Journal articles: 'Body Sensor Network'

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Itani, Wassim, Ayman Kayssi, and Ali Chehab. "Wireless Body Sensor Networks." International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare 5, no. 2 (April 2016): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrqeh.2016040101.

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In this paper, the authors provide a detailed overview and technical discussion and analysis of the latest research trends in securing body sensor networks. The core of this work aims at: (1) identifying the resource limitations and energy challenges of this category of wireless sensor networks, (2) considering the life-critical applications and emergency contexts that are encompassed by body sensor network services, and (3) studying the effect of these peculiarities on the design and implementation of rigorous and efficient security algorithms and protocols. The survey discusses the main advancements in the design of body sensor network cryptographic services (key generation and management, authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and privacy) and sheds the light on the prominent developments achieved in the field of securing body sensor network data in Cloud computing architectures. The elastic virtualization mechanisms employed in the Cloud, as well as the lucrative computing and storage resources available, makes the integration of body sensor network applications, and Cloud platforms a natural choice that is packed with various security and privacy challenges. The work presented in this paper focuses on Cloud privacy and integrity mechanisms that rely on tamper-proof hardware and energy-efficient cryptographic data structures that are proving to be well-suited for operation in untrusted Cloud environments. This paper also examines two crucial design patterns that lie at the crux of any successful body sensor network deployment which are represented in: (1) attaining the right balance between the degree, complexity, span, and strength of the cryptographic operations employed and the energy resources they consume. (2) Achieving a feasible tradeoff between the privacy of the human subject wearing the body sensor network and the safety of this subject. This is done by a careful analysis of the medical status of the subject and other context-related information to control the degree of disclosure of sensitive medical data. The paper concludes by presenting a practical overview of the cryptographic support in the main body sensor network development frameworks such and TinyOS and SPINE and introduces a set of generalized guideline patterns and recommendations for designing and implementing cryptographic protocols in body sensor network environments.

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Ji, Lianying, Tongbi Kang, Lingtong Tian, Meijun Xiong, Wendong Xiao, and Jiankang Wu. "Body Sensor Network for Ubiquitous Health Monitoring." Unmanned Systems 03, no. 02 (April 2015): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2301385015500107.

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A body sensor network system has been developed for ubiquitous health monitoring of multiple mobile subjects, which is referred to as UbiHealth. On the body, there are micro-sensors to capture physiological signals of electrocardiography (ECG), blood pressure, respiration and temperature, as well as context information of activity and position. Sensors are coordinated by an on-body gateway, where data are collected, pre-processed and wirelessly sent to the server. The server receives, stores and processes signals from multiple gateways, providing overview of those subjects on a local map, and real-time health status of individual subjects. The application scenarios include, for example, health monitoring for rescue team members in a hazard, and elderly health monitoring in a community.

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Hussein, Safa Saad, C. B. M. Rashidi, Hanan Ali Alrikabi, S. A. Aljunid, Muataz H. Salih, and Mohammed Sabri Abuali. "Wireless Body Area Sensor Network: Tutorial Review." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 4839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8396.

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Sensor networks that utilises wireless technology can be broken down into many smaller fields, one of it is known as Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN). Its inception is the product of advanced progress made in sensor networks that utilises wireless technology. Immense progress amassed in terms of technology has culminated in the creation of user-friendly technology that could be worn and minute-sized electronic parts. Consequently, this area of study has achieved huge interest prevalently as the result of its wide and diverse range of implementations, especially in the medical sector that deals with wellbeing and care. Current day scenario observes the existence of minute sensors that are enabled to be posited on the human anatomy for purposes of documentation on an assortment of physical constants to reciprocate appropriate responses. Hence, it forms a perceptive and vigilant scheme that can provide a prompt notification towards acute and complex health incidences, and can be utilised for diagnostic purposes to treat diseases. In view of the topic being of broad and current interest, the objective of this study is engaged in the presentation of a multiplex component of cutting-edge WBASN. This involves the transmission structures, applications in WBASN, programming core, concerns on security, and routing conventions that is adept in its use of energy. We endeavour to encapsulate the most up-to-date progress and expounded on the scientific mechanics of radio that is available that is related to this kind of network. Prospective perspectives and problems will be deliberated pertaining this aspect.

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Almogren, Ahmad S. "Developing a Powerful and Resilient Smart Body Sensor Network through Hypercube Interconnection." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/609715.

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With recent advances in wireless sensor networks and embedded computing technologies, body sensor networks (BSNs) have become practically feasible. BSNs consist of a number of sensor nodes located and deployed over the human body. These sensors continuously gather vital sign data of the body area to be used in various intelligent systems in smart environments. This paper presents an intelligent design of the body sensor network based on virtual hypercube structure backbone termed as Smart BodyNet. The main purpose of the Smart BodyNet is to provide resilience for the BSN operation and reduce power consumption. Various experiments were carried out to show the performance of the Smart BodyNet design as compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.

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Fortino, Giancarlo, Ye Li, Mehmet Yuce, and Roozbeh Jafari. "Guest Editorial Special Issue on Next-Generation Smart Body Sensor Networks: From Autonomic Body Sensors to Cognitive Body Sensor Network Ecosystems." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 19 (October 1, 2019): 8370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2924500.

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REN, HONGLIANG, and MAX Q. H. MENG. "MODELING THE GROUP MOBILITY PATTERN IN WIRELESS BODY SENSOR NETWORKS." International Journal of Information Acquisition 03, no. 04 (December 2006): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878906001015.

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Wireless network of wearable biomedical sensors by human body shows great potential to enhance the biometrics performance significantly. Meanwhile, it poses prominent characteristics and challenges to physicians and engineers for its particular medical application as compared to other application of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Mobility pattern plays an important role in designing the wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) and will also affect the accuracy of modeling WBSN in health care application. Much of the mobility scenarios generated in current work of wireless body sensor networks has used fairly simple models to generate the mobile topological graph, which bear little resemblance to the actual mobility patterns. This paper is the first attempt to investigate the mobility model in WBSN based on the existing mobility models in wireless data networks and ad hoc networks. We first briefly review the existing mobility models in related research areas such as wireless ad hoc network and cellular networks. Further on, we propose a dedicated and more realistic mobility model named BAMM (Body Area Mobility Model) for wireless body sensor networks by concentrating on the unique characteristics of WBSN and finally study the effects of mobility on the performance of WBSN by simulation experiments.

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Noda, Tomoyuki, Takahiro Miyashita, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Kiyoshi Kogure, and Norihiro Hagita. "Detecting Feature of Haptic Interaction Based on Distributed Tactile Sensor Network on Whole Body." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 19, no. 1 (February 20, 2007): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2007.p0042.

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To extract information about users contacting robots physically, the distribution density of tactile sensor elements, the sampling rate, and the resolution all must be high, increasing the volume of tactile information. In the self-organized skin sensor network we propose for dealing with a large number of tactile sensors embedded throughout a humanoid robot, each network node having a processing unit is connected to tactile sensor elements and other nodes. By processing tactile information in the network based on the situation, individual nodes process and reduce information rapidly in high sampling. They also secure information transmission routes to the host PC using a data transmission protocol for self-organizing sensor networks. In this paper, we verify effectiveness of our proposal through sensor network emulation and basic experiments in spatiotemporal calculation of tactile information using prototype hardware. As an emulation result of the self-organized sensor network, routes to the host PC are secured at each node, and a tree-like network is constructed recursively with the node as a root. As the basic experiments, we describe an edge detection as data processing and extraction for haptic interaction. In conclusion, local information processing is effective for detecting features of haptic interaction.

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Khan, Rahat Ali, and Al-Sakib Khan Pathan. "The state-of-the-art wireless body area sensor networks: A survey." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 4 (April 2018): 155014771876899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718768994.

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Wireless body area sensor network is a sub-field of wireless sensor network. Wireless body area sensor network has come into existence after the development of wireless sensor network reached some level of maturity. This has become possible due to the tremendous technological advancement leading to easy-to-use wireless wearable technologies and electronic components that are small in size. Indeed, this field has gained significant attention in recent time due to its applications which mostly are toward healthcare sector. Today, tiny-sized sensors could be placed on the human body to record various physiological parameters and these sensors are capable of sending data to other devices so that further necessary actions could be taken. Hence, this can be used for diagnosis of disease and for developing serious health-complication alert systems. Considering this recent hot topic, the intent of this work is to present the state-of-the-art of various aspects of wireless body area sensor network, its communication architectures, wireless body area sensor network applications, programming frameworks, security issues, and energy-efficient routing protocols. We have tried to cover the latest advancements with some discussion on the available radio technologies for this type of network. Future visions and challenges in this area are also discussed.

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Zong Chen, Dr Joy Iong, and Lu-Tsou Yeh. "Data Forwarding in Wireless Body Area Networks." June 2020 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2020.2.002.

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One of the most crucial application of Wireless Body Area Networks in healthcare applications is the process of monitoring human bodies and gather physiological data. Network performance degradation in the form of energy efficiency and latency are caused because of energy depletions which arises due to limited energy resource availability. The heterogeneity of body sensors will lead to variation in the rate of energy consumption. Based on this, a novel Data Forwarding Strategy is presented in this research work to enhance collaborative WBAN operations, improve network lifetime and restrict energy consumption of the sensors. In this paper, we have contributed towards reducing the size of data to be transmitted by compressed sensing and selection of relay sensor based on sampling frequency, energy levels and sensor importance. Using the proposed methodology, it is possible to improve both reliability and energy-efficiency of WBAN data transmission. moreover, it is also possible to adapt to the changing WBAN topologies when the proposed methodology is used, balancing energy efficiency and consumption.

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E. Ramya, Mrs, and Dr R. Gobinath. "Delay metric in wireless body area sensor net-works." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.3 (June 8, 2018): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.14208.

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Wireless Sensor Networks have the potential to greatly impact many aspects of medical care. This paper focuses on fundamental idea about the Protocols, standards, Technologies and measurements taken by the Researchers in the area of Wireless Body Area Sensor. This paper also listed various constraints in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks and noticed the best suitable techniques for analyzing the Sensor Data. The quality of service is the most fundamental characteristics of any applications like Wireless Network, Wireless Sensor Network and Wireless Body Area Network. The performance factor in WBAN still remains trivial whereas performance issues are also a great concern. This paper given the effort to analyze and present some of the protocols and technologies developed toward performance issues in WBAN.

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El Azhari, Maryam, Nadya El Moussaid, Ahmed Toumanari, and Rachid Latif. "Equalized Energy Consumption in Wireless Body Area Networks for a Prolonged Network Lifetime." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4157858.

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The phenomenal advances in electronics contributed to a widespread use of distributed sensors in wireless communications. A set of biosensors can be deployed or implanted in the human body to form a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), where various WBAN PHY layers are utilized. The WBAN allows the measurement of physiological data, which is forwarded by the gateway to the base station for analysis purposes. The main issue in conceiving a WBAN communication mechanism is to manage the residual energy of sensors. The mobile agent system has been widely applied for surveillance applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It consists in dispatching one or more mobile agents simultaneously to collect data, while following a predetermined optimum itinerary. The continuous use of the optimal itinerary leads to a rapid depletion of sensor nodes batteries, which minimizes the network lifetime. This paper presents a new algorithm to equalize the energy consumption among sensor motes. The algorithm exploits all the available paths towards the destination and classifies them with respect to the end-to-end delay and the overall energy consumption. The proposed algorithm performs better compared to the optimal routing path. It increases the network lifetime to the maximum by postponing routing of data via the most-recently used path, and it also maintains data delivery within the delay interval threshold.

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Misgeld, Berno J. E., Markus Luken, Daniel Heitzmann, Sebastian I. Wolf, and Steffen Leonhardt. "Body-Sensor-Network-Based Spasticity Detection." IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 20, no. 3 (May 2016): 748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2015.2477245.

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Moungla, Hassine, Nora Touati, and Ahmed Mehaoua. "Cost Efficient Deployment and Reliable Routing Modeling Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Dynamic Wireless Body Sensor Networks Topology." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 4, no. 4 (October 2013): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijehmc.2013100102.

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Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs), like any other sensor networks, suffer from limited energy and are highly distributed network, where its nodes organize by themselves and each of them has the flexibility of collecting and transmitting patient biomedical information to a sink. When a knowledge was sent to a sink from a path that doesn't have a definite basis, the routing is a crucial challenge in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks. Furthermore, reliability and routing delay are the considerable factors in these types of networks. More attention should be given to the energy routing issue and frequent topology's change in WBSNs. That increases the dynamics of network topology, and complicates the relay selection process in cooperative communications. Unreliable communication over the wireless channel complicates communication protocols and results in low data yield (Stathopoulos 2005). The deployment sensors step is a crucial and complex task due to several independent objectives and constraints. This paper presents a Min-Max multi-commodity flow model for WBSNs which allows preventing sensor node saturation and taking best action against reliability and the path loss, by imposing an equilibrium use of sensors during the routing process. This model is based on the authors' optimal sensors deployment method for WBSNs. Simulations results show that the algorithm balances the energy consumption of nodes effectively and maximize the network lifetime. It will meet the enhanced WBSNs requirements, including better delivery ratio, less reliable routing overhead.

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N.S.Kalpana, R., and Dr P.Nallathai. "Survey on Fault Detection and Diagnosis Using Neural Network in WBAN." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.20 (April 18, 2018): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.20.16731.

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Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is the sensor network used for monitoring health information in e-health systems. WBAN is a combination of sensors used to obtain vital information from the body. It is a special type of WSN. WBAN technology should handle the data in a smart way by reacting to the monitored data and to evaluate the data. It requires fault detection and diagnosis methods for sensors used in WBAN. This paper gives a survey of different types of neural-network approaches for faults detection and diagnosis in WBAN using neural network.

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Hoang, T. B., S. Sahuguede, and A. Julien-Vergonjanne. "Optical Wireless Network Design for Off-Body-Sensor Based Monitoring." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (September 2, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5473923.

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In this article, we propose an all-optical bidirectional wireless communication system for off-body sensor communication. Optical technology uses infrared (IR) for uplinks and visible light communication (VLC) for downlinks. From numerical simulations, we discuss the impact of body sensor positions on IR and VLC channels. Our goal is to evaluate the possibilities of using optical technology to transmit sensor data for extreme positions such as the ankle, for which the presence of the body creates blockages. In addition, we also consider the variations in orientation of transceivers due to random mobility of body parts during normal movement. Based on a statistical approach, we evaluate performance in terms of outage probability using channel impulse response sets corresponding to the studied scenario, which is health monitoring. Considering a given quality of service, we address trade-offs related to emitting power and data rate. We discuss the results regarding sensor node position and body reflectivity specifically for ankle sensors, corresponding to an extreme but realistic position in the health-monitoring context.

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Vandana. T, Santhi, and Sreenivasa Ravi. K. "A survey overview: on wireless body area network and its various applications." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.7 (March 18, 2018): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.11428.

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With the remarkable change of mobile radio communication over the past years in the wireless communication technologies, makes the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) services to be adopted by most of the people around the world. Wireless body area network is such a special purpose sensor network that was made for continues monitoring the health parameters in real time with the different wire-less sensors by implanting internally or externally of a human body. This wireless sensed information from the vital organs of the human body may be in the form of data, voice, video signals are communicated wirelessly through WBAN. This survey article presents an overview on- the WBAN communication architecture, comparison of WBAN and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), WBAN operating protocols- those are intended for short range wireless communication, and its applications in the medical and non- medical field have been out lined.

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Kim, Seong Cheol, and Hye Yun Kim. "AN ENERGY- AND DELAY-EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION MECHANISM USING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IN WIRELESS BODY SENSOR NETWORKS." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 5 (October 30, 2022): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.5.44.

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Clustering mechanism saves energy consumption and prolongs the lifetime of wireless sensor network (WSN). In this paper, we propose an energy and delay efficient transmission mechanism using reinforcement learning in wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs). In the WBSN network, in addition to the efficient energy consumption of the sensor node, when vital information is measured, additional information measured from other sensors must be transmitted to the medical staffs within a limited time so that the medical staff can make a correct decision. The proposed transmission mechanism in this paper considers two novel techniques: a novel CH selection process using reinforcement learning approach and super-frame extension to enhance energy efficiency and network lifetime. Additionally, when a vital signal is measured, it is also proposed to quickly collect relevant information and deliver it to the medical staffs so that the medical staff can make a correct decision. Because of the simulation, the proposed mechanism increased the average network lifetime by 12% and decreased the packet transmission delay by 29.4% compared to the method without reinforcement learning.

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Meharouech, Amira, Jocelyne Elias, and Ahmed Mehaoua. "Moving Towards Body-to-Body Sensor Networks for Ubiquitous Applications: A Survey." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8020027.

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Thanks to their arising abilities to influence the human lifestyle, along with reducing the healthcare systems’ cost, wireless body area networks (WBANs) still form a strongly growing research field. Recent advances focus on the opportunities of coexistence and communication between a group of WBANs, that will forward the sensing data, using persons as network relays, until reaching a remote analysis server or cloud servers via the Internet, forming thus a body-to-body network (BBN). Such new-style networks support a range of innovative and promising applications, including ubiquitous healthcare (U-health), interactive games, and military, to cite a few. In this paper, we first present the evolution of the single WBAN concept to the cooperative network of multiple WBANs, giving rise to the BBN concept. A synopsis of the WBAN and BBN respective standards and applications is given, and the emerging BBN challenges are highlighted. Then, we present and discuss the existing WBAN proposals, especially the candidate WBAN protocols that could be adapted and used in BBNs, focusing on four intrinsically related axes of great importance for BBN design: energy efficiency, mobility prediction, quality of service (QoS) and security. Further BBN open issues are also investigated, namely, the wireless propagation between humans carrying wearable devices, the interference, storage and privacy issues as well as the heterogeneity of BBN devices and traffic.

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Wan, Pengwu, Jian Wei, Jin Wang, and Qiongdan Huang. "Wireless Sensor Network-Based Rigid Body Localization for NLOS Parameter Estimation." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 6810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186810.

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In wireless sensor network (WSN)-based rigid body localization (RBL) systems, the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation of the wireless signals leads to severe performance deterioration. This paper focuses on the RBL problem under the NLOS environment based on the time of arrival (TOA) measurement between the sensors fixed on the rigid body and the anchors, where the NLOS parameters are estimated to improve the RBL performance. Without any prior information about the NLOS environment, the highly non-linear and non-convex RBL problem is transformed into a difference of convex (DC) programming, which can be solved by using the concave–convex procedure (CCCP) to determine the position of the rigid body sensors and the NLOS parameters. To avoid error accumulation, the obtained NLOS parameters are utilized to refine the localization performance of the rigid body sensors. Then, the accurate position and the orientation of the rigid body in two-Dimensional space are obtained according to the relative deflection angle method. To reduce the computational complexity, the singular value decomposition (SVD) method is employed to solve the problem in three-Dimensional space. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the performance of the rigid body localization based on the wireless sensor network in NLOS environment.

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Laurijssen, Dennis, Wim Saeys, Steven Truijen, Walter Daems, and Jan Steckel. "Synchronous Wireless Body Sensor Network Enabling Human Body Pose Estimation." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 49341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2910636.

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Aqueeb, Ahsan, Sayan Roy, Yichun Ding, Obiora Onyilagha, and Zhengtao Zhu. "On the Report of Performance Analysis of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers based Strain Sensor for Applications in Human Motion Monitoring." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 35, no. 11 (February 4, 2021): 1324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.351131.

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Flexible and wearable sensors are currently being extensively used in versatile applications including wireless body area network. Specifically, such sensors are mostly incorporated to yield a linear response within their range of operations. A recently developed flexible and wearable resistive strain sensor made of electrospun carbon nanofibers has been reported with a gauge factor up to 72. In this paper, the performance of the strain sensor embedded in a polyurethane matrix was studied at first. A linear region of operation of such sensor was defined from direct measurements for wireless body area network applications. The equivalent analytical expressions were established and reported.

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Song, Chuan Zhen. "Design of Body Sensor Network Intelligent Terminal Network Communication’s Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 3778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.3778.

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To meet the needs of Body Sensor Network (BSN) intelligent terminal remote communication ,the scheme of network communication design in the Android intelligent terminals is provided .And combined with the characteristics of Android ,the method of Android network communication’s development is discussed .Firstly ,the architecture of intelligent health-cloud system and Android’s framework are introduced .And then the HTTP ,Web Service and other means of communication in Android are analyzed. Finally, a model of network communication in the intelligent medical is constructed and network communication in the intelligent terminal is carried out .The results show that Android can effectively take control of network communication in the BSN’s intelligent terminal and it has practical value.

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Karmakar, Koushik, Sohail Saif, Suparna Biswas, and Sarmistha Neogy. "A WBAN-Based Framework for Health Condition Monitoring and Faulty Sensor Node Detection Applying ANN." International Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Engineering 10, no. 2 (July 2021): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbce.2021070104.

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Remote health monitoring framework using wireless body area network with ubiquitous support is gaining popularity. However, faulty sensor data may prove to be critical. Hence, faulty sensor detection is necessary in sensor-based health monitoring. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based framework for learning about health condition of patients as well as fault detection in the sensors is proposed. This experiment is done based on human cardiac condition monitoring setup. Related physiological parameters have been collected using wearable sensors from different people. These data are then analyzed using ANN for health condition identification and faulty node detection. Libelium MySignals HW (eHealth Medical Development Shield for Arduino) v2 sensors such as ECG sensor, pulse oximeter sensor, and body temperature sensor have been used for data collection and ARDINO UNO R3 as microcontroller device. ANN method detects faulty sensor data with classification accuracy of 98%. Experimental results and analyses are given to prove the claim.

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Puspitaningayu, Pradini, Arif Widodo, and Eppy Yundra. "Wireless Body Area Networks dan Pengaruhnya dalam Perkembangan Teknologi m-Health." INAJEEE : Indonesian Journal of Electrical and Eletronics Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/inajeee.v1n1.p24-30.

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Abstrak – Dunia digital kini telah sampai pada era di mana begitu banyak unsur fisik dapat terhubung dandimonitor secara jarak jauh dengan penggunaan sensor yang terhubung dalam suatu jaringan komunikasinirkabel yang berbasis internet (internet of things). Pelayanan kesehatan juga tak luput dari sorotanpenggunaan IoT terutama dengan meningkatnya berbagai isu penyakit kronis yang dapat menurunkanharapan hidup manusia. Jaringan yang secara khusus menggunakan berbagai sensor yang ditempatkan padatubuh manusia ini disebut wireless body area network (WBAN). Artikel ini mengulas tentang bagaimanaperkembangan WBAN dalam menjawab berbagai kebutuhan peningkatan layanan kesehatan secarakomprehensif dan kontinyu tanpa terhalang keterbatasan jarak dan waktu antara pasien dengan paramedis.Teknologi pemantauan kesehatan yang bersifat mobile (m-Health) terus dikembangkan demi meningkatkanefektivitas dan efisiensi layanan kesehatan. Berbagai isu dan tantangan juga dikemukakan sehingga dapatmenjadi telaah referensi untuk berbagai penelitian lanjutan.Kata Kunci: WBAN, IoT, WSN, pelayanan kesehatan, jaringan sensor Abstract – The digital world has now arrived in an era where every physical thing can be remotelymonitored by using sensors connected to an internet-based wireless communication network (internetof things). Health care services is also become a concern for the development of this service especiallybecause the increasing chronic health problem which can decrease the life expectancy. The networkwhich specifically worked by a set of sensors which attached around human’s body is called wirelessbody area network (WBAN). This article is meant to discuss about the development of WBAN insolving various health care services comprehensively and continuously without any restrictions relatedto distance and time between the patient and the paramedics. Mobile health monitoring (m-Health)continues to be developed to improve the effectivity and efficiency of health care services. Issues andopen challenges are also discussed in the article as a reference for the further researches.Keywords: WBAN, IoT, WSN, health care service, sensor networks

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Jain, Sweta, and Anurag Singh. "Temperature-Aware Routing Using Secondary Sink in Wireless Body Area Sensor Network." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijehmc.2018040103.

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Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) is a developing application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which is very useful in diagnosis of human health remotely. Tiny and smart sensors are placed inside or outside of human body which collects useful data time to time from various parts of body and send it to the corresponding medical staff or doctor. In the future, WBASN will surely make a huge change in traditional health monitoring system and will be helpful for elderly people and patients who suffer from difficult physical mobility. WBASN have many challenges while its design and one of main challenge is controlling temperature rise of sensor node during routing when placed inside human body because temperature rise beyond certain limit will be harmful for human body. The study of controlling temperature rise of sensor nodes during data routing comes under the category of Temperature Aware Routing Protocols. In this article the authors have raised a problem called “Energy Hole Problem” under Temperature Aware Routing Protocols which affects the performance of a network.

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Azzouz, Boufedah Badissi, Babouri Abdesselam, Benmohamed Mohamed, and Abouchi Nacer. "A new reinforced MAC protocol for lifetime prolongation of reliable Wireless Body Area Network." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 16, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2018162.171329.

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Recent development of sensors and sensor networks has allowed the creation of new emerging systems which is used as promising solutions in several types of applications. Among which, wireless body area networks (WBANs) is an example that enable continuous monitoring of patients vital signs parameters in everyday life situations. Reliability and energy optimization are considered amongst the important and challenging issues in WBANs. The standard IEEE 802.15.4 is of paramount importance MAC (Media Access Control) protocol for medical sensor body area networks, owing to its low-power, low data rate and low-cost features. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement optimized MAC protocol based on IEEE 802.15.4 dubbed RMAC. The proposed protocol aims to enhance the reliability and to extend the network life time, by reducing energy consumption. NS2 simulator is used for the implementation of the protocol and for the performance evaluation in comparison with the Standard IEEE 802.15.4. The simulation results show that our protocol outperforms the Standard in terms of reliability and network lifetime.

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Yoshikai, Tomoaki, Marika Hayashi, Yui Ishizaka, Hiroko Fukushima, Asuka Kadowaki, Takashi Sagisaka, Kazuya Kobayashi, Iori Kumagai, and Masayuki Inaba. "Development of Robots with Soft Sensor Flesh for Achieving Close Interaction Behavior." Advances in Artificial Intelligence 2012 (November 13, 2012): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/157642.

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In order to achieve robots' working around humans, safe contacts against objects, humans, and environments with broad area of their body should be allowed. Furthermore, it is desirable to actively use those contacts for achieving tasks. Considering that, many practical applications will be realized by whole-body close interaction of many contacts with others. Therefore, robots are strongly expected to achieve whole-body interaction behavior with objects around them. Recently, it becomes possible to construct whole-body tactile sensor network by the advancement of research for tactile sensing system. Using such tactile sensors, some research groups have developed robots with whole-body tactile sensing exterior. However, their basic strategy is making a distributed 1-axis tactile sensor network covered with soft thin material. Those are not sufficient for achieving close interaction and detecting complicated contact changes. Therefore, we propose “Soft Sensor Flesh.” Basic idea of “Soft Sensor Flesh” is constructing robots' exterior with soft and thick foam with many sensor elements including multiaxis tactile sensors. In this paper, a constructing method for the robot systems with such soft sensor flesh is argued. Also, we develop some prototypes of soft sensor flesh and verify the feasibility of the proposed idea by actual behavior experiments.

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Thabit, Ahmed A., Mahmoud Shuker Mahmoud, Ahmed Alkhayyat, and Qammer H. Abbasi. "Energy harvesting Internet of Things health-based paradigm: Towards outage probability reduction through inter–wireless body area network cooperation." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 10 (October 2019): 155014771987987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719879870.

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In today’s healthcare environment, the Internet of Things technology provides suitability among physicians and patients, as it is valuable in numerous medicinal fields. Wireless body sensor network technologies are essential technologies in the growth of Internet of Things healthcare paradigm, where every patient is monitored utilising small-powered and lightweight sensor nodes. A dual-hop, inter–wireless body sensor network cooperation and an incremental inter–wireless body sensor network cooperation with energy harvesting in the Internet of Things health-based paradigm have been investigated and designed in this work. The three protocols have been named and abbreviated as follows: energy harvesting–based dual-hop cooperation, energy harvesting–based inter–wireless body sensor network cooperation and energy harvesting–based incremental inter–wireless body sensor network cooperation. Outage probabilities for the three designed protocols were investigated and inspected, and mathematical expressions of the outage probabilities were derived. The simulation and numerical results showed that the energy harvesting–based incremental inter–wireless body sensor network cooperation provided superior performance over the energy harvesting–based inter–wireless body sensor network cooperation and energy harvesting–based dual-hop cooperation by 1.38 times and 5.72 times, respectively; while energy harvesting–based inter–wireless body sensor network cooperation achieved better performance over energy harvesting–based dual-hop cooperation by 1.87 times.

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Zeb, Asim, Sonia Wakeel, Taj Rahman, Inayat Khan, M. Irfan Uddin, and Badam Niazi. "Energy-Efficient Cluster Formation in IoT-Enabled Wireless Body Area Network." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (April 5, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2558590.

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Wireless sensor network is widely used in different IoT-enabled applications such as health care, underwater sensor networks, body area networks, and various offices. A sensor node may face operational difficulties due to low computing capacity. Moreover, mobility has become an open challenge in the healthcare wireless body area network that is highly affected by message loss due to topological manipulation. In this article, an enhanced version of the well-known algorithm MT-MAC is proposed, namely DT-MAC, to ensure successful message delivery. It considers node handover mechanism among virtual clusters to ensure network integrity and also uses the concept of minimum connected dominating set for network formation to achieve efficient energy utilization. It is then compared with well-known algorithms such as MT-MAC. The simulation results show that an increase in little latency of roughly 3 percent in using the proposed protocol improves the MT-MAC's packet delivery by 13–17 percent and the response time by around 15 percent. Therefore, the algorithm is best fitted for real-time applications where the high packet delivery and response time are required.

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Sun, Ying. "Human ADL Signal Transmission System Optimization Method Using Bayesian Network Based on Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.146.

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A optimization method of human-body ADL(activity of daily living) real-time monitoring system design method based on wireless sensor network is proposed, which is able to detect elderly people body posture and biological signal at rehabilitation centers and nursing homes and doctor or their family can know patients’ body state through mobile phone or PC. The number of nodes in each base station increase can cause network congestion. A optimization data transmission algorithm based on Bayesian network is presented, and sensors under the Bayesian network distribution model and algorithm are built. Finally, experiments results indicate that system’s real-time performance is improved and parameters of Bayesian network training method is effective.

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Jayaraman, Karthik, and A. Rajesh. "Increasing Lifetime through Sleep Awake and Conditional Transmission in Wireless Body Area Networks." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 13, no. 02 (February 22, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i02.9868.

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Human health is being monitored by wireless sensors from their home using wireless body area networks. Increase in the wireless body sensors made human to monitor health with great ease. Patient need not be stay in hospital for long time instead they may use body sensors and they may monitor their health from their residence itself. So that patients easily will be moving around their residence. Even though development of technology made ease of every task there are also constraints that need to be reduced. Since the body nodes are very tiny the battery used for the sensor is also small, in turn the battery capacity is also greatly reduced. So the life time of the sensor nodes are very low and in turn network lifetime also will be very less. In order to increase the life time of the node energy consumption should be monitored with more care. In our proposed system we implement sleep awake method along with conditional transmission to reduce the energy consumption that automatically increases the life time of the node as well as network. Our proposed method gives better result when compare with the performance of other methods in saving energy.

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dos Reis, Barbara Roqueto, and Robin R. White. "PSIV-A-3 Body Temperature Monitoring Using Subcutaneously and Vaginal Sensors in Grazing Cows." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.458.

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Abstract Body temperature is an indicator of animal health and can be used to detect harmful physiological events in advance of clinical symptoms. Traditionally, body temperature in cattle is determined with a rectal thermometer and requires the animal to be restrained. Although systems to automatically monitor cattle health in confinement operations exist, assessing the real-time temperature of grazing cows is not common. Our object was to demonstrate an integrated sensor network for monitoring pastured cattle body temperature in comparison with temperature measured by a vaginal logger. The integrated sensor network (Mahindra & Mahindra; Mumbai, India) communicates with the data obtained from a subcutaneous temperature sensor (EmbediVet, Livestock Labs Inc.; Pittsburg, PA) to a cloud-based data storage platform. The vaginal temperature was measured by an implantable temperature logger (Micro-T 16-bit; Star Oddi, Iceland). Vaginal devices were inserted into the vagina using a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) cleaned of progesterone. The subcutaneous temperature sensors were surgically implanted through a 2cm vertical incision in the neck. Data from the implantable sensor were transmitted via Bluetooth communication to a solar-powered base station. The subcutaneous sensors and vaginal loggers were deployed on 10 grazing cattle over a period of 6 months. Data from only 4 subcutaneous sensors consistently reported data. Temperature values measured by the subcutaneous sensors had no statistical relationship (P=0.595) with body temperature measured by the vaginal temperature loggers. However, the subcutaneous sensors were able to detect changes in body temperature over time within-animal, indicating that errors in predicting temperature were more likely due to frameshift issues than an inability to track true temperature. Further improvements in data-processing and higher sample size are needed to maximize the usability of this sensor network for monitoring cattle body temperature.

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Gil, Yeongjoon, Wanqing Wu, and Jungtae Lee. "A Synchronous Multi-Body Sensor Platform in a Wireless Body Sensor Network: Design and Implementation." Sensors 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2012): 10381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120810381.

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Akkaş, Mustafa Alper. "Nano-Sensor Modelling for Intra-Body Nano-Networks." Wireless Personal Communications 118, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 3129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08171-2.

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AbstractIn this work, the author has evaluated the propagation of electromagnetic waves inside the human tissue such as blood, skin and fat for single-path and multi-path layers according to nano sensor transmit power calculations. In particular, the propagation characteristics of the Intra-Body Nano-Network communication channel are calculated using a theoretical approach. The analysis in this paper provides an evaluation related to the path loss, bit error rate, signal to noise ratio and the channel capacity. The model is evaluated for each single-path effect and multi-path effect. The effects of human tissue for each blood, skin and fat for single-path effect and multi-path are included in the analysis. The model frequency range is chosen from 0.01 to 1.5 THz frequencies, which are ideal for designing nano sensors antennae and using THz range for communication. This paper will also guide other researchers who are working on the electromagnetic radiation performance of Intra-Body Nano-Network and Nano sensors designed at the THz range.

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Xuan, Yun Dong, Zhan Zhao, Zhen Fang, Dao Qu Geng, and Yao Hong Shi. "3ACare: A Wireless Body Sensor Network for Health Alert and Monitoring." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1075–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1075.

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The development of Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems ,integrated circuits, wireless communications have resulted in the creation of miniature, ultra-low power, and wearable health monitoring system. The system can be defined as a Body Sensor Network that can be embedded in the user’s outfit as a part of the clothing .This 3ACare system is a wearable health monitoring and alert system which can give anyone health care at anytime and anywhere. The system continuously collects multiple vital signs by physiological sensors and evaluates the signs in a personal server such as a PDA. And the personal server transfers the data to a medical server center by 3G net or Internet. The doctor in the medical server center will give the patients message after they diagnosed the data.The paper describes the architecture of 3ACare and the details of the wireless body sensor network (WBSN) nodes and the test result.

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Ramya, E., and R. Gobinath. "Performance metrics in wireless sensor networks :a survey and outlook." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.26 (May 7, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.26.12527.

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Data mining plays an important role in analysis of data in modern sensor networks. A sensor network is greatly constrained by the various challenges facing a modern Wireless Sensor Network. This survey paper focuses on basic idea about the algorithms and measurements taken by the Researchers in the area of Wireless Sensor Network with Health Care. This survey also catego-ries various constraints in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks data and finds the best suitable techniques for analysing the Sensor Data. Due to resource constraints and dynamic topology, the quality of service is facing a challenging issue in Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper, we review the quality of service parameters with respect to protocols, algorithms and Simulations.

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Ramaswamy, Sangeetha, and Usha Devi Gandhi. "Trust-Based Data Communication in Wireless Body Area Network for Healthcare Applications." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040148.

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A subset of Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is an emerging technology. WBAN is a collection of tiny pieces of wireless body sensors with small computational capability, communicating short distances using ZigBee or Bluetooth, an application mainly in the healthcare industry like remote patient monitoring. The small piece of sensor monitors health factors like body temperature, pulse rate, ECG, heart rate, etc., and communicates to the base station or central coordinator for aggregation or data computation. The final data is communicated to remote monitoring devices through the internet or cloud service providers. The main challenge for this technology is energy consumption and secure communication within the network and the possibility of attacks executed by malicious nodes, creating problems for the network. This system proposes a suitable trust model for secure communication in WBAN based on node trust and data trust. Node trust is calculated using direct trust calculation and node behaviours. The data trust is calculated using consistent data success and data aging. The performance is compared with an existing protocol like Trust Evaluation (TE)-WBAN and Body Area Network (BAN)-Trust which is not a cryptographic technique. The protocol is lightweight and has low overhead. The performance is rated best for Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio, and Minimum delay. With extensive simulation on-off attacks, Selfishness attacks, sleeper attacks, and Message suppression attacks were prevented.

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Sindhav, Jignesh B. "Drug Administration using Body Area Sensor Network (BASN)." International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v6i1.233237.

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Yuce, Mehmet R., Steven W. P. Ng, Naung L. Myo, Jamil Y. Khan, and Wentai Liu. "Wireless Body Sensor Network Using Medical Implant Band." Journal of Medical Systems 31, no. 6 (September 1, 2007): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-007-9086-8.

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Wei, Hongxing, Huaming Li, and Jindong Tan. "Body Sensor Network Based Context-Aware QRS Detection." Journal of Signal Processing Systems 67, no. 2 (July 31, 2010): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-010-0507-4.

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Pereira, Orlando, João M. L. P. Caldeira, and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues. "Body Sensor Network Mobile Solutions for Biofeedback Monitoring." Mobile Networks and Applications 16, no. 6 (November 16, 2010): 713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-010-0278-y.

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Xu, Li-Jie, Zhu Duan, Yi-Ming Tang, and Ming Zhang. "A Dual-Band On-Body Repeater Antenna for Body Sensor Network." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 15 (2016): 1649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2016.2520023.

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Adhikary, Sriyanjana, Samiran Chattopadhyay, Biswajit Ghosh, Sankhayan Choudhury, Shubha Brata Nath, and Nilkantha Garain. "Reliable routing in Wireless Body Area Network using optimum number of relay nodes for enhancing network lifetime." Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments 14, no. 2 (March 24, 2022): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ais-210055.

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Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an emerging technology that has the potential to redefine healthcare sector around the world. It can perform proactively by ubiquitously monitoring human health. But its enormous scope is challenged by limited battery power of the sensors, energy and bandwidth. Moreover, the random motion of human beings makes sensor positioning difficult and restricts efficiently routing of critical health parameter values. State of the art protocols do not address the adverse effects of heating of the implanted sensors on human tissues along with energy constraints and interference issues simultaneously. This paper handles all these issues jointly by designing a topology which has an optimized number of relay nodes and then proposes an efficient routing algorithm. Relay nodes are incorporated to frame the backbone of the connected wireless network so that all sensor nodes are coupled with at least one relay node and none of the nodes in the network remain isolated. In the proposed method, the remaining energy of the in-vivo sensors are dissipated intelligently and homogeneously so that network lifetime is enhanced without compromising reliability. Moreover, in our method, multicasting has been used to reduce transmission of unnecessary packets. Our design also leads to minimum hop count from body sensors to the sink node. The effectiveness and feasibility of our proposed approach has been evaluated and analyzed through numerous simulations. The analysis illustrates the efficacy of the proposed solution in terms of delay, network lifetime, energy efficiency, SAR and throughput.

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Wu, Chun-Hao, and Yu-Chee Tseng. "Deploying Sensors for Gravity Measurement in a Body-Area Inertial Sensor Network." IEEE Sensors Journal 13, no. 5 (May 2013): 1522–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2012.2235143.

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Kumar, Dinesh, Kalaipriyan T, and Raghav R.S. "A STUDY OF RESEARCH NOTIONS IN WIRELESS BODY SENSOR NETWORK (WBSN)." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 01, no. 02 (June 2, 2019): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2019.2.001.

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The Body Sensor Networks is captivated in gathering the communication module in a more reliable manner along with efficiency in terms of energy, more secure than earlier schema’s, ands enhanced utilization of resources. Wireless BAN (WBAN) has the tendency to be placed even inside the human body. The significance of BSN has the tendency to go through all aspects such as fitness of a person, his/her health issues, caring in critical level, and so on. In 2014 [1] the elevation of body sensors has been grown upto 420 millions from 11 million units in 2009. In this research work, we addressed BAN from On-Body to Body-to-Body cooperative networks at different levels: propagation, protocols and localization applications.

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Peters, Daniel R., Olalekan A. M. Popoola, Roderic L. Jones, Nicholas A. Martin, Jim Mills, Elizabeth R. Fonseca, Amy Stidworthy, et al. "Evaluating uncertainty in sensor networks for urban air pollution insights." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-321-2022.

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Abstract. Ambient air pollution poses a major global public health risk. Lower-cost air quality sensors (LCSs) are increasingly being explored as a tool to understand local air pollution problems and develop effective solutions. A barrier to LCS adoption is potentially larger measurement uncertainty compared to reference measurement technology. The technical performance of various LCSs has been tested in laboratory and field environments, and a growing body of literature on uses of LCSs primarily focuses on proof-of-concept deployments. However, few studies have demonstrated the implications of LCS measurement uncertainties on a sensor network's ability to assess spatiotemporal patterns of local air pollution. Here, we present results from a 2-year deployment of 100 stationary electrochemical nitrogen dioxide (NO2) LCSs across Greater London as part of the Breathe London pilot project (BL). We evaluated sensor performance using collocations with reference instruments, estimating ∼ 35 % average uncertainty (root mean square error) in the calibrated LCSs, and identified infrequent, multi-week periods of poorer performance and high bias during summer months. We analyzed BL data to generate insights about London's air pollution, including long-term concentration trends, diurnal and day-of-week patterns, and profiles of elevated concentrations during regional pollution episodes. These findings were validated against measurements from an extensive reference network, demonstrating the BL network's ability to generate robust information about London's air pollution. In cases where the BL network did not effectively capture features that the reference network measured, ongoing collocations of representative sensors often provided evidence of irregularities in sensor performance, demonstrating how, in the absence of an extensive reference network, project-long collocations could enable characterization and mitigation of network-wide sensor uncertainties. The conclusions are restricted to the specific sensors used for this study, but the results give direction to LCS users by demonstrating the kinds of air pollution insights possible from LCS networks and provide a blueprint for future LCS projects to manage and evaluate uncertainties when collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.

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He, Daojing, Chun Chen, Sammy Chan, Jiajun Bu, and Pingxin Zhang. "Secure and Lightweight Network Admission and Transmission Protocol for Body Sensor Networks." IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 17, no. 3 (May 2013): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2012.2235180.

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Triantafyllidis, A., V. Koutkias, I. Chouvarda, and N. Maglaveras. "An Open and Reconfigurable Wireless Sensor Network for Pervasive Health Monitoring." Methods of Information in Medicine 47, no. 03 (2008): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me9115.

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Summary Objectives: Sensor networks constitute the backbone for the construction of personalized monitoring systems. Up to now, several sensor networks have been proposed for diverse pervasive healthcare applications, which are however characterized by a significant lack of open architectures, resulting in closed, non-interoperable and difficult to extend solutions. In this context, we propose an open and reconfigurable wireless sensor network (WSN) for pervasive health monitoring, with particular emphasis in its easy extension with additional sensors and functionality by incorporating embedded intelligence mechanisms. Methods: We consider a generic WSN architecture comprised of diverse sensor nodes (with communication and processing capabilities) and a mobile base unit (MBU) operating as the gateway between the sensors and the medical personnel, formulating this way a body area network (BAN). The primary focus of this work is on the intra-BAN data communication issues, adopting SensorML as the data representation mean, including the encoding of the monitoring patterns and the functionality of the sensor network. Results: In our prototype implementation two sensor nodes are emulated; one for heart rate monitoring and the other for blood glucose observations, while the MBU corresponds to a personal digital assistant (PDA) device. Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) is used to implement both the sensor nodes and the MBU components. Intra-BAN wireless communication relies on the Bluetooth protocol. Via an adaptive user interface in the MBU, health professionals may specify the monitoring parameters of the WSN and define the monitoring patterns of interest in terms of rules. Conclusions: This work constitutes an essential step towards the construction of open, extensible, inter - operable and intelligent WSNs for pervasive health monitoring.

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Bradai, Nourchene, Lamia Chaari, and Lotfi Kamoun. "A Comprehensive Overview of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN)." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 2, no. 3 (July 2011): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jehmc.2011070101.

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In recent years, the wireless body area network (WBAN) has emerged as a new technology for e-healthcare applications. The WBANs promise to revolutionize health monitoring. However, this technology remains in the first stages and much research is underway. Designers of such systems face a number of challenging tasks, as they need to address conflicting requirements. This includes managing the network, the data, while maximizing the autonomy of each network node. Reducing the consumption of a node, the management of network resources and security insurance are therefore major challenges. This paper presents a survey of body area networks including the WBANs challenges and -architecture, the most important body sensor devices, as well as sensor board hardware and platforms. Further, various applications of WBANs in the medical field are discussed, as well as wireless communications standards and technologies. The newest researches related to WBANs at physical and MAC layers are presented. Finally the paper identifies data security and privacy in WBANs as well as open research issues.

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Quwaider, Muhannad, and Subir Biswas. "Physical Context Detection using Wearable Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 4, no. 3 (September 22, 2008): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v4i3.219.

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This paper presents the architecture of a wearable sensor network and a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) processingframework for stochastic identification of body postures andphysical contexts. The key idea is to collect multi-modal sensor data from strategically placed wireless sensors over a human subject’s body segments, and to process that using HMM in order to identify the subject’s instantaneous physical context. The key contribution of the proposed multi-modal approach is a significant extension of traditional uni-modal accelerometry in which only the individual body segment movements, without their relative proximities and orientation modalities, is used for physical context identification. Through real-life experiments with body mounted sensors it is demonstrated that while the unimodal accelerometry can be used for differentiating activityintensive postures such as walking and running, they are not effective for identification and differentiation between lowactivity postures such as sitting, standing, lying down, etc. In the proposed system, three sensor modalities namely acceleration, relative proximity and orientation are used for context identification through Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based stochastic processing. Controlled experiments using human subjects are carried out for evaluating the accuracy of the HMMidentified postures compared to a naïve threshold based mechanism over different human subjects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Body Sensor Network'

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