Academic literature on the topic 'Bois – Distillation'

"Basil" or basil has economic value both in fresh form, simplicia and essential oil. This research aims to evaluate the method and duration of distillation in making essential oil from basil. Two distillation methods, namely steam and boil distillation, are carried out with different distillation times (1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours). The parameters observed were physical characteristics which included oil volume, yield, pH, distillation rate, color, aroma and spots. The results show that the best distillation process time is 2 h for both distillation methods. Steam distillation for 2 hours produced the best essential oil of 1.1 ml, yield 0.11%, pH 5.78, distillation rate of 0.53 ml/h, pale yellow color, strong aroma, clean spots. Meanwhile, water boiled distillation for 2 h produced 1.2 ml of essential oil, 0.12% yield, pH 6.31, distillation rate of 0.60 ml/h, brown color, weak aroma, very spotty. Distillation of basil leaf essential oil using the steam method for 2 h was determined as the best treatment based on the highest essential oil yield, smallest pH, highest distillation rate, clearest color, most distinctive aroma, and cleanest stain. Keywords: Aroma, Basil leaves, Essential oil, Steam distillation, Yield.

The article analyzes the dependence of the wear of engine parts on the evaporation temperature of gasoline. The main reason for the rapid wear of engine parts when using fuels with poor volatility is the washing off of oil from rubbing parts. To ensure optimal engine operation conditions in hot climatic conditions, we suggest that the start temperature of the distillation of gasoline boil not lower than 40°С ÷ 43°С, and the distillation temperature of 10% gasoline should not be lower than 70°С, and the boiling point of 90% for summer gasoline should not exceed 180°С, and the temperature end of distillation - 195°C.

Abstract: In this study, a steady state simulation of the process for the production of xylene isomers by reactive distillation was performed using Aspen Plus software. The simulations were aimed studying the parameters like number of stages in the different sections of the RD column, reflux ratio, and the boil-up ratio, which maximize the conversion of Toluene and improves the selectivity and yield of the p- Xylene. Keywords: Reactive Distillation, Process Intensification, Toluene Methylation, Aspen Plus, Simulation Studies,

In the present study the essential oil components of the flowers and leaves of Amanus sage Pholomis longifolia var. longifolia boiss. & Bl by ultrasonic extraction and steam distillation method were determined. According to the chemical composition analysis of Amanus Sage plant using ultrasonic extraction method, major components were methyl-7-octadecenoate (69.02%) and methyl elaidate (16.87%). The essential oil contents of flowers and leaves of the Amanus sage plant were also determined by steam distillation method. When the essential oil components of the flower were examined, the main components were found to be tricosane (22.39%), caryophyllene (22.17%), alpha-cubebene (14.4305), beta-farnesene (7.7%) and linalool (4.69%). On the other hand the main components in the the leaves were caryophyllene oxide (27.20%), fenchone (18.63%), 1,8-cineole (6.12%), camphor (4.82%), and alpha-cubebene (4.11%). Bioactive properties of the components of Amanus sage obtained from both the ultrasonic extraction and steam distillation methods showed that this plant has important medicinal and aromatic properties. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 799-803, 2023 (September)

Heracleum platytaenium Boiss. (Öğrekotu) is a plant depend on the Apiaceae family, with intense aromatic content and known for its use in traditional medicine. This plant, which is one of the endemic plants of Turkey, is perennial and monocarpic. In this study, the essential oil of the Heracleum platytaenium Boiss., which grows naturally in the northern parts of Bolu province, was obtained by the hidro-distillation method in the Clevenger device and the essential oil components were investigated in the GC-MS device. As a result of the study, the essential oil ratio was determined as 1.4%. Octyl hexanoate (8.76%), 5-Octen-1-ol (7.04%), n-Octyl Caprylate (5.42%), and Beta-Eudesmol (5.01%) were determined as the main components. In this study, a total of 36 components (81.69%) were detected in the GC-MS device.

The leaves of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. collected from middle-North of Algeria (Sidi Aissa, M'sila). Essential oil from the stem bark of Algerian species of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. of the family of Lamiaceae was obtained by hydro-distillation using Clavenger apparatus, possessed an essential oil in 1.3 % (v/w) yield. GC and GC/MS analysis were carried out on the essential oil and was found to contain Seventy-one compounds, representing 95.99 % (area percent) of the total oil composition. Oil was rich in Oxygenated Monoterpenes (45.14 %), exhibited higher percentage of Camphor (22.60 %) followed by Camphene (12.78 %), Borneol (11.16 %), 1,8-Cineole (5.94 %), Acorenone (5.84 %) and α-Pinene (5.01 %). The principal constituents are hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, esters and aldehydes. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was investigated by measuring the decrease in absorption at 517 nm of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in a UV/visible spectrophotometer. The oil exhibited weak antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging bioassay (IC50 = 83.8 mg/ml).

The leaves of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. collected from middle-North of Algeria (Sidi Aissa, M'sila). Essential oil from the stem bark of Algerian species of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. of the family of Lamiaceae was obtained by hydro-distillation using Clavenger apparatus, possessed an essential oil in 1.3 % (v/w) yield. GC and GC/MS analysis were carried out on the essential oil and was found to contain Seventy-one compounds, representing 95.99 % (area percent) of the total oil composition. Oil was rich in Oxygenated Monoterpenes (45.14 %), exhibited higher percentage of Camphor (22.60 %) followed by Camphene (12.78 %), Borneol (11.16 %), 1,8-Cineole (5.94 %), Acorenone (5.84 %) and α-Pinene (5.01 %). The principal constituents are hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, esters and aldehydes. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was investigated by measuring the decrease in absorption at 517 nm of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in a UV/visible spectrophotometer. The oil exhibited weak antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging bioassay (IC50 = 83.8 mg/ml).

The oxidation of phenanthrene, with peracetic acid and by means of reaction distillation, into 2,2’-diphenic acid, and determination of phenanthrene, phenanthrenequinone and diphenic acid in the oxidation reaction mixtures, with a HPLC, have been studied. For the determination of phenanthrene, phenanthrenequinone and diphenic acid, the experimental results showed that the concentrations of the three components and their corresponding peak area presented good linear relationship. And for the oxidation, main technical parameters optimized by orthogonal test. The optimum conditions were as follows: molar ratio of phenanthrene to acetic acid: 1.0:25.0; molar ratio of phenanthrene to H2O2: 1.0:8.0; dropping time of 30%H2O2: 9h; reaction time:18h；solvent: benzene; reaction temperature: about 90°C(boil).

Abstract Phlomis linearis Boiss. & Bal. of the Lamiaceae family growing in central, east and southeast Anatolia is an endemic species for Turkey. The essential oil obtained from the aerial parts by hydro distillation was subsequently analyzed by GC/MS. The main components of the oil were found as β-caryophyllene (24.2%), germacrene D (22.3%) and caryophyllene oxide (9.2%), among 49 identified compounds, representing 94.5% of the total essential oil. The overall biological activity of the essential oil (100 μg/pellet) was tested on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the fertilized hen’s egg in order to examine the anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity. None of the tests showed pronounced activity, toxicity or irritation at the tested concentration.

Cette thèse apporte des réponses aux demandes de la communauté des pompiers d'étudier les facteurs probables responsables de l'intensification des régimes de feux de forêt jusqu'aux flashovers en utilisant des approches expérimentales numériques et thermochimiques. Le modèle numérique est un modèle de dispersion de gaz validant les données expérimentales des essais en soufflerie pour résoudre la controverse quant à savoir si les accumulations de composés organiques volatils (COV) dans des topographies confinées finissent par induire des incendies de forêt. Il comprend un front de feu se propageant calculé à l'aide du modèle semi-empirique de feu de surface en régime permanent de Rothermel et de la transition de Van Wagner vers les critères de comportement des feux de cime, avec un taux instable intégré d'émissions de COV simulant ceux évoluant à partir de la combustion de la végétation dans le front de feu. Pour synchroniser nos travaux avec les données de terrain, des expériences thermochimiques ont été menées sur diverses espèces de végétation méditerranéenne afin d'examiner leurs taux d'émission de COV dans des conditions environnementales normales et stressantes, car elles pourraient finir par définir différents scénarios d'inflammabilité lors d'incendies de forêt. Premièrement, deux espèces d'arbustes méditerranéens : Cistus albidus et Rosmarinus officinalis sont explorées pour leurs émissions de COV et leurs changements physiologiques après avoir été soumises à des stress abiotiques (sécheresse et chaleur), à l'aide d'analyses par chromatographie en phase gazeuse par pyrolyse et par spectrométrie de masse (Py-GC/MS). Deux autres espèces forestières méditerranéennes : Quercus suber L. et Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis L. ont été étudiées pour leurs caractéristiques d'inflammabilité distinctives à l'aide d'analyses thermogravimétriques et thermiques différentielles (TG/DTA), couplées à une analyse Py-GC/MS pour identifier les gaz émis. lors des pics exothermiques. Cette étape vise à mieux comprendre les descripteurs d'inflammabilité de ces espèces dans le cadre d'une stratégie de gestion forestière plus efficace par laquelle, en favorisant la plantation de certaines espèces moins inflammables dans les mesures sylvicoles, on pourrait protéger d'autres espèces plus inflammables mais économiquement précieuses, des dangers des incendies de forêt et leurs comportements extrêmes. Les espèces de la végétation méditerranéenne sont d'importants émetteurs de COV, en particulier lorsqu'ils sont provoqués par des stress externes lors d'incendies de forêt. Cependant, certains COV biogènes (COBV), plus particulièrement les sesquiterpènes, ne sont pas encore complètement couverts pour leurs caractéristiques d'inflammabilité, telles que leurs limites inférieure et supérieure d'inflammabilité, leur auto-inflammation, températures, points d'éclair, etc. Une telle lacune scientifique qu'il a fallu enrichir en étudiant les limites d'inflammabilité du β-Caryophyllène, l'un des plus importants sesquiterpènes émis par la végétation méditerranéenne. Des tests préliminaires pour mesurer les pressions de vapeur du β-Caryophyllène sont menés en vue d'expérimenter ses limites d'inflammabilité dans une bombe sphérique comme plans futurs. Les travaux de cette thèse doivent être considérés comme la première étape d'une approche plus globale qui devrait fournir aux personnels opérationnels de lutte contre les incendies un outil d'aide à la décision complet, capable de façonner leurs stratégies de gestion forestière pour protéger les milieux naturels et les pompiers des dangers des comportements extrêmes des incendies de forêt
Requests from the firefighting communities are increasing urging the scientific communities to create operational protective and preventive tools that help them understand extreme wildfire behaviors considering not only the atmospheric conditions but also topography, and vegetation characteristics. Thus, our objective was to provide answers to such requests by investigating the probable factors responsible for intensifying wildfire regimes to flashovers using numerical, and thermobiochemical experimental approaches. The numerical model is a gas dispersion model validating experimental data from wind tunnel tests to resolve the controversy of whether or not the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulations in confined topographies end up inducing wildfire flashovers. It comprises a propagating fire front calculated using the Rothermel semi-empirical steady-state surface fire model, and Van Wagner transition to crown fire behavior criteria, with an integrated unsteady rate of VOC emissions simulating the ones evolving from the vegetation burning in the firefront. To synchronize our work with field input, thermochemical experiments were conducted on various Mediterranean vegetation species to examine their VOC emission rates in normal and stressful environmental conditions as they may end up defining different flammability scenarios in wildfires. First, two Mediterranean shrub species: Cistus albidus and Rosmarinus officinalis are explored for their VOC emissions and physiological changes after being subjected to abiotic stresses (drought and heat), using pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses. Two other Mediterranean forest species: Quercus suber L. and Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis L. were investigated for their distinctive flammability characteristics using thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), coupled with Py-GC/MS analysis to identify the gases emitted during the exo-thermic peaks. This step aims to better understand the flammability descriptors of these species as a part of a more efficient forest management strategy by which, favoring the plantation of certain lesser flammable species in silviculture measures may protect other more flammable but economically valuable species, from the dangers of wildfires and their extreme behaviors. Mediterranean vegetation species are important VOC emitters especially when provoked by external stresses during wildfires however, some biogenic VOCs (BVOCs), more particularly sesquiterpenes, are still not thoroughly covered for their flammability characteristics, such as their lower and upper flammability limits, auto-ignition temperatures, flashpoints, etc. Such a scientific lack we found it necessary to enrich by studying the flammability limits of β-Caryophyllene, one of the most important sesquiterpenes emitted from Mediterranean vegetation. Preliminary tests for measuring the vapor pressures of β-Caryophyllene are conducted in preparation for experimenting its flammability limits in a spherical bomb as future plans. The work in this thesis should be considered as the first step in a more global approach that should provide operational firefighting staff, with a comprehensive decision-making tool capable of shaping their forest management strategies from wildfire characteristics themselves and protecting wildlands and firefighters equally from the dangers and extreme behaviors of wildfire flashovers

Abstract Zeotrope—From the Greek (i-:w, to boil, and rpon11, evolution. Antonym of azeotrope, introduced by Swiytoslawski in 1945 to describe a solution whose boiling temperature, under constant pressure, evolves between an initial boiling point and a final boiling point. By extension, a mixture is called zeotropic when it is possible to separate its constituents by distillation. As a consequence, the temperature composition diagram does not show a composition corresponding to an extremum on the dew-point curve or on the boiling curve.

Separation is one of the most important types of processes that a chemical engineer uses. Separation is achieved by exploiting the differing properties possessed by the components to be separated. These properties might be chemical or physical, such as the particle shape or size, the readiness of one component to freeze or boil, or the ability of one component to be preferentially absorbed into a liquid. In this chapter, we explore a range of different separation processes. We focus on several types of separators – the distillation column, the cyclone separator, the absorption column and the centrifugal separator. We conclude by looking in detail at the ion-exchange process used to remove unwanted contaminants from water.

This chapter focuses on phase diagrams of systems of liquids. It begins by looking at vapour pressure diagrams. The partial vapour pressures of the components of an ideal mixture of two volatile liquids are related to its composition by Raoult's law. The chapter then considers temperature–composition diagrams, in which the boundaries show the composition of the phases that are in equilibrium at various temperatures. The lever rule is used to deduce the relative abundances of each phase in equilibrium. The chapter also discusses how the separation of a liquid mixture by fractional distillation involves repeated cycles of boiling and condensation. An azeotrope is a liquid mixture that boils without change of composition. Finally, the chapter examines liquid–liquid phase diagrams.

Future water demand is predicted to increase while current resources are continuously depleted. In this paper, a standalone off-the-grid water purification system is designed to provide an economically sustainable model for delivering clean drinking water is presented. This system utilizes concentrated heat generated by solar parabolic troughs to boil brackish water for the distillation process. The water vapor is then condensed into clean drinkable water in a water collection tank. The process of designing and optimizing the solar-powered distillation system (Heat exchanger, boiler, parabolic troughs, tracking and control system, photovoltaic panels and vapor and the heat transfer fluid pumps) and specifically the process of fabricating the parabolic trough is presented and discussed in details. Two troughs were designed and fabricated each with an area of 1.5 m2 (16 ft2). Each trough provides approximately 125 watts/ft. Duratherm 450, a non-toxic, non-hazardous heat transfer fluid (HTF) is selected for the solar trough hot loop. Additional system performance analysis was conducted through experimental testing and through a virtual system model utilizing the Engineering Equation Solver (EES). EES is used to model the heat transfer process of the overall distillation system and a range of optimum HTF flow rates were determined. The experimental results show an increase in water temperature within the boiler for the new range of HTF flow rates. In addition, the results show that the solar troughs are more robust, less expensive to manufacture, operate at a higher temperature and provide a higher performance when compared to a system that utilizes thermal panels. The overall system manufacturing cost is approximately $6000, which includes tracking, a control system and other required distillation components. This system is designed to fit into a standard 20-foot shipping container for ease of transportation worldwide.