Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Boîte quantique de graphène'
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Massabeau, Sylvain. "Optical and electronic properties of graphene quantum dots in the Terahertz spectral range." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS445.
Full textThe goal of the present thesis is to explore the electronic and optical properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in the THz spectral range. Using tight-binding modelling, we first calculate the energy levels of GQDs of diameters ranging from 6 to 50 nm and analyse the different nature of these energy states. We further calculate their coupling to low energy photons and determine the absorption probability spectra in the THz spectral range. We finally explore how the size, temperature and doping of the GQDs affect their absorption spectra. Secondly, we focus on the experimental investigation of the optical properties of GQDs at THz frequencies, using THz time-domain spectroscopy. Multilayer epitaxial graphene (MEG) samples are probed and then nanostructured in 107 GQDs arrays. We show that the THz response of GQDs with diameters of few tens of nm is mainly characterised by a deep absorption around 6 THz at low and room temperature. These original outcomes are supported by the theoretical analysis and are strongly different from what is observed in MEG. Finally, we study the electronic transport properties of a single GQD in the Coulomb-blockade regime. A single GQD, made of exfoliated graphene encapsulated with hBN layers, is inserted within single electron transistor coupled to a bow-tie THz antenna. Dark transport measurements in the GQD-based transistors show Coulomb blockade regime and excited states of the GQD. Finally, we provide the photoresponse of the GQD in the Coulomb blockade regime under incoherent THz illumination. These results open very exciting perspectives for the development of GQD-based devices for THz photonic applications such as THz lasers
De, Cecco Alessandro. "Electronique quantique dans les nano-structures explorées par microscopie à sonde locale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY035/document.
Full textNanostructures are physical systems of paramount interest for both fundamental studies and applications, since they display quantum effects such as confinement, energy discretization, coherence…The quantum behavior of nano-devices can however be strongly influenced by disorder, thermal and non-equilibrium effects. In this Thesis, we show, for instance, how dissipation deeply affects the electron transport in superconducting nano-devices at microwave frequencies.By using a home-made cryogenic AFM/STM setup, we are able to investigate different kinds of nanostructures. First, we address the realization of a Single Electron Transistor with a Scanning Probe. Metallic nanoparticles are well known for their behavior as 0D-Quantum Dots (QD), and they display quantum confinement and charging effects, which are evidenced in our low-temperature SPM measurements as well. We demonstrate how a novel nanofabrication process can be implemented with the addition of gate electrodes sufficiently thin and leakage-proof, which in the future can provide a fine-tuning of the QD's properties and allow spatially-resolved exploration of quantum phenomena in a variety of different coupling regimes. Second, we study epitaxial graphene on SiC as a very promising 2D material for electronics. In particular, epitaxial sidewalls graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are nanostructures of fundamental interest which can provide direct and controllable access to charge neutral graphene. Due to quantum confinement, these systems can display exceptional ballistic transport at room temperature. We implemented an innovative Scanning Tunneling Potentiometry technique allowing for nm-scale spatial resolution and μ V-scale voltage resolution. Measured local potential and resistance of single GNRs devices provide clear indication of non-diffusive transport.The physics investigated and the methods and the techniques developed in this Thesis can thus provide a new insight on several (and quite diverse) on-trend topics
Branchaud, Simon. "Vers des boîtes quantiques à base de graphène." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4883.
Full textOjeda-Aristizabal, Claudia. "Transport quantique dans le graphène." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112333.
Full textThis thesis studies some aspects of quantum electronic transport in graphene, the two dimensional crystal made of carbon where conduction electrons behave as massless relativistic particles. Experiments done in this thesis can be classified in two different regimes, a macroscopic regime where there is no quantum interference effects between electrons (the phase coherence length is smaller than the size of the sample) and a mesoscopic regime, where electron's wave packets interfere. In the macroscopic regime, we have made experiments that led us conclude the nature of impurities that limit transport in graphene. With magnetoresistance measurements, we could deduce the characteristic scattering times in graphene. Their dependence on the Fermi wavelength let us conclude that the main scatterers in graphene are neutral strong short range impurities possibly ad-atoms or vacancies. In the mesoscopic regime, we were interested in universal conductance fluctuations, the most important signature of coherent transport in a system. Correlation functions of the conductance fluctuations show us the strong differences between the physics of the monolayer and the bilayer graphene. We found that the amplitude of fluctuations vary in a similar way in both systems as a function of the Fermi vector. Finally, we studied the superconducting proximity effect with a superconductor, which is also signature of coherent transport. Using a current annealing technique, we induced a supercurrent progressively in graphene
Apretna, Thibault. "HgTe nanocrystals and graphene quantum dots for THz optoelectronics : intraband absorption, carrier dynamics and coherent THz emission." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS124.
Full textWhile the applications of terahertz (THz) electomagnetic waves are very promising, their development is still currently limited by the lack of efficient sources and detectors operating at these frequencies. Indeed, this spectral domain lies outside the frequency ranges accessible by conventional electronic or optical devices. The research of new materials and concepts as well as the development of novel technologies are thus essential to fully exploit these THz waves. In this context, my thesis work aims at evaluating the potential of two new nanomaterials, large HgTe nanocrystals and large graphene quantum dots (GQD), for the development of optoelectronic devices operating at THz frequencies. We first present an in-depth study of the optical properties of HgTe nanocrystals. In particular, we have demonstrated a broad resonance in the absorption spectrum, centered around 4.5THz. We have developed a microscopic model and interpreted this absorption at THz frequencies as the result of multiple intraband transitions of single carriers between quantized electronic states. The second part of this work concerns the study of the photoresponse and the dynamics of hot carriers in HgTe nanocrystals. We report a relatively long recombination time of non-equilibrium carriers, of the order of a few picoseconds. The third part presents coherent THz emission measurements from HgTe nanocrystals under femtosecond optical excitation. We develop a formalism describing the second-order nonlinear processes and we demonstrate that the physical phenomena involved in the measured THz coherent emission are the photo-galvanic and photon-drag effects. Finally, the last part is devoted to theoretical and experimental work on the optical properties at THz frequencies of graphene quantum dots
Federspiel, Francois. "Etude optique du transfert d'énergie entre une nanostructure semiconductrice unique et un feuillet de graphène." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAE015/document.
Full textMy PhD subject is the FRET interaction (Förster-like resonant energy transfer) between single colloidal semiconductor nanostructures and graphene. The first part is about the development of the interaction theory with the graphene for several types of nanostructures. Then comes the experimental part, and firstly the optical setup together with the analysis methods, for both spectroscopy and photoluminescence. After that, we describe our results about different types of spherical nanocrystals directly interacting with graphene (which can be multilayer) : the energy transfer has a huge effect on the photoluminescence, as well as the blinking behaviour of the nanocrystals. Then we measure the dependency of the energy transfer as a function the distance ; in the case of quantum dots, we observe a 1/z^4 law. On another hand, in the case of nanoplatelets, the function is more complex and depends on the temperature
Van, Zanten David. "Dynamique quantique dans un tourniquet à électrons basé sur une boîte quantique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY028/document.
Full textAccurate control over the state and motion of single individual electrons would enable a variety of appealing applications reaching from quantized to quantum coherent electron sources. Realizing the accuracy of quantized current sources required for a metrological standard is however extremely challenging and has naturally fuelled fundamental research into single electron transport through mesoscopic structures. A promising candidate, foreseen to meet the demand, combines the concept of quantized charge in single electron transistors (SETs) and the gapped density of states in superconducting metals (hence called hybrid electron turnstile), to produce a quantized current. The time-correlated electron transport (sub-poissonian) between the superconducting leads is conveyed by the continuous density of states of the central normal island. The large amount of available states at the normal island, although favorable in terms of tunnel coupling, has nevertheless two important ramifications i.e. 1) thermal fluctuations and 2) adverse higher-order processes, which limit the performance of hybrid electron turnstiles. Inspired by this ingenious application and the advances in quantum dot trans- port, we explore the operation of a hybrid electron turnstile embodying a bottom-up quantum dot instead of the usual metallic island. The desired devices are obtained by controlled electromigration of aluminium nano-wires preceded by the deposition of gold nano-particles. This in-situ process (conducted at 4 K) produces pristine tunnel junctions between aluminium leads and gold nano-particles with a yield of about 4%. We characterize the stationary and turnstile operation by direct current measurements at 100 mK, in a heavily filtered, but electromigration compatible, inverse dilution refrigerator. Analysis of the acquired conductance maps under stationary conditions, reveal a large charging energy (> 10 meV) and mean level spacing (> 1 meV). With a detailed study of the coherence peak broadening at the Coulomb blockade (CB) threshold, we show that electron transport through the quantum dot is conveyed by a single quantum level. Although the tunnel coupling is weak, the single level life-time is dominated by the lead - quantum dot hybridization as thermal energy fluctuation and in-elastic scattering are suppressed by the large single level spacing on the quantum dot and the superconducting gap in the leads. The observation of sub-threshold resonances parallel to the CB diamond edges are consistent with earlier predicted higher-order Cooper-pair - electron (CPE) cotunneling processes. Under turnstile operation a periodic modulation signal (sine or square wave) is added to the static gate potential. We demonstrate quantized current up to 200 MHz at which its accuracy starts to worsen due to missed tunnel events. Strong experimental evidence of the single quantum dot level nature of our turnstile device is provided by a sharp onset of backtunneling processes and the temperature-robust operation beyond 300 mK. Finally we observe a systematic current suppression unique to the low frequency sine wave operation. Supported by theoretical work, we show that the underlying missed tunnel events are caused by adiabatic traverses across the avoided crossing of a quantum dot level and superconducting gap edges. These experiments deliver the first experimental observation of the level repulsion between an electronic discrete state and a semi-continuum and demonstrate the quantum coherent evolution of our devices under adiabatic operation conditions
Enderlin, Alexandre. "Contrôle cohérent des états électroniques d'une boîte quantique unique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00530599.
Full textTonin, Catherine. "Manipulation cohérente de l'émission résonnante d'une boîte quantique unique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839316.
Full textEnderlin, Alexandre. "Contrôle cohérent des excitations électroniques d’une boîte quantique unique." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066170.
Full textPoulin-Lamarre, Gabriel. "La boîte quantique triple : nouvelles oscillations et incorporation de microaimants." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5989.
Full textDuchet, Maxime. "Émission de champ assistée par laser femtoseconde d’une boîte quantique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1223.
Full textThis thesis concerns the study and control of electron emission from a single quantum dot attached to a nanometer sized tip and irradiated by a femtosecond laser. A complete ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) setup has been constructed to laser stimulate and analyse electron emission. A femtosecond laser is used with a minimum pulse duration and width at the sample’s location (14 fs of pulse duration, 4 µm focal spot), and with a tunable power and polarisation. Wires of tungsten have been etched by an electrochemical reaction to produce very sharp tips of about 25 nm radius on which 1 nm quantum dots are grown in-situ. In the UHV chamber a 3D motors allow us to adjust the position of the tip apex into the laser focal spot. An in-situ retarding field analyser and a microchannel plate (MCP) with phosphor screen for imaging are used to analyse the electronic emission. The results obtained with the tungsten tip allows the study of several regimes of electronic emission: DC field with no laser, DC field with laser and no DC field with laser. With the use of the femtosecond laser, we observed for the first time photoassisted field emission from an individual quantum dot. With the quantum dot the emitted electrons are filtered in energy by passing through the discrete energy levels by resonant tunnelling. Also the variation of the DC electric field applied to the quantum dot induces shifts of the discrete energy levels thus allowing the control of the energy of the emitted electrons. The electron pulses from this electron source are: - extremely localised due to the amplification of the electric field above the quantum dot. - extremely short because the emission is triggered by the femtosecond laser pulses. - tunably filtered in energy by shifting the discrete energy levels using the variation of the DC applied electric field
Melet, Romain. "Manipulation tout optique des états électroniques d'une boîte quantique unique." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066193.
Full textBennaceur, Keyan. "Transport électronique dans le graphène." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584925.
Full textLe, Gall Claire. "Dynamique et contrôle optique d'un spin individuel dans une boîte quantique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00670963.
Full textRochette, Sophie. "Étude en transport électrique d'une double boîte quantique latérale en silicium." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5913.
Full textGaudreau, Louis. "Manipulation cohérente de qubits de spin dans une boîte quantique triple." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5157.
Full textFaizy, Namarvar Omid. "Structure électronique et transport quantique dans les nanostructures de Graphène." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870405.
Full textGuignard, Jérémie. "Etude de l'effet Hall quantique dans le graphène exfolié en vue d'une application en métrologie quantique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664374.
Full textBureau-Oxton, Chloé. "Fabrication de nanoaimants pour le contrôle rapide d'un spin électronique dans une boîte quantique double." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5298.
Full textPeter, Emmanuelle. "Couplage fort exciton-photon pour une boîte quantique de GaAs en microdisque." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00129086.
Full textLes paramètres-clefs pour atteindre ce régime sont, pour ce qui est de l'émetteur, sa force d'oscillateur ainsi que sa largeur spectrale, gouvernée par l'interaction avec l'environnement. Un chapitre est consacré à chacune de ces 2 notions-clefs. Concernant la cavité, les 2 figures de mérite pertinentes pour le renforcement de l'interaction lumière-matière sont le facteur de qualité et le volume modal. Nous présentons la réalisation technologique et la caractérisation des microdisques de GaAs (sur air et sur AlOx) les plus prometteurs en terme de facteur de qualité et volume modal.
Enfin, nous présentons la première démonstration expérimentale du régime de couplage fort pour une boîte quantique naturelle de GaAs en microdisque.
Fève, Gwendal. "Quantification du courant alternatif : la boîte quantique comme source d'électrons uniques subnanoseconde." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066608.
Full textZimmermann, Katrin. "Contacts ponctuels quantiques dans le graphène de haute mobilité." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY008/document.
Full textIn the quantum Hall regime, the charge carriers are conducted within one-dimensional channels propagating at the edge of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). A quantum point contact (QPC) – a narrow constriction confining spatially electron transport – can control the transmission of these quantum Hall edge channels. In conventional 2DEG systems, a negative voltage applied on the electrostatic split gates depletes locally the electrons underneath them forcing the electrons to pass through the constriction. In contrast, due to the absence of a band gap in graphene, a negative gate voltage induces a continuous shift of the doping from electrons to holes. In the quantum Hall regime, electron and hole edge channels propagate along the pn-interface in the same direction while inelastic scattering induces charge transfer and mixing between them.In this PhD thesis, we have fabricated ballistic graphene devices made by van der Waals stacking of hBN/Gr/hBN heterostructures, and equipped with split gates forming a quantum point contact (QPC) constriction. We have studied the effect of the QPC on the propagation of integer and fractional quantum Hall edge channels and the mixing among them. In the quantum Hall regime, we demonstrate that the integer and fractional quantum Hall edge channels can be controlled and selectively transmitted by the QPC. Due to the high mobility of our devices and the resultant full lifting of the degeneracies of the Landau levels in strong magnetic field, equilibration at the pn-interface is restricted to sublevels of identical spins of the N=0 Landau level.A QPC in the quantum Hall regime offers also an ideal system to study the tunnelling of charge carriers between counter-propagating fractional edge channels of highly correlated, one-dimensional fermions described by the theory of Tomonaga-Luttinger. We study the tunnelling between fractional quantum Hall edge channels in our QPC device in graphene and focus on the 7/3-fractional state to explore the temperature dependence of tunnelling characteristics
Poumirol, Jean-Marie. "Etude des propriétés électroniques du graphène et des matériaux à base de graphène sous champs magnétiques intenses." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0012/document.
Full textThis thesis presents transport measurements on two-dimensional and one-dimensional graphene-based systems under pulsed magnetic field (60T). The objective of this work is to probe the dynamics of charge carriers by changing the density of states of the system by applying a strong magnetic field. The first part is devoted to the study of the influence of electron-hole pockets on the transport properties of graphene near the charge neutrality point. We found the appearance of fluctuations in the magneto-resistance due to the progressive transition of the electron/hole puddles of finite size in the quantum regime as the magnetic field increases. We have also shown that the variation of the Fermi energy, due to the increase of orbital Landau level degeneracy, is directly responsible of a change in the electron and hole ratio. The second part is devoted to the study of graphene nano-ribbons, we explored two different ranges of width. In the broad nano-ribbons of width W larger than 60 nm, the quantification of the resistance is observed, revealing a clear signature of the quantization of the energy spectrum into Landau levels. We show for the first time the effect of valley degeneracy lifting induced by the magnetic confinement of charge carriers at the edges of the armchair nano-ribbons. For narrower nano-ribbons (W <30 nm) in presence of edge defects and charged impurities, the progressive formation of chiral edge states leads to a positive magneto-conductance whatever the carrier density. Finally, the last part of this thesis deals with magneto-transport fingerprints in multi-layer graphene as we observed the quantum Hall effect in tri-layer graphene. A comparative study of the experimental results with numerical simulations was used to determine the rhombohedral stacking of three layers of graphene in the sample
Fève, Gwendal. "Quantification du courant alternatif : la boîte quantique comme source d' électrons uniques subnanoseconde." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00119589.
Full textdans un conducteur quantique modèle : le circuit RC quantique. En appliquant des tensions
hyperfréquence sur une grille située au dessus d'une boîte quantique de taille submicronique,
on peut sonder la dynamique de transfert de charges de la boîte vers son réservoir. Dans
le régime linéaire, elle est caractérisée par une capacité quantique reliée à la densité d'états
de la boîte et une résistance de relaxation de charge constante et égale au demi quantum
de résistance h/2e^2 lorsqu'un seul mode de conduction est transmis du réservoir à la boîte. Je
me suis plus largement consacré à l'étude du régime non linéaire obtenu en appliquant des
tensions créneau d'amplitude comparable à l'énergie d'addition de la boîte (énergie nécessaire
pour ajouter une charge élémentaire). J'ai mis en évidence dans ce régime une quantification
du courant alternatif en unité de 2ef qui traduit l'émission et l'absorption par la boîte d'une
charge unique à chaque période du signal d'excitation. Ce dispositif fonctionne alors comme
une source d'électrons uniques analogue aux sources de photons uniques en optique. L'évolution
du temps d'émission de la charge par effet tunnel en fonction des différents paramètres
contrôlables (couplage de la boîte au réservoir, potentiel de la boîte ...) a été déterminée dans
une large gamme temporelle, de la centaine de picosecondes à la dizaine de nanosecondes. Ces
résultats sont en excellent accord avec un modèle théorique simple que j'ai développé durant
ma thèse. Ils ouvrent la voie à des expériences d'optique électronique à une seule particule.
Gould, Charles. "Blocage de Coulomb dans une boîte quantique latérale contenant un faible nombre d'électrons." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2000. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5005.
Full textProux, Raphaël. "Indiscernabilité des photons émis par une boîte quantique semiconductrice sous excitation résonnante continue." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0037/document.
Full textQuantum dots are good candidates as single photon emitters for quantum information networks, facilitating their integration in photonic circuits based on well known semiconductor technology. In this context, this work focuses on the indistinguishability of the photons emitted by semiconductor quantum dots excited resonantly. We use a peculiar configuration where the quantumdots are embedded in a planar microcavity, allowing for better excitation and collection efficiencies. We are then able to investigate very low excitation power regimes, where the photons are elastically scattered by the fundamental transition of the quantum dot (Resonant Rayleigh Scattering). In this regime, the coherence of the excitation laser is imprinted on the emitted photons, making the quantum dot a source of single photons with a very long coherence.The indistinguishability is investigated by using a Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometer to perform two-photon interference. We carry out a comprehensive experimental study of the excitation power dependence of the indistinguishability as well as its dependence on the excitation laser coherence, which shows the important role of elastic scattering in the low excitation power limit. It appears that a new figure of merit needs to be introduced to assess the indistinguishability as a temporal phenomenon, an aspect which is particularly relevant when dealing with continuous-wave excitation
Demory, Justin. "Initialisation de spin et rotation de polarisation dans une boîte quantique en microcavité." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS006/document.
Full textSingle photons are ideal candidates to carry quantum information and the major challenge that optical quatum computing must face is to engineer photon matter interaction. A promising way to do so is to implement an efficient spin-photon interface making use of the polarization rotation (so-called Faraday or Kerr rotation) induced by a single spin. Thanks to the polarization rotation, it is possible to transfer the spin state into a polarization state. However, observations of Kerr rotation induced by a single spin were reported only recently, with rotation angles in the few 10-3 degree range.Cavity-QED effects are used to demonstrate a giant exaltation of the spin-photon interaction. The device is a single semiconductor quantum dot spin inserted inside a micropillar, a geometry which currently constitutes the most efficient photonic interface between an external laser beam and a confined cavity mode. Further, quantum dots confine a spin state of charge carrier which can be initialized and optically measured.In this thesis, I realized an experimental setup used to initialize a spin state confined in the quantum dot and to analyze the polarization rotation induced by this spin state. I demonstrated that it was possible to initialize the spin state confined in quantum dot with a circularly polarized beam. Having a well-known spin state, I observed the polarization rotation of ± 6 ° induced by a single spin. This macroscopic polarization rotation is three orders of magnitude three orders of magnitude higher than the previous state of artIn parallel of this experimental work, I studied theoretically spin initialization and polarization rotation phenomenon in our systems. I developed analytical models to characterize and predict the resonant excitation and polarization rotation experiences. Thanks to this theoretical work, I determined realistic parameters for the device to realize an optimal spin-photon interface.This novel way of interfacing a flying qubit and a solid-state quantum memory opens the road for a wide range of applications for quantum information processing and long-distance quantum communication
Brun-Picard, Jérémy. "Une nouvelle génération d'étalons quantiques fondée sur l'effet Hall quantique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS549/document.
Full textThe future International System of Units, based on fundamental constants, will allow to take full advantage of the quantum standards of resistance, current and voltage that are linked to the planck constant and the elementary charge only.In this thesis, we have developed and studied a resistance standard based on the quantum Hall effect in graphene obtained by chemical vapor deposition (propane/hydrogen) on silicon carbide substrate. For the first time we were able to show that a graphene resistance standard could operate at more practical experimental conditions than its counterpart in GaAs/AlGaAs, ie at higher temperatures (T⋍10 K), weaker magnetics fields (B ⋍ 3,5 T) and larger measurement currents (I⋍500 μA). From an understanding and improvement perspective, we have analyzed the fabrication process of the Hall bar and its reproducibility, tested a method to modify the electronic density, and investigated the quantum Hall effect dissipation mechanisms.In a second part, we have demonstrated that it was possible torealize a programmable and versatile quantum current source from the elementary charge, by combining the two quantum standards of voltage and resistance in a quantum circuit integrating a cryogenic current comparator. Currents were generated in the range from 1 μA to 5 mA, with a relative uncertainty never achieved before of 10⁻⁸. We have also showed that this current standard, realizing the new definition of the ampere, could be used to calibrate an ammeter
Jbeli, Anouar. "Dynamique de photoluminescence dans les boîtes quantiques auto-assemblées InGaAs/GaAs : propriétés de spin et couplage électronique inter-boîte." Toulouse, INSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ISAT0015.
Full textDousse, Adrien. "Deterministic cavity-quantum dot coupling and fabrication of an ultrabright source of entangled photon pairs." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077134.
Full textQuantum dots have discrete quantum states and for this reason are sometimes called artifîcial atoms. Just like an atom, a quantum dot can emit single photons, or polarization entangled photon pairs. A great number of potential applications rely on the control of spontaneous emission of quantum dots inserted in microcavities. For example, the spontaneous emission enhancement regime (Purcell effect) allows extracting photons emitted by a quantum dot, in an efficient manner so as to obtain very bright light sources for quantum information processing. In the strong coupling regime, between a quantum dot and a microcavity mode, arise light-matter mixed states which can be used for distant entanglement of spin cubits for example. However, quantum dot-cavity coupling is rendered difficult because the standard fabrication techniques of these emitters do not allow controlling, in a deterministic fashion, their spatial and spectral characteristics. The first result of the present PhD work has been to develop a deterministic coupling technique between a single quantum dot and a cavity mode. This technique has been used to demonstrate the control of spontaneous emission on demand in the weak coupling regime, as well as in the strong coupling regime. The second result has been to design and fabricate an original microcavity for the efficient extraction of polarization entangled photon pairs. With the deterministic coupling of a quantum dot to the modes of a photonic molecule, we have fabricated a source of polarization entangled photon pairs one order of magnitude brighter than any existing source so far
Poumirol, Jean-Marie. "Étude des propriétés électroniques du graphène et des matériaux à base de graphène sous champs magnétiques intenses." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646172.
Full textCassabois, Guillaume. "Origines et limites du modèle de l'atome artificiel pour une boîte quantique de semiconducteurs." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011932.
Full textpour étudier les propriétés électroniques et optiques des boîtes quantiques de semiconducteurs. Elle a conduit à des expériences élégantes qui utilisent les concepts de base de la physique quantique de systèmes élémentaires et qui montrent l'intérêt des boîtes quantiques pour l'information quantique.
Ces expériences ont cependant toutes en commun d'utiliser des boîtes quantiques à basse température et les mesures de spectroscopie optique sont faites sur l'état excitonique fondamental de la boîte quantique. Cette constatation lève d'emblée le problème des limites de validité du modèle de l'atome artificiel dont l'utilisation, certes fertile, semble pourtant se resteindre à des conditions expérimentales très précises.
Dans ce document, nous allons aborder plus généralement l'étude des propriétés électroniques et optiques de boîtes quantiques dans le système modèle de nanostructures auto-organisées InAs/GaAs afin de cerner les limites de validité du modèle de l'atome artificiel.
Cao, Chonglong. "Modélisation de la dynamique de spin d'un atome magnétique individuel dans une boîte quantique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680070.
Full textCao, Chong Long. "Modélisation de la dynamique de spin d'un atome magnétique individuel dans une boîte quantique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENY062/document.
Full textWe have studied the spin dynamics of an individual Mn atom embedded a CdTe quantum dot. Our results show that the Mn spin relaxation is faster when the quantum dot contains an exciton. This can result in an optical orientation of the Mn spin. The valence band mixing is the critical parameter for the fast relaxation rates of the Mn spin in the exchange field of the exciton. This valence band mixing is controlled by the shape and strain of the quantum dot. The influence of these parameters on the optical pumping dynamics were analyzed in detail. Our simulation of optical pumping are in good agreement with experiments. The coherent dynamics of an individual Mn spin was also investigated. We discussed the influence of the coherent dynamics of the coupled electronic and nuclear spins on the optical pumping. We have shown that optically controlled coupling between electronic and nuclear spins could be used for Mn spin switching. We finally demonstrated that the combination of resonant laser and microwave fields can be used to optically detect the magnetic resonance of a Mn spin in a CdTe quantum dot
Maysonnave, Jean. "Dynamique ultrarapide de lasers à cascade quantique Terahertz - le graphène comme émetteur Terahertz." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066360/document.
Full textThe terahertz (THz) range is a region of the electromagnetic spectrum which lies at the limit between the electronic and optical domain. Currently, THz applications suffer from the lack of sources and detectors. In this context, this thesis focuses on the fundamental study and the development of new functionalities of different THz sources, usingTHz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) as a base. This powerful tool enables to acquire the temporal profile of a THz electric field and is used to explore the THz emission properties of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and graphene.In the first part, the ultrafast response of QCLs is investigated. A phase control of the electric field of THz QCLs via injection seeding is realised and optimised. This enables the measurement of the amplitude and temporal profile of the laser emission. Throughthese experiments and simulations, a quantitative description of the gain dynamics can be accessed. This information is critical for modelocking. Finally, a fast modulation of the gain of QCLs is realized and leads to short pulses generation (15 ps) in a modelocked regime. These studies open the way for using QCLs as powerful sources in TDS.In the second part, THz radiation generation from graphene under optical excitation is demonstrated by a second order non-linear process. The THz emission results from themomentum transfer from the photons to the electrons of graphene (photon drag). As well as broadband THz generation, novel bandstructure properties of graphene can be explored such as the different dynamics between the photogenerated electrons and holes
Maysonnave, Jean. "Dynamique ultrarapide de lasers à cascade quantique Terahertz - le graphène comme émetteur Terahertz." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066360.
Full textThe terahertz (THz) range is a region of the electromagnetic spectrum which lies at the limit between the electronic and optical domain. Currently, THz applications suffer from the lack of sources and detectors. In this context, this thesis focuses on the fundamental study and the development of new functionalities of different THz sources, usingTHz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) as a base. This powerful tool enables to acquire the temporal profile of a THz electric field and is used to explore the THz emission properties of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and graphene.In the first part, the ultrafast response of QCLs is investigated. A phase control of the electric field of THz QCLs via injection seeding is realised and optimised. This enables the measurement of the amplitude and temporal profile of the laser emission. Throughthese experiments and simulations, a quantitative description of the gain dynamics can be accessed. This information is critical for modelocking. Finally, a fast modulation of the gain of QCLs is realized and leads to short pulses generation (15 ps) in a modelocked regime. These studies open the way for using QCLs as powerful sources in TDS.In the second part, THz radiation generation from graphene under optical excitation is demonstrated by a second order non-linear process. The THz emission results from themomentum transfer from the photons to the electrons of graphene (photon drag). As well as broadband THz generation, novel bandstructure properties of graphene can be explored such as the different dynamics between the photogenerated electrons and holes
Varoutsis, Spyridon. "Génération de photons uniques indiscernables par une boîte quantique semi-conductrice dans une microcavité optique." Paris 11, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011534.
Full textOne of the main scientific achievement of the last century is certainly the development of quantum mechanics. Recently, computer scientists and engineers teamed with physical scientists to further our understanding of quantum phenomena, and to exploit this understanding to realize new devices with novel functionality for communication and computing, that can be directly engineered using correlations between quantum states, giving rise to a new field in physics : Quantum information science. These quantum states can be indistinguishable single photons. Our work aimed at the generation of such quantum states, from sefl-assembled quantum dots. These emitters can produce single photons on demand but the indistinguishability between photons is rapidly destroyed by decoeherence processes in the solid-state. In order to restore the indistinguishability between photons, the dot is coupled to the mode of a micropilar cavity, that accelerates its spontaneous emission rate by a factor 25, so that the photons are emitted before being “marked” by dephasing mechanisms. This acceleration leads to the generation of indistinguishable single photons with a degree of indistinguishability as high as 75%. In this context, two-photon interference phenomena occur, whereby two single photons entering the two input ports of a beamsplitter, emerge from the beamsplitter both in the same output port, as if they had "coalesced" into a two-photon state
Roy, Anne-Marie. "Détection de charge rapide radiofréquence." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8155.
Full textPioro-Ladrière, Michel. "Étude par spectroscopie de coulomb d'une boîte quantique latérale contenant de 1 à 12 électrons." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4532.
Full textLoo, Vivien. "Excitation résonante et non-linéarité à faible nombre de photons d'une boîte quantique en microcavité." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077166.
Full textResults of resonant spectroscopy of a quantum dot strongly coupled to a microcavity are exposed. Rising the power makes the devices reflectivity to drop. This phenomenon has a threshold of 8 photons per pulse ? Which is a record. It is possible to observe fluctuations of the quantum dot emission energy at the scale of the microsecond
Reigue, Antoine. "Boîte quantique en interaction avec son environnement : excitation résonante pour l'étude des processus de décohérence." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066731/document.
Full textDevelopments in quantum information processes require the use of solid state qubits that would emit on demand single and indistinguishable photons. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) show an atom-like spectrum which makes them attractive in this regard. However, a single QD constitutes an open quantum system coupled to its surrounding solid-state environment, the phonon bath and the fluctuating electrostatic environment. This has important consequences on the coherence properties of the electronic system and the QD is a probe to study these fundamental interactions. Using Fourier spectroscopy and temperature-dependent resonant HOM experiments we show that these two mechanisms occur on very different time scales: spectral diffusion is a slow dephasing process acting on microseconds, while phonon interaction takes place in less than one ns. Then, the loss of ndistinguishability in HOM measurements is only related to dephasing induced by the coupling to the phonon bath. The TPI visibility is preserved around 85 % at low temperature, followed by a rapid loss of coherence. To fully understand the experimental results we developed a mircroscopic model for the electron-phonon interaction which allow to obtain analytic expressions for the dephasing rates. Below 10K the relaxation of the vibrational lattice is the dominant contribution to the loss of TPI visibility. This process corresponds to real phonon transitions resulting in a broad phonon sideband in the QD emission spectra. Above 10K, virtual phonon transitions to higher lying excited states become the dominant dephasing mechanism, leading to broadening of the zero phonon line and a corresponding rapid decay in the visibility
Andreev, Thomas. "Growth and optical properties of GaN and InGaN quantum dots dops with rare earth ions." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10020.
Full textThis work reports on structural and optical properties of plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy grown rare earth doped III – nitride quantum dots structures. During growth the rare earths have drastic influences on the quantum dot formation, assigned to surfactant properties of the rare earth atoms. Optical and structural characterizations have shown that GaN QDs are effectively doped with the rare earth atoms in the cases of Eu, Tm and Tb. Other rare earth locations have been also established, for example for Tm where a high amount has been found at the GaN QDs interface. The excitation dynamics of rare earth doped GaN QDs which show stable photoluminescence for the colors of interest between liquid helium and room temperature has been addressed. More complicate rare earth doped quantum dot structures are also discussed, like InGaN:Eu QDs and co-doped GaN QDs important for devices. Attention is put also onto rare earth doped GaN layers, where different Eu sites have been established, near the sample surface and inside bulk material
Hagenmuller, David. "Electrodynamique quantique en cavité d'un système d'électrons bidimensionnel sous champ magnétique." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077263.
Full textIn this thesis manuscript, we present a theory describing the coupling between the quantized electromagnetic field of a cavity resonator and the cyclotron transition between Landau levels in a two¬dimensional electron gas in presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. We show that such a system can reach an unprecedented ultrastrong coupling regime, where the vacuum Rabi frequency (quantifying the strength of the light-matter interaction) can be comparable or bigger than the cyclotron transition frequency for large enough filling factor. Our theoretical predictions have been demonstrated by spectacular experimental results. Moreover, we have generalized the theory to the case of graphene, whose low-energy excitations are described by a massless Dirac Hamiltonian. We show that the ultrastrong coupling can be also achieved for graphene, leading to strong qualitative differences with respect te the case of massive fermions in a semiconductor
Papic, Zlatko. "Fractional quantum hall effect in multicomponent systems." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112121.
Full textWe study a number of fractional quantum Hall systems, such as quantum Hall bilayers, wide quantum wells or graphene, where underlying multicomponent degrees of freedom lead to the novel physical phenomena. In the quantum Hall bilayer at the filling factor ν=1 we study mixed composite boson-composite fermion trial wave functions in order to describe the disordering of the exciton superfluid as the bilayer distance is increased. We propose wave functions to describe the states of the bilayer for intermediate distances and examine their properties. At the bilayer total filling ν=1/2 and ν=2/5 we study the quantum phase transition between the multicomponent Halperin states and the polarized, Abelian and non-Abelian, phases as the tunneling term is varied. We use a combination of exact diagonalization and the effective BCS model to study the transitions. Furthermore we introduce a realistic model of the wide quantum well which is used to examine even-denominator quantum Hall states at ν=1/2 and ν=1/4 in the lowest Landau level. Finally, we explore some possibilities for the fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene based on the multicomponent picture of spin and valley degrees of freedom
Valente, Daniel. "Optique quantique avec des atomes artificiels semiconducteurs." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859710.
Full textTribollet, Jérôme. "Dynamique des spins électroniques et excitoniques dans les hétérostructures semiconductrices 2D et 0D mesurée par rotation Faraday résolue en temps." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077121.
Full textSamaddar, Sayanti. "Désordre de charge et écrantage dans le graphène." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY065/document.
Full textGraphene presents a two-dimensional system whose charge carriers are subjected to a disordered potential created by random charge impurities trapped in the substrate. This impurity potential induces an inhomogeneous carrier concentration. On the other hand, the ability of single-layered graphene to screen this potential strongly depends on the charge carrier density. Thus the effect of the resulting charge disorder can be tuned with the backgate which manifests also in the transport properties of the device. By combining Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy with in-situ transport at dilution temperature, we probe a system of single-layered graphene on SiO2. Local density of states maps on graphene, acquired at various carrier concentrations show gradual increase of spatial extent and amplitude of inhomogeneities as the Dirac point is approached. While the variations of the spatial extent of the fluctuations with back-gate show very good agreement with predictions, the observed amplitude of inhomogeneities show a larger than expected increase at low densities. We explain this as a result of the local gating effect exerted by the tip on graphene which amplifies any change in the intrinsic doping at low carrier concentrations. This is the first experiment bridging the gap between microscopic disorder and macroscopic transport properties of a graphene device
Lambert, Jules. "Ferro-aimants de Hall dans la bicouche de graphène." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6552.
Full textCarmier, Pierre. "Une étude semi-classique du magnéto-transport dans les jonctions n-p de graphène." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112039.
Full textThis thesis deals with electronic transport in graphene n-p junctions in the quantum Hall regime. The kind of transport featured in this configuration is different from what is commonly known in standard two-dimensional electron gases. Indeed, graphene's unusual band structure causes both a significant increase in the likeliness of inter-band tunneling via the Klein paradox and an anomalous quantum Hall effect. I start by developping a semiclassical formalism which takes into account the pseudo-relativistic nature of charge carriers in graphene. The central mathematical tool of this formalism is a semiclassical approximation to the single particle Green's function. Along the way, I comment on a particular phase contribution arising in the Green's function in graphene, and show it must be distinguished from a Berry phase which is commonly referred to in this context. The semiclassical Green's function is then put to use to study magnetotransport through a n-p junction in a graphene nanoribbon. In the magnetic regime (E < B), I show the conductance of excited states is essentially zero, while that of the ground state depends on the boundary conditions considered at the edge of the ribbon. In the electric regime (E > B), for a step-like electrostatic potential (abrupt on the scale of the magnetic length), I derive a semiclassical expression for the conductance based on the framework introduced by Fisher and Lee and generalized by Baranger and Stone. Behavior of the conductance is discussed and compared to what Williams, DiCarlo and Marcus observed experimentally at Harvard in 2007