Journal articles on the topic 'Boké'

This study documents the experiences of health system personnel in the implementation of mass distribution campaigns for the control of lymphatic filariasis in rural Guinea. This was an exploratory qualitative study using data collected from implementing actors of mass distribution campaigns in the Boké health district. The results showed four main facilitators of mass distribution campaign rollout in the Boké health district: (i) support to the district teams in the organization of the campaigns; (ii) involvement of community-based associations in social mobilization; (iii) strong adherence of the communities to the different mass distribution campaigns, facilitated through the involvement of community relays, who are members of these communities, in the distribution of drugs; and (iv) transparency in the allocation of incentives to drug dispensers and supervisors. However, the frequent shortages of medicines, the difficulty of access to rural areas, and the lack of logistical means for the supervision of activities were the main obstacles to the success of the various mass distribution campaigns in Boké. The provision of buffer stocks for special areas such as Boké by national programme actors and partners, joint planning of campaign activities with local managers of health systems and services, and improvement of existing mechanisms for motivating health workers, including community health workers, during future campaigns should help to achieve national objectives in the fight against NTDs in Guinea.

Background West African landscapes are largely characterised by complex agroforest mosaics. Although the West African forests are considered a nonhuman primate hotspot, knowledge on the distribution of many species is often lacking and out-of-date. Considering the fast-changing nature of the landscapes in this region, up-to-date information on primate occurrence is urgently needed, particularly of taxa such as colobines, which may be more sensitive to habitat modification than others. Understanding wildlife occurrence and mechanisms of persistence in these human-dominated landscapes is fundamental for developing effective conservation strategies. Methods In this paper, we aim to review current knowledge on the distribution of three threatened primates in Guinea-Bissau and neighbouring regions, highlighting research gaps and identifying priority research and conservation action. We conducted a systematic literature review of primate studies from 1976 to 2016 in Guinea-Bissau, southern Senegal and western Guinea (Boké Region). We mapped historical observation records of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), Temminck’s red colobus (Pilicolobus badius temminckii) and king colobus (Colobus polykomos), including our preliminary survey data from Dulombi, a newly established National Park (NP) in Guinea-Bissau. Results We found 151 documents, including 87 journal articles, that contained field data on primates in this region. In Guinea-Bissau, nearly all studies focussed south of the Corubal River, including mainly Cantanhez, Cufada, and Boé NP’s. In Senegal, most of the data came from Fongoli and Niokolo-Koba NP. In Boké (Guinea) studies are few, with the most recent data coming from Sangarédi. In Dulombi NP we recorded eight primate species, including chimpanzees, red colobus and king colobus. Across the selected region, chimpanzees, red colobus and king colobus were reported in eleven, twelve and seven protected areas, respectively. Discussion Our study demonstrates large geographical research gaps particularly for the two colobines. For the first time after more than two decades, we confirm the presence of red colobus and king colobus north of the Corubal River in Guinea-Bissau. The little information available from large parts of the red colobus range raises questions regarding levels of population fragmentation in this species, particularly in Casamance and across northern Guinea-Bissau. There are still no records demonstrating the occurrence of king colobus in Senegal, and the presence of a viable population in north-eastern Guinea-Bissau remains uncertain. While the occurrence of chimpanzees in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal is well documented, data from Boké (Guinea) are sparse and out-of-date. Our approach—the mapping of data gathered from a systematic literature review—allows us to provide recommendations for selecting future geographical survey locations and planning further research and conservation strategies in this region.

For a long time, the main problem with water intended for human consumption has been health, and this problem stems from the existence of micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites) that transmit many dangerous infections to humans. Vibrio cholerae is one of these micro-organisms. Cholera is a severe acute diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium that colonises warm, saline and alkaline surface waters, often in association with phytoplankton or zooplankton. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria of the Vibrio genus in the waters of the Télimélé and Boké prefectures. The study was carried out from the beginning of May to the end of September 2021. The samples were analysed in the bacteriology laboratory of the Institut de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée de Guinée (IRBAG) in Kindia, using conventional identification methods. The results of the analysis proved the existence of the bacterial strain in the water analysed. During the analyses, we encountered two types of Vibrio: parahaemolyticus with 1.28% in Télimélé and alginolyticus with 2.56% in Boké. These germs were found in wells and lakes, but Vibrio spp was not found. In addition to bacteria of the species Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus, we encountered two (2) other types of microorganisms: Enterococcus faecalis observed in ponds and streams and Salmonella spp. found in taps, boreholes and wells.

Currently 14 Phrynobatrachus species are known to occur in Guinea (Frétey 2008; Frost 2011). The recently discovered species, Phrynobatrachus pintoi Hillers, Zimkus and Rödel, 2008, was described from the Boké region, north-western Guinea (Hillers et al. 2008). Although this description comprised distinct morphological and genetic characters, it was only based on one, subadult specimen. Further data on the species morphological variability, its biology and distribution, are thus needed. During a survey from 28 September to 20 October 2010 in the Télimélé region, north-western Guinea, we recorded this species at three additional localities. The respective data are presented herein.

Republic of Guinea is one of the West African countries which share form a border with the southern. The rainfall onset in this country is one of the major problems that the farmers face. For it, we determined with more precision, the rainy season onset in eight synoptic stations in Republic of Guinea: Boke, Conakry, Faranah, Kankan, Koundara, Labe, Mamou and NZerekore. Then, we studied the InterTropical Front (ITF) position compared to each station at the onset date. This work better analyses the atmospheric dynamics leading to rainfall particularity. We used the daily rainfall data provided by the National Meteorological Service of Guinea for (1991-2020) years and the dekadal (10-day) ITF position data produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for (1990-2021) years. Using these daily rain of the eight stations and the ITF data, we calculated, the dekadal, monthly and annual rain amount, then we established a relation between the ITF position and the precipitation for each station. Results obtained show that the rainy season begins on May 18th, April 20th, May 4th, May 14th, June 8th, May 12th, April 28th and March 20th in Boké, Conakry, Faranah, Kankan, Koundara, Labe, Mamou and NZerekore regions, respectively. Compared to these dates, the ITF is located 2247.77 km north of Boke, 2136.13 km north of Conakry, 2121.24 km north of Faranah, 2136.13 km north of Kankan, 2236.61 km north of Koundara, 2247.77 km north of Labe, 2236.61 km north of Mamou and 2136.13 km north of NZerekore. The good correlation is obtained between the ITF position and the monthly precipitations for eight regions. This study will allow farmers to know with more precision the rainfall onset in Republic of Guinea.

Background. Motorcycle road traffic accidents (RTA) constitute an increasing public health challenge with victims more likely to sustain fatal injuries compared with other types of RTA. The aim of this study was to analyze motorcycle RTA-related morbidity and mortality among victims admitted to hospitals in Guinea from 2015 to 2017. Materials and Methods. This was a cross-sectional study based on hospital records from six districts (Boké, Kindia, Mamou, Faranah, N’Zérékoré, and Siguiri) from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore associations between RTA types and mortality. Results. There were 14,962 RTA victims with motorcycle RTA accounting for 58.3% and other RTA 45.3% of hospital admissions. Overall, motorcycle RTA accounted for 77.7%, with young adults (96.2%) and males (73.5%) more affected when compared to victims of other types of RTA. Median age of motorcycle RTA victims was 23 years (IQR: 17–33 years). Students (29.7%), employees (23.6%), and farmers/housewives (23.3%) were the commonest groups affected by motorcycle RTA. The highest burden of motorcycle RTA occurred in the mining zones (Boké and Siguiri). Wounds (39.2% and 27.3%) and multiple injuries (43.8% and 43.8%) were the commonest types of injury sustained by victims of both motorcycle and other types of RTA, respectively. Motorcycle RTA accounted for 54% of overall deaths. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, sustaining a motorcycle RTA in N’Zérékoré (AOR: 4.2; 95% CI: 1.6–11.2) and being admitted with mild (AOR: 7.4; 95% CI 2.1–25.8) and heavy or deep coma (AOR: 776.1; 95% CI: 340.2–1770.7) were significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions. Motorcycle RTA are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Guinea. Males, young adult users, students, employees, and people from mining zones are the most affected. Better law enforcement and awareness raising among Guinean young adults are promising prevention strategies.

For a long time, the main problem with water intended for human consumption has been health, and this problem stems from the existence of micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites) that transmit many dangerous infections to humans. Vibrio cholerae is one of these micro-organisms. Cholera is a severe acute diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium that colonises warm, saline and alkaline surface waters, often in association with phytoplankton or zooplankton. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria of the Vibrio genus in the waters of the T&eacute;lim&eacute;l&eacute; and Bok&eacute; prefectures.&nbsp; The study was carried out from the beginning of May to the end of September 2021. The samples were analysed in the bacteriology laboratory of the Institut de Recherche en Biologie Appliqu&eacute;e de Guin&eacute;e (IRBAG) in Kindia, using conventional identification methods. The results of the analysis proved the existence of the bacterial strain in the water analysed. During the analyses, we encountered two types of Vibrio: parahaemolyticus with 1.28% in T&eacute;lim&eacute;l&eacute; and alginolyticus with 2.56% in Bok&eacute;. These germs were found in wells and lakes, but Vibrio spp was not found. In addition to bacteria of the species&nbsp;<em>Vibrio</em>&nbsp;<em>parahaemolyticus</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em>, we encountered two (2) other types of microorganisms:&nbsp;<em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> observed in ponds and streams and Salmonella spp. found in taps, boreholes and wells.

The aim of this work is to make a preliminary inventory of chiropteran reservoirs of infection in the Republic of Guinea: Boké, Conakry, Faranah, Mamou, Kindia and N'zérékoré. The study was conducted from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019. One thousand chiropterans were captured with fishing nets, mist nets or by hand and divided into 18 species and 6 families. Identification was based on the reference collection of IRBAG, Rosevear DR, Hayman RW and Bergmans W.The most representatives were: Hipposideros caffer (15.5%), Mops condylurus (10.8%), Nycteris hispida (7.7%), Neoromicia guineensis (6.8%), Hipposideros jonesi (6.3%), Chaerephon nigeriae (4, 9%), Rhinolophus guineensis (4.2%), Chaerephon pumillus (3.3%), Eidolon helvum (2.6%), Epomophorus gambianus (1.9%), Hipposideros abae (1.3%). On the other hand, the least encountered are: Scotophilus diganii (0.8%), Lissonycteris angolensis (0.7%), Rhinolophus alcyone (0.5%), Rousettus aegyptiacus (0.4%), Scotophilus leucogaster (0.4%) and Neoromicia brunnea (0.2%). These species represent the bulk of the chiropterans fauna, which may play an epidemiological or predatory role for crops and harvests.

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zooanthroponosis caused by spirochete bacteria called leptospire of the genus Leptospira. Objective: To contribute to the knowledge and circulation of the Leptospira germ in humans in the Republic of Guinea. Methods: This prospective and descriptive cross-sectional study lasted 18 months, from June 2019 to December 2020. Results: 687 samples, including 388 bat kidney tissues and 299 kidney tissues from captured rodents, were analysed at IRBAG's Guineo-Russian laboratory. The molecular diagnostic technique (RT-qPCR) and sequencing were carried out. Among rodents, 15 species were captured in the various administrative regions of Guinea: Mastomys natalensis, Mastomys erythroleucus. Mastomys sp, Praomys daltoni, Praomys rostratus, Praomys sp, Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Mus musculoides, Mus sp, Lemmiscomys striatus, Gerbilliscus guineae, Cricetomys gambianus, Crocidura olivieri, Crocidura sp. The N’zérékoré region recorded the highest number of captures 226 (87 Mastomys natalensis ,61 Mus musculus, 46 Crocidura sp. 26 Rattus rattus, 5 Crocidura olivieri, 1 Mus sp. ), followed by the Kindia region with 66 cases (25 Rattus rattus ,18 Mastomys sp, 10 Mastomys erythroleucus, 6 Mus musculus, 2 Praomys daltoni, 2 Praomys sp, 2 Mus musculoides, 1 Praomys rostratus, 1 Lemmiscomys striatus, 1 Gerbilliscus guineae, 1 Cricetomys gambianus), the Faranah region with 4 cases (3 Mus musculoides,1 Mastomys sp.). The Mamou, Boké and Labé regions recorded no cases. Sixteen species of bats were captured and tested: Rousettus aegyptiacus, Lissonycteris angolensis, Epomophorus gambianus, Hipposideros jonesi, Hipposideros ruber, Hipposideros abae, Hipposideros sp., Rhinolophus sp., Chaerephon sp.., Chaerephon major, Chaerephon pumilus, Mops condylurus, Mops sp., Nycteris sp., Scotophilus leucogaster, Miniopterus sp. The Kindia region recorded the highest number of positive carriers 184 (102 Hipposideros ruber, 14 Lissonycteris angolensis, 13 Hipposideros jonesi,13 Mops condylurus,12 Hipposideros sp., 8 Rousettus aegyptiacus,8 Chaerephon pumilus, 5 Hipposideros abae,3 Scotophilus leucogaster,3 Miniopterus sp.,2 Rhinolophus sp.,1 Mops sp.), the N'Zérékoré region 134 cases (1 Lissonycteris angolensis, 1 Chaerephon sp.,41 Chaerephon major, 6 Chaerephon pumilus, 94 Mops condylurus,1 Mops sp,1 Nycteris sp.),the Boké region 52 cases (50 Hipposideros ruber, 2 Rhinolophus sp.),the Faranah region 7 cases (7 Epomophorus gambianus), the Mamou and Labé regions recorded 0 cases each. Mastomys sp. 3/17, Praomys daltoni 0/2, Praomys rostratus 1/1, Rattus rattus 1/13, Mus musculus 0/5, Mus musculoides 0/0, Crocidura olivieri), the Nzérékoré region with 4 positive cases out of 129. (Mastomys natalensis 1/37, Rattus rattus 1/14, Crocidura sp.2/30), the Faranah region recorded 0 positive cases out of a total of 4 (Mastomyssp. 0/1, Mus musculoides 0/3) and the Boké region 0 cases out of a total of 0. Mastomus natalensis, number of specimens 56 including 14 positive cases, i.e. 6.9%; P.daltoni, number of specimens 3 including 2 positive cases, i.e. 1.43%; Praomus sp, number of specimens 7 including 0 positive cases; Rattus rattus, number of specimens 75 including 1 positive case, i.e. 0.48%; Mus musculus, number of specimens 3 including 0 positive cases; P.fallax, number of specimens 1 including 0 positive cases; L.sikapusi, number of specimens 1 including 0 positive cases; Crocidura sp, number of specimens 2 of which 0 positive; S.leucogaster, number of specimens 32 of which 0 positive; T. thersites, number of specimens 23 of which 0 positive; N.hispida, number of specimens 4 of which 0 positive; E.helvum, number of specimens 2 of which 0 positive. Sequencing yielded fragments of the LiP32 gene were isolated from all positive samples. Analysis established the identity of the samples with the L. interrogans genome. Conclusion: The results obtained prove that the leptospirosis pathogen does circulate in the Republic of Guinea in both rodents and bats.

The Sangarédi area, located in the prefecture of Boké, has vegetation essentially composed of tree and shrub savannah, the natural biotope of the great grasscutter. Today, this vegetation is under serious threat from human activity, with mining companies exploiting large areas, thereby destroying the environment. This state of affairs has contributed to a reduction in the habitat of this animal, which is highly prized by the local population. The aim of the study was to contribute to the identification, location and characterisation of the habitats of the great grasscutter in Lower Guinea, with a view to its conservation in situ. A questionnaire was drawn up and applied to a sample of 260 individuals in 3 selected localities in the Sangarédi sub-prefecture. The results of this study revealed forest galleries and fallow land in which the great grasscutter is found. 54 sites were identified. The existence of the cane rat was confirmed in five (5) habitat types. In situ conservation of natural habitats is one of the safest alternatives for preserving the grasscutter.

Context. Software engineering researchers conduct systematic literature reviews (SLRs) to build bodies of knowledge (BoKs). Unfortunately, relevant knowledge collected in the SLR process is not publicly available, which considerably slows down building BoKs incrementally. Objective. We present and evaluate the Systematic Knowledge Engineering (SKE) process to support efficiently building BoKs from published research. Method. SKE is based on the SLR process and on Knowledge Engineering practices to build a Knowledge Base (KB) by reusing intermediate data extraction results from SLRs. We evaluated the feasibility of applying SKE by building a Software Inspection BoK KB from published experiments and a Software Product Line BoK KB from published experience reports. We compared the effort, benefits, and risks of building BoK KBs regarding the SKE and the traditional SLR processes. Results. The application of SKE for incrementally collecting and organizing knowledge in the context of a BoK was feasible for different domains and different types of evidence. While the efforts for conducting the SKE and traditional SLR processes are comparable, SKE provides significant benefits for building BoKs. Conclusions. SKE enables researchers in a scientific community to reuse and incrementally build knowledge in a BoK. SKE is ready to be evaluated in other software engineering domains.

Mining conflicts in Boké, Guinea, have persisted due to extensive bauxite extraction activities, leading to environmental degradation, socio-economic inequalities, and a lack of adequate infrastructure. Despite government interventions, such as the Local Economic Development Fund (FODEL) and the National Agency for Local Development (ANAFIC), these initiatives have fallen short due to transparency issues, governance challenges, and limited community involvement. This study evaluates the effectiveness of current conflict prevention strategies by integrating field data, government reports, and stakeholder interviews. It also compares Guinea’s efforts with successful models from other mining regions, particularly Ghana and Botswana, which have implemented robust systems for transparent resource management and community engagement. Using international best practices as a guide, the research proposes innovative strategies to enhance transparency, governance, and sustainable development. Key recommendations include improving infrastructure, promoting alternative livelihoods, and empowering local communities through greater participation in decision-making processes. By balancing mining operations with the socio-economic needs of affected communities, these strategies aim to foster long-term peace and stability in Boké’s bauxite mining areas. This study offers a conflict prevention model adaptable to similar contexts in other resource-rich regions.

Øyvind Strømmen har skrevet en lett tilgjengelig bok om Ungarns historie og politiske utvikling fra slutten av første verdenskrig og fram til månedene før valget i 2018. De delene av boka som omhandler den høyrepopulistiske dreiningen etter 2010 er de sterkeste, spesielt der Strømmen knytter utviklingen i Ungarn etter 2015 opp mot situasjonen i andre land, både i Sentral-Europa og på kontinentet for øvrig. Dette er en bok for den allmenne leseren som er interessert i å forstå bakgrunnen for høyrepopulisme/nasjonalkonservatisme og «illiberalisme» i Ungarn. Boka er skrevet på norsk, inkludert sitater og utdrag fra andre arbeid, noe som gjør boka mer tilgjengelig for et allment publikum.

The author of this paper reviews the book entitled Kulturalno pamćenje – ogledi o hrvatskoj kulturi i književnosti Boke (Cultural Memory – Studies of Croatian Culture and Literature of Boka), a valuable literary-historian work which utilizes new literary theories to bring new knowledge and findings, as well as the fundamental settings for further work and study of Boka literature through the use of a cultural memory tool.

This study aims to analyse the effects that the mining activity exercises on agriculture and the livelihoods of local communities in the Republic of Guinea. Mining and agricultural activities are intertwined in such a way that the operation of one affects the other. Over the years, mining activities have been seen to negatively affect farming, livestock grazing and fisheries in the surrounding communities. Mining consists in the excavation of useful and economically valuable minerals from deposits in the earth. Despite its potential to generate a large amount of revenue, the mining sector is not adequately regulated, and as a consequence creates a ground for illegal mining activities. These activities, depending on the type of mining, have a spectrum of effects on agricultural activities including competition for land control and use, pollution of water bodies and exposure of crops and livestock to the harmful effects of heavy metals. The cumulative effects of these activities have modified the agricultural practices, disrupted landscapes, and negatively influence the availability of food crops in the areas where mining activities are carried out, which in turn threatens the food security of the region of Boké. This article also evaluates the impacts of mining on agricultural activities in the region, with a view of providing evidence for policymakers for taking necessary action and foster sustainable solutions.

Introduction : Les hépatites virales en milieux carcéral constituent un véritable problème de santé publique. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la séroprévalence des virus des hépatites B et C dans les maisons d’arrêt de la République de Guinée. Matériel et méthodes : Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale réalisée de Septembre à Novembre 2021 et portant sur les détenus incarcérés dans les régions administratives de Boké, Kindia, Mamou, N’Nzérékoré, Kankan, Labé et la préfecture de Siguiri. Des tests rapides ont été utilisés pour le diagnostic. Les données ont été collectées dans Kobocollect 1.25.1 puis analysées dans SPSS version 21. Résultats : Sur la période d’étude, 1387 détenus ont été inclus parmi lesquels, 404 soit 29,1% étaient porteurs du virus de l’hépatite B. Le virus de l’hépatite C était présent chez 6,5% des cas et 3% représentaient une co-infection VHB/VHC. Ils étaient majoritairement des hommes (93,7%) et célibataires (58,8%). La tranche d’âge la plus représenté était celle de 18-37ans (78%). Sur le plan judiciaire, ils étaient en majorité condamnés à une peine supérieure à 12 mois (55,2%) suite à un délit pour 63,9% et un crime pour 36,1%. Les principales comorbidités étaient l’hypertension artérielle (7,8%) et le diabète (1,9%). La plupart des détenues réutilisaient des lames de rasoirs (29,8%) et étaient tatoués (16,7%). Conclusion : Un contrôle de cette infection en milieu carcéral passera forcement par un renforcement de la sensibilisation, du dépistage, de la vaccination et du traitement des cas positifs.

Les activités agricoles occupent 64% de la population Guinéenne, qui y tire 80% de ses revenus. Les femmes qui représentent 52% de la population sont actives tout au long de la chaine de production, elles comptent pour 53,3% de la main d’œuvre et y dévouent 80% de leur temps. Cependant, la plupart peinent à posséder la terre. Par ailleurs, malgré la contribution appréciable des compagnies minières au développement économique des pays, pas ou très peu d’efforts sont consentis pour la réhabilitation des anciennes carrières en domaines agricoles. La richesse du sous-sol guinéen, l’intensification de l’exploitation minière et leurs corolaires en Guinée en général et dans la zone de Boké en particulier, qui est une zone de production agricole, font que les domaines cultivables sont sous pressions anthropiques et climatiques. Par conséquent, la réhabilitation et la valorisation des anciennes carrières à des fins agricoles s’imposent comme une nécessité. L’objectif de l’étude est de réhabiliter un ancien site minier à Hamdallaye en un champ de tomate. Après la fermeture des excavations et l’aménagement grossier du site par la compagnie minière, les blocs de pierres ont été retirés, suivi de l’étalement d’une couche d’environ 25 cm d’argile surmontée de 25 cm de terre. Puis, le site a été mis en jachère pendant 15 mois après avoir été nivelé. Par la suite, une analyse agro pédologique du sol viabilisé a été réalisée dont les résultats sont les suivants : Texture : limono-argilo-sableuse ; pH : moyennement acide ; Matière organique : bien présente ; Azote : bien présent ; Phosphore : très faible ; Potassium : teneur élevée ; Capacité d’échange cationique : moyennement faible. En plus, un test de comportement a montré que le meilleur résultat est obtenu à partir de la combinaison des engrais organiques et minéraux. Conséquemment, des apports en fiente et NPK ont été faits lors de la production de la tomate. Malgré les difficultés rencontrées, les résultats de la production (13,09 T /ha) sont plutôt satisfaisants, ils démontrent la possibilité de réhabiliter une ancienne carrière en champ de tomate. This paper focuses on examining the rehabilitation of a former mining site in Hamdallaye, Guinea, with the goal of converting it into a productive tomato field. Agriculture is a significant part of the Guinean economy, with 64% of the population involved in farming, and women playing a crucial role in the production process. However, many women struggle to own land, and the impacts of mining on arable land in regions like Boké exacerbate the challenges faced by local farmers. The study highlights the importance of rehabilitating old quarries into agricultural land, especially as mining intensifies and puts pressure on land resources. After the mining company closed the site and performed preliminary leveling, the area was left fallow for 15 months before an agro-pedological analysis of the soil was conducted. The findings revealed that the soil had a silty-clayey-sandy texture, moderate acidity, and high levels of organic matter and nitrogen. However, phosphorus levels were very low, and potassium content was high. The study determined that the combination of organic manure and NPK fertilizers led to the best production results during tomato cultivation, with a yield of 13.09 tons per hectare. These results suggest that it is possible to successfully rehabilitate former mining sites into agricultural fields, particularly for crops like tomatoes, contributing to land restoration and increased food production in regions affected by mining.

The Sangar&eacute;di area, located in the prefecture of Bok&eacute;, has vegetation essentially composed of tree and shrub savannah, the natural biotope of the great grasscutter. Today, this vegetation is under serious threat from human activity, with mining companies exploiting large areas, thereby destroying the environment. This state of affairs has contributed to a reduction in the habitat of this animal, which is highly prized by the local population. The aim of the study was to contribute to the identification, location and characterisation of the habitats of the great grasscutter in Lower Guinea, with a view to its conservation in situ. A questionnaire was drawn up and applied to a sample of 260 individuals in 3 selected localities in the Sangar&eacute;di sub-prefecture. The results of this study revealed forest galleries and fallow land in which the great grasscutter is found. 54 sites were identified. The existence of the cane rat was confirmed in five (5) habitat types. In situ conservation of natural habitats is one of the safest alternatives for preserving the grasscutter.

The nature of knowledge is considered, in particular its creation and formalisation, and some of the issues which re-late to disciplinary knowledge in particular. It is suggested that cartography has particular needs addressing its disciplinary boundaries, the role of uncertain and ‘troublesome’ knowledge in its subject-matter, and the enhancement of its subject-specific knowledge, with more generic supporting material, including skills and attitudes. An overview of Bodies of Knowledge (BoK) in other disciplines has been undertaken, and models of BoK structure, content and usage have been assessed. BoKs in closely related subjects, including civil engineering, GIS and software engineering, give examples of good practice. The paper concentrates on the work done to date to create the cartography BoK, and the adoption of the ‘Delphi’ method of consultation to develop it. The Delphi method is intended to yield consensus on the scope, content, context and use of the BoK. It is regarded as a rigorous process, iterative (and therefore time consuming), involving questionnaire survey, opinion gathering, discourse analysis, and feedback. The participants are expected to be experts, from a range of different sectors, but ‘volunteer amateurs’ are also important consultants.

Abstract This work aims to analyze the quality of groundwater in the riparian areas of the bauxitic plateaus of N'Dangara and Boundou Wandé in operation by the CBG (Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée). The geology of the study area consists mainly of sedimentary formations of the Devonian faro, Neogene and Quaternary. Three water measurement and sampling campaigns on the two plateaus were carried out with determination of piezometric measurements and physic-chemical parameters. This study showed that the general flow direction of groundwater is dispersed. The flows at Boundou Wandé are from the center of the plateau to the north and that at N'Dangara is from the center to the south and southwest. It can be seen that the direction of groundwater flow reflects overall the relief of the deposit conditioned by its geomorphological framework. It emerges from the analysis of physical and chemical parameters that well water is consumable. However, the water from wells MW15, MW16, MW17, MW18 and MW21 with a low pH (4.84 to 5.13) may present a certain nuisance for its consumption and because it can be corrosive. Analysis of the Piper diagram showed two hydrogeochemical facies (calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies and sodium and potassium carbonate facies). However, this study strongly suggests continuous monitoring of groundwater in and around the study area in order to meet the demand for water supply to communities without compromising the ability of future generations to meet water quality requirements.

I 2008 ble det utgitt en bok som gjorde at verden virkelig fikk opp øynene for en ny retning innen økonomifaget: atferdsøkonomi. Boka het Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness og var forfattet av to viktige bidragsytere innen fagfeltet: Richard H. Thaler og Cass R. Sunstein. Nudge oversettes til dult på norsk, og boka viste hvordan en kan bruke psykologisk innsikt til å påvirke individers valg og atferd i en positiv retning. Forfatterne hevdet også at slik bruk av psykologi kunne erstatte reguleringer, og dermed ble boka populær blant politikere. I stedet for å stole på påbud eller forbud kan en konstruere valgsituasjoner slik at beslutningstakerne velger det beste alternativet av seg selv. Et eksempel på anvendelser i politikkutforming er såkalte defaults (hva som fungerer som standardvalg eller norm i ulike beslutningssituasjoner) i skjemaer om organdonasjon eller pensjonssparing.Atferdsøkonomi er den retningen innen økonomifaget som har hatt størst vekst fra årtusenskiftet og framover. Og atferdsøkonomi handler om mye mer enn dulting. Atferdsøkonomi kombinerer økonomi med innsikt fra psykologi og etter hvert også neurovitenskap for at økonomiske modeller i større grad skal kunne beskrive og predikere faktisk atferd. Målet er å tilføre økonomisk teori mer realisme.

The immediate postpartum period (first 24 hours after birth) represents a critical time for women and newborns. Postnatal length-of-stay varies globally; in Guinea, a 24-hour facility stay following childbirth is recommended, with an emphasis on providing frequent monitoring of mother and newborn for the first 6 hours. This study describes postpartum length-of-stay following facility-based births in Guinea, and investigates factors associated with early discharge. This cross-sectional study analysed secondary Demographic and Health Survey data covering the most recent livebirths during 2013–2018. We included 2,763 women who gave birth vaginally or by caesarean section in healthcare facilities. Early discharge following vaginal birth was defined according to two cut-offs (&lt;24 hours and &lt;6 hours); early discharge following caesarean section was defined as &lt;72 hours. We assessed socio-demographic, obstetric and health-system factors associated with early discharge using binary and multi-variable logistic regression. Among women with a vaginal birth, 81.5% were discharged &lt;6 hours, with a median length-of-stay of 3 hours. 28% of women who had caesarean section were discharged &lt;72 hours. Odds of discharge &lt;6 hours among women who gave birth vaginally were lower for births in non-government hospital(aOR = 0.55[95%CI = 0.35;0.85]), and multiple births(aOR = 0.54[95%CI = 0.31;0.94]); while the odds were higher in five of the 8 regions compared to Boké. Among women who gave birth by caesarean section, odds of discharge &lt;72 hours were lower for births in government hospitals(aOR = 0.09[95%CI = 0.03;0.3]), and girl newborns(aOR = 0.15[95%CI = 0.05;0.48]).This study showed that postpartum length-of-stays in Guinea is on average shorter than the local recommendations, with the majority of postpartum women with vaginal births spending less than 6-hours in health facilities after birth. Early discharge was associated with type of facility of birth and region. This warrants an in-depth exploration of reasons related to women’s and families’ preferences, health workers’ practices, resource availability, and whether/how early discharge affects postpartum quality-of-care and health outcomes.

Gruźlica jelit jako przyczyna perforacji przewodu pokarmowego stanowi rzadkie, lecz istotne powikłanie gruźlicy. Ogniska gruźlicze najczęściej lokalizują się w okolicy krętniczo-kątniczej i skutkują powstaniem owrzodzeń, przerostu błony śluzowej, zwężenia, a w skrajnych przypadkach perforacją jelita. W artykule opisano przypadek 46-letniego pacjenta z bólami brzucha, nudnościami, wymiotami i zatrzymaniem gazów oraz stolca. Na podstawie wyniku tomografii komputerowej wysnuto podejrzenie perforacji w okolicy przedodźwiernikowej. W trakcie laparotomii odkryto przedziurawienie jelita krętego około 15 cm przed zastawką krętniczo-kątniczą, następnie resekowano jelito z zespoleniem dwuwarstwowym bok do boku. Mimo skutecznego leczenia chirurgicznego i intensywnej opieki pooperacyjnej pacjent zmarł w 9. dobie po operacji. Badanie autopsyjne ujawniło zaawansowaną gruźlicę serowaciejącą.

PRIKAZI – REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. IZVJEŠĆA SA ZNANSTVENIH SKUPOVA - CONFERENCE REPORTS 3rd International Conference CLIMATE CHANGES: THE KARST RECORDS III, 11.-15. svibnja 2003., Montpellier, Francuska Od 11. do 15. svibnja 2003. u Montpellieru (Francuska) održana je treća međunarodna konferencija Climate Changes: The Karst Records III. Prvi ovakav skup održan je 1996. u Bergenu (Norveška), sljedeći 2000. u Krakowu (Poljska), nakon čega je zbog pojačanog interesa za ovu tematiku, a time i veće znanstvene produkcije, dogovoreno da se konferencija održava svaku treću godinu. Nakon Franuske (2003.), za domaćina konferencije 2006. godine predložena je Rumunjska. Ovaj skup okupio je znanstvenike iz 27 država sa 6 kontinenata koji su kroz 62 usmena izlaganja i 37 postera prezentirali svoja recentna znanstvena dostignuća iz područja paleoklimatologije temeljena na istraživanju krša, točnije speleoloških objekata i njihovih akumulacijskih oblika – siga. Sige, prepoznate kao medij koji zbog zaštićenosti i stabilnih mikroklimatskih uvjeta vrlo dobro "pamti" klimatska stanja šireg okoliša za vrijeme taloženja (a osim toga su i puno dostupnije od jezgri dubokomorskih bušotina i polarnih ledenih pokrova), zadnjih su desetljeća u središtu znanstvenog interesa različitih znanstvenih disciplina. Stoga su i teme radova bile doista raznolike; najveći je dio radova obuhvaćao paleoklimatske varijacije utvrđene na temelju omjera stabilnih izotopa siga iz gotovo svih klimatskih područja, te njihovo datiranje različitim metodama. Sige kao objekt istraživanja bile su obrađene i vezano uz petrografska svojstva, fluidne inkluzije, luminiscenciju, sezonske varijacije intenziteta taloženja itd., dok se kod speleoloških objekata proučavao stupanj okršavanja, utjecaj tektonike, špiljski sedimenti kao i paleontološki i arheološki nalazi. Dio radova obuhvaćao je rezultate monitoringa trenutnog stanja špilja, hidrologije, geokemije, atmosferskih uvjeta itd., a bilo je riječi i o promjenama morske razine kao posljedici klimatskih fluktuacija tijekom geološke prošlosti.Osim već tiskane knjige izvadaka u pripremi je i zbornik, dok se u međuvremenu kvalitetniji radovi recenzirani tiskaju u respektabilnom časopisu Francuskoga geološkog društva Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France.A gdje je Hrvatska, zemlja "klasičnog krša", u svemu tome? Država s 46% nacionalnog teritorija prekrivenog kršem (26000 km2) i još mnogo više pod morem, bila je zastupljena samo s jednim (1) radom – zapaženim, ali gotovo "pionirskim" u odnosu na radove sofisticiranih laboratorija i instituta zapadnih zemalja. Rad Isotope records in submarine speleothems from the Adriatic Coast, Croatia, autora Maše Surić, Nade Horvatinčić, Axela Suckowa, Mladena Juračića i Jadranke Barešić, analizira paleoklimatske promjene na istočnoj obali Jadrana koje su kroz omjere stabilnih izotopa kisika i ugljika ostale zabilježene u danas potopljenim sigama. Terenski dio konferencije obuhvatio je posjet mjestu Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (tradicionalnoj postaji hodočasnika na putu prema svetištu Santiago de Compostella), te špiljskom sustavu Grotte de Clamouse, ukupne dužine oko 4 km od čega je 1965. gotovo 1 km uređen za turističke posjete. Osim impozantnih primjeraka špiljskog nakita, čija je raznolikost posljedica izmjena kalcitnih, aragonitnih i dolomitnih karakteristika nadsloja, ovaj objekt može biti i primjer kako se prekrasan špiljski prostor može upropastiti prilagođivanjem turističkim posjetima brojnim metalnim, staklenim i električnim instalacijama. Na trenutke posjetitelj može dobiti dojam da se kreće kroz muzej ili zbirku, a ne kroz više od stotinu metara dubok speleološki objekt. Dojam dodatno pojačava i ambiciozno zamišljen, ali kičasto izveden sound &amp; light show. Obične turiste može fascinirati, ali istinske prirodnjake, zaljubljenike u krš – jedino ogorčiti. U svakom slučaju, terenski dio skupa i ovaj put bio je iskorišten za stvaranje novih i obnavljanje starih poznanstava koja će rezultirati međunarodnom znanstvenom suradnjom, posebno kad su u kombinaciji oprema i financije bogatijih zemalja i neistražena područja "onih drugih" zemalja. Ostaje nada da će takvim oblikom suradnje, na sljedećoj konferenciji Climate Changes: The Karst Records IV, Hrvatska biti malo bolje predstavljena svojim prirodnim i ljudskim potencijalima. Maša Surić 161 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. PRIKAZI Atlas svijeta za 21. stoljeća, urednik: M. Lapaine i suradnici, Naklada Fran, Zagreb, 2003., 751 str. Nakladnik Fran iz Zagreba objavio je hrvatsko izdanje atlasa The 21 st Century World Atlas, koji je izvorno publicirao izdavač Trident Press International. Hrvatsko izdanje uredio je M. Lapaine sa suradnicima. Atlas nije tek hrvatski prijevod izvornika jer su pojedini stručnjaci dopunili i izmijenili neke sadržaje, a osim toga, S. Frangeš preveo je velik broj toponima na hrvatski jezik. Prijevodi su ispisani uz gornji rub karte kako se ne bi mijenjao izvorni jezik karata (engleski). Atlas je podijeljen u deset glavnih cjelina: Geopolitički okvir, Klimatologija, geologija i biogeografija, Demografija i socijalni pokazatelji , Osnovne ekonomske djelatnosti, Industrija, trgovina i promet, Afrika, Amerika, Azija, Europa i Oceanija. Na kraju je dodan rječnik osnovnih geografskih pojmova s odgovarajućim prijevodima (npr. perz. Kavir = solna pustinja) i kazalo s preko 60 000 geografskih imena. U općegeografskom dijelu atlasa na brojnim tematskim kartama zorno je prikazana prostorna raspodjela različitih prirodnih i socio-ekonomskih pojava i procesa. Iscrpnost kartografskih prikaza može se uočiti na primjeru poglavlja Socijalni i ekonomski pokazatelji, u kojemu su objavljene sljedeć i tematski zemljovidi: Potrošnja kalorija, Donacije hrane, Proizvodnja hrane, Smrtnost dojenčadi, Zdravstvena zaštita, Bolnička infrastruktura, Telefoni, Potrošnja energije, Pismenost, Izdavanje knjiga, Tiskanje novina, Broj upisa u školu, Omjer đaka i nastavnika u osnovnim školama, Znanstvenici i tehničari, Ekonomski aktivno stanovništvo, Dječja radna snaga, Struktura ekonomski aktivnog stanovništva, Ekonomska aktivnost, Ekonomska aktivnost žena, Ekonomska aktivnost muškaraca, Nezaposlenost, Bruto nacionalni dohodak, Bruto nacionalni dohodak po osobi, Struktura bruto nacionalnog dohotka, Inflacija, Ekonomski rast, Inozemni dug, Sredstva potrošena na obrazovanje, Sredstva potrošena na zdravstvenu zaštitu, Vojni izdaci, Izvoz i uvoz oružja, Trgovinska razmjena oružja i Logistika nuklearnog oružja. Kartogrami i kartodijagrami su jasni, pregledni i informativni.Kartografsko -geografski pregled po kontinentima ima jedinstvenu shemu. Ponajprije se nižu satelitske snimke, a potom digitalni modeli reljefa kopna i podmorja, geografske karte i kratki, ali sadržajni prikazi pojedinih zemalja. Na geografskim kartama kontinenata sitnim su slovima ispisani brojni toponimi. Njihova je čitljivost, na žalost, mala na prikazima planinskih predjela, koji su označeni nijansama sme đe i plavo-ljubičaste boje. Korisnik može doznati osnovne geografske informacije o svakoj državi putem kratkog geografskog uvodnika, zemljovida i različitih dijagrama.U hrvatskom izdanju atlasa svijeta mogao bi se očekivati iscrpniji prikaz Hrvatske. Priređivači nisu htjeli odstupati od izvornika, ali u reprintu zemljovida mogla se obratiti pozornost na pogrešno ispisane toponime (npr. naselje Sali na Dugom otoku ucrtano je u uvali Telašćica, Golfo di Venezia neobično se proteže duž zapadne obale Istre, naveden je stari naziv Požege – Slavonska Požega i sl.) . Međutim, navedene pogrješke ne umanjuju vrijednost atlasa, koji doista čini izvrstan kompendij najnovijih znanstvenih spoznaja o državama svijeta i Zemlji u cjelini, pa ga zbog toga rado preporučujem. Josip Faričić Nikola STRAŽIČIĆ: Svi hrvatski otoci, Descriptio Croatiae, Hrvatska revija, časopis Matice hrvatske, godište 1/2001., broj 3-4, Zagreb, 77-103. Hrvatska obala je najrazvedenija na Jadranskom moru, jer obuhvaća 97,2% jadranskog arhipelaga. S ponosom se ističe da je Hrvatska "zemlja tisuću otoka". Stvarni broj je i ve ći. Na pitanje koliko ih je unutar granica suvremene Hrvatske najmjerodavniji odgovor dao je prof. dr. sc. Nikola Stražičić. 162 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. U uvodu se razmatraju podatci o ukupnom broju hrvatskih otoka kritički prema pojedinim autorima. U nastavku izložene su teškoće oko kategorizacije osnovnih pojmova "otok" - "otočić" - "greben" i "hrid". Posebno je zanimljiv dio članka u kojem su opisani i predočeni "zaboravljeni" - "novi" i nekadašnji otoci. U timskom radu autora iz Hidrografskog instituta Republike Hrvatske u Splitu (2000.) navodi se, na temelju topografskih karata u razmjeru 1:25000, da unutar granica Hrvatske postoje 79 otoka, 526 otočića i 641 grebena i hridi; ukupno 1246 otoka.Prof. Stražičić upozorio je kritič ki i dokumentirano na manjkavost dosadašnjih rezultata i naglasio da je ukupan broj hrvatskih otoka i dalje otvoren. U zaklju čnim razmišljanjima dao je niz svrhovitih prijedloga. Ponajprije predlaže, uz potporu državnih službi, imenovanje interdisciplinarne ekipe (od geografa, hidrogeologa, oceanografa, kartografa, lingvista i drugih specijalnosti) koja bi odredila kriterije za kategorizaciju pojedinih otoka, prema veličini i nazivu, te za određivanje kategorija naseljenosti. Nadalje, kako nazvati najmanji oblik stalno nad razinom mora "greben" ili "hrid", o tome posavjetovati se s lingvistima, ali i sa stanovništvom dotičnog otoka. Problem se javlja i kod napučenosti otoka, primjerice "stalno naseljen", da li prema domaćem (autohtonom) ili doseljenom stanovništvu, kako razlikovati pojmove "sezonski naseljen" i "povremeno naseljen"...Na kraju, uz pomoć lučkih kapetanija njihovim plovilima potrebno je obići i snimiti sve otoke unutar granica Hrvatske, istodobno provjeriti stanje na topografskim i posebice pomorskim kartama i planovima. Prof. Stražičić je otočanin, rođen na Mljetu, a čitav radni vijek proveo je u Rijeci. Najveći dio svoga života posvetio je istraživanju mora u najširem smislu, posebice Jadrana i nadasve naših hrvatskih otoka. Godine 1968. izradio je magistarsku tezu Otok Mljet – primjer izoliranog otoka. Deset godina kasnije (1978.) obranio je disertaciju Otok Cres – prilog poznavanju geografije naših otoka. Za sveukupan životni opus godine 1998. Senat Sveuč ilišta u Rijeci dodijelio mu je počasno zvanje "profesor emeritus". prof. Stražičić prvi je geograf u Hrvatskoj koji je dobio to visoko priznanje. U reprezentativnoj Hrvatskoj reviji s novim glavnim urednikom, ambicioznim magistrom Mladenom Klemenčić em, izašao mu je i najnoviji rad Svi hrvatski otoci ilustriran s 27 jedinstvenih panoramskih snimaka u boji. Članak Svi hrvatski otoci sinteza je dugogodišnjih minucioznih istraživanja u kojima je prof. Stražičić, na sebi svojstven na čin, prenio jezgrovito, veliko i bogato iskustvo, istodobno i poruka, kako bi trebalo nastaviti s interdisciplinarnim istraživanjima tih dragulja na pročelju Hrvatske i u trećem mileniju.Josip Riđanović Tihomir KOVAČEVIĆ Tihi: Baraćeve špilje, Turistička zajednica općine Rakovica, Rakovica, 2003., 48 str. Baraćevim špiljama pripada počasno mjesto u povijesti istraživanja hrvatskog krša i speleologiji. Davne godine 1892. u Rakovici je osnovan "Odbor za istraživanje i uređenje Baraćevih špilja", prva takva udruga na tlu Hrvatske i u ovom dijelu svijeta. Od prvih podataka objavljenih u literaturi 1874. do danas špilje su više puta bile predmetom speleoloških, hidrogeoloških, paleonotoloških, arheoloških i biospeleoloških istraživanja. Na temelju njihovih rezultata i rezultata najnovijih istraživanja nastala je i ova knjiga u kojoj nam autor otkriva njezine ljepote i tajne.Knjigu čini 8 poglavlja. Zanimljiv tekst bogato je ilustriran sa 65 fotografija, crteža i nacrta špilja. Opisan je položaj špilja, osnovni podatci o geološkim značajkama terena, nazivlje i podatci o dimenzijama različitih istraživača. Slijedi poglavlje o povijesti istraživanja s nizom zanimljivih podataka – od prvih opisa do suvremenih istraživanja. Opći dio zaokružen je poglavljem o paleontološkim i arheološkim istraživanjima. Dosad su nađeni ostatci pleistocenske faune i tragovi boravka ljudi iz srednjeg vijeka i razdoblja turskih ratova. 163 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. U drugom dijelu knjige detaljno su opisane značajke Donje, Gornje i Nove Baraćeve špilje. Opisan im je položaj, a u iznošenju značajki autor se poslužio citatima Dragutina Hirca i Ivana Krajača s početka 20. stoljeć a. Navedeni su i najnoviji rezultati istraživanja prema kojima je Donja Baraćeva špilja dugačka 565 metara, Gornja 520 metara, a Nova 94,5 metara. Poglavlje o biospeleologiji napisao je dipl. ing. Roman Ozimec. Objavio je dosad poznate podatke o povijesti biospeleoloških istraživanja, podatke o ekološkim uvjetima, pregled i analizu špiljske faune te istaknuo važnost nastavka istraživanja i zaštite. Poglavlje je opremljeno odličnim fotografijama te tablicama s kronologijom biospeleoloških istraživanja, preliminarnim taksonomskim popisom kavernikolnih vrsta i biospeleološkom bibliografijom špilja. Završno poglavlje posvećeno je rezultatima Međunarodne speleološke ekspedicije "Rakovica 2002.". Na samom početku ekspedicije otvoren je Prvi speleološki dom Republike Hrvatske u Novoj Kršlji. Tijekom ekspedicije istraživani su sustav Panjkov ponor - Varićakova špilja, vrelo Sinjac i Kusa i dr. Na kraju knjige objavljena je speleološka bibliografija koja dodatno pridonosi vrijednosti ove knjige. Nenad Buzjak Milenko M. PASINOVIĆ: Područ je Kotora na listi svjetske i prirodne baštine UNESCO. "Cicero" – Cetinje, kompjutorska priprema "Tricen", Kotor, 2001., 110 str. Autor je rođeni Bokelj, redoviti sveučilišni profesor na Fakultetu za turizam i hoteljerstvo u Kotoru. Knjižica je praktičnog formata (23x15 cm), otisnuta je na kvalitetnom papiru. Opremljena je s 14 reprezentativnih fotosa u boji i 7 crno-bijelih slika i crteža. Upotrijebljeno je 20 bibliografskih jedinica literature i 4 izvora podataka uključujući i vlastita istraživanja. Kratak izvadak dat je na engleskom, talijanskom, francuskom i njemačkom jeziku.Poslije predgovora slijede u tekstu: Boka kotorska (prikaz granica, prostorni pojam i pregled glavnih dijelova, Morfogenetske i morfološke karakteristike, Kotorsko-Risanski zaliv – embrion Boke kotorske, Područje Kotora na listi svjetske prirodne baštine UNESCO, Simbioza prirode i čovjeka stara pet milenijuma i Dvije decenije nakon zemljotresa.Bokokotorski zaljevi duboko su oko 30 km (29,6) uvučeni na sjeveru između Orjena (1893 m), najviše obalne planine u istočnoj regiji Jadrana, Katunskog krša (1308 m, 1228 m i 1212 m) na istoku i Lovćenu (Štirovnik, 1749 m) na jugu. Impozantan okvir krševitih planina s izrazitim strmcima zatvara plitko more (površine 87,3 km2 i dubine do 60 m), u stvarnosti čudesan i jedinstven sklop Bokokotorskih zaljeva. Boka kotorska je horizontalno najrazvedeniji kraj (105,7 km duljina obale) i vertikalno najraščlanjeniji dio u najvišoj reljefnoj strukturi Jadranskog primorja. Geografski položaj Boke je specifičan. Na njezinu prostoru dodiruje se prirodno visoki i najljući krš izravno s najdubljim dijelom morske pučine Jadrana. Društveno, povijesno i gospodarski u Boki se isprepliću utjecaji milenijskog stvaralaštva Mediterana, posebice u gradskoj arhitekturi, s tradicionalnim i suvremenim kulturama Istoka. Boka kotorska je izraziti primjer jedinstva suprotnosti. Pri određ ivanju prostornog pojma Boke logič ki je kriterij "slijevno područ je" tj. prostor odakle voda teče prema zaljevima odnosno prema moru. "Slijevno područje" odre đuje se razvodnicom. U vododrživim stijenama to je površinska ili topografska razvodnica, koja se povlači najvišim vrhovima na terenu. U karbonatnim stijenama na kojima je razvijen krški reljef, što se pretežno odnosi na prostor Boke kotorske, mjerodavna je dubinska ili hidrogeološka razvodnica. Preuzeti brojčani podatci o veličini slijevnog područja na osnovi površinske (topografske) razvodnice za Boku kotorsku ne odgovaraju stvarnosti. O postanku Boke kotorske Pasinović iznosi kritički i potanko gledanja ranijih autora. Znakovito, me đutim, ističe sadašnji izgled zaljeva, koji je relativno mlad i posljedica je izdizanja razine mora u holocensko doba. Navodi činjenice da je prije 25 tisuća godina razina Jadrana bila niža za 96,4 m od sadašnjeg. Boka je tada bila kopno. Na Orjenu i Lovčenu snježna granica spuštala 164 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. se do visine 600 m odnosno 900 m. Dno Boke kotorske u to vrijeme karakterizirala su izolirana udubljenja prekrivena rastresitim materijalom. Dokazano je da je prije 10 tisuća godina razina Jadranskog mora bila niža za 31 m od današnjega. Tada se već počeo nazirati složeni izgled današnjih zaljeva Boke kotorske. Batimetrijska istraživanja u najnovijem razdoblju potvrđuju postojanje izdvojenih krških udubljenja na morskom dnu, posebice na lokalitetu Verige, gdje je maksimalna dubina od 45 m veća za 4 m i u kumburskom suženju od 50 m veća, najveća dubina 5 m od okolnog dna mora.U najvećem dijelu zaljeva žalo je ograničeno na uski pojas ili ga uopć e nema (Risan – Perast i Orahovac). Na tom potezu obalni strmci spuštaju se izravno ispod mora do njegova dna. Prosje čna dubina mora u Boki je 27,6 m. Srednje dubine u pojedinim zaljevima iznose u Kotorskom 27 m, Risanskom 25,7 m, Tivatskom 25,5 m i Toplanskom 31 m. Opća značajka batometrije svih zaljeva Boke kotorske je da su male dubine. Posebna je zanimljivost horizontalne razvedenosti Boke kotorske 7 otoka. To su u Kotorskom zaljevu ispred Perasta Sveti Đorđe (Juraj) i umjetni otok Gospa od Škrpjela. U Tivatskom zaljevu: Stradioti (Sveti Marko), otok Gospe od Milosrđa i Prevlaka (otok cvijeća). U Toplanskom zaljevu su otok Lastvica (Mamula) i otok Mala Gospa (Gospa od Žanjice).Boka sa svojim zaleđem prima najveć e količ ine padalina u Europi. Crkvice, mjerna stanica u Malovom dolu na 1050 m nadmorske visine u Krivošijama na Orjenu, zabilježila je količinu od 5317 mm i to tijekom mokrog dijela godine! Boka je najvećim dijelom u stijenama karbonatnog sastava, koje dosežu dubinu i do 5 km! Na toj podlozi razvijen je najizrazitiji krški reljef, kako na površini, tako još više u podzemlju, odnosno u podmorju. Tu je najveće izvorište vode istodobno i najsušniji kraj u istočnoj regiji Jadrana. Prema podatcima skupa stručnjaka za opskrbu vodom 1986. godine u Risnu s navedenog prostora u sušnim mjesecima godine svake sekunde dotječe u more oko 1000 litara vode od koje se tek 220 litara (22%) iskoristi za pitku vodu! Zaključeno je, da Boka spada u "najžednije" krajeve u Europi! Hidrografske karakteristike Boke kotorske u skladu su s prevladavajućim litološkim značajkama karbonatnih stijena, geološkom građom i hidrogeološkom funkcijom terena. Od hidro-pojava najviše su rašireni izvori, vrulje, povremene tekućice i jedna katavotra (Gurdić). Katavotra je specifični izvor, zapravo otvor kroz koji poslije dugotrajnih kiša izbija na površinu slatka voda, a u doba hidrološkog minimuma tim istim otvorom voda ponire u dublje dijelove podmorja. Ukratko su opisani i predočeni izvori Ljute u Dobroti, Sopota i Spile kod Risna, Morinjske rijeke, koja odvodnjava zapadne i jugozapadne strane Orjena, te Gurdić i Škurda kod Kotora. Škurda je svojevrsna hidrografska specifičnost Boke kotorske. To je krška rječica. Izvori su joj na Lovćenu, a odvodnjava Njeguško polje. Škurda je usjekla korito kanjonskog tipa u masivnim i dobro uslojenim vapnencima lovćenskog strmca. Vodostaj Škurde ovisan je od količine i duljine trajanja kiše. Bez obzira na godišnje doba, poslije izdašnijih kiša teče Škurda čitavom duljinom toka kao bujica. Na ušću je nataložila obilje šljunčanih nanosa u obliku manje delte zvane Benovo. U blizini mora Škurda se račva u dva rukava. Jednim rukavom otječe sjevernom stranom gradskih zidina. To je kotorska Škurda, obično stalan tok, jer ga napajaju izvori iz vlastitog korita. Drugim rukavom teče dobrotska Škurda jedino poslije dužih kiša. S izvora Škurde opskrbljuje se ponajprije i ponajviše gradski vodovod u Kotoru. Poslije potresa 1979. pokušalo se ugradnjom betonske zavjese izolirati utjecaj mora. U ljetnim mjesecima ponovno je zaslanila voda. Škurda je tipična krška tekućica podložna naglim i znatnim promjenama. U zadnje vrijeme znalo se dogoditi da na njezinom izvorištu potpuno nestane vode čak u trajanju jednoga dana! Boka kotorska svojim smještajem je u geotektonski vrlo labilnom kraju, štoviše, u pojasu razornih potresa. Značajniji potresi u južnom Jadranu jezgrovito su opisani. O katastrofalnom potresu 15. travnja 1979. dat je iscrpan prikaz. U općini Kotor na spomenicima kulture procijenjena je golema šteta u visini od 18.658,930 USA dolara!Područje Kotora na listi prirodne i kulturne baštine UNESCO najopsežniji i najzanimljiviji je dio sveukupnog teksta. Autor nas potanko i dokumentirano upoznaje s brojnim postupcima koji su prethodili upisu Kotora na listu svjetske prirodne i kulturne baštine UNESCO. 165 PRIKAZI - REVIEWS Geoadria, vol. 8/1, 161-166, 2003. Odluka je usvojena na Skupštini op ćine Kotor, 14. lipnja 1979. i glasi: "Ovom odlukom kao prirodno, kulturno i istorijsko dobro od posebnog zna čenja, proglašava se Kotor s područjem: Dobrote, Orahovca, Perasta, Risna, Morinja, Kostanjice, Stoliva, Prčanja, Mula, Škaljara i morskog bazena ovog područja, koje obuhvaća 12000 ha kopna i 2600 ha mora." Katastrofalni potres 15. travnja 1979. pospješio je prijam Kotora za upis u svjetsku prirodnu i kulturnu baštinu UNESCO, štoviše i za kulturnu baštinu u opasnosti. Prijedlog je prihvaćen na sjednici Međunarodnog komiteta od 22. do 26. listopada 1979. u Kairu i Luksoru. Također, u Berlinu 10. ožujka 1997. Boka kotorska uvrštena je među 28 najljepših zaljeva na svijetu. Prema podatcima Regionalnog zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture u općini Kotor izvršena je kategorizacija od prvog do trećeg stupnja za 104 spomenika kulture. Zanimljivo je da je 12 spomenika uvršteno u prvu, najvišu kategoriju spomeničkog blaga. Simbioza prirode i čovjeka u Boki kotorskoj stara je pet milenija. Prvi tragovi ljudskog postojanja, oko 3000 godina prije Krista, iz mlađeg kamenog doba, otkriveni su na lokalitetu Spila, 300 m nad morem, sjeveroistočno od Perasta.Na obali Risanskog zaljeva, točnije u mjestu Lipci, pronađeni su na svodu otisci između kojih se posebno ističe brod na jedra. To potvrđuje rani početak pomorstva u Boki kotorskoj. Najstariji ostatci likovnog izražavanja tadašnjih stanovnika datirani su u rano brončano doba.Prof. Pasinović je geograf društveno-gospodarskog usmjerenja s posebnim interesom za pomorstvo i turizam. Poslije obranjene disertacije "Pomorstvo i turizam s posebnim osvrtom na crnogorsko primorje" (1977.) i nakon objavljivanja reprezentativnog vodiča: Kotor – vjekovi sačuvani za budućnost" (1988.) poklonio je javnosti i najnovije djelo "Područje Kotora na listi svjetske prirodne i kulturne baštine UNESCO". Prof. Pasinović je jedan od osnivača Fakulteta za turizam i hotelijerstvo u Kotoru i najzaslužniji je što je ta visokoškolska, sveučilišna institucija ostala u Kotoru. Svojim je radom i organizacijskim sposobnostima znač ajno pridonio da se Kotor upiše u listu svjetske prirodne i kulturne baštine UNESCO. Sada se zalaže da se to priznanje mjerodavnih stručnjaka zapamti i blago sačuva za mlađi naraštaj. Čestitamo profesoru Pasinoviću i želimo mu puno daljnjih uspjeha. Josip Riđanović 166

I det ytre er Vett og Uvett ei ganske lita bok, men den ruver som etstorverk i nordnorsk litteratur. Og den har en posisjon i nordnorskfolkeliv og i nordnorsk bevissthet som ingen andre verdslige bøkerhar hatt - kanskje unntatt Nordlands Trompet. I det ytre ganske beskjeden, altså, men likevel et slags kulturelt landemerke, et fast punktman som nordlending kan orientere seg ut fra - i flere retninger.Og dette er det ikke vitenskapen eller universitetet eller Bokbadeti NRK eller Dagbladets kultursider som har bestemt, det har vi nordlendinger selv bestemt, og det har vi bestemt gjennom å ta boka ibruk, ved å dyrke den, ved å sitere den, ved å la den gå inn i vår forestillingsverden, og ved å la den glede oss og trøste oss og løfte oss nårdet ser litt mørkt ut.

Rad će se usredotočiti na analizu potencijala glazbenog i vizualnog doživljaja u građanskim salonima tijekom fin de siècle. Idući ukorak s onovremenom transformacijom glazbenog iskustva, potaknutom uvjerenjima da izvedba instrumentalne glazbe u privatnom prostoru može stimulirati individualnu kontemplaciju, saloni krajem stoljeća postaju uređeni u skladu s načelima estetskog doživljaja koji objedinjuje auditivnu i vizualnu percepciju. Studija slučaja u ovom radu je salon obitelji Brajković iz Perasta u Boki kotorskoj, jedan od rijetkih glazbenih salona s kraja 19. stoljeća koji je sačuvao izvorno uređenje. U radu se tumači vizualna manifestacija glazbe u ovom salonu, njezina ikonografska obilježja i reprezentativna vrijednost. Interpretacija obuhvaća znanja i pristupe iz povijesti umjetnosti, a osim toga autorica će se osloniti i na spoznaje iz područja povijesti glazbe, povijesti filozofije i kulturne antropologije. Cilj rada jest analiza značenja, uloge i vrijednosti glazbenog salona kao osobitog estetskog i konceptualnog prostora koji se krajem 19. stoljeća pojavljuje na teritoriju Boke kotorske.

This research is to explain analysis "boka" in the marriage system Buton tribe. The objectives of this study are to describe the process of boka and the meaning of boka in wedding. This research is to describe the processes of boka in wedding traditions in Buton and to explain the meaning of boka in wedding traditions in Buton. The method used in this research is the semantic the analysis. The purpose of these methods to identify meaning boka in Buton tribe. Explaining in accordance with the function, meaning and implementation in Buton society. That the of Boka wedding tradition in Buton and the meaning of Boka wedding tradition in Buton. The results of the study showed meaning boka a massive amount to be incurred by any person in carrying out activities related to the customs of communities Buton. Boka also means an object or exchange.&#x0D;

Det er ikke så mange forskere som opplever at resultatene og perspektivene deres sprenger seg ut av den akademiske boblen og blir tatt i bruk på praksisfeltet. Dorte Skot-Hansen har opplevd det i større grad enn de fleste. Hennes bok fra1994 der hun skisserer fire roller for folkebiblioteket - kunnskapssenteret, informasjonssenteret, kultursenteret og sosialsenteret - var kanskje det viktigste forskningsarbeidet om folkebibliotekenes samfunnsrolle som ble publisert i Norden i siste halvdel av forrige århundre. Boka har preget tenkningen til bortimot en generasjon folkebibliotekarer - også i Norge. (Andersson &amp; SkotHansen, 1994). Nå har fireromsmodellen som hun har utviklet sammen med kollegene Henrik Jochumsen og Casper Hvenegaard Rasmussen overtatt og preger mye av tenkningen når dagens folkebibliotekarer skal planlegge og utvikle bibliotek som er relevant for det flerkulturelle og senmoderne samfunnet. (Jochumsen, Hvenegaard Rasmussen &amp; Skot-Hansen, 2012). Hun er også sentral i tenkningen som ligger bak vendingen fra biblioteket som en arena for opplysning og kunnskap til biblioteket som en arena for opplevelse og merkevarebygging av det lokalmiljøet det er plassert i.

2017-ci ilin 25 avqust - 2 sentyabr 2017-ci il tarixlərində Almaniyanın Hamburq şəhərindəki Alsterdorfer Sporthalledə Dünya Boks Çempionatı keçirildi.&#x0D; 2019-cu il sentyabrın 9-dan 21-dək Rusiyanın Yekaterinburq şəhərində Dünya Çempionatı Boks üzrə keçirilib. Çəki dərəcələri 2020-ci il Olimpiya boks turniri üçün təsdiqlənmiş çəki dərəcələrinə uyğunlaşdırılıb. Dünya Çempionatı Serbiyanın Belqrad şəhərində 2021-ci il keçirilb. Burada boks ölkələrinin nəticələri göstərilib. Bu Dünya çempionatında ilk dəfə olaraq həvəskar boksda mükafatçılara pul mükafatı verilib. WADA-nın qadağasına və İdman Arbitraj Məhkəməsinin qərarına əsasən, rusiyalı boksçulara Rusiya adından, bayrağından və ya himnindən istifadə etməyə icazə verilməyib. Bunun əvəzinə onlar Rusiya Boks Federasiyası kimi və Rusiya Olimpiya Komitəsinin bayrağı altında iştirak etdilər. WADAnın qadağasına uyğun olaraq, Tayland boksçuları AİBA bayrağı altında Tayland Boks Federasiyası kimi iştirak ediblər.

This article examines northern Nigeria’s mainstream Salafis – figures who advocate exclusive, literalist, exoterically-minded readings of scripture, but who oppose the violence of the fringe Salafi sect Boko Haram. The article argues that the emergence of Boko Haram has placed mainstream Salafis in a complicated position vis-à-vis both Salafi-leaning audiences and the state. In the face of accusations by state and society that all Salafis are connected to Boko Haram, mainstream Salafis have worked to undermine Boko Haram’s messages and Salafi credentials in order to maintain influence over Salafi-leaning youth. Along with other voices in northern Nigeria, mainstream Salafis have also externalized blame for Boko Haram’s violence, attributing Boko Haram’s existence to the state, to Christians and Jews, and/or to Western powers. They have also criticized the state’s response to Boko Haram. Finally, they advocate for perceived northern Muslim interests but attempt to avoid being seen as pro-government.

The chemical composition and variations in chemical structure of hemicellulose in earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) of two individual Japanese cedar trees (C-Boka and T-Boka) were investigated. The trees were cultivated under different growth conditions: C-Boka grew slowly in a forest, while T-Boka grew rapidly in a location rich in nutrients and sunshine. For the chemical structure of hemicellulose, arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) showed varied side-chain substitution rates with glucuronic acid and different molecular weights in the transition between EW and LW. In contrast, the fundamental composition of glucomannan/galactoglucomannan (GM/GGM) was relatively unchanged between EW and LW. The modification of AGX and GM/GGM from EW to LW differed between C-Boka and T-Boka and might be influenced by the growth rate of the trees.

Abstract: This work is an attempt to look at the many efforts that have been adopted to combat Boko Haram. It looks at the challenges faced in the counter-terrorist campaign and how the strategies have failed or succeeded so far. Attempts are made to take a broad look at the general theories of counter-terrorism and how the federal government of Nigeria has fared so far in the practical application of counter-terrorist strategies against the Boko Haram group. What are the specific counter-terrorism measures adopted by Nigeria in the fight against Boko Haram &ndash; how is Nigeria combating Boko Haram? What are the challenges in the efforts? What are the possible ways to combat Boko Haram and similar insurgencies in the future? Keywords: Boko Haram, Terrorism, Counter-terrorism, Insurgency, Security. &nbsp;

Balok kayu glulam digunakan untuk mendapatkan dimensi penampang yang dibutuhkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mencari kapasitas lentur yang optimal berdasarkan bentuk penampang glulam dari 4 buah papan. Tujuan lainnya adalah membandingkan perilaku lentur balok glulam Albasia dan kombinasi jenis kayu Albasia-Meranti. Papan kayu disusun menjadi penampang persegi panjang, I, dan boks menggunakan perekat ‘epoxy’. Dasar perencanaan bentuk penampang I dan boks adalah memiliki shear flow terkecil pada pertemuan web dan flens. Balok glulam kombinasi jenis kayu menggunakan kayu Meranti pada bagian flens penampang I dan boks. Pengujian lentur balok menggunakan metode ‘third point loading’. Kapasitas lentur dan daktilitas balok glulam Albasia seluruhnya dengan penampang I adalah yang paling besar dibandingkan balok penampang persegi panjang dan boks glulam Albasia seluruhnya. Penggunaan kayu Meranti pada flens meningkatkan kapasitas lentur penampang I dan boks hingga 44.41% dan 57.56% dibandingkan balok glulam Albasia seluruhnya. Namun kombinasi tersebut menurunkan daktilitas penampang I dan boks hingga -26.27% dan -17.11% dibandingkan glulam Albasia seluruhnya. Moda kegagalan dominan pada penampang persegi panjang adalah kegagalan lentur. Moda kegagalan dominan pada penampang I dan boks Albasia adalah kombinasi kegagalan lentur dan geser. Moda kegagalan dominan pada penampang I dan boks glulam kombinasi Albasia-Meranti adalah kombinasi kegagalan lentur dan geser.

This article examines Boko Haram’s alternatives to the contemporary secular Nigerian state of Westphalian style. This article is focused on analysing the relationship between Boko Haram and the secular state that they reject. The reality of what Boko Haram in Nigeria has managed to create, rather than a caliphate, corresponds to a terrorist semi-state (TSS). Therefore, the article also performs an analysis of Boko Haram from the perspective of the TSS concept.

This article examines Boko Haram’s alternatives to the contemporary secular Nigerian state of Westphalian style. This article is focused on analysing the relationship between Boko Haram and the secular state that they reject. The reality of what Boko Haram in Nigeria has managed to create, rather than a caliphate, corresponds to a terrorist semi-state (TSS). Therefore, the article also performs an analysis of Boko Haram from the perspective of the TSS concept.

Adanya permintaan buah stroberi segar yang terus meningkat untuk kebutuhan dalam negeri maupun luar negeri mendorong penggunaan boks pendingin pada proses transportasi. Selain pendinginan, juga diperlukan humidifikasi ruangan agar buah stroberi dapat sampai dengan kondisi masih segar. Dalam perancangan ini, boks pendingin di desain agar mampu mempertahankan suhu 10℃ dan 90% RH. Untuk dapat mencapai suhu tersebut dilakukan perhitungan untuk mengetahui beban pendinginan dan diperlukan simulasi untuk melihat pengaturan penyusunan boks buah agar udara dapat tersebar secara merata. Setelah proses simulasi dan perhitungan teleh diselesaikan, didapatkan bahwa sistem pendingin boks truk yang dikeluarkan oleh produsen Denso mampu mencapai kondisi steady dalam waktu 10 menit dan dapat mencukupi kebutuhan untuk pendinginan ruangan meskipun sudah terbeban oleh komoditas dan humidifikasi ruangan. Sedangkan untuk susunan boks buah yang dipakai adalah disusun ke atas sebanyak 5 boks, 3 ke belakang, dan 3 ke samping untuk 1 buah pallete

Die Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU) begann 2012 mit dem Aufbau eines eigenen CO2-Kompensationssystems in Verbindung mit BOKU-eigenen Klimaschutzprojekten in Afrika, Asien und Lateinamerika. Seitdem haben sechs der gestarteten Projekte über 40 000 Tonnen CO2 reduziert. Finanziert werden sie über CO2-Kompensation von Unternehmen und Privatpersonen, aber auch durch CO2-Kompensation der Flugreisen der BOKU-Wissenschaftler(innen). Die BOKU-Klimaschutzprojekte zielen nicht allein auf CO2-Bindung/CO2-Vermeidung, sondern auf weitere ökologische und insbesondere auch sozio-ökonomische Nachhaltigkeitswirkungen.

The paper examines the nature, operations and driving force behind the Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria. It argues that while portending Islamic fundamentalist credentials, Boko Haram is also representative of the socio-economic aspirations of most ordinary citizens in the Northeast of Nigeria who are excluded from the socio-economic spheres in modern Nigeria. Boko Haram posits both the irrelevance and decadence of the state and the need for its violent overthrow and establishment of pure Islamic society. It argues that even though Boko Haram cannot be fully explained by socio-economic factors, extant structural and socio-economic conditions in the Northeast produce many frustrated and deprived young people who feed into the fundamentalist aspirations of Boko Haram. Thus, the coincidence between socio-economic conditions in the Northeast which compares unfavorably with other zones in Nigeria; the structural deficiencies of the state and a long history of Islamic fundamentalism creates the conducive atmosphere for violent extremism represented by Boko Haram.

The Boko Haram insurgency is a security threat to the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Region made up of Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger. This article portrays an analysis on the origin and regionalization of Boko Haram. More importantly, this study also attempts to highlight the pivotal role that cooperation with friendly external partners (such as Russia, and China) can play in the fight against terrorist groups such as Boko Haram in Africa. Our analysis argues that, Boko Haram's terrorism in the Lake Chad region is driven by the combination of overlapping and self-complementing factors like political and economic interests, rather than religion, with implications for security and counterterrorism efforts. In the the end, recommendations were suggested on how to overcome this terrorist organisation. This article utilizes a combination of social conflict theory and terrorism studies to analyze the origins and impact of Boko Haram. Social conflict theory helps to explain how economic inequality and political instability can contribute to the rise of extremist groups like Boko Haram. Terrorism studies provide insight into the tactics and strategies used by Boko Haram to achieve their goals. This article employs a multidisciplinary approach, drawing on a range of primary and secondary sources, including academic literature, government reports, and media sources. The methodology includes qualitative analysis of historical and contemporary data to provide insights into the origins and evolution of the Boko Haram activities, as well as the impact it has had on the affected communities and the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Region. This analysis gave the opportunity to suggest recommendations on how to overcome the Boko Haram and terrorism in Africa in general.

This research attempts to explain and clarify the relationship between Boko Haram and the Arabic language and its use of Arabic, especially under a religious slogan, and that this relationship is arbitrary, neither a religious nor an Arabic linguistic relationship. It also addresses the discovery of Boko Haram as a terrorist sect financed by a terrorist group in a hidden guise to achieve an aim they seek. The research includes three axes after the introduction. The first axis is limited to introducing Boko Haram, the second axis talks about Boko Haram and its use of the Arabic language under a religious slogan, the third axis is the negative effects left by the Boko Haram group, and then the conclusion, which mentions the findings and results of the research.

Boko Haram, Muhammed Yusuf (ö. 2009) liderliğinde Nijerya’da 2002 yılında Cemāʿatu Ehli's-Sünne li'd-Daʿve ve'l-Cihād ismi ile teşekkül etmiştir. Dinimiz İslam, itikadımız Peygamber ve sahabelerinin itikadı ve menhecimiz (yolumuz) cihaddır diyen Yusuf, Batı kültürü, eğitimi ve değerlerinin İslam dışı ve hatta İslam karşıtı yeni bir dinî yapılanma olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Batı değerleri ile sistematize olmuş Nijerya demokrasisini eleştiren Boko Haram liderleri, mürted hükümette hizmet etmeyi haram ve anayasa ile yöneten tağuta karşı savaşmayan her Müslümanı da kâfir ilan etmiştir. Osman b. Fûdî’nin (ö. 1817) başlattığı İslam halifeliğinin canlandırılmasının gerekliliğine vurgu yapan Boko Haram sözcüleri, bu uğurda cihadın her Müslümana farz olduğunu belirtmektedirler. Kendisi ile hükümete karşı savaşmayan Müslümanları kâfir ilan eden ve onların öldürülmesini de cihad kapsamında değerlendiren Boko Haram, bugün bir vaaz grubu olmaktan ziyade bölgede gerçekleştirmiş olduğu terör eylemleri ile ismini duyurmaktadır. Bu çalışma Boko Haram’ın tarihsel serüvenini ele alacak ve dinî-siyasi söylemlerini irdeleyecektir. Boko Haram’ın teşekkülünden günümüze kadar liderleri ve sözcülerinin dini söylemlerindeki değişimi sistematik bir şekilde analiz ederek örgütün Nijerya'daki radikalleşme sürecini kronolojik gelişmeler ışığında incelemeyi ve bu bağlamda alandaki mevcut literatüre katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir.

As our dependency on ever-more complex, opaque, and ubiquitous information and communication technologies (ICTs) increases, ethical concerns about the development of those technologies are also rising. One approach to mitigate these concerns is to improve the maturity of the ICT profession through codification of its knowledge base and professional ethics. In this paper, some key theoretical approaches to ethics with a long-established tradition within Philosophy are explored and how these approaches may manifest in the codification of knowledge within ICT Bodies of Knowledge (BoKs) is discussed. BoKs provide a common vocabulary and knowledge inventory to aid communication and encourage shared values and practices, particularly in emerging professional areas such as the ICT profession. Thus, identifying and understanding how ethics are codified in ICT BoKs is important for maturing ICT professional practice in general, and more specifically, for the resolution of ethical concerns. This paper 1) explores considerations and approaches to how ethics are incorporated within ICT BoKs, and 2) conducts content analysis on how ethics are codified within the content structure of ICT Boks. It is found that theoretical ethical approaches are rarely explicated cited in BoKS though, in the more mature BoKs, the discussion of ethics does include consideration of most of the major philosophical approaches. The implications of how knowledge about ethics is described and integrated into the wider knowledge infrastructure of the ICT profession including curriculum guidelines and accreditation processes is discussed. In a wider contribution to the Knowledge Management discipline, potential lessons to increase maturity for other emerging professions through the development of BoKs are also outlined.