Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bois de chauffage – Environnement'
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Ouedraogo, Boukary. "Éléments économiques pour la gestion de l'offre et de la demande du bois-énergie dans la région de Ouagadougou." Bordeaux 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR40035.
Full textRabot-Querci, Marie-Laure Zoulalian André. "Etude d'un dispositif de traitement des imbrûlés des appareils de chauffage indépendants au bois." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2006_0119_RABOT-QUERCI.pdf.
Full textPlea, Oumar. "Les services écosystémiques en milieu soudano-sahélien : un outil de lutte contre la désertification "cas des régions de Ségou et de Mopti au Mali"." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR1502.
Full textIn 1977, a conference on the preservation of natural resources drew world attention to the degradation of the Sudano-Sahelian environment (UNEP, 1977). During this conference, the paradigm of ecosystem services was proposed as a tool to limit environmental disorders. This thesis is part of this logic. In a multidisciplinary approach, it proposes to evaluate the ecosystem services of supply, especially of energy wood in the regions of Ségou and Mopti in Mali. It is based on the top-down approach of ecosystem services. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the way in which climatic conditions and plant dynamics are related on the one hand, and plant dynamics and human activities on the other. In order to apprehend these links, it is necessary to grasp the influence of the physical tendencies of the environment. There is also a need to assess the forest ecosystem and to understand how men exploit forests. In addition, it is necessary to understand the local population’s perception of the degradation of natural resources. The results from the meteorological surveys highlight a recurrence of drought periods in the study area. The inventory of the forest massifs shows above all that we have to do with heterogeneous vegetal surfaces dominated by the open shrub steppe on sparsely vegetated ground and on bare soil. The analyses carried out illustrate strong anthropic pressures on these plant formations. The dynamic is due to the removal of energy wood for domestic use. The fuelwood supply scheme for both sites shows a negative balance. Spatially, the intensity of flows and its impact are accentuated in the Mopti region which borders the Sahara. In order to build a decision support tool, we sought to qualify the local population perception of ecosystem degradation. The results of the lexicometric analyses highlight the perception of the respondents. The degradation of natural resources is mostly associated with divine will and climate change. Finally, the results of this work can contribute to public actions to improve management of ecosystems, particularly plant formations in Mali
Bernard, Claude Zoulalian André. "Caractérisation et optimisation de la combustion de bois fragmenté en chaufferies automatiques." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2005_0206_BERNARD.pdf.
Full textBrandelet, Benoît. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des particules issues du chauffage domestique au bois." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0287/document.
Full textThe issue of the emissions of fine particles, known for their health and environmental hazards, has been significantly covered in recent years. The governments made the decision to help mainly financially the private individuals in order to renew the domestic appliances stock. However, a non-optimized use of an energy-efficient appliance can degrade system performances. In order to solve this issue, many experimental campaigns have been achieved through complete and innovative physicochemical characterizations of the smoke, especially of the fine particles : Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray microanalysis and assessment of the constitutive Carbon (Elemental Carbon, Organic Carbon). First of all, the definition of the use parameters for the appliance and their impacts allowed offering a significant reduction of the fine particles emissions. In this work, the influences of the parameters such as the nature of the fuel, the ignition mode and the air secondary injection were in this way quantified. In order to better understand the origin of these emissions produced regardless of the combustion quality, the mechanisms of formation of all kinds of particles were defined. In a second phase, this work paid attention to the evolution of the characteristics of particles from the combustion room to the near-field. This enabled to go over the classic normative study. New knowledge on particles was brought to light, helping to better know the particles generation from domestic wood appliances. This could allow in the future to create some specific and efficient treatment systems
Bernard, Claude. "Caractérisation et optimisation de la combustion de bois fragmenté en chaufferies automatiques." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0206_BERNARD.pdf.
Full textThe development of automatic fed boilers using broken wood follows an upward trend nowadays. These boilers have to fulfil the heating needs despite the heterogeneity of wood. The boiler has to fit its power and allow the use of wood which size and humidity may fluctuate. Our study uses an automatic fed boiler with moving grates of 200 kW. 1000 hours of combustion experiments with sawdust and chips, with different moistures varying according to 3 stages of power enable to achieve a representation of CO emitted from combustion depending on the humidity, the power and the air flow. This model allows to assess the environmental impact of different types of combustion regulations. A new logic of regulation has been then proposed : it enables to reduce up to 40% of the total CO emissions by a simple re-programming of the automaton and works whatever the wood characteristics or the demanded power
Rabot-Querci, Marie-Laure. "Etude d'un dispositif de traitement des imbrûlés des appareils de chauffage indépendants au bois." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0119_RABOT-QUERCI.pdf.
Full textThe main source of pollution from residential wood stoves is due to unburned gas and solid phase compounds in the fumes. In order to reduce these pollutants, we propose to use an exhaust gas-treating device to trap the particles in the chimney and to expose them to microwave to break them down. We first evaluated the emissions and the particulate matter (PM) characteristics from different fireboxes. Then we studied separately each function of the system : we trapped 50 % of PM with a 5 cm layer of refractory cement marbles placed in the chimney and then we heated the filter with microwave. About 200 kJ allowed us to clean completely the filter. This study showed that a microwave post-combustion system is particularly well adapted to particulate matter issued from wood combustion, in comparaison with other sources of energy regeneration. We also described the complete specifications of our device
Pouna, Emmanuel. "Contribution à l'analyse méthodologique des conditions d'intégration de nouvelles technologies de bois-énergie au Cameroun." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10030.
Full textMerakeb, Seddik. "Modélisation des structures en bois en environnement variable." Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/94578804-9926-46e0-8969-67a4656612ce/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0031.pdf.
Full textMechanical properties of timber constructions depend strongly on moisture content state. In this context, it is shown a mecanosorptive coupling. This climatic environment aspect imposes a hygroscopic behavior modeling in order to estimate moisture content variations by integrating the heat and mass transfer processes. If the effect of moisture content on the mechanical behavior has been studied in the literature, this work enables us to precise effects of mechanical state on the transfer laws by taking into account boundary conditions and diffusion properties. In this context, we propose a thermodynamic and experimental approaches which allow to introduce a realistic coupled transfer algorithm in a finite element software
Haas, Frédéric. "Etude de la post-combustion des créosotes dans des appareils de chauffage au bois." Mulhouse, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MULH0158.
Full textHector, Gilles. "Elaboration d'un système de dépollution adapté aux appareils de chauffage domestique au bois." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF072.
Full textThe global energy and climate contexts encourage EU countries to improve their environmental impacts. One goal is to reduce CO2 emissions by developing the use of renewable energies. In France, wood is the first renewable energy source with an equivalent of 10 Mtoe produced each year. However, it is essential to study the global environment impact of on this energy source including CO2 emissions but also the different pollutants emitted. Indeed, the combustion of wood in small home heating units as stoves, open and closed fireplaces, is responsible for a significant part of typical air pollutants such as CO, VOCs, PAHs and fine particles. The objective of this project is to develop an effective system able to treat both pollutants emittedfrom those heaters. Few technologies are already available for smoke after treatment. However, we must incorporate in our study constraints related to the operation of these wood heating devices as well as criteria of cost, functionality and sustainability defined in the specifications set with the industrial partner of this project. The result of the work performed in this project was the conception of a complete prototype tested for emissions reduction. The system is composed of ceria impregnated iron catalyst for gaseous compounds oxidation and a microwave regenerated bed filter for particles elimination. The tests performed on the prototype showed weak emissions abatement. Nevertheless, this project highlighted constraints and hopes for a future efficient after treatment system
Aoun, Bernard. "Micro-cogénération pour les bâtiments résidentiels fonctionnant avec des énergies renouvelables." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005092.
Full textBazile, Didier. "La gestion des espèces ligneuses dans l'approvisionnement en énergie des populations : cas de la zone soudanienne du Mali." Toulouse 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU20075.
Full textSocial sciences can contribute a great deal to better understanding the subtle relationship between mankind and its environment: "ethnoscience" has proven to be an invaluable tool when tackling issues related to ecology, forest sciences and agronomy in a tropical environment. In Mali, fuel supply depends on firewood to the rate of 91%; charcoal clearing usually occurs round about the main towns, which have been studied first. As population growths rapidly in the country, so does demand for fuel. Supplying towns with fuel depends on the evolution of farm systems and their productive capacity, which were worth analyzing. This research deals with the structure of society, the way the farmers act, where and how decisions are made. According to a scaling-up methodology and a systemic approach, data was gathered and processed in a suitable spatial framework. In addition, a range of indicators was set up to help model a regional land system typology. The main purpose was an attempt to understand how farmers have access to and manage fuel resources, as well as to explain the strategy of the farm units. A decision-making model with regard to "agrosystem" management has been proposed based on the data collected at the various working scales. This model is based on three major established facts. First, fuel-wood consumption increases as a function of availability of fuel resource, and according to the grade of dispersal of the large African family. As they form a valuable energy supply of 1,5 m3/ha/year, fallow fields should be used as a very short rotation copse inside the rotation system. In addition, the rural landscape known as "tree park" represents an unused stock of scattered fuel, and the traditional "tree park" scattered structure should be rationalized and converted into a linear system, more suitable for farming, cattle breeding and forest. Town fuel supply should be changed to a long-term, sustainable management process which should be administrated at the community, with a goal to trade any potential stock surplus for increased revenues
Ouedraogo, Ferdinand. "Asymétries d'informations et efficacité économique et sociale de la filière bois-énergie au Burkina Faso." Grenoble 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE21020.
Full textIn Burkina Faso, the wood energy sector is an important source of income generation and employment for people. It allows the country save foreign exchange. The wood energy is the energy source most available and accessible. It is mainly the energy of poorer people. The existence of massive frauds on the chain, overexploitation of wood resources, and environmental degradation, show that the operation of the wood energy sector is economically and socially inefficient. In light of the theory of agency, the failure of the chain implies the existence of imperfect informations or lack of transparency in the sector. The theoretical and empirical research that we conducted allowed us identifying and analysing these imperfect informations. Indeed, the imperfect informations identified as the most predominant in the sector, are in order of importance, prices and quantities of wood sold or purchased. The causes of imperfect information on the wood energy sector are among others the low accessibility of the majority of private actors to means and sources of public information, unequal access to means and sources of private information, the non-compliance by private actors to standards of storage or put in cubic meters of wood before selling, le lack of supervision and monitoring of forests by public authorities, and finally the inefficiency of available means of communication to public actors. The practical solutions that fit the specific case of the wood energy sector for solving problems of imperfect informations are quantities and prices of wood and charcoal, certified, the deposit of bon in a bank account, the signalling of wood and charcoal quantities and prices, and finally the incentive contracts written in local languages. The full communalization and research for development offer interesting prospects in terms of efficient operation of the sector and interesting prospects in terms of efficient internalization of external costs
Hemmer, Cédric. "Contribution à l'étude du couplage thermo-mécanique entre un émetteur de chauffage et son environnement." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS023.
Full textThe electric heating devices, which can seem relatively simple at first sight because composed only by an electric heating resistance in a metallic box, are in reality much more complex heat exchangers. Besides the regulation process part the role of which is to determine at every moment the quantity of energy to bring to the room to supply the desired temperatures of air, the device has to ensure a uniformity of temperatures and velocities of air in agreement with the thermal comfort wished, whatever his way of functioning and the outside thermal conditions. This good distribution of temperatures and velocities of air will give a good thermal comfort level which is the condition of a sober and controlled energy consumption. The objective of this thesis is thus to better understand in a first phase the thermo-aeraulics phenomena acting on the scale of the radiator and in the second phase those acting on the scale of the room. To improve this understanding, a tool of digital simulation which can be used to the conception of radiators by the company CAMPA has been developed
Raddaoui, Abderraouf. "Séchage convectif d'une planche de bois en présence d'un flux de micro-ondes. Application au dimensionnement d'un séchoir à chauffage partiellement solaire." Perpignan, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PERP0251.
Full textKoumbi, Mounanga Thierry. "Tensioactifs antioxydants originaux pour la formulation de produits de préservation du bois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10084.
Full textThe presented work concerns the synthesis and characterization of amphipilic antioxidant compounds for the formulation of wood preservatives allowing the preparation of waterborne formulations to reduce rejections of VOCs answering to increasing environmental pressures. Based on preliminary studies showing synergistical effects between fungicides and antioxidants, the aim of this study was to design compounds possessing surfactant and antioxidant properties allowing the formulation in water of insoluble organic fungicides and to reduce the necessary quantity of biocide due to synergistical effects with antioxidant properties. Three families of amphiphilic compounds were synthesized. The first one corresponds to hindered phenol derivatives, the second to hindered amine and the third one to quats “with green label” derived from ascorbic acid. Surfactant and antioxidant properties of all new synthesized compounds have been characterized. The use of aqueous formulations of propiconazole prepared from these new surface active agents allows to increase beech wood durability exposed to the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor. Fungal growth inhibition tests realized on malt agar medium with various alkylammonium ascorbates presenting different alkyl chain’s lengths indicated an important growth inhibition of the mycelium for some of the tested products correlated at their amphiphilic properties
Gallo, Emmanuelle. "Modernité technique et valeur d'usage : le chauffage des bâtiments d'habitation en France." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010701.
Full textPeigné, Pierre. "Etude d'un système combiné de ventilation et de chauffage au bois dans les bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00816015.
Full textLebatteux, Muriel. "Durée de vie de poutres en bois reconstitué soumises à un environnement climatique naturel." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10555.
Full textKuhn, Jean-Claude. "Le poêle et le chauffage dans les chateaux-forts de l'est de la France et du sud-ouest de l'Allemagne." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0017.
Full textPelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Chrusciel, Laurent. "Étude de l'association d'une colonne d'absorption à un séchoir convectif à basse température : influence de l'absorbeur sur la cinétique et la qualité du chauffage." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL069N.
Full textHyvrard, François. "Liquéfaction thermochimique du bois étude de la réaction dans des conditions de chauffage très rapide, analyse physico-chimique des huiles produites." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37598479c.
Full textAllard, Julie. "Qualité de l'air dans la Vallée de l'Arve : météorologie locale et mesures des réductions des émissions liées au chauffage au bois." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU020/document.
Full textBiomass burning, particularly residential wood burning, is a source of atmospheric particles that contributes significantly to winter PM10 levels globally in Europe. In order to reduce emissions from this source, a large-scale program for the renewal of non-efficient wood-burning appliances, the “Fonds Air Bois” has been launched since 2013 in the Arve Valley. The assessment of its impact on atmospheric concentrations is an issue for future air quality management policies. The research DECOMBIO program (2013-2018) has been proposed to evaluate the impact of this operation on PM10 concentrations from measurements. This DECOMBIO program, which includes these thesis works, was based on the confrontation during 4 winters of continuous measurements of PM10 resulting from biomass burning (noted PM10wb), weather conditions, and emissions variations related to appliances renewal. To answer this challenge, the aim of this thesis was to develop methods to take into account the influence of atmospheric conditions on winter PM10 concentrations and to evaluate the parameters and uncertainties that make it possible to compare the estimated PM10wb emission variations with those of the measured PM10wb concentrations during the 4 winters.This work was based on large datasets of chemical and meteorological measurements made during 4 winters (13-14 to 16-17) at 3 sites in the Arve Valley. In addition, the technical data from wood appliances renewal files was provided to us, allowing us to spatially and temporally estimated reductions of PM10wb emissions from these appliances replacements. The state of atmospheric stability, an essential parameter for determining episodes of temperature inversions, has been continuously monitored thanks to an inexpensive system of sheltered temperature sensors installed along the slopes. These measurements have shown that local weather conditions in these valleys are the primary factor conditioning atmospheric concentrations. An automatic weather types classification has been established, making it possible to overcome this variability and to compare the concentrations for similar atmospheric conditions between the different winters. The innovation of this approach is mainly based on taking into account the degree of influence of meteorological variables and parameters related to the intensity of emissions. A gradual decrease of PM10wb concentrations during winters was thus observed at the 3 sites for certain weather types, a result consolidated by the concomitant decrease in tracer biomass combustion at the mass of PM10. To clarify these results, we were interested in estimating the reduction of PM10 emissions from device replacements at measurement sites and their uncertainties.At the end of this work and of the DECOMBIO program, we have been able to develop and validate several methodological tools applicable in the evaluation of future “fonds air bois” (use of sensors along the slopes, meteorological classification adapted to the quality of the air, estimation of uncertainties on wood appliances renewable emissions). This solid foundation has allowed us to better understand the measurements made on atmospheric PM, and their relationship to emission estimates
Avocat, Helene. "Approche géographique des approvissionnements en plaquettes foréstières des chaufferies du secteur collectif/tertiaire : application au Pays Loue-Lison et à la Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Besançon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1048.
Full textIn a context of strong increase of fuelwood demand in the collective sector, the supply issue becomes central to all stakeholders, raising many issues relating to land and forestry planning, local development, environment ... Meanwhile, questions emerge: how much energy can be mobilized sustainably? Does the spatial and structural configuration of forests influence the supply process? Do we seek to minimize transport distances? Can we observe spatial competition between the boilers ? To understand the current organization of supplies, we analyzed two sets of data traceability of wood chips. Then, we have developed a model of local supply basins, considering constraints of renewability of the resource, and conflicts of use, by combining various information sources: vegetation index derived from satellite imagery, forest mapping and production tables. The objective of this approach was dual : to determine the quantity of forest chips workable on a territory, and to highlight the spatial competition between the different basins supply, and the contribution of different tree species. This has enabled to show the importance of the energy potential of isolated trees, to our knowledge not previously evaluated in a sub-regional scale
Prieur, Anne. "Les ressources forestières : produits du bois, usages énergétiques, capture et stockage du carbone." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12871.
Full textPelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Shah, Narendra. "Carbonisation discontinue du bois en four à combustion partielle : contribution à la connaissance des phénomènes et recherche d'une méthode de gestion." Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD289.
Full textHenry, Auréade. "Paléoenvironnement et gestion du bois de feu au Mésolithique dans le sud-ouest de la France : anthracologie, ethno-archéologie et expérimentation." Nice, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726927.
Full textGherardi, Hein Paulo Ricardo. "Contrôle génétique et environnemental de l'angle des microfibrilles dans le bois d'Eucalyptus : effets sur les propriétés du bois et implication pour la sélection." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00623042.
Full textSaedlou, Nima. "Apports de la xylologie à l'archéologie : étude des objets en bois gallo-romains de la ville de Saintes (Charente-Maritime, France)." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066327.
Full textPiga, Damien. "Processus engagés dans la rémanence, au niveau du compartiment atmosphérique, des radionucléides artificiels antérieurement déposés." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00609509.
Full textJambes, Jean-Pierre. "L'or vert du Sertão : combustibles ligneux, économie et sécheresse dans le Nordeste brésilien." Pau, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PAUU1002.
Full textProfessions connected with the exploitation of firewood and vegetable coal went through a period of intense development in brazil's nordeste at the beginning of the nineteen eightles. This phenomenon can be explained through the conjunction of that period : on the one hand, a drought which, from 1979 to 1983, imperiled the agro-pastoral economy of the semi-arid hinterland (the sertao); on the other hand, the increase of the price of hydrocarbons brought about by the second oil crisis. Lack of water almost completely destroyed local agriculture, making it thus necessary for the sertanejos to exploit the ultimate resources of the natural environment : the wood of the sparsely wooded forests of the hinterland. The production, first of firewood, then of vegetable coal, thus increased markedly, all the more so as the soaring prices of hydorcarbons compelled almost all the cement works and the mining concerns in the nordeste to replace oil by-products by ligneous fuel. This twofold exploitation of the work force and of the ecosystem), which is at the origin of the development of the professions linked with the exploitation of firewood, gradually lost its impetus with the return of rain in 1984-85. From 1986 onwards there began a period of shortage, particularly of coal, which hit the concerns which used it. Besides the resuming of traditional agro-pastoral activities, it illustrates the disengagement of the leaders of the sertao economy who, confronted with the disruption of the conditions of production, gradually gave up trading ligneous fuel. Beyond the strictly contingent aspect of this phenomenon, part of the working of the sertao society, its cumbersome structures and its relation-ship with the dominant areas of the brazilian coast are also revealed
Audigeos, Delhine. "Relations entre diversité génétique et environnement : quels sont les processus évolutifs mis en jeu? : cas d'une espèce d'arbre tropical, Eperua falcata Aublet." Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0354.
Full textThe tropical forest is characterized by a strong specificdiversity and an elevated level of competition for the space occupation especially at the youthful stages. The occupation strategies of space are related to the methods of seeds dispersion, but probabilities of seed survival until the reproductive age rely on their potential of adaptation to their environment. In this context, i was interested in studying Eperua falcata, one of the dominant tree species in fFrench Guiana, which shows a water-soil-content-related ecological comportment. For this purpose, i decided to explore and compare genetic diversity in candidate genes with known functions (aquaporins, catalase and farnesyltransferase) to the one in randomly picked genomic sequences. First, i described aquaporins geneticdiversity at a regional scale; then i tested interactions between genetic diversity (neutral and adaptative) and the environment (water-soil content) and finally i performed the phylogeographic study of E. Falcata at French Guiana scale
Andric, Ivan. "The assessment of district heating potential in a context of climate change and building renovation." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0033/document.
Full textThe main scope of this thesis is to assess the impacts of changed weather conditions and building renovation on district heating systems in the future, as well as the environmental performance of such systems within the urban environment, in order to evaluate the potential of district heating in the future. In order to do so, two models were developed:•A dynamic model for heat demand forecast, based on the thermo-electrical analogy, that takes into account weather and building renovation scenarios. The model had a satisfactory precision, and it can be applied on any location for a given number of buildings, which was proved on the example of multiple case studies;•An environmental assessment model (based onemergy theory) for the assessment of district heating systems environmental performance within the urban environment. The approach can be applied on any type of district heating systems, as well as on competitive urban heating technologies, which was proved by the application on multiple systems within the case studies considered;The results from case studies indicate that the new generation of district heating systems with compact infrastructure (made of non-environmentally intensive materials) and renewable heat production could be a solution for providing sustainable heating services to urban environments. However, in order to maintain the feasibility of these projects, potential heat demand reductions caused by the direct and indirect impacts of climate change should be considered during the design phase, along with the development of new business plans in order to maintain relatively low prices of district heating services. Moreover, the difference between these impacts in different climate types should be considered
Rouvière, Aurélie. "Impact des combustions du bois de chauffage sur les atmosphères extérieures et intérieures : étude de la dégradation d'un traceur spécifique en enceinte de simulation : le créosol." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10185.
Full textCurrently, few studies related to Volatile Organic compounds (VOC) emissions in indoor air were realised from combustion sources (heating, cooking. . . ). Indeed, the use of fireplaces will increase next years due to oil price: wood valorisation is one of the alternative sources for residential heating. There are not many studies about this subject because analytical techniques to determine weak concentration are difficult to implement. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the impact of VOC emissions due to wood combustion, and more particularly in indoor air. In order to understand the role of compounds emitted on air quality, a kinetic study of a specific marker was carried out in an atmospheric simulation chamber. Thus, after having studied the possibilities of news analytical supports containing carbon nanostructures (CNS), we evaluated VOC emissions from different wood fireplace. This study showed it was possible to find a marker in relation to wood type burning. Creosol was highlighted as this marker and its kinetic study showed that it was very reactive (very high constant). This compound was also at the origin of secondary compounds sometimes more toxic for human health. Finally at this time the CNS showed unequalled analytical qualities and requires complementary studies for a reliable analytical application
Riederer, Peter. "Modèle de zone adapté aux essais de régulateurs de systèmes de chauffage et de climatisation." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2002. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000632.
Full textManfoumbi, Boussougou Nicaise. "Contribution à l’adaptation de l’Eurocode 5 aux essences tropicales dans leur environnement." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/0551f36f-4466-48f1-8fa4-7f52805a085f/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4005.pdf.
Full textThe present report makes a contribution to adapt Eurocode 5 for timber constructions using tropical hardwoods in tropical climate. This approach requests to well know the mechanical behavior in variable environment. In a first time, an experimental study is presented for decoupling postponed phenomena from a longitudinal four-point creep bending, under controlled climate on small samples by measuring upper and lower deflections. The result of this original experimental protocol allows separating and illustrating different phenomena met on creep evolution of timber beams: swelling-shrinkage effects, hygro-lock effect, orthotropic mechanosorption and viscoelasticity. In second time, longitudinal four-point creep bending tests were realised, in the scale of structure, in tropical atmosphere to Franceville in Gabon, in two tropical hardwoods: Moabi and Ozigo. The experimental device was led on three sites corresponding to three different climatic environments according to specific service classes of Eurocode 5: an atmosphere temporarily air-conditioned, a sheltered outside atmosphere and an outside atmosphere non-sheltered. The obtained results show that tropical wood have a deferred behaviour stressed by the strong variation of humidity for little significant temperature variations. To define new classes of service appropriated for the tropical atmospheres, it is important to characterize the diffusion process. Following this objective, a complete experimental device was led, in the scale of material, in order to determinate the sorption isotherms and diffusion parameters needed to study the mechano-sorptive behavior in real condition. In a last time, others tests of creep and relaxation, in the scale of material, were realized under controlled atmosphere, in the same species. This study, led in low and high relative humidity, shows that the creep is more significant for the wet beams and the recovery is more important when beams are dry. A modeling of the creep-recovery under low and high relative humidity is proposed and allows the determination of the viscoelastic parameters of the studied beams. At the end, a comparative study of creep coefficients, obtained on the laboratory samples and the beams in real environment, shows that the mechanic-sorptive effects are dominating, with an importance of longitudinal swelling-shrinkage effects, not insignificant in the scale of structure
Salmoria, Gean Vitor. "Application des micro-ondes à la chimie fine et aux transformations des matériaux céramiques, polymères et bois : mesure des propriétés électromagnétiques pour l'optimisation et le contrôle des procédés." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT022H.
Full textLamarche, Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale et à la modélisation de la gazéification étagée de biomasse en lit fixe." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2093.
Full textReal alternative with combustion, the energy valorization of the biomass by gasification and CHP answers to the double problem of energy production and wood residues elimination. The work presented in this thesis is related to the development of a dimensioning tool for the continuous fixed bed and external heating pyrolysis reactors integrated into staged gasification process for small and middle power plants (< 500 kWe). This tool allows the prediction of the temperature fields and species concentrations within the bed according to the operating conditions (reactor geometry, wood mass flowrate, wall temperature) and biomass properties (moisture, particle type). Within the framework of this tool development, a staged experimental device made up of a fixed bed and external heating pyrolysis reactor, and of a batch gasification reactor was developed. The obtained transient temperatures profiles on the pyrolysis reactor allowed the validation of a batch pyrolysis model and the determination of a key parameter of the model: the effective thermal conductivity. At the conclusion of this validation, the model was extrapolated for the modeling of continuous pyrolysis, and a parametric study made it possible the limiting parameters identification during pyrolysis with external heating. Lastly, experimental results obtained on the gasification reactor of the experimental device are presented, and recommendations for the improvement of partial oxidation and char reduction stages are given
Deuffic, Philippe. "Produire et discuter des normes environnementales : écologues et forestiers face à la biodiversité associée au bois mort." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842846.
Full textChevrier, Florie. "Chauffage au bois et qualité de l’air en Vallée de l’Arve : définition d’un système de surveillance et impact d’une politique de rénovation du parc des appareils anciens." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU020/document.
Full textBiomass burning is one of the major sources of atmospheric particles during wintertime in Alpine valleys, and more especially in the Arve valley where exceedances of the European regulated limit value are regularly observed. This situation led to the establishment of an important program of replacement of old wood stoves with new ones as part of an action of an Atmospheric Protection Plan (APP), the “Fonds Air Bois”. The research program DECOMBIO (“DÉconvolution de la contribution de la COMbustion de la BIOmasse aux PM10 dans la vallée de l’Arve”) has been set up in October 2013 to estimate the impact of this wood stoves renewal policy on air quality. This thesis works be incorporated within this program and have for main objective to validate methodologies used in routine to enable a fast deconvolution of the biomass burning source and to compare any observed changes with progress of wood stove changeout.To complete this work, three sites, representing the different situations of the Arve valley, were instrumented (Marnaz, Passy and Chamonix) to monitor the continuing evolution of atmospheric concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) and molecular markers enabling to distinguish between the biomass burning contribution and that of other types of combustion. A large dataset was acquired between November 2013 and October 2014 thanks to regular filter samples enabling a vast chemical characterization of PM10. The use of statistical analysis “Positive Matrix Factorization” (PMF) has led to an enhanced appreciation of particle emission sources within this valley with a focus on biomass burning emissions. The development of this methodology of identification and source apportionment based on the use of specific organic markers, specific constraints and data from carbonaceous matter deconvolution is an important progress in definition of factors from this model.The developed methodologies during this work, enabling an improvement of knowledges and source apportionment, are tools directly usable by French Accredited Associations for Air Quality Monitoring, especially for the quantitative assessment of actions introduced to improve air quality as part of Atmospheric Protection Plans, for example the one in the Arve valley
Boyancé, Patrick. "Modélisation de la rupture différée d'un matériau orthotrope viscoélastique en environnement naturel : application à un composite à base de bois : le LVL." Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10656.
Full textFrançois, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071.
Full textBiomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
Pessin, Hugues. "Stratégies d'approvisionnement et utilisation du bois dans le moyen Euphrate et la Damascène : approche anthracologique comparative de sites historiques et préhistoriques." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010667.
Full textBarakat, Hala Nayel. "Contribution archéobotanique à l'histoire de la végétation dans le Sahara oriental et dans le Soudan central." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30017.
Full textAbdallah, Rami. "Détermination des facteurs influençant la coupe et la qualité des plaquettes issues du déchiquetage du bois par des machines forestières." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10096/document.
Full textChipping wood of second quality is a rapidly growing process because of the increasing use of the biomass in energy production field. The utilization of wood chips as a combustible, make it easier to automate the wood boilers function. Few studies were carried out in order to understand the mechanism of the chip formation and the evolution of cutting force during the chipping operation. In this thesis, we focused our analysis on the disc chipper. A test bench of real dimensions was built up in order to be able to vary many parameters such as cutting and feeding speed, cutting angles, feeding direction, anvil height, cutting directions, knives number and their height.Experimental study showed that chip size grows when the feeding tooth, the cutting angle and the sharpness angle increase, whereas it decreases when the cutting speed increases. The process of the chip formation is composed of two mechanisms that are shear and cracks propagation. Measurement of cutting force and electric power consumption for a bandwidth up to 3 kHz bring important results to the chip size study. The chipping test bench allowed us to reveal the correlation or the independency between the parameters needed to optimize the chipping operation
Cassagne, Bernard. "Le problème du bois de feu dans les villes d'Afrique tropicale : le cas de Bangui (RCA)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20210.
Full textPelletier, Claude. "Méthodologie de détection des feux de forêt à partir d'images satellitaires NOAA." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62002.pdf.
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