Dissertations / Theses: 'Body size'

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Uusi-Heikkilae, Silva. "Body size, reproduction and size-selective harvesting." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16577.

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Die Körpergröße ist von großer Bedeutung für die Fitness vieler Tiere, weil sie positiv mit Überleben und Reproduktionserfolg korreliert ist. Große Rogner vieler Fischarten sind fruchtbarer und produzieren Nachkommen von höherer Qualität verglichen mit kleineren Weibchen. Auch für Milchner einiger Fischarten wurde ein Einfluss der Körpergröße auf frühe Lebensstadien nachgewiesen. Der größenabhängige paternale Effekt verglichen mit maternalen Effekten ist weniger gut untersucht. Das Verständnis der Variation im Reproduktionserfolg als Funktion der Körpergröße der Laicher ist wichtig, weil die Fischerei die Durchschnittsgröße des Laicherbestands reduziert. In vorliegender Dissertation wurden in Laborversuchen an Zebrafischen (Danio rerio) größenabhängige paternale und maternale Effekte auf den Reproduktionserfolg und die Auswirkungen größenselektiver Entnahme auf Körperlänge, Reifung und Reproduktionserfolg untersucht. Die Köperlänge und Kondition waren wichtige Determinanten der Reifung bei Zebrafischen. Größere Rogner zeigten höheren Reproduktionserfolg als kleinere Fische und ein signifikanter Einfluss der Milchnerkörperlänge auf die frühen Lebensstadien ihrer Nachkommen wurde dokumentiert. Längere Männchen wurden von Rognern auch bei der Paarung bevorzugt. Die größenabhängigen maternalen und paternalen Effekte waren ausschlaggebend für den erhöhten Reproduktionserfolg von Zebrafischlaichbeständen, die, verglichen mit kleinen Laichern, aus großen oder zufällig zusammengesetzten Individuen zusammengesetzt waren. Die größenselektive Entnahme führte zu phänotypischen und genetischen Veränderungen, die nach Einstellung der experimentellen Befischung persistierten. Das deutet an, dass die durch die Fischerei ausgelöste Evolution schwierig umkehrbar sein könnte. Die Köpergröße ist von überragender Bedeutung in der Reproduktionsbiologie des Zebrafisches und der Schutz großer Laichfische kann wichtig für den Erhalt der Reproduktionskapazität von befischten Beständen sein.
Body size is a fundamentally important trait for fitness in many animal species because it correlates positively with survival and reproductive success. In many fish species, large females exhibit higher fecundity and produce higher quality offspring compared to small females. Similarly, male body size can affect offspring quality and early life-history traits but the importance of these effects to the reproductive biology of fish is poorly studied. The extent to which variation in reproductive success is explained by parental body size is an important research topic because size-selective fishing usually reduces the average size of reproducing adults in a population. In my dissertation, I studied the parental size effects on reproductive success in a model species (zebrafish, Danio rerio). I also studied the effects of size-selective harvesting on body size, maturation and reproductive output. Body size and condition factor were important determinants of the initiation of maturation in zebrafish. Large females were found to have higher reproductive success compared to small females and a significant effect of male body size on early life-history traits was documented. I found that large males were also favored by the females resulting to differential allocation of reproductive resources toward large males. The maternal- and paternal-size effects ultimately led to elevated reproductive success of experimental spawning stocks consisting of large or random-sized individuals compared to spawning stocks consisting of small individuals. Size-selective harvesting induced rapid phenotypic and genetic changes, which persisted after selection was halted. This suggests that fishing-induced changes might be hard to reverse. My results emphasize the importance of body size to the reproductive biology of zebrafish and suggest that protecting large fish might be important to maintain the reproductive potential of exploited fish stocks.

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Berger, David. "Body size evolution in butterflies /." Stockholm : Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7498.

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Loder, Natasha. "Insect species-body size distributions." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284385.

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Mahon, Annette. "Mammalian body size and phylogeny." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616106.

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Gledhill, Lucinda Jayne. "Investigating preferences for body size, and developing a program to modify distorted body size perception." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3019.

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The experiments presented in this thesis were designed to explore cues to body size judgements previously documented in the existing literature, investigate differences in perception of size (over- and under-estimation) across different groups, and delve into the possibilities of altering the overestimation of size found in sub-clinical populations. The first studies (Chapter 2) aimed to not only reproduce the findings of the effect of hunger on body size preferences previously documented, but also determine whether body size preferences are determined by physiological (hunger) or psychological (time until satiation) cues. Studies in the third chapter aimed to investigate alternative cues, previously not investigated, which influence judgements of the body, i.e. torso length as a predictor of curviness. Chapter 4 involved an investigation into Contraction Bias in relation to the overestimation of body size, and whether this phenomenon is affected by individual variation in observer psychological state and BMI. Following on from this idea, the subsequent study (Chapter 5) investigated the possibility of reducing this overestimation of size in subjects with marked concerns about their bodies (and also reducing factors comorbid with Eating Disorders as secondary effects). These results suggest that more research is needed to investigate psychological and physiological cues behind differences in body size preferences, torso length can be used as a reliable cue to both curviness and body size in the absence of any other cues, overestimation of body size is modulated by observer BMI and psychological state, and that perception training is a possible effective technique for reducing this overestimation. Overall the most important findings in this thesis indicate that treatment for Anorexia Nervosa should take into account the idea that patients’ attitudes to their own body shape, and their self-esteem is reinforced by a perceptual over-estimation of body size, and that strategies should therefore focus not only on the Cognitive component of Body Image Distortion, but also on the Perceptual Component; potentially combining perception training with cognitive therapies.

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Szostak, Natalia Maria. "Negative body image and cognitive biases to body size." Thesis, University of Hull, 2018. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16444.

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This thesis explored the relationship between cognitive biases to body size and one’s developed levels of body image concerns and weight status. Women with higher body image concerns were hypothesised to process body-related information in a biased fashion, specifically, to choose thin body ideals and rate thinner bodies higher on attractiveness, display an attentional bias towards thin bodies, and to estimate their own body size inaccurately. In study 1 (N = 84), although an attentional bias to thin bodies was not found, a positive thinness bias in young females was identified and related to one’s level of body image concerns. In study 2 (N = 61), an even more pronounced positive thinness bias was identified in a female sample with average to high levels of body image concerns. The study provided evidence that this bias can be successfully modified and that shifting the interpretation of body size can result in less extreme attitudes towards body size and improve one’s negative body image. Study 3 showed that a positive attitude towards thin female bodies exists in both young men (N = 67) and women (N = 67), but the choice of attractiveness ideals is related to one’s body image only when judging the bodies of one’s own gender. Study 4 (N = 87) indicated that regardless of one’s weight status, women higher in body image concerns present a greater discrepancy between their estimated and ideal size. However, the magnitude of one’s body size underestimation and inaccuracy in judging the amount of weight one would need to lose to achieve their body ideal was related to body image concerns for overweight and obese, but not normal weight women. Overall, the results show that cognitive body biases exist in young women and are related to one’s body image concerns and weight status.

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Brown, Sonya Christine. "Body/image/narrative contemporary rhetoric of body shape and size /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2461.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: English Language and Literature. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Craig, Pippa. "Which body size? : a cross-cultural study of body composition and body perception." Phd thesis, Faculty of Medicine, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12824.

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BELLAN, VALERIA. "Body representation, body localisation and body size perception: a study of bodily modulations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/69677.

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People are generally quite good at adapting to changes in body shape and size because of the flexibility of the body representation. By means of bodily illusions, it is possible to experimentally induce updating of body representation and, thus, manipulate the sense of self. The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the sense of self through bodily illusions. Firstly, we investigated the relationship between the sense of ownership and self-localisation (Study 1). The results from this study are taken to suggest that the proprioceptive drift (i.e. a bias in the localisation of a given body part) is more likely triggered by and related to the visual capture of touch than it is a reliable measure of a shift in the sense of body ownership. In fact, our data show that the proprioceptive drift occurs not only in the absence of a shift in the sense of ownership, but even in the absence of a body-like object. Secondly, we investigated self-localisation of body parts by means of a novel illusion, the Disappearing Hand Trick. In particular, we explored the role of vision and proprioception (Study 2), as well as the role of attention and motor acts (Study 3), in locating one’s own hands when visual and proprioceptive information regarding the body are incongruent. Our data (Study 2) are in line with previous research, confirming a predominant role of vision over proprioception. In addition, they show that, after a certain amount of time, proprioception is weighted more heavily than vision. That is, our results demonstrate that the cortical proprioceptive representations can be updated even when there is no real need to do it (i.e. no movement is required). This might be seen as an evolutionarily convenient response to keep the body ready for a possible quick reaction. In Study 3, we ruled out the possibility that this effect was only driven by spatial attention being directed towards the side of the space where the hand was actually located. In fact, no difference in the localisation accuracy was found when the direction of spatial attention was manipulated. Finally, by asking the participants to reach across for their hidden right hand (Study 3), we confirmed that a motor act accelerates the reliance on proprioception, most likely by aligning the motor and perceptual coordinates in order to plan the movement. In the first three studies, a modification of the body representation was intentionally induced – namely, the purpose of the illusions was to change how the participants perceived their body. However, we wondered whether this same change might also occur at a more implicit level and how rapidly this may occur. We designed two different studies in which we tried to manipulate the participants’ perceived body size by providing incongruent information about the position of their limb (Study 4) or by showing the participants images of unrealistic bodies (Study 5). In Study 4 we showed that incongruent proprioceptive information coming from the same joint does not affect the perceived size of that body part, but does lead to a more accurate estimation of its position. On the other hand, the results of Study 5 would seem to suggest that body perception is more vulnerable to change in women than in men after exposure to same-sex ideal bodies. Taken together, these results suggest that, by manipulating the body representation, both explicitly, by means of a variety of bodily illusion, and even implicitly, by generating subtle incongruence between one’s own real body and how the body ‘should’ be, we were able to shed some light on the mechanisms behind the computation of body position and size, both of which are important elements for the definition of the self.

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Manuel, Melissa Barnes Ulrich Pamela V. Connell Lenda Jo. "Using 3D body scan measurement data and body shape assessment to build anthropometric profiles of tween girls." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1585.

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Atkinson, Stephen Noel. "Ecophysiological studies of body composition, body size and reproduction in polar bears." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24050.pdf.

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Pandarum, Krishnavellie. "Size prediction for plus-size women's intimate apparel using a 3D body scanner." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1153.

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Garment “fitting” from tailor-made to ready-to-wear clothing, has evolved over time. Ready to-wear and standardized sizes appeared in the middle 19th century. Today garment fitting is one of the most important criteria in the consumer buying decision making process. This is particularly so with “body hugging” garments, such as intimate apparel; or the bra that moulds the form of the wearer to produce “smooth” outer garment silhouettes. The South African bra retailer and manufacturers sizing charts are generally based upon body dimension data collected using traditional anthropometric methods. Professional measurers are not able to capture the hidden areas of the breast such as the inframmatory fold line, the volume, shape and contour of the breast using tape measures, calipers and other measuring devices. Traditional anthropometry also does not have the ability to systemically observe the bottom line of the breast base and extract accurate data on breast volume which are key factors in designing underwire bras and in the pattern making of the bra cup panels. Exploratory retail and consumer studies have indicated that consumers, notably plus size women, experience considerable problems and dissatisfaction with poorly fitting bras. There is therefore clearly a need in South Africa to conduct a 3D anthropometric study, focusing especially on the plus-sized women’s bra market segment, as there is very little or limited studies, to date, conduct for this market segment of the population. This pilot study collected 3D torso body measurement data from a convenient sample of 176 plus sized women, recruited from Playtex (Pty) Ltd. situated in Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The study evaluates the 3D breast volume measurement data extraction process, using an expert system developed by [TC]2 integrated into the propriety NX12-3D full body scanner software and that taken using the traditional dress-makers tape-measure. The objective is to establish the relationship between the 3D torso and breast volume data measurement output as extracted by the expert system when compared to the South African bra manufacturers sizing chart, for use in pattern making for bra cup panel designs and in the designing of underwire bras for large breasted or plus size women. The results contained in this dissertation cannot be extrapolated to the larger population of South Africa and is limited to the 176 plus size women selected by Body Mass Index; recruited from KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.

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Sebastianutto, Linda. "Acoustic cues for body size: how size-related features are used and perceived." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4491.

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We live in a noisy world. There is no place on the Earth where it is possible to have the experience of complete silence, not even the deepest place in the ocean. Billions of living and nonliving objects around us produce sounds, which are extremely different in their physical structure. Some of these sounds are noisy, some are harmonic, some are continuous, others are impulsive, soft, loud; the sound environment contains an infinite combination of all these characteristics and more. Evolving in such an environment has resulted in a human auditory system that is able to extract useful information from sounds. We are able to say whether a sound source is still or moving (and in the latter case, the direction of movement), what kind of object produced the sound, and the meaning of the message if the perceived sound is an intentional communicative signal. When we hear someone’s voice, for instance, we are able to extract useful information about talker identity apart from the meaning of the heard words. This thesis focuses on a particular kind of information that can be extracted from an acoustic signal: the apparent size of the sound-producing object.

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Walk, Anne. "The effect of visual manipulations on body size judgments /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131559242.pdf.

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Ardiel, Evan. "Conspecific cues modulate body size in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7557.

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Many organisms change their life history, size, and shape in response to environmental signals. Although touted as a ‘developmentally hardwired’ system, the soil-dwelling nematode C. elegans is no exception. Previous research has shown that sensory perception mutants are smaller than wild-type worms (Fujiwara et al., 2005). This suggests that sensory input from the environment can regulate the neuroendocrine functions controlling adult body size. Based on this thesis and the work in Rose et al. (2005), I propose that cues from conspecifics are one source of sensory input capable of affecting body size. Rose et al. (2005) found that worms reared in isolation have a decreased response to mechanical stimulation, a down-regulation of a pre- (snb 1) and post-synaptic (gir-1) marker in the mechanosensory neural circuit, and delayed physical development compared to worms reared in groups (colony worms). In this thesis I propose that colony worms integrate mechanosensory and chemosensory information to modulate growth in response to the presence of another worm. Using several sensory perception mutants I’ve identified the sensory neurons that are required for colony worms to grow bigger than isolated worms.

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Orme, Christopher David L'Estrange. "Body-size and macroevolutionary patterns of species richness." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398022.

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Leaper, R. "Animal body-size relationships : patterns, mechanisms and implications." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592927.

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The papers presented here represented an effort to investigate body-size relationships explicitly, using a variety of different approaches, scales of observation and empirical methods, and addressed issues pertinent to several aspects of food web theory, macroecology, and experimental community ecology. At the scale of the food web, (Paper I) the inclusion of parasites in the Ythan food web challenged previous empirical studies of predator-prey body-size relationships and the assumptions underlying food web models. Specifically body-size was neither the determinant of the trophic hierarchy of feeding links in the web, a key assumption in the cascade model and its variants, nor a constraint on the distribution of feeding links between individuals within the food web. Continuing the food web theme, but using a macroecological approach (Paper II), abundance body-size relationships reported in the literature were shown to be biased. Although the shape of the abundance body-size constraint space in the Ythan was broadly similar to the polyhedral shape reported for entire ecosystems, when the body-sizes of small taxa were included in the data set, the statistical relationship between body-size and abundance differed markedly from those documented for most other terrestrial and aquatic studies. At the scale of the marine invertebrate guild (Papers III and IV), an experimental approach demonstrated that the mechanisms proposed to generate patterns in body-size and patterns of re-assembly in benthic assemblages could not be rigorously supported. Specifically, habitat architecture was not as intimately related to body-size patterns as originally claimed, and the re-assembly of benthic communities was not driven by a directional change in organisms size. In both experiments issues of spatio-temporal scale made it difficult to relate patterns to underlying processes.

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Raxter, Michelle H. "Egyptian Body Size: A Regional and Worldwide Comparison." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3305.

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Human body size and limb proportions can provide important information about adaptation, population movements, and health disparities. This study investigated changes in body size and limb proportions of adult Egyptians temporally and geographically in relation to climatological, sociopolitical and economic developments. It was predicted that Egyptian groups that experienced more environmental stress would be shorter and exhibit less sexual dimorphism. It was also predicted that Egyptians would be intermediate between higher and lower latitude populations in body form and limb length ratios. The main skeletal sample consisted of 492 males and 528 females, all adults from the Predynastic and Dynastic Periods, a time spanning c. 5500 BCE-600 CE. Egyptian body dimensions were compared to Nubian groups, as well as to modern Egyptians and other higher and lower latitude populations. The present study found a downward trend in ancient Egyptian stature for both sexes through time, as well as decreased sexual dimorphism in stature. The decreases may be associated with dietary and social stress with the intensification of agriculture and increased societal complexity. Modern Egyptians in the study's sample are generally taller and heavier than their predecessors; however, modern Egyptians exhibit relatively lower sexual dimorphism in stature. Ancient Egyptians have more tropically adapted limbs in comparison to body breadths, which tend to be intermediate when plotted against higher and lower latitude populations. These results may reflect the greater plasticity of limb lengths compared to body breadth. The results might also suggest early Mediterranean and/or Near Eastern influence in Northeast Africa.

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Azevedo, Ricardo Bruno Rebelo de. "Thermal evolution of body size in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10686.

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The objective of this research was to investigate the causes and consequences of thermal evolution of body size in Drosophila melanogaster. This was done empirically by the integrated study of lines collected along latitudinal gradient and population that were undergoing long-term evolution at different temperatures in the laboratory. All experiments were conducted in the laboratory using controlled conditions of temperature and larval density. I examined 20 populations collected along a north-south transect in Australia (17°-43°S) and found that wing size increased with latitude. The genetic cline in wing size was mostly based on variation in cell number (82%). These findings contradicted previous results on thermal selection in the laboratory, where the divergence in wing size was achieved almost entirely by changes in cell size. In another experiment, 6 geographic lines were reared at 5 temperatures spanning the entire viability range for the species. Wing size, cell size and cell number all decreased with increasing development temperature. Cell size determined most of the plasticity in wing size (75%). Wing size increased with latitude across the reaction norm, mostly due to variation in cell number (87%), which repeated the pattern observed at a single temperature. Although there was significant variation among populations in phenotypic plasticity of the wing traits, a latitudinal trend in this variation was only detected for cell size; variation in plasticity of wing size among populations was attributable to both cellular components. The results of these experiments suggest that thermal evolution acted on body size itself, since cell number is the basis of additive genetic variation for body size within populations at a single temperature. In the experiments outlined above, it was also found that the size of the wing, relative to the size of the thorax, and the relative length of the wing both decreased in response to high selection and developmental temperatures.

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Männistö, Satu. "Diet, body size, and risk of breast cancer." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 1999. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/maa/skemi/vk/mannisto/.

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Palmberg, Isabelle, and Olivia Ivarson. "Size Zero eller Size Hero? : En flermetodsforskning av hur Veckorevyn förhåller sig till sitt manifest Size Hero." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43499.

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Det har länge varit känt att de kropps- och skönhetsideal som råder i samhället långt ifrån inkluderar alla typer av kroppar. Modebranschen har framförallt utmärkt sig på den här punkten, och det är väl känt att det allt som oftast är smala modeller som representeras i branschen. Vår valda problemformulering grundar sig i att normbrytande kroppar är underrepresenterande i samhället och i modebranschen. Vårt syfte med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka hur Veckorevyn förhåller sig till sitt manifest de kallar Size Hero. Det här manifestet grundar sig i en protest mot de rådande kropps- och skönhetsideal som råder i samhället. I samband med detta ska vi även analysera hur många normativa kontra normbrytande kroppar som totalt finns representerande i tidningen, och hur de framställs. Vi ämnar även att problematisera begreppet ”plus size”, dess användning och betydelse. Den valda metoden för vår analys grundar sig i flermetodsforskning, och valet av den här metoden gjordes då vi ville ha svar på hur underrepresenterade de är men även hur de framställs när dem väl gör det. Vårt material består av alla Veckorevyns utgivna tidningar under ett år. Vi har analyserat dessa med hjälp av en semiotisk bildanalys och genom en kvantitativ metod. Tillsammans med den semiotiska bildanalysen så har vi använt oss av Hansen och Machins bärare av denotationer och konnotationer för att analysera bilderna. Vårt resultat visade att Veckorevyn uppfyller sitt manifest men i det stora hela är de modeller med normbrytande kroppar fortfarande väldigt underrepresenterade.
It has been known for a long period of time that the body and beauty ideals in society do not include all types of bodies. The fashion industry is known to be exceptional good at excluding bigger bodytypes, and it is well known that it is slim models that is representing majority of it. Our chosen problem for this essay is based on the fact that norm-breaking bodies are underrepresented in society and in the fashion industry. Our purpose with this essay was to investigate how the fashion magazine Veckorevyn relates to their manifest, called Size Hero. This manifest is based on a protest against the prevailing body and beauty ideals that exists in society. We will also analyse how many normative vs. norm-breaking bodies there are as a total representation in the magazine, and how they are presented. We also intend to problematize the concept of the word "plus size", its use and meaning. The chosen method for our analysis is based on a multimethod research and the choice of this method was made because we wanted to have an answer to how underrepresented the norm-breaking bodies are and how they are being portrayed when so. Our material consists of all of Veckorevyn's published magazines for one year. We have analyzed them with the help of a semiotic image analysis and through a quantitative method. Together with the semiotic image analysis, we have used Hansen and Machin's bearers of denotations and connotations in order to analyze the images. Our result showed that Veckorevyn is fulfilling their manifest but on the whole the norm- breaking bodies were still very underrepresented.

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Klink, Tammy. "Evaluation of nurses' perceptions of patients' weight status in relation to their own Body Mass Index (BMI)." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2005/2005klinkt.pdf.

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Clark, Ximonie. "Size does matter: exploring the interaction between body size, temperature and nutrition in locusts." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13540.

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ectotherms. Body size can influence many aspects of an individual’s physiology, while temperature and nutrition are two major variables that influence an animal’s body size. Obtaining the appropriate amount and ratio of nutrients is vital for development, while temperature affects an animal’s physiology through its impact on biochemical reactions. Additionally, body size and temperature may affect the quantity and ratio of nutrients an animal needs through their effect on metabolic rate. This thesis investigated the interaction of body size, temperature and nutrition using two species of Australian locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae), Chortoicetes terminifera and Locusta migratoria. Chapter 2 tested whether the nutritional requirements of an individual differed with body size and temperature. The results showed that body size and temperature interacted to affect the thermal limits of an individual and subsequently the ratio of nutrients consumed. Chapter 3 investigated whether body size and temperature influence an individual’s ability to supply themselves with the required nutrients while eating grass (rather than synthetic food). Larger locusts were less efficient at extracting and absorbing nutrients than smaller locusts. Results also indicated that the anatomical structure of the grass and locust mandible structure were both important. Chapter 4 examined whether body size would influence thermoregulatory behaviour, as thermoregulation can be used to adjust metabolic rates and consequently nutritional needs. The smaller locusts spent the majority of their time at the hotter temperatures in a thermal gradient arena, while the larger locusts spent most of their time at both the hotter and cooler temperatures. These results suggest that body size influences the physiological processes that individuals prioritise through temperature selection.

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Adhikari, Shishir. "World-wide body size patterns in freshwater fish by geography, size class, trophic level, and taxonomy." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1441039840.

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Rusler, Renee Denise 1962. "Frequency distributions of mammalian body size analyzed by continent." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558074.

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Mollica, Antonina M. "Development of a media strategy to promote the size acceptance movement." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1996. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1996.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2891. Typescript. Abstract precedes second title page as preliminary pages 2-3. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 28-31).

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Duwyn, Michelle. "Social comparison and body image, the effect of comparison target weight and body size on female body dissatisfaction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0013/MQ31200.pdf.

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Taylor, Melanie Jane. "The nature and significance of body image disturbance." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235946.

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A disturbance in body image is generally recognised as central to the eating disorders. Although misperception of body size has been examined extensively in anorexia nervosa, there has been no satisfactory study of a disturbance in body size perception in relation to the eating disorder bulimia nervosa. In addition, concern about body shape, which also constitutes an important aspect of body image disturbance, has received little systematic research attention, probably because there has been no satisfactory measure of this concern. A series of studies was conducted which aimed to overcome the problems and limitations associated with the research on body image. The significance of body image disturbance was investigated among patients with bulimia nervosa; and similar disturbances among women in the community were evaluated. A measure of concern with shape, the Body Shape Questionnaire, was developed and validated. The responses of a large series of patients with bulimia nervosa were obtained, and the relationship between concern with shape and other clinical variables was investigated. A particularly high level of such concern in these patients was found to be associated with markedly disturbed eating behaviour and a high level of general psychological disturbance, most notably depressed mood and self-depreciation. Body size perception in bulimia nervosa was also investigated. Using an image distortion method, the patients were found to overestimate their size significantly more than a control group, and were markedly more dissatisfied with their body size. Similar to concern with shape, disturbances in body size perception were found to be associated with disturbed eating behaviour and a high level of psychological disturbance. Among a sub-sample of patients who received treatment, both aspects of body image disturbance were found to improve; and changes in body image were closely related to improvements in eating habits and attitudes and were accompanied by a concurrent improvement in mood. Some women in the community were found to show disturbances in body image similar to those found in the patients with bulimia nervosa. A series of studies was conducted to identify factors related to these disturbances. A high level of concern with shape was found to emerge at a young age, and was associated with a number of factors which have also been established as significant in patients with eating disorders; notably disturbed eating habits and attitudes and depressed mood. For the subgroup of women in whom concern with shape was found to be labile, changes in these concerns were found to co-vary with mood. As in patients with eating disorders, among women in the community a disturbance in body size perception was found to be closely related to depressed mood and concern with shape; and some evidence was found to support the hypothesis that depressed mood may exacerbate disturbances in body size perception, particularly in the context of a high level of concern with shape. The series of studies has demonstrated that patients with bulimia nervosa show a disturbance in body image; that such disturbance is meaningfully related to other features of the eating disorder; and that similar features also predict such disturbance among women in the community with no syndromal eating disorder. In these studies of body image disturbance in patients with bulimia nervosa, patients with anorexia nervosa and women in the community, a consistent finding was that depressed mood was strongly predictive of such disturbance. The research has implications for the understanding of the psychopathology of eating disorders and possibly for the treatment of body image disturbance as it arises in these conditions.

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29

Boyle, Kristen E. "Ghrelin Reflects Changes in Body Size, Not Energy Availability." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1121358641.

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30

Gudahl, Kelley M. "Effect of model size on female adolescents' body image." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0014703.

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Tillery, Sarah M. "Performing fatness and the cultural negotiations of body size." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6848.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Women's Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Reeve, Michael William. "Temperature, body size and life history in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271338.

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Freathy, Rachel Mary. "Molecular genetics of type 2 diabetes and body size." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441434.

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Collinge, Sarah Elizabeth. "Body size and community structure in British Pleistocene mammals." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249233.

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This study explores patterns of body size variation in the ungulates and large carnivores of the British Middle and Late Pleistocene (ca. 750-10 kyr B.P.) and examines how communities were organised in terms of the body sizes of their members. Body size analysis has been carried out using estimated body mass data, produced through the application of allometric scaling equations. A high degree of estimate consistency was achieved within and between skeletal elements, indicating that the methods produce accurate representations of mass. The biostratigraphic scheme applied relates terrestrial deposits to the Oxygen Isotope Record of climatic change. Body mass data generally supports the coherence of the stratigraphic divisions utilised. The majority of species underwent significant mass variation during the study period, with size differences identified at the 01 Stage and Sub-Stage level. Post-crania appear to be more suitable for mass estimation than teeth. Comparison of the mass records produced from dental and post-cranial remains indicates whether size change events had a genetic or ecophenotypic basis. The patterns of body size variation revealed have been related to palaeoenvironmental conditions. British Pleistocene ungulates generally underwent size change opposite to the predictions of Bergmann's rule, while carnivores maintained relatively constant body sizes across periods of temperature variation. Primary productivity and levels of seasonality appear to have been the major determinants of ungulate body size. Carnivore body sizes may be related to size variations in their prey and can also be influenced by vegetation conditions ifpredation levels are affected, although changes in dental proportions may also result. Analysis of community structure suggests that the body sizes of different guild members were not closely linked during the Pleistocene. Community body mass distributions predicted by competition theory have not been consistently identified. The mammal communities appear to be loose associations of species acting individualistically and responding in different ways to environmental challenges.

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Garrison, Megan C. "Size Matters: Television Media Effects on Male Body Image." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1395151552.

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Momcilovich, Ashlee Nichole. "The Evolutionary Significance of Body Size in Burying Beetles." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7327.

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Body size is one of the most commonly studied traits of an organism, which is largely due to its direct correlation with fitness, life history strategy, and physiology of the organism. Patterns of body size distribution are also often studied. The distribution of body size within species is looked at for suggestions of differential mating strategies or niche variation among ontogenetic development. Patterns are also examined among species to determine the effects of competition, environmental factors, and phylogenetic inertia. Finally, the distribution of body size across the geographic range of a species or group of closely related is looked at for indications of the effects of climate and resource availability on body size at different latitudes and altitudes. In this collection of research, I address the evolution and importance of body size in burying beetles (genus Nicrophorus). Body size is important to several aspects of burying beetle natural history, including competitive ability, fitness, parental care, climate tolerance, and locomotor activity. In Chapter 1, I use a large data set of body size measurements for seventy of the seventy-three Nicrophorus species to make inferences about the distribution of body size within the genus, across its geographic range, and the importance of body size in speciation. I found that the range of body sizes is not normally distributed, with an overrepresentation of small-sized species. I also found that expansion of the burying beetle range has been restricted by their inability to tolerate warm, dry climates, and therefore the majority of burying beetle diversity occurs in the temperature mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Body size also seems to be important in speciation, as almost all sister taxa are significantly different in body size. In Chapter 2 I use common garden experiments to assess the importance of body size for males and females in competition, reproductive output, and starvation resistance. Body size is equally important for both sexes in starvation resistance, but it is more important for males in competitions for carcasses and for females in reproductive output. In Chapter 3 I test for fitness consequences of multigenerational effects of body size in offspring. I found that the larger offspring that are produced by larger mothers and on larger carcasses had higher fitness than small offspring. In Chapter 4 I test for the possibility of brood parasitism in two species of burying beetles, N. guttula and N. marginatus, which co-occur over part of their geographic ranges. I found that both species are able to detect and remove parasitic larvae. Finally, in Chapter 5 I compiled parent and offspring body sizes from seven species of burying beetles and use them to compare the heritability of body size among species using comparative techniques and a meta-analysis. I found that body size heritability is different between species, but is low for the genus as a whole. Together, these projects provide valuable information on the evolutionary significance of body size in Nicrophorus, and indicate compelling questions for future research into the evolution of body size in burying beetles.

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Merritt, Deborah Anne. "Body frame measures and perceptions of frame size and weight." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45772.

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The purpose of this research was to examine five methods of determining frame size. In addition, self perception of frame size and of desired weight was compared to two height-weight table recommendations. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine relationships between measurements used as criteria for frame measures and between the five frame measures studied. Agreement of frame size identification was examined by comparing percentages of small, medium and large frame for each method. While the Pearson correlation coefficient of wrist circumference with elbow breadth was greater than 0.5 for both men and women, the correlations between frame measures using wrist circumference criteria and frame measures using elbow breadth criteria were less than 0.5. Self-perceived frame size was not significantly correlated with any of the five frame measures examined or with weight perception variables. Comparison of weight perception with evaluation of measured weight using two height-weight tables indicated men appear to desire to be heavier and women appear to desire to be thinner than weights recommended for height and measured frame size. Results were discussed in relation to findings of other researchers. Recommendations were made concerning the frame measures examined, the relationship of frame size perception to self-evaluation of weight, and the use of height-weight tables in determining weight goals.

Master of Science

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Farinah, Shiara Connell Lenda Jo Ulrich Pamela V. "Perceptions of the size, shape and attractiveness of female body scans relative to body mass index." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/FARINAH_SHIARA_52.pdf.

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Wong, Hing-sang Wilfred. "On the prediction of adult shortness and tallness." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31971301.

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Bergström, Anna. "Renal cell cancer : the role of physical activity and body size /." Stockholm : Karolinska Univ. Press, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-89428-07-2/.

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Bates, Karl T. "Body Size and Locomotor Biomechanics in Non-Avian Theropod Dinosaurs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518454.

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Webster, Andrea Jane. "Ancestral body size and the evolutionary ecology of phyletic dwarfs." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421950.

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Crompton, Francis Benedict. "Aerobatics and body size in the midge Chironomus plumosus L." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289177.

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Lake, Julie Karen. "Body size in child and adulthood : implications for adult health." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299486.

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45

Kaariainen, Janne Ilkka. "Investigating and modelling the body size structure of benthic communities." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/41354/.

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Benthic communities were investigated in terms of their body size distributions at three environmentally contrasting study sites: (i) a shallow-water location on the Fladen Ground, North Sea, (ii) a deep-water location in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and (iii) and a mid-slope oxygen minimum zone location on the Oman Margin, Arabian Sea. The construction of body size spectra formed a central component of this analysis and it served as a foundation for further investigations into the functioning and dynamics of these communities. The shape of the biomass size spectra at all three locations could best be described by biomass increasing as a function of body size. In contrast to earlier studies, the biomass distribution patterns did not display distinct evidence of bimodality, implying that biomass size spectra do not distinguish meio- and macro-fauna as two functionally distinct groups of benthic organisms. The body size spectra were found to vary in different environmental conditions. Comparisons of the two NE Atlantic locations revealed that the deeper Faroe-Shetland Channel site (1600 m) was dominated by smaller individuals than the shallower Fladen Ground site (150 m) hence conforming to the deep-sea size miniaturisation hypothesis as suggested by Thiel (1975). The size distribution patterns at the Arabian Sea site also differed significantly from the other two locations. Two taxonomic units (nematodes and polychaetes) overwhelmingly dominated the fauna in the low oxygen environment and this was reflected in the shape of the size spectra. The empirical results formed a basis for a benthic simulation model that attempted to reproduce the trends observed in the field data. The size-based approach was observed to be successful in modelling the benthic biomass distributions. The results suggested that defecation and mortality imposed a strong influence on community size structure. Production and energy flow were also estimated at community level by utilising the empirical size distribution data and the previously established allometric relations.

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Breseman, Betsy Covell. "Weight-related teasing relationship to body image, self-esteem, and relative body size of adult females /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1086180186.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 215 p. : ill. Advisors: Nancy Ann Rudd and Patricia A. Cunningham, College of Human Ecology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-114).

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Aghekyan, Marine Connell Lenda Jo Ulrich Pamela V. "The role of body mass index and body shape in perceptions of body attractiveness cross-cultural study /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/AGHEKYAN_MARINE_4.pdf.

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48

Batterham, Alan Mark. "Modelling in physiology and human performance : the influence of body size." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363179.

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This thesis examined the validity of allometric models (Y = aXbg) in scaling physiological and human performance data (Y) for differences in body size (X). 1) Anaerobic performance. External peak power output (PPO) derived from supramaximalleg ergometry was compared in young adult males and females, using a multivariate allometric model. Estimated fat free mass (FFM) and thigh muscle-and-bone cross-sectional area served as indicators of involved musculature. Male PPO was greater than female (P < 0.05), after allometric adjustment for body size differences. This finding is questionable, however, as the within-gender goodness-of-fit values for the regression models were very poor. 2) Cardiac dimensions. The proper relationships between echocardiographic dimensions [left ventricular (LV) mass, and LV internal dimensions] and various indicators of overall body size [height, body mass (BM), FFM, and body surface area (BSA)] were examined in young, apparently healthy, adult males and females. Scaling by FFM was associated with the least residual error in these samples. The obtained relationships were generally dimensionally consistent, that is, LV mass proportional to FFM to the first power, and LV internal dimensions related to the 1/3 power ofFFM. 3) Methodological issues. The multivariate allometric scaling of peak oxygen uptake by height and BM was investigated. Regression diagnostics revealed that the obtained exponents were unstable, and potentially numerically inaccurate, due to severe collinearity between height and BM in the sample. For elite weightlifting performance, detailed examination of the allometric regression residuals revealed that the model was poorly specified. Re-specification of the model using secondorder polynomials provided the optimal scaling of this data set.

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Horne, Curtis Robert. "Major patterns of body size variation within arthropod species : exploring the impact of habitat, temperature, latitude, seasonality and altitude." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25854.

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Body size affects rates of most biological and ecological processes, from individual performance to ecosystem function. Within species, emergent body size patterns have been formalised into prominent biogeographical and biological rules, including James' Rule (larger individuals are found at higher, colder latitudes), and the Temperature-Size Rule (individuals reared in warmer conditions grow to a smaller adult size). Body size also varies seasonally and with altitude. Yet, the patterns and drivers of these size gradients, and the degree to which they co-vary and share explanatory mechanisms, have never been systematically evaluated. We undertake the most comprehensive metaanalyses to date of temperature- and biogeographical-size clines within arthropod species. Aquatic species show greater reductions in body size with warming and decreasing latitude compared to terrestrial species, likely an adaptive response to deal with increased metabolic demand in the warm and the greater difficulty to uptake oxygen in water than in air. Voltinism explains variation in laboratory temperature- and latitudinal-size clines in terrestrial species. While size decreases with warming and with decreasing latitude in multivoltine terrestrial arthropods, size increases on average in univoltine species, consistent with predictions from size vs. season-length trade-offs. In the globally distributed sub-class Copepoda, seasonal temperature-size (T-S) gradients differ between current-feeding calanoids and ambush-feeding cyclopoids, suggesting that differences in the size- and temperature-dependence of alternative feeding strategies may influence the T-S response. Finally, through experimentation, we explore the progression of the T-S response of Copepoda during ontogeny. The T-S response is more strongly generated in particular life stages, and even reduced in some periods, providing evidence that the temperature-dependence of growth and developmental rates is modified during ontogeny. Ultimately, close similarities between T-S responses measured in controlled laboratory conditions, and seasonal and biogeographical size clines in the field across different arthropod taxa, suggests that these patterns share similar selective pressures.

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Miller, Stephanie. "The relationship of waist size to blood pressure and cholesterol among college students /." Lynchburg, VA : Liberty University, 2007. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Body size'

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