the beam’s bolted zone, adhesive debonding with shear-out failure and delamination cracking. Cyclic performance of the joints was assessed by hysteresis moment-rotation curves and accumulated dissipated energy. Hybrid joints showed the best overall cyclic performance with accumulated dissipated energy about 75% higher than the bolted joints. Bolted joints with FRP cleats exhibited the worst cyclic performance. Flange cleated joints showed similar performance to web and flange cleated joints.

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3

Zhang, Yan, and He Hui Wang. "Emergency Stop and Drive Analysis of Bolted Flange Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.585.

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The strength and tightness of flange joints will be weaker due to the temperature fluctuations. There exists no mature calculation procedure that can accounts for the temperature fluctuations’ effect on the performance of flanged joint. Based on the finite element simulation of a flanged joint under emergency stop and drive condition using ANSYS, the strength integrity and sealing performance of it are evaluated according to code JB4732-2005. The results show that stress of every component increases after experiencing an emergency stop and drive, flange deflection is more serious, resulting in integrity and tightness failure and can’t meet the sealing requirements. Repeatedly stop and drive will lead to discontinuity and alternating loads for the flanged joints, which will increase the leakage trend.

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Khan, Niaz B., Muhammad Abid, Mohammed Jameel, and Hafiz Abdul Wajid. "Joint strength of gasketed bolted pipe flange joint under combined internal pressure plus axial load with different (industrial and ASME) bolt-up strategy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 3 (October 29, 2015): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408915614460.

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Gasketed bolted flange joints are used in process industry for connecting pressure vessels and pipes. Design procedures available in the literature mostly discuss structural strength, while sealing failure is still a big concern in industries. Similarly, limited work is found in the literature regarding performance of gasketed bolted joints under combined loading. A detailed 3D nonlinear finite element analysis is performed to study the strength and sealing of a gasketed bolted flanged pipe joint under different bolt-up strategy (Industrial and ASME) and under combined internal pressure and axial loading.

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Hayman, Edward, and Clyde Neely. "Solving the Puzzle of Bolted Joints." Mechanical Engineering 133, no. 06 (June 1, 2011): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-jun-5.

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This article discusses the various ways of solving the puzzle of bolted joint assembly. In 2001, The PCC-1-2000 Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly presented with knowledge and practices specific to the assembly of bolted flange joints. The puzzle solution that came from this box was the most definitive to date and allowed those dealing with bolted joints to assemble the variables by methods that had been used successfully for many years by many people. This document is helping people across industry not only to assemble bolted flange joints, but also to establish joint integrity programs, procedures, and best practices. PCC-1-2010 shifts the emphasis to gasket stress and gasket type and provides instruction and information pertinent to bolt torque values. The 2010 document contains, for instance, a whole section on bolt stress—the unit load that should be put on the bolts—and includes tables as well.

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Webjörn, J. "An Alternative Bolted Joint for Pipework." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 203, no. 2 (August 1989): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_199_02.

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Use of the conventional gasketed pipe joint with raised-face flanges is questioned. In this note the author demonstrates the interaction of forces and displacements within the structure, explains why gaskets leak, points out the weaknesses of the bolting and also some inconsistencies in codes and standards. An alternative compact flange design is presented based on modern principles of bolted joint engineering.

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Eskenati, Amir Reza, Amir Mahboob, Ernest Bernat-Maso, and Lluís Gil. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Adhesively and Bolted Connections of Pultruded GFRP I-Shape Profiles." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050894.

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Recent developments indicate that the application of pultruded FRP profiles has been continuously growing in the construction industry. Generating more complex structures composed of pultruded FRP profiles requires joining them. In particular, I-shape glass fiber pultruded profiles are commonly used and the possible joints to connect them should be specifically studied. The mechanical behavior of adhesively and bolted joints for pultruded Glass FRP (GFRP) profiles has been experimentally addressed and numerically modeled. A total of nine specimens with different configurations (bolted joints, adhesive joints, web joints, web and flange joints, and two different angles between profiles) were fabricated and tested, extending the available published information. The novelty of the research is in the direct comparison of joint technologies (bolted vs. adhesive), joint configuration (web vs. flange + web) and angles between profiles in a comprehensive way. Plates for flange joints were fabricated with carbon fiber FRP. Experimental results indicate that adding the bolted flange connection allowed for a slight increase of the load bearing capacity (up to 15%) but a significant increase in the stiffness (between 2 and 7 times). Hence, it is concluded that using carbon FRP bolted flange connection should be considered when increasing the joint stiffness is sought. Adhesively connections only reached 25% of the expected shear strength according to the adhesive producer if comparing the numerically calculated shear strength at the failure time with the shear strength capacity of the adhesive. Apart from assessing adhesive connections, the implemented 3D numerical model was aimed at providing a simplified effective tool to effectively design bolted joints. Although the accurate fitting between experimental and numerical results of the mechanical response, especially the stiffness of the joint, the local failure experimentally observed was not automatically represented by the model, because of the simplified definition of the materials oriented to make the model available for a wide range of practitioners.

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Hakimian, Soroosh, Lucas Hof, and Hakim A. Bouzid. "Investigation of Corrosion in Bolted Flanged Joints Using a Novel Experimental Setup." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 16 (July 7, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0116990mtgabs.

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The second most common cause of hydrocarbon leakage is corrosion in offshore platforms. In seawater and hydrocarbon services, bolted flange joints can be susceptible to corrosion on the flange face. Flanges connect pipes, valves, pumps, and other equipment to form a piping system. In flanged joints, two flanges are bolted together with a gasket between them to provide a seal. The current research considers corrosion in bolted flanged gasketed joints and proposes a new approach to quantify corrosion at the gasket and flange interface. According to the literature, both crevice corrosion and galvanic corrosion widely occur in bolted flanged gasketed connections, which create paths to leakage of the pressurized fluid. Leakage failure in bolted flanged gasketed joints can cause hazards to the environment and human safety. Corrosion in bolted gasketed joints was investigated in other papers and reports. Still, these studies did not consider the influence of the operating conditions. Fluid flow, pressure, pH, conductivity, temperature, and gasket contact pressure are some parameters to consider. To achieve this goal, a novel experimental setup - mimicking an industry-standard NPS 2 bolted flange connection - is introduced to examine the corrosion behavior of the contact surface between the flange and gasket. The setup enables monitoring and recording of the corrosion parameters under the influence of service conditions (gasket contact pressure, pH, salinity, temperature, fluid flow, and fluid pressure) during the corrosion tests. In a second step, the influence of the service conditions on corrosion will be studied. Two levels of temperature (25 o C and 85 o C), gasket contact pressure (4 MPa and 35 MPa), and flow rate (1.4 cm. s-1 and 4.5 cm. s-1) are considered in the study. The flange material selected in this study is stainless steel 304/304L since it has a wide application in the industry. Flexible graphite materials, commonly used due to their chemical resistance, high-temperature capability, low cost, and good sealing properties, are used in the corrosion tests. Two direct current electrochemical test techniques, polarization resistance (Rp) and potentiodynamic anodic polarization, are carried out, according to ASTM G5, to measure the corrosion rate in addition to other quantification methods based on visual observations and mass loss. These tests are conducted using the novel designed setup that consists of a working electrode (flange material), a reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), and an auxiliary electrode (a stainless-steel rod). The synthetic seawater solution recommended in ASTM D1141 is used for the corrosion tests. In a final step, the corroded surfaces of the specimens are examined via some of the following available techniques; confocal laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray microscopy (EDS/EDX), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques. Confocal microscopy is used to visualize the morphology of the damaged zones on the surface, and localize and quantify the crevices volume caused by corrosion, respectively. SEM and XRD analysis can reveal the scale morphology and phases present on the corroded plate surfaces. Comparing the results of the electrochemical tests and the microscopic studies will identify the influence of operating factors on the corrosion at the gasket-flange interface. Preliminary tests were performed to check the applicability of the novel setup for studying corrosion behaviour between gaskets and flanges and solve initial setup problems to get reproducible results. In the current research, the corrosion behaviour is studied under dynamic conditions. The majority of other works consider only the static condition, so it is important to run some preliminary tests to shakedown the rig and fixture and resolve unanticipated issues. First attempts failed due to noisy polarization curves that could not be used for corrosion analysis. After several experiments on small samples, it was decided to use filter paper immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution as a salt bridge to reduce the distance between the reference and working electrodes in the setup. This resulted in smooth polarization curves useful for further corrosion analysis (Fig. 1). The novel designed bolted flange joint setup allows corrosion monitoring and characterization under dynamic operating conditions for the first time. Figure 1

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9

Romanіuk, Volodymyr, and Volodymyr Suprunіuk. "Influence of rigidity of a flange ridge knot of a double hinged arch on the redistribution of efforts in its elements." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 106 (May 24, 2021): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2021.106.236-246.

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The theoretical determination of the actual stiffness of the ridge knot of a steel perforated arch was carried out using the initial parameter method, which made it possible to calculate the stress in the upper reference section of the structure belt. The application of the proposed calculation method makes it possible to determine the rigidity of the bolted flange connection, taking into account its actual operation, and to change it by changing the geometrical parameters of the nodal details, that is, the diameter of the bolts or the thickness of the flanges.It is marked that in the calculation of building constructions an important value has exact determination of boundary conditions of connection of nodal elements, that substantially influences on the redistribution of efforts in the separate elements of constructions on their length and rigidity of knots. Especially it touches of flange bolted joints. Current design rules use idealized schemes of nodal joints, which, according to numerical researches, do not fully correspond to the actual operating conditions of nodal joints and constructions on the whole. For realization of aim of researches, that is, theoretical determination of rigidity of ridge knot of the steel preliminary tense perforated arch, the method of initial parameters is used, which allowed to define theoretical tensions in the supporting cut of fastening upper belt to the ridge knot of arch. Divergence in the values of actual tensions in the cuts of beam and theoretical, calculated according to the current design rules, is explained by the flexibility of the flanged bolted joints, that due to the actions in the knot of bending moment opens up, although in theoretical calculations this joint is accepted by absolutely rigid. Rigidity depends on the thickness of flanges, diameter of bolts, the distances between them, the values of the previous tension of the bolts and external loading. The conclusion is set forth, that the application of the offered methodology of calculation allows to define the rigidity of the bolted flanged joint taking into account its actual work, and which, according to experimental researches and theoretical calculations, differs from the idealized calculation schemes. In addition the proposed methodology allows to change the rigidity of the bolted jont, changing the diameter of the bolts or the thickness of the flanges, and also to use the additional resource of material due to some reduction of the maximum tensions in weak cuts of elements.

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10

Bouzid, Abdel-Hakim, and Akli Nechache. "Thermally Induced Deflections in Bolted Flanged Connections." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 4 (May 29, 2005): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2042476.

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Pressure vessel joints operating at high temperature are often very difficult to seal. The existing flange design methods do not address thermal effects other than the variation of flange material mechanical properties with temperature. It is possible to include the effects of temperature loading in joint analysis, however, presently very few guidelines exist for this type of analysis. This paper outlines the theoretical analysis used for the determination of the steady state operating temperature and deflections in bolted flange joints. It details the theoretical equations necessary to predict the temperature profiles and thermal expansion difference between the joint components necessary for the evaluation of the load redistribution for the two cases of a flange pair and a flange with a cover plate. The results from the theoretical models are verified by comparison to finite element results.

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11

Alfattani, Rami. "Modeling and Simulating the Static Structural Response and Lift Off of a Preloaded Bolted Joint on a Flange." Proceedings 63, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020063010.

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The present paper describes the structural analysis performed on a preloaded bolted joint. The first joint modeled was comprised of a conventional cylindrical flange that was sliced to simplify the analysis for two bolts in lieu of four. This involved an L-shaped flat segment flange. Parametric studies were performed using elastic, large-deformation, non-linear finite element analysis to determine the influence of several factors on the bolted-joint response. The factors considered included bolt preload, contact surfaces, edge boundary conditions, and joint segment length in this first approach. The second model applied the previous preloaded torque on a complex flange to study the flange lift off. Joint response is reported in terms of displacements, gap opening, and surface strains. Most of the factors studied were determined to have minimal effect on the bolted joint response.

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12

Smolnicki, Tadeusz, Jacek Karliński, and Damian Derlukiewicz. "Identification of Internal Stresses in Bolted Flanged Joints." Solid State Phenomena 165 (June 2010): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.165.353.

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In bolted flange joints of flexible constructional elements, bolts are subjected not only to tension and torsion but also to bending loads. Identification of straining of each bolt is only possible by means of numerical methods e.g. the finite element method. In the case of large objects, the calculation problem is faithful projection of the phenomena occurring in direct zone of the contact of screw-nut pair. The application of global equivalent models of the whole joint is necessary in order to make it possible to precisely determine internal loads in individual bolts and then local models to establish stress fields necessary to assign durability. Calculation methodology based on the construction of two coherent models has been described: global - for the entire flange joint, and local - for a single bolt joint. The elaborated methodology was applied to evaluate a flange joint in a heat exchanger with rotating heating surfaces that was subject to damage. The causes of damage of the flange joint were determined.

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13

Abid, Muhammad, and Niaz B. Khan. "Behavior of gasketed bolted pipe flange joint under combined internal pressure, axial, and bending load: Three-dimensional numerical study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408917697888.

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Optimized performance of joint is categorized by its “structural integrity” and “sealing capability”. In literature, limited data are available regarding the performance of gasketed bolted flanged joint under combined internal and external loading; hence an optimized joint performance cannot be addressed. In this paper, a detailed three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of bolted gasketed flange joint is performed, to study its performance under combined internal (pressure) and external (axial and bending) load. Results of the finite element analysis are compared with the experimental results available in literature providing the validation of the numerical approach developed.

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14

Brown, Warren, Clyde Neely, and Steven J. Rossi. "Assembling Knowledge." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 07 (July 1, 2010): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-jul-6.

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This article highlights various topics covered in ASME Standard and Certification’s Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Joint Assembly. This major revision focuses on significant additions to capture proven assembly knowledge, which impacts safety, efficiency, best practice, and cost reduction. In addition, the revision recommends that gaskets be not reused. This inclusion was made based on field experience with joint leakage or flange facing damage where gaskets, in particular RTJ gaskets, are reused. Appendix P provides guidance and a series of checklists designed to guide the user through an investigation of joint leakage. ASME PCC-1-2010 represents a step change in the level of detail provided for guidance on bolted joint assembly and will represent a significant body of work for the international improvement of the integrity of bolted flanged joints. The undertaking and commitment by the subcommittee members was significant; however, it is believed that the benefit to industry from this revision will be commensurate.

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Zeng, Guo Ying, and Deng Feng Zhao. "Simulation and Experiment of Dynamics of Flange Structure with Bolted Joint." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.543.

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The relationships between dynamics response and preload of bolted joint were studied. By using finite element analysis method, nonlinear model of flange structure with bolted joint was established. The transient analysis for different preload condition of bolted joint was employed to obtain steady state response. The energy of the difference signals between up and down mating surfaces was computed. The energy of the difference signals increased as preload of bolted joint decreased, and nonlinearity of bolted joint increased. The numerical results were compared with experimental measurements. The similarity was found to be satisfactory.

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16

Jiao, Yufeng, and Guo Zhao. "Study on an Innovative Flange Bolted-Welded Connection." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (October 7, 2015): 870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01509010870.

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This paper proposes a new type of spliced joint, named flange bolted-welded hybrid joint, which is designed to splice I-shape beam to facilitate the construction of industrialized buildings. The flange, welded with the bottom beam flange as well as the web close to bottom flange, are jointed by high strength bolts. Stiffening plate is welded at top of the flange while downhand welding and high strength friction grip bolts are used for the top beam flange and the beam web, respectively. The connection reduces the construction period and costs. In this paper, monotonic and reversed cyclic loading tests were conducted on three full-scale specimens of this innovative joint to investigate its load-bearing capacity, energy-dissipating capacity and failure modes. The results indicate that the joint has high load-bearing capacity and great ductility. The failure mode is due to the slippage of flange bolts as well as the gap development between the two flange plates. The experimental studies enabled improvement of the design of the connection to be used in moment-resisting steel frame structures.

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Wang, He Hui, and Yan Zhang. "Creep Analysis of Combined Bolted Flange Joints under High Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 624 (August 2014): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.624.187.

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The tightness of bolted flange joints will weaken due to the loss of bolt load as a result of creep under high temperature. There exists no mature calculation procedure that can accounts for creep. Based on the finite element simulation of a combined flanged joint under four various conditions, the strength integrity and sealing performance of it are evaluated according to the code JB4732-2005. The results show that the integrity and tightness of the combined flanged joint under pre-loading condition, pressure condition and operating condition (except local film stress) meet requirements. However, more than 50% of the bolt load relaxation is found due to creep, part of the gasket residual stress is lower than the required minimum sealing pressure. It can lead to leakage. Bigger bolt pre-tightening force, materials with good creep relaxation resistance and hot-tighting method are recommended to reduce the influence of creep.

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18

Wang, Z. Y., and Q. Y. Wang. "Preliminary Parametric Assessment of a Bolted Endplate Joint under Combined Axial Force and Cyclic Bending Moment." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.718.

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Problems regarding the combined axial force and bending moment for the behaviour of semi-rigid steel joints under service loading have been recognized in recent studies. As an extended research on the cyclic behaviour of a bolted endplate joint, this study is performed relating to the contribution of column axial force on the cyclic behaviour of the joint. Using finite element analysis, the deteriorations of the joint performance have been evaluated. The preliminary parametric study of the joint is conducted with the consideration of flexibility of the column flange. The column axial force was observed to significantly influence the joint behaviour when the bending of the column flange dominates the failure modes. The reductions of moment resistance predicted by numerical analysis have been compared with codified suggestions. Comments have been made for further consideration of the influence of column axial load in seismic design of bolted endplate joints.

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Shin, Jinwon, and Jinkyu Kim. "Numerical and Experimental Study on Welded and Bolted Steel Beam–Column Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 11, no. 04 (October 2017): 1750014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431117500142.

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This paper presents experimental and numerical studies for predicting the seismic responses of welded and bolted steel beam–column connections, namely, welded unreinforced flange and bolted web connection, and welded unreinforced flange and welded web connection. Cyclic tests of these connections composed of members applied widely to steel structures are conducted to examine their seismic performance. Numerical simulations with a focus on the bolted joint are conducted using a nonlinear finite element code. Two different strategies of modeling bolted parts are provided to improve the computational efficiency of numerical analysis: solid contact elements and more simply using shell connector elements. Numerical solutions obtained for full connection models are experimentally validated. The rotational capacity and dissipated energy of the welded and bolted connections are discussed. The local responses for stress and strain in the vicinity of welded and bolted joints are also investigated.

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Liu, Ming Ming, Qing Gang Zhai, and Hong Shi. "Analysis of Vibration Testing for the Structure with Bolted Flange Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 751 (April 2015): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.751.205.

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The test was simulated for the thin-walled cylinder structure of aeroengine stator casing. Based on the software of LMS-TEST, the experiment of the structure with bolted flange joints was successfully completed for the vibration test analysis and the paper completed the testing under different pre-tightening force. Through the analysis of the measured data, the corresponding spectrum and difference value curve were obtained, the research results showed that the nonlinear characteristics of the bolted flange joint was significant influence on the dynamic responses of the structure, the various nonlinear vibration phenomenon and the signal asymmetry were obvious under different pre-tightening force, which was closely related to the state of the bolted pre-tightening force. By the information of the spectrum and acceleration difference curve, the extent of the bolt tightness can be determined, which can provide relevant reference information for the diagnosis of bolted joint status in the aeroengine stator casing.

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Bouzid, A., A. Chaaban, and A. Bazergui. "The Effect of Gasket Creep-Relaxation on the Leakage Tightness of Bolted Flanged Joints." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 117, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842093.

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The loss of tightness of bolted flanged joints is primarily due to the relaxation of the joint; in particular, the clamping load is affected by the amount of relaxation that a gasket exhibits over time. Test methods are available for evaluating the ability of a gasket to maintain a given compressive stress. It is necessary, however, to evaluate the response of the joint members to a small change in gasket thickness produced by the effect of creep-relaxation. This paper presents an analytical evaluation of the effect of gasket creep-relaxation on the remaining gasket stress taking into account the flexibility of all joint members, thus allowing the evaluation of the required tightening load on the gasket. The results obtained by this approach are shown to agree with those determined finite on an experimental rig made up of 4-in. class-600-lb pair of flanges. Axisymmetric finite element models of larger flange assemblies are also used for comparison. The results show that creep-relaxation of gaskets has a major influence on the remaining compression load on the gasket.

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Lee, F. O. Y., I. M. Gardner, and G. Thompson. "Maintainability Aspects of Process Plant Pipe Joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 201, no. 1 (February 1987): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_008_02.

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The paper is concerned with the maintainability aspects of pipe joints, the most common type of which is the bolted flange. An appreciation of pipe joint maintenance practice is obtained from two plant studies and a review of alternatives to flanges is then made with respect to these practical observations. Guidelines are given to help select the most appropriate coupling for an application. In the absence of a generally acceptable replacement coupling, a novel bolt design for use with standard flanges is proposed to alleviate some of the maintenance difficulties experienced.

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Lee, Yeong Huei, Shahrin Mohammad, and Yee Ling Lee. "Numerical Investigation on Column Flange Thickness for Cold-Formed Steel Top-Seat Flange Cleat Connection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 1104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.1104.

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The large deformation of cold-formed steel bolted connection has become a significant research interest in order to construct a reliable and safe light steel frame. This paper presents a study on the influence of column flange thickness for cold-formed steel top-seat flange cleat joint using finite element method. The verified and validated modelling technique for cold-formed steel top-seat flange cleat connection is applied to the column component study. The failure of the joint is fixed at column component and the bolt pull-out from column was observed at the top tension bolt row. The increment of the thickness of column flange has improved the load-carrying characteristic by the best representation of polynomial equations at both elastic and plastic regions. The cubic polynomial equation has a good representation of initial and secant rotation stiffness in the function of the column flange thickness for cold-formed steel top-seat flange cleat joint. For relative thin cold-formed column, the thickness of open section for column flange is an important variable in the design of bolted joint in light steel framing.

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Wang, Yuezhen, Zhifeng Liu, Ying Li, and Congbin Yang. "Methodology for optimization of preload in a bolted-flange connection based on Markov theory." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2174, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2174/1/012072.

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Abstract The bolted-flange connection is one of the most popular detachable mechanical joints in mechanical flange connection. It is well known that bolted-flange joints need to be tightened to meet the assembly performance in practical engineering applications. However, the dispersion of the pre-tightening force caused by the elastic interaction between the bolts has a serious impact on the sealing and safety of the product, and therefore the optimization of bolt preload has always been a hot spot in the assembly research field. Combining mathematical theory and experimental data, this paper proposes an optimization model for uniformly distributed preload based on the Markov theory. The torque method was utilized to fasten the bolt-flange joint. The bolt pre-tightening force in the final state was collected and used as sample data. A state transition model was constructed to determine the state transition matrix. Ultimately, an iterative model of the preload was deduced, and the rationality of the model was verified through experimentation. The proposed optimization method of bolt preload can be applied to determine the initial preload of each bolt. This method improves the assembly efficiency and accuracy, which provides a theoretical approach to effectively guide the tightening work of bolted-flange connections.

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Chen, Shiming, Junming Jiang, and Liangjiu Jia. "Numerical study on the performance of beam-to-concrete-filled steel tube column joint with adapter-bracket." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 10 (December 27, 2017): 1542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217746345.

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An innovative beam-to-column composite joint with adapter-bracket was proposed and its behavior was investigated through finite element analysis. The special adapter-bracket is to facilitate the assembly of the steel box beam and the concrete-filled steel tube column through high-strength blind bolts. In the adapter-bracket, two endplates are welded to the beam and bolted to the column, respectively. First, two finite element models of the bolted extended endplate joint were developed in ABAQUS and validated by available experimental results. Then, based on modified models, parametric analyses were conducted to evaluate the novel joint performance, in terms of the initial stiffness, rotation capacity, moment capacity, failure mode, and joint classification. The variables included flange thickness, endplate thickness, and bolt size. Results demonstrated that the joint behavior was significantly affected by the flange thickness, the endplate-A thickness, and bolt size while slightly influenced by the endplate-B thickness. Additionally, these joints had favorable rotation and moment capacity.

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Bouzid, Abdel-Hakim, and Henri Champliaud. "Contact Stress Evaluation of Nonlinear Gaskets Using Dual Kriging Interpolation." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1806444.

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The leakage behavior of bolted joint is very much dictated by the gasket contact stress. In particular, the non-uniform distribution of this stress in the radial direction caused by the flange rotational flexibility has a major influence on the leak tightness of some gasket types. The current ASME flange design rules and the new ASME proposed design rules addresses this effect by introducing the concept of gasket effective width for which the validity of the suggested values has not been verified. This paper presents a simple comprehensive analytical approach based on the dual kriging interpolation technique to predict the gasket contact stress distribution in floating type bolted joints. The kriging methodology is shown to be very efficient when nonlinear modeling such as gasket material mechanical behavior is involved. Together with the flange rotational flexibility, this technique implemented in the “SuperFlange” program is supported and validated by numerical FEA conducted on different flange sizes and gasket materials combinations.

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Grzejda, R. "Effects of nonlinearity on determination of bolt forces for the operational state of a bolted flange connection." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 19, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2014-0004.

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Abstract Modelling and calculations of an asymmetrical bolted flange connection at the operational stage are presented. The physical model of the joint is based on a flexible flange element that is connected with a rigid support by means of hybrid elements, which substitute bolts. Between the flange element and the support, the linear Winkler model of a contact layer is taken into account. The bolted flange connection is preloaded and then subjected to an eccentric normal load. The influence of nonlinearity of the contact layer between the joined elements on computational values of bolt forces has been investigated. Results of calculations for several different values of the joined element’s thickness are described

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ONISHI, Tadashi, and Kiyoshi TANAKA. "Leakage through gasket regarding rotated bolted-flange joint." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2019 (2019): E24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2019.e24.

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Wang, Yongfeng, Yanhong Ma, Jie Hong, Giuseppe Battiato, and Christian Maria Firrone. "A Novel Test Rig for the Basic Nonlinear Characterization of Bolted Joints." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 5613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125613.

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The paper aims at performing a comprehensive experimental study on the peculiar properties of a bolted joint, and investigates the damping induced at different interfaces (between flanges, bolt head/nut and flange, threads) during vibrations. A novel, simplified, single-bolt system joining a two-beam structure is designed and tested. Experimental results under different boundary conditions are presented, and the influence of the harmonic excitation force, as well as the bolt tension, is investigated. The test results show how the contact interface between the clamped flanges plays an important role in terms of frictional damping provided to the system during vibration, while the contact interfaces between the head/nut and flange, and secondarily between the threads, affect the system response at a less, but not negligible, extent. The test setup and test procedure can provide a database to validate single bolt contact models to be included in a more complex structure.

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Bouzid, Abdel-Hakim, and Michel Derenne. "Analytical Modeling of the Contact Stress With Nonlinear Gaskets." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 124, no. 1 (July 3, 2001): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1426084.

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Gasket contact stress and its variation through the gasket width is caused by the rotation of the flange and has an influence on the leakage tightness behavior of bolted flange joints. The future implementation by the ASME of proposed design rules is based on new gasket constants obtained from the ROTT (room temperature tightness) tests conducted on rigid platens. The gasket contact stress distribution needs to be addressed for the purpose of better joint tightness predictions. This paper presents a comprehensive analytical method that predicts the gasket contact stress distribution taking into account the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the gasket material. Based on the flange rotational flexibility, the proposed analytical model that is implemented in the “SuperFlange” program is supported and validated by numerical FEA and experimental analyses on flange rotations, radial distribution of gasket contact stress, and joint leak tightness.

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Kou, Suxia, Xiuhua Zhang, Wancheng Li, and Chunlei Song. "Dynamic Response Parameter Analysis of Steel Frame Joints under Blast Loading." Buildings 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040433.

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A finite element model of steel frame joints is established using finite element analysis software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The ideal triangular impact load is used to numerically analyze the dynamic response of steel frame welded joints under blast loading, the main factors affecting this response, and the failure modes of three types of joints, so as to provide reference for the antiexplosive design of steel frame joints. The results show that steel frame joints vibrate violently in the explosive blast direction. Due to the strain rate effect, the strength of steel increases, the material enters the plastic strengthening stage, and there is a certain residual displacement. In addition, displacement and stress caused by blast action in the joint area are large, and the flange shear failure of the beam and column is prone to occur in the joint. Increasing the flange width of the beam and the column cannot improve the antiexplosive performance of the joints, while increasing their thickness can. Furthermore, bolted and welded joints have the highest stiffness and best antiexplosion performance, followed by welded joints, while the antiexplosion performance of bolted joints was the worst.

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Abid, Muhammad, Masroor Hussain, Ayesha Khan, and Hafiz A. Wajid. "Application of monotonic adaptive kernel for optimization: A case study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, no. 2 (January 11, 2017): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916688501.

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Optimization is considered to be the integral part of designing a wide range of engineering solutions. Manual optimization is a hectic job to obtain desired optimized results using hit and trial method. Monotonic adaptive kernel algorithm optimizes the solution to the target stress by using linear interpolation function and checking current values on every iterative step and computing differential load. Using monotonic adaptive kernel algorithm, numerical simulations are conducted on gasketed bolted flange pipe joints to achieve required preload in the bolts as per industrial guidelines for their optimized performance. It is observed that the monotonic adaptive kernel algorithm produces more accurate and fast results conforming to the desired target values as compared to the manual and semiautomatic optimization techniques implemented for the gasketed bolted flange pipe joint.

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Lifson, A., and A. J. Smalley. "Bending Flexibility of Bolted Flanges and Its Effect on Dynamical Behavior of Structures." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 111, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269874.

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This paper presents a basis for determining the bending flexibility of flanged joints in complex piping systems for use in predicting natural frequencies, mode shapes, and response to excitation forces. Data was developed by a combination of laboratory testing and analysis. Highly instrumented testing initially identified and isolated the contributing deformations in a flanged joint and later provided overall flexibilities of flanged assemblies for verification of the analytical model. The analysis, its results, and model verification are presented in the paper. Further results are provided which compare predicted dynamic characteristics of reciprocating compressor manifold piping systems with measured data obtained in the field for vibration modes which are sensitive to flange flexibility. Consistent good agreement has been achieved of the techniques utilized in some 50 design and field analyses conducted at the Center for Applied Machinery and Piping Technology (CAMPT) at Southwest Research Institute.

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34

Nakano, Makoto, and Hirokazu Tsuji. "323 Control of clamping force of bolted flange joint." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2000 (2000): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2000.75.

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Jamia, N., H. Jalali, J. Taghipour, M. I. Friswell, and H. Haddad Khodaparast. "An equivalent model of a nonlinear bolted flange joint." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 153 (May 2021): 107507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107507.

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Zhang, Lanzhu, Jiachao Sun, and Renliang Cai. "Study on the gasket parameters and the calculation of MMC flange joint according to XP CEN\TS 1591-3." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 6 (June 29, 2016): 1174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916656888.

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Metal-to-metal contact type flange joints (bolted flange joint with metal-to-metal contact) have a constant gasket sealing stress during service, so it is extensively used for “zero leakage” design in petrochemical, chemical, or nuclear power industry. XP CEN\TS 1591-3 provides a calculation method for metal-to-metal contact flange joints but the gasket parameters needed in this calculation and their test methods are not given. To determine the gasket parameters of metal-to-metal contact type flange joints, the procedures of the compression–resilience test, the stress relaxation test, and the sealing test at different temperature were described here, and the main mechanical properties and sealing property of a metal-to-metal contact type gasket were obtained from these tests. The methods to determine the metal-to-metal contact gasket parameters were introduced. And then, the calculation for a DN80 PN5.0 metal-to-metal contact type flange joint was carried out with two methods, one was the method according to XP CEN\TS 1591-3, the other was finite element method. In these calculations, the assembly condition and service condition were considered. The results of the two methods coincided well. This showed the test methods and test results of metal-to-metal contact type gasket parameters suggested here were available. So, they could be applied for the calculation of metal-to-metal contact type flange joints.

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37

Itoh, S., Y. Shiina, and Y. Ito. "Behavior of Interface Pressure Distribution in a Single Bolt-Flange Assembly Subjected to Heat Flux." Journal of Engineering for Industry 114, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899776.

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This paper describes the thermal behavior of a single bolt-flange assembly, emphasizing the correlation between the thermal contact resistance, thermal deformation of joint surroundings and interface pressure distribution, i.e., mechanically-thermally closed loop effect. Through a series of experiments, the major findings are as follows: (1) The thermal behavior of the bolted joint is dependent upon the sinusoidal-like distribution of the interface pressure, for instance, it showing the additional heat flow in radial direction under the axial heat flux. (2) The bolted joint with ordinarily geometric specification is in thermal stability except for a short period after thermal loading.

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38

Jaszak, Przemysław, and Konrad Adamek. "Design and analysis of the flange-bolted joint with respect to required tightness and strength." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0031.

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AbstractThe paper presents the method of design and strength analysis of the flange-gasketed-bolted joint. In the first part, analytical calculations were carried out. Their purpose was to determine the assembly torque of nuts to achieve the desired tightness. The flanged joint designated as DN100 PN40 with two different gaskets was taken into consideration. The analytical calculations were performed in accordance with the algorithm included in PN EN 1591-1. In the further step, the numerical calculations were carried out to support the analytical results. The outcome of these calculations were maps of the contact stress distribution on the gasket surface, estimation of safety factors of individual joint elements as well as determination of the flange rotation. Data from the numerical calculations were compared with the analytical results, which confirmed their satisfactory compliance. In the last stage, the experimental tests of the joint were carried out. The main results of the test were the measured values of the leakage level, tightening force of the bolt and estimated safety factors. An indirect result of the experimental measurements were maps of the stress distribution on the contact surface of the gasket, which were determined by means of the measuring film. Ultimately, based on the experimental results, it was found that the proposed analytical method of calculation and simulation of the joint by means of the finite element method was a very good tool for the design of the joint at the required tightness level.

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39

Welch, Michael. "A Paradigm for the Analysis of Preloaded Bolted Joints." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 69, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2019-0012.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present a paradigm, or guide, to the analysis of preloaded bolted joints made using multiple bolts. Classical analysis methods are applied to the interaction of the joint elements subjected to combinations of both in-plane and out-of-plane loads and moments. The distribution of the external loads and moments within the preloaded joint is determined in relationship to individual bolts. An analysis of loads and stresses in individual bolts and dowels along with flange bending and thread shear in tapped or threaded holes is developed. The article brings together a number of concepts and links them into a practical design analysis process that is applicable for many cases of preloaded bolted joints and are adequate to demonstrate the structural integrity of each element of the joint. Interpretation of results, within the context of design standards, is provided. In some cases finite element methods may be more appropriate, and the methods discussed can be used in the validation process.

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40

ONISHI, Tadashi, and Kiyoshi TANAKA. "Internal pressure estimation of the leak-free bolted flange joint." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2017 (2017): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2017.551.

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41

KUMAKURA, Susumu, and Kumiko SAITOU. "Experimental Examinations of Tightening Sequence for Bolted Flange Joint assembly." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2002 (2002): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2002.59.

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42

Zhang, L. Z., Y. Liu, J. C. Sun, K. Ma, R. L. Cai, and K. S. Guan. "Research on the Assembly Pattern of MMC Bolted Flange Joint." Procedia Engineering 130 (2015): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.188.

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43

Davtyan, A., H. Isunts, V. Dekhtiarov, A. Vardanyan, V. Avagyan, and T. Mkrtchyan. "The analysis and experimental research of ultrahigh vacuum ConFlat-type flange joints applied in accelerator and space technology." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 03 (March 1, 2023): P03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/03/p03013.

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Abstract Finite element analysis (FEA) of ultrahigh vacuum ConFlat-type flange joints for both Wheeler's and CERN's models were carried out. These models differ in the angle of inclination between the two shelves of knife-edge. The main value of this research is a computer simulation for deformable flanges and gaskets because all analyses before this have been done for absolutely rigid flanges (non-deformable flanges) and deformable gaskets. The analysis variable parameters are the radius of rounding at the tip of the knife-edge (0.05 … 0.2 mm), the angle between the shelves forming the knife-edge (70° and 90°) and the material properties of the copper ring (annealed and 1/4 hard). The calculation of bolted connections for tightening the flanges was also carried out as the experience has shown that during the tightening of bolts, they reach the yield point and begin to deform plastically. That leads to incomplete tightening of the flanges and, therefore incomplete sealing of the joint. The experimental research of the flanges tightening and the comparison with computer simulation results were carried out.

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44

Abid, Muhammad. "STAMINA OF A GASKETED BOLTED FLANGED PIPE JOINT UNDER DYNAMIC LOADING." IIUM Engineering Journal 17, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v17i2.565.

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Gasketed bolted flange joints are the most critical components in pipelines for their sealing and strength under operating conditions. Most of the work available in literature is under static loading, whereas in industry, cyclic loads are applied due to the vibrating machinery such as motors, pumps, sloshing in offshore applications and in the ships etc. In this study a three dimensional finite element analysis of a gasketed joint is carried out using a spiral wound gasket under bolt up and dynamic operating conditions (internal pressure, axial and bending) singly and in combination. The cyclic axial loads are concluded relatively more challenging for both the sealing and strength of the joint. Higher magnitudes of loads and frequencies are also observed more challenging to the joints performance.

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45

Ma, Benben, Yichao Zhu, Fan Jin, Quan Ding, and Xu Guo. "A lightweight optimal design model for bolted flange joints without gaskets considering its sealing performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918756649.

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The lightweight optimal design of bolted flange joint system without gaskets is still a challenging problem, mainly owing to two issues: the relatively large number of mutually dependent geometric design parameters and the complicated role played by the contact details between members. With these two issues properly addressed, this article aims for devising a concise formulation for lightweight optimal design of bolted joint systems without gaskets. After a systematic examination of the correlations between design parameters, the total number of free design variables is reduced to three: member thickness, bolt spacing, and bolt specification, respectively. Besides, a finite element analysis that can resolve more contact details between members is conducted, and the influencing factors on the pressure distribution at the member surface are thus identified, with a criterion for the system sealing failure incorporated. Based on the findings in this work, a novel design scheme for the joint system is proposed, and good agreement between our predictions and results obtained by a full three-dimensional finite element analysis is shown. The proposed approach can be used to optimize the design parameters of bolted joint systems considering sealing performance without heavy finite element computation and can find applications in many relevant engineering fields.

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Zhuang, Fa Kun, Xiao Peng Li, Guo Shan Xie, Jin Shi, and Yian Wang. "Sealing Performance Evaluation for Bolted Flange Joint with Spiral Wound Gasket Based on the Bolt Force." Key Engineering Materials 795 (March 2019): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.246.

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Leakage accidents often occur at the bolted flange joints, which are widely used in the petro-chemical plant. This is mainly resulted by the reduction of bolt force during operation. Therefore, bolt force is very important for sealing performance of the joints in service. Based on the leakage rate parameter, the relationship between the bolt force and gasket stress was derived. Moreover, the leakage rate model was established on the basis of bolt force. With this model, the leakage rate can be directly calculated through the bolt force, and the sealing performance can be evaluated. In order to verify this model, corresponding experiments have been performed. It shows that with the internal pressure increasing, the bolt force increases and the gasket stress reduces. There exists a monotonic relationship between the bolt force and gasket stress. The theoretical gasket stress value corresponds well with the experimental value. The calculated leakage rates for the joints also agree well with the experimental value. Then, it is feasible to evaluate the sealing performance for the bolted flange joints based on the bolt force.

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ONISHI, Tadashi, and Kiyoshi TANAKA. "Internal pressure estimation of the leak free bolted flange joint (Second)." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2019 (2019): E21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2019.e21.

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Yamabe, Masayuki, and Riichi Morimoto. "Bolted Pipe Flange Joint Assembly Man-hour Reduction and Related Problem." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2018 (2018): YC2018–053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2018.yc2018-053.

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Bouzid, A., and A. Chaaban. "FLANGED JOINT ANALYSIS: A SIMPLIFIED METHOD BASED ON ELASTIC INTERACTION." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 1993): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1993-0011.

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Structurally sound bolted joints often fail due to loss of tightness. This is because the clamping load is affected by the application of the internal fluid pressure. A good design technique should therefore encompass most aspects of joint behaviour and produce efficient sealing performance within the clearly defined limits of the method used. This paper presents a simple analytical model based on an extension of the Taylor Forge approach taking into account flange rotation, flexibility of both the gasket and the bolts and, when applicable, the stiffness of the end closure. Examples will be discussed based on experimentally determined gasket properties.

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50

HAGIWARA, Masaya, Nobutoshi OHASHI, and Isamu YOSHIMOTO. "Characteristics of bolted joint in plastic region tightening - Fatigue characteristic of T-flange joint." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 52, no. 11 (1986): 1972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.52.1972.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bolted Flange Joint'

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