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Park, F. C. "Distance Metrics on the Rigid-Body Motions with Applications to Mechanism Design." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826116.
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In this article we examine the problem of designing a mechanism whose tool frame comes closest to reaching a set of desired goal frames. The basic mathematical question we address is characterizing the set of distance metrics in SE(3), the Euclidean group of rigid-body motions. Using Lie theory, we show that no bi-invariant distance metric (i.e., one that is invariant under both left and right translations) exists in SE(3), and that because physical space does not have a natural length scale, any distance metric in SE(3) will ultimately depend on a choice of length scale. We show how to construct left- and right-invariant distance metrics in SE(3), and suggest a particular left-invariant distance metric parametrized by length scale that is useful for kinematic applications. Ways of including engineering considerations into the choice of length scale are suggested, and applications of this distance metric to the design and positioning of certain planar and spherical mechanisms are given.
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Martinez, J. M. R., and J. Duffy. "On the Metrics of Rigid Body Displacements for Infinite and Finite Bodies." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826115.
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This paper presents a critical analysis of the metric of rigid body displacements obtained from the so-called kinematic mapping. It is shown that this metric is not suitable for finite rigid bodies. The paper also addresses the metrics obtained for the planar group, as it can be regarded as a subgroup of the group of all rigid body displacements, which is denoted here as the Euclidean group. Finally, the paper proposes some metrics for the set of spatial and planar displacements for a finite rigid body, undergoing a finite displacement.
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Seo, Min-Hee, Jeh-Kwang Ryu, Byung-Cheol Kim, Sang-Bin Jeon, and Kyoung-Min Lee. "Persistence of metric biases in body representation during the body ownership illusion." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 26, 2022): e0272084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272084.
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Our perception of the body’s metric is influenced by bias according to the axis, called the systematic metric bias in body representation. Systematic metric bias was first reported as Weber’s illusion and observed in several parts of the body in various patterns. However, the systematic metric bias was not observed with a fake hand under the influence of the body ownership illusion during the line length judgment task. The lack of metric bias observed during the line length judgment task with a fake hand implies that the tactile modality occupies a relatively less dominant position than perception occurring through the real body. The change in weight between visual and tactile modalities during the body ownership illusion has not been adequately investigated yet, despite being a factor that influences the perception through body ownership illusion. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the dominance of vision over tactile modality is prominent, regardless of the task type. To investigate whether visual dominance persists during the process of inducing body ownership illusion regardless of task type, we introduced spatial visuotactile incongruence (2 cm, 3 cm) in the longitudinal and transverse axes during the visuotactile localization tasks and measured the intensity of the body ownership illusion using a questionnaire. The results indicated that participants perceived smaller visuotactile incongruence when the discrepancy occurred in the transverse axis rather than in the longitudinal axis. The anisotropy in the tolerance of visuotactile incongruence implies the persistence of metric biases in body representation. The results suggest the need for further research regarding the factors influencing the weight of visual and tactile modalities.
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SAMPSON, GEOFFREY, and ANNA BABARCZY. "A test of the leaf-ancestor metric for parse accuracy." Natural Language Engineering 9, no. 4 (November 25, 2003): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324903003243.
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The GEIG metric for quantifying the accuracy of parsing became influential through the Parseval programme, but many researchers have seen it as unsatisfactory. The Leaf-Ancestor (LA) metric, first developed in the 1980s, arguably comes closer to formalizing our intuitive concept of relative parse accuracy. We support this claim via an experiment that contrasts the performance of alternative metrics on the same body of automatically-parsed examples. The LA metric has the further virtue of providing straightforward indications of the location of parsing errors.
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Fedosin, Sergey G. "The Metric outside a Fixed Charged Body in the Covariant Theory of Gravitation." International Frontier Science Letters 1 (July 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ifsl.1.41.
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The metric outside a charged body is calculated. As part of the given approach it is shown that the gravitational and electromagnetic fields are equally involved in the formation of the metric tensor components. Andthe contribution of fields in the metric is proportional to the energy of these fields. From equations for the metric it follows that the metric tensor components are determined up to two constants.
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Peviani, Valeria, Francesca Giulia Magnani, Gabriella Bottini, and Lucia Melloni. "Metric biases in body representation extend to objects." Cognition 206 (January 2021): 104490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104490.
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Frutos-Alfaro, Francisco, Edwin Retana-Montenegro, Iván Cordero-García, and Javier Bonatti-González. "Metric of a Slow Rotating Body with Quadrupole Moment from the Erez-Rosen Metric." International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 03, no. 04 (2013): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2013.34051.
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Eberharter, Johannes K., and Bahram Ravani. "Local Metrics for Rigid Body Displacements." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1767816.
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One hundred years ago, Eduard Study introduced a very elegant method to describe a rigid body displacement in three-space. He mapped each position of a rigid body onto a point on a quadric, now called the Study quadric. This quadric is a six-dimensional rational hyper-surface, embedded in a seven-dimensional projective real space, called Study’s soma space. More than half a century later Ravani and Roth reconfigured Study’s soma space into a three-dimensional dual projective space, and defined a geometric metric for rigid body displacements. Here, approximately 20 years later, we again use Study’s quadric and define a new metric for rigid body displacements based on an optimized local mapping of the quadric. The local mappings of the quadric are achieved using stereographic projections, resulting in an affine space where the Euclidean definition of a metric can be used for rigid body displacements and techniques from design of curves and surfaces can be directly utilized for motion design. The results are illustrated by examples.
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Mehrotra, Anay, Jeff Sachs, and L. Elisa Celis. "Revisiting Group Fairness Metrics: The Effect of Networks." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (November 7, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555100.
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An increasing amount of work studies fairness in socio-technical settings from a computational perspective. This work has introduced a variety of metrics to measure fairness in different settings. Most of these metrics, however, do not account for the interactions between individuals or evaluate any underlying network's effect on the outcomes measured. While a wide body of work studies the organization of individuals into a network structure and how individuals access resources in networks, the impact of network structure on fairness has been largely unexplored. We introduce templates for group fairness metrics that account for network structure. More specifically, we present two types of group fairness metrics that measure distinct yet complementary forms of bias in networks. The first type of metric evaluates how access to others in the network is distributed across groups. The second type of metric evaluates how groups distribute their interactions across other groups, and hence captures inter-group biases. We find that ignoring the network can lead to spurious fairness evaluations by either not capturing imbalances in influence and reach illuminated by the first type of metric, or by overlooking interaction biases as evaluated by the second type of metric. Our empirical study illustrates these pronounced differences between network and non-network evaluations of fairness.
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Mishra, Alok, Raed Shatnawi, Cagatay Catal, and Akhan Akbulut. "Techniques for Calculating Software Product Metrics Threshold Values: A Systematic Mapping Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 11377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311377.
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Several aspects of software product quality can be assessed and measured using product metrics. Without software metric threshold values, it is difficult to evaluate different aspects of quality. To this end, the interest in research studies that focus on identifying and deriving threshold values is growing, given the advantage of applying software metric threshold values to evaluate various software projects during their software development life cycle phases. The aim of this paper is to systematically investigate research on software metric threshold calculation techniques. In this study, electronic databases were systematically searched for relevant papers; 45 publications were selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, and research questions were answered. The results demonstrate the following important characteristics of studies: (a) both empirical and theoretical studies were conducted, a majority of which depends on empirical analysis; (b) the majority of papers apply statistical techniques to derive object-oriented metrics threshold values; (c) Chidamber and Kemerer (CK) metrics were studied in most of the papers, and are widely used to assess the quality of software systems; and (d) there is a considerable number of studies that have not validated metric threshold values in terms of quality attributes. From both the academic and practitioner points of view, the results of this review present a catalog and body of knowledge on metric threshold calculation techniques. The results set new research directions, such as conducting mixed studies on statistical and quality-related studies, studying an extensive number of metrics and studying interactions among metrics, studying more quality attributes, and considering multivariate threshold derivation.
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Allen Neufeld, K. "Body Measurement." Arithmetic Teacher 36, no. 9 (May 1989): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.36.9.0012.
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In teaching the customary units of measure, the teacher risks offering two few activities that focus on measuring or on determining relationships among units. In the metric system, relationships among units are especially important and become clear to students when we offer them the opportunity to measure many familiar objects. The human body is made up of many parts that students measure with great interest. A student's knowledge of the measures of some of these body parts can be helpful in making estimates of the measures of other objects in his or her immediate environment
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SHARIF, M., and M. JAMIL AMIR. "TELEPARALLEL ENERGY–MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION OF LEWIS–PAPAPETROU SPACETIMES." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 06 (February 28, 2007): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307021214.
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In this paper, we find the energy–momentum distribution of stationary axisymmetric spacetimes in the context of teleparallel theory by using Möller prescription. The metric under consideration is the generalization of the Weyl metrics called the Lewis–Papapetrou metric. The class of stationary axisymmetric solutions of the Einstein field equations has been studied by Galtsov to include the gravitational effect of an external source. Such spacetimes are also astrophysically important as they describe the exterior of a body in equilibrium. The energy density turns out to be nonvanishing and well-defined and the momentum becomes constant except along θ-direction. It is interesting to mention that the results reduce to the already available results for the Weyl metrics when we take ω = 0.
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E. Ramya, Mrs, and Dr R. Gobinath. "Delay metric in wireless body area sensor net-works." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.3 (June 8, 2018): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.14208.
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Wireless Sensor Networks have the potential to greatly impact many aspects of medical care. This paper focuses on fundamental idea about the Protocols, standards, Technologies and measurements taken by the Researchers in the area of Wireless Body Area Sensor. This paper also listed various constraints in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks and noticed the best suitable techniques for analyzing the Sensor Data. The quality of service is the most fundamental characteristics of any applications like Wireless Network, Wireless Sensor Network and Wireless Body Area Network. The performance factor in WBAN still remains trivial whereas performance issues are also a great concern. This paper given the effort to analyze and present some of the protocols and technologies developed toward performance issues in WBAN.
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Bradley, Michael, Gyula Fodor, Mattias Marklund, and Zoltán Perjés. "The Wahlquist metric cannot describe an isolated rotating body." Classical and Quantum Gravity 17, no. 2 (December 22, 1999): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/17/2/306.
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Collar, David C., Crystal M. Reynaga, Andrea B. Ward, and Rita S. Mehta. "A revised metric for quantifying body shape in vertebrates." Zoology 116, no. 4 (August 2013): 246–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2013.03.001.
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Hartwell, Lauren P., Annette L. Baker, Kathy J. Jenkins, Sarah D. de Ferranti, and Susan F. Saleeb. "Experience participating in the American College of Cardiology Quality NetworkTM: paediatric and adult congenital cardiology collaborative quality improvement." Cardiology in the Young 29, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104795111800183x.
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AbstractBackgroundThe American College of Cardiology Quality Network enables national benchmarking and collaborative quality improvement through vetted metrics. We describe here our initial experience with the Quality Network.MethodsQuarterly data for metrics pertaining to chest pain, Kawasaki disease, tetralogy of Fallot, elevated body mass index, and others were shared with the collaboratives for benchmarking. National improvement efforts focussed on counselling for elevated body mass index and 22q11.2 testing in tetralogy of Fallot. Improvement strategies included developing multi-disciplinary workgroups, educational materials, and electronic health record advances.ResultsChest pain metric performance was high compared with national means: obtaining family history (90–100% versus 51–77%), electrocardiogram (100% versus 89–99%), and echocardiogram for exertional complaints (95–100% versus 74–96%). Kawasaki metric performance was high, including obtaining coronary measurements (100% versus 85–97%), prescribing aspirin (100% versus 86–99%), follow-up with imaging (100% versus 85–98%), and documenting no activity restriction without coronary aneurysms (83–100% versus 64–93%). Counselling for elevated body mass index was variable (25–75% versus 31–50%) throughout quality improvement efforts. Testing for 22q11.2 deletion in tetralogy of Fallot patients was consistently above the national mean (60–85% versus 54–68%) with improved genetics data capture.ConclusionThe Quality Network promotes meaningful benchmarking and collaborative quality improvement. Our high performance for chest pain and Kawasaki metrics is likely related to previous improvement efforts in chest pain management and a dedicated Kawasaki team. Uptake of counselling for elevated body mass index is variable; stronger engagement among numerous providers is needed. Recommendations for 22q11.2 testing in tetralogy of Fallot were widely recognised and implemented.
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Firsov, M., N. Rodin, A. Rykhlov, V. Avdeenko, and V. Akhmadov. "Metabolic changes in the body of cows of patients with metric in the early postpartum period." Genetics and breeding of animals, no. 2 (July 18, 2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31043/2410-2733-2021-2-16-21.
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Purpose: Determination of changes in metabolic status in new-fluxed cows and twisters when metric and the role of oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of inflammation of the uterus.Materials and methods. The two groups of animals 15 goals were investigated in each. The clinical diagnosis of an acute metric in cows and first elevators in the early postpartum period was carried out in cancer of obstetric and gynecological examinations. Blood fences for hematological studies took from cows before morning feeding. General ketone bodies (OCT), beta-hydroxyma acid (BH), acetone with acetoxus acid (ACAC), progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol; Ketodines and conjugate trimes (cdist), diene conjugates (DK), isolated double bonds and ketodines, malonic dialdehyde (HMDa), glutathione restored and oxidized, soda, catalase, vitamins C and E.Results. With acute metric, in cows and twisters, there is a fatty dystrophy of centrolobular localization in the liver, in which the indicators of EN / ASAS, Oct and VV amounted to 1.9 ± 0.43 mmol / l, 2.49 ± 0.12 and 1.82 ± 0.05 mmol / l, respectively. Large values of the indicators of EN / ASAS, Oct and VN are installed and in the absence of visible fatty dystrophy: 3.8 ± 0.6 mmol / l, 3.22 ± 0.11 and 2.53 ± 0.23 mmol / l, respectively. The asas in the blood of these cows was higher - 0.97 ± 0.07 mmol / l. In cows and primaries patients with metric, MDA content increased by 1.32 times in comparison with indicators in healthy animals of a similar physiological period (p <0.05). At the same time, the catalase is increased (p <0.01) from 24.4 ± 0.23 mm H202 / lchmin to 34.1 ± 0.26 mm H202 / Lchmin. At the same time, the content of vitamin C and E in comparison with the control decreased. So insulated double bonds in patients with cows and first metrics have reliable differences (p <0.05) in the indicators of clinically healthy animals 1,244 ± 0.41 against 1.686 ± 0.42 SL. Units, and conjugate trimes and ketodines with 0.116 ± 0.05 to 0.186 ± 0.07 SL. units. Reducing the superoxiddismutase index is less than a level of 1.55 SL. Ur, also indicates the presence of oxidant stress.Conclusion. According to the data presented, one of the main etiological factors in the pathogenesis of metric in cows and primaries in the early period of Pueerperia is oxidant stress arising from animals against the background of a negative energy balance. Therefore, traditionally used in the algorithm for the diagnosis of animals, patients with metric in the initial postpartum period, biochemical blood biochemical indicators have a lower degree specificity and sensitivity than the parameters of the system "peroxidation of lipids - antioxidant protection".
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Friedman, Yaakov, and Esra Yudkin. "Testing Relativistic Time Dilation beyond the Weak-Field Post-Newtonian Approximation." Symmetry 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12040500.
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In General Relativity, the gravitational field of a spherically symmetric non-rotating body is described by the Schwarzschild metric. This metric is invariant under time reversal, which implies that the power series expansion of the time dilation contains only even powers of v / c . The weak-field post-Newtonian approximation defines the relativistic time dilation of order ϵ (or of order ( v / c ) 2 ) of the small parameter. The next non-zero term of the time dilation is expected to be of order ϵ 2 , which is impossible to measure with current technology. The new model presented here, called Relativistic Newtonian Dynamics, describes the field with respect to the coordinate system of a far-removed observer. The resulting metric preserves the symmetries of the problem and satisfies Einstein’s field equations, but predicts an additional term of order ϵ 3 / 2 for the time dilation. This term will cause an additional periodic time delay for clocks in eccentric orbits. The analysis of the gravitational redshift data from the Galileo satellites in eccentric orbits indicates that, by performing an improved satellite mission, it would be possible to test this additional time delay. This would reveal which of the coordinate systems and which of the above metrics are real. In addition to the increase of accuracy of the time dilation predictions, such an experiment could determine whether the metric of a spherically symmetric body is time reversible and whether the speed of light propagating toward the gravitating body is the same as the speed propagating away from it. More accurate time dilation and one-way speed of light formulas are important for astronomical research and for global positioning systems.
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On, Vo Van. "Absence of Singularity in Schwarzschild Metric in the Vector Model for Gravitational Field." Communications in Physics 18, no. 3 (August 15, 2012): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/18/3/14157.
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In this paper, based on the vector model for gravitational field we deduce an equation to determinate the metric of space-time. This equation is similar to equation of Einstein. The metric of space-time outside a static spherically symmetric body is also determined. It gives a small supplementation to the Schwarzschild metric in General theory of relativity but the singularity does not exist. Especially, this model predicts the existence of a new universal body after a black hole.
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Giachetti, Andrea, Luca Isaia, and Valeria Garro. "Multiscale descriptors and metric learning for human body shape retrieval." Visual Computer 32, no. 6-8 (May 5, 2016): 693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-016-1234-z.
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Romano, Daniele, Elena Uberti, Pietro Caggiano, Gianna Cocchini, and Angelo Maravita. "Different tool training induces specific effects on body metric representation." Experimental Brain Research 237, no. 2 (November 20, 2018): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-018-5405-1.
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Coccia, Cristina, Carlos Vega, and Pablo Fierro. "Macroinvertebrate-Based Biomonitoring of Coastal Wetlands in Mediterranean Chile: Testing Potential Metrics Able to Detect Anthropogenic Impacts." Water 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 3449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213449.
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Coastal wetlands are suffering from anthropogenic alterations worldwide. Aquatic monitoring based on macroinvertebrates has been successfully used to assess the ecological condition of many aquatic systems worldwide. Nonetheless, studies are still insufficient for the coastal wetlands of the South Pacific. Here, we present a preliminary attempt to select metrics based on aquatic macroinvertebrates to incorporate into coastal wetlands biomonitoring in the Chilean Mediterranean ecoregion. We sampled 25 sites in ten coastal wetlands during the austral spring of 2019. We used an integrated index that considers both human activities at catchment and at local scales to identify sites less or more disturbed. We tested a total of 70 metrics (either traditional or new metrics) representing different aspects of community structure/composition, functions and tolerance to pollution. Two metrics were finally retained: detritivore abundance (traditional metric) and geometric mean body size (new metric). These metrics were able to detect sites impacted by human activities. Thus, they might be considered as candidate metrics for the biomonitoring of these systems and to develop future indices. Moreover, because of their generality, they might also be applicable to coastal wetlands in other Mediterranean regions, including sites where taxonomic identification is still a challenge.
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Wei, Terence, and Hans Dorfi. "Identification of Tire Force and Moment (F&M) Characteristics That Improve Combined Slip Handling Performance." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.19.160109.
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ABSTRACT Since tires generate the control forces required for the operation of a vehicle, the tire force and moment (F&M) characteristics have to be designed such that the vehicle can easily be kept under driver control under many driving conditions. However, the relationship between F&M characteristics and vehicle handling performance is not well understood for many driving maneuvers. A better understanding of this relationship would thus provide insight into how to improve the matching between tires and vehicles for increased vehicle stability. Building a large number of tires with different characteristics would be too expensive and time consuming, so an investigation using simulations is preferred. However, one problem with simulations is that handling performance cannot be evaluated by a professional driver (subjective metrics), unlike in outdoor tests. A way of evaluating handling performance in simulation through objective metrics is therefore necessary. In this study, the focus is on vehicle handling performance during simultaneous cornering and braking. Desirable F&M metrics were identified using the following process: Handling simulations were validated using instrumented vehicle measurements of handling behavior at outdoor test facilities. An objective handling metric (peak body slip angle) was identified that has high correlation with professional driver ratings (subjective metric) of combined slip handling performance. The objective metric could therefore be used with simulations to predict the professional driver rating. Many virtual tires were generated by changing F&M characteristics of Pacejka tire models. These virtual tires were used in simulations of combined slip handling maneuvers and evaluated for performance using the objective handling metric. By identifying which changes to F&M metrics had high correlation to changes in handling performance, the primary influencing characteristics were determined. These results were also confirmed by looking at the correlation between F&M metrics of actual tires and their subjective ratings.
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Jierula, Alipujiang, Shuhong Wang, Tae-Min OH, and Pengyu Wang. "Study on Accuracy Metrics for Evaluating the Predictions of Damage Locations in Deep Piles Using Artificial Neural Networks with Acoustic Emission Data." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052314.
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Accuracy metrics have been widely used for the evaluation of predictions in machine learning. However, the selection of an appropriate accuracy metric for the evaluation of a specific prediction has not yet been specified. In this study, seven of the most used accuracy metrics in machine learning were summarized, and both their advantages and disadvantages were studied. To achieve this, the acoustic emission data of damage locations were collected from a pile hit test. A backpropagation artificial neural network prediction model for damage locations was trained with acoustic emission data using six different training algorithms, and the prediction accuracies of six algorithms were evaluated using seven different accuracy metrics. Test results showed that the training algorithm of “TRAINGLM” exhibited the best performance for predicting damage locations in deep piles. Subsequently, the artificial neural networks were trained using three different datasets collected from three acoustic emission sensor groups, and the prediction accuracies of three models were evaluated with the seven different accuracy metrics. The test results showed that the dataset collected from the pile body-installed sensors group exhibited the highest accuracy for predicting damage locations in deep piles. Subsequently, the correlations between the seven accuracy metrics and the sensitivity of each accuracy metrics were discussed based on the analysis results. Eventually, a novel selection method for an appropriate accuracy metric to evaluate the accuracy of specific predictions was proposed. This novel method is useful to select an appropriate accuracy metric for wide predictions, especially in the engineering field.
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Kim, Beom-Su, Babar Shah, Feras Al-Obediat, Sana Ullah, Kyong Kim, and Ki-Il Kim. "An Enhanced Mobility and Temperature Aware Routing Protocol through Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method in Wireless Body Area Networks." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112245.
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In wireless body area networks, temperature-aware routing plays an important role in preventing damage of surrounding body tissues caused by the temperature rise of the nodes. However, existing temperature-aware routing protocols tend to choose the next hop according to the temperature metric without considering transmission delay and data loss caused by human posture. To address this problem, multiple research efforts exploit different metrics such as temperature, hop count and link quality. Because their approaches are fundamentally based on simple computation through weighted factor for each metric, it is rarely feasible to obtain reasonable weight value through experiments. To solve this problem, we propose an enhanced mobility and temperature-aware routing protocol based on the multi-criteria decision making method. The proposed protocol adopts the analytical hierarchy process and simple additive weighting method to assign suitable weight factors and choose the next hop while considering multiple routing criteria. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed protocol can efficiently improve transmission delay and data loss better than existing protocols by preventing the temperature rise on the node.
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PESONEN, JANNE. "HAMILTONIANS IN OBLIQUE BODY-FRAME: A GEOMETRIC ALGEBRA APPROACH." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 04, no. 04 (December 2005): 1057–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633605001921.
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In this work, I present a practical way to obtain the vibration-rotation kinetic energy operator for an N-atomic molecule in an arbitrary body-frame [Formula: see text]. The body-frame need not be orthogonal or rigid. In practice, I derive the explicit form of the measuring vectors associated with the body-frame components of the internal angular momentum. Their inner products with the vector derivatives of the shape coordinates give the "Coriolis" part of the metric tensor appearing in the Hamiltonian, and their inner products among themselves give the "rotational" part. As a simple example, the measuring vectors are explicitly derived in an oblique bond-vector body-frame. The metric tensor elements are also derived for a tetra-atomic pyramidal molecule, whose shape is parametrized in bond-angle coordinates.
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Larochelle, P., and J. M. McCarthy. "Planar Motion Synthesis Using an Approximate Bi-Invariant Metric." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826735.
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In this paper we present a technique for using a bi-invariant metric in the image space of spherical displacements for designing planar mechanisms for n (> 5) position rigid body guidance. The goal is to perform the dimensional synthesis of the mechanism such that the distance between the position and orientation of the guided body to each of the n goal positions is minimized. Rather than measure these distances in the plane, we introduce an approximating sphere and identify rotations which are equivalent to the planar displacements to a specified tolerance. We then measure distances between the rigid body and the goal positions using a bi-invariant metric on the image space of spherical displacements. The optimal linkage is obtained by minimizing this distance for each of the n goal positions.
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Frutos-Alfaro, Francisco, Pedro Gómez-Ovares, and Paulo Montero-Camacho. "Approximate Kerr-Newman-like metric with quadrupole." Revista de Matemática: Teoría y Aplicaciones 28, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rmta.v28i2.37152.
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The Kerr metric is known to have issues when trying to find a physical interior solution. In this work we continue our efforts to construct a more realistic exterior metric for astrophysical objects. A new approximate metric representing the spacetime of a charged, rotating and slightly-deformed body is obtained by perturbing the Kerr-Newman metric to include the mass-quadrupole and quadrupole-quadrupole orders. It has a simple form because it is Kerr-Newman-like.
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McCabe, Lindsie M., Natalie K. Boyle, Morgan B. Scalici, and Theresa L. Pitts-Singer. "Adult body size measurement redundancies in Osmia lignaria and Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." PeerJ 9 (November 2, 2021): e12344. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12344.
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Metrics to assess relative adult bee body size have included both mass and morphometrics, but these metrics may not equally or reliably estimate body size for all bee species and in all situations, due to bee age, diet, and/or environment. Understanding the relationships between different metrics and possible redundancies in the information they afford is important but not always known. Body size measurements provide valuable data for interpreting research outcomes for managed solitary bees, including Osmia lignaria Say and Megachile rotundata F. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Applied studies of these important and readily available U.S. crop pollinators focus on refining commercial management practices, and basic empirical studies in various scientific disciplines (from genomics to ecology) employ them as model systems to study solitary bees. To examine common metrics of body size, we measured head capsule width (HCW), intertegular distance (ITD), and fresh and dry weights of newly emerged adults of both species. Using linear and exponential models, we determined relationships between these body size metrics. For M. rotundata, linear models best described relationships between ITD and all other metrics, and between HCW and fresh and dry weights. For O. lignaria, linear models best fit relationships between all metrics except for fresh weight with both ITD and HCW, which were fitted better with exponential models. For both species, model fits were strongest when males and females were pooled. Depending on the study question, knowing that only one metric may reliably measure body size can simplify evaluations of O. lignaria and M. rotundata responses to artificial or environmental variables.
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Rozas, Alba, Alvaro Araujo, and Jan M. Rabaey. "Analyzing the Performance of WBAN Links during Physical Activity Using Real Multi-Band Sensor Nodes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072920.
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Wireless body area networks (WBANs) present unique challenges due to their specific characteristics of mobility and over-the-body radio propagation. A huge amount of factors—both internal and external to the network—affect WBAN channel conditions, so a reliable and comprehensive theoretical model of these communications is unfeasible and impractical in real scenarios. Thus, an empirical performance analysis of several WBAN channels is presented in this work, based on the receiver signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet reception rate (PRR) metrics. Four different static and dynamic activities have been characterized: standing, sitting, cycling and walking. This analysis confirms the theoretical notions of path attenuation due to body parts obstructing the signal path, while serving as a benchmark for the design of future algorithms. The experiments have been carried out with real hardware nodes with wireless interfaces in three ISM bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz, evaluating the effect of the transmit power and node placement for different subjects. In all scenarios, the PRR metric reaches its maximum of 100% for both sub-GHz bands. Finally, our study concludes that the RSSI metric is sufficient to exploit the periodicity of dynamic activities, without the need for any extra hardware resources.
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Hawkins-Daarud, Andrea, Sandra K. Johnston, and Kristin R. Swanson. "Quantifying Uncertainty and Robustness in a Biomathematical Model–Based Patient-Specific Response Metric for Glioblastoma." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 3 (December 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.18.00066.
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Purpose Glioblastomas, lethal primary brain tumors, are known for their heterogeneity and invasiveness. A growing body of literature has been developed demonstrating the clinical relevance of a biomathematical model, the proliferation-invasion model, of glioblastoma growth. Of interest here is the development of a treatment response metric, days gained (DG). This metric is based on individual tumor kinetics estimated through segmented volumes of hyperintense regions on T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images. This metric was shown to be prognostic of time to progression. Furthermore, it was shown to be more prognostic of outcome than standard response metrics. Although promising, the original article did not account for uncertainty in the calculation of the DG metric, leaving the robustness of this cutoff in question. Methods We harnessed the Bayesian framework to consider the impact of two sources of uncertainty: (1) image acquisition and (2) interobserver error in image segmentation. We first used synthetic data to characterize what nonerror variants are influencing the final uncertainty in the DG metric. We then considered the original patient cohort to investigate clinical patterns of uncertainty and to determine how robust this metric is for predicting time to progression and overall survival. Results Our results indicate that the key clinical variants are the time between pretreatment images and the underlying tumor growth kinetics, matching our observations in the clinical cohort. Finally, we demonstrated that for this cohort, there was a continuous range of cutoffs between 94 and 105 for which the prediction of the time to progression was over 80% reliable. Conclusion Although additional validation must be performed, this work represents a key step in ascertaining the clinical utility of this metric.
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Ederer, David J., Michael O. Rodgers, Michael P. Hunter, and Kari E. Watkins. "Case Study using Probe Vehicle Speeds to Assess Roadway Safety in Georgia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (September 10, 2020): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120948858.
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Speed is a primary risk factor for road crashes and injuries. Previous research has attempted to ascertain the relationship between individual vehicle speeds, aggregated speeds, and crash frequency on roadways. Although there is a large body of research linking vehicle speeds to safety outcomes, there is not a widely applied performance metric for safety based on regularly reported speeds. With the increasingly widespread availability of probe vehicle speed data, there is an opportunity to develop network-level safety performance metrics. This analysis examined the relationship between percentile speeds and crashes on a principal arterial in Metropolitan Atlanta. This study used data from the National Performance Metric Research Data Set (NPMRDS), the Georgia Electronic Accident Reporting System, and the Highway Performance Monitoring System. Negative binomial regression models were used to analyze the relationship between speed percentiles, and speed differences to crash frequency on roadway sections. Results suggested that differences in speed percentiles, a measure of speed dispersion, are related to the frequency of crashes. Based on the models, the difference in the 85th percentile and median speed is proposed as a performance metric. This difference is easily measured using NPMRDS probe vehicle speeds, and provides a practical performance metric for assessing safety on roadways.
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Bonnard, Bernard, Olivier Cots, and Nataliya Shcherbakova. "The Serret-Andoyer Riemannian metric and Euler-Poinsot rigid body motion." Mathematical Control & Related Fields 3, no. 3 (2013): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mcrf.2013.3.287.
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Field, Alison E., Nan Laird, Emily Steinberg, Erica Fallon, Mariama Semega-Janneh, and Jack A. Yanovski. "Which Metric of Relative Weight Best Captures Body Fatness in Children?" Obesity Research 11, no. 11 (November 2003): 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.182.
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Frutos-Alfaro, Francisco, and Michael Soffel. "On relativistic multipole moments of stationary space–times." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 7 (July 2018): 180640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180640.
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Among the known exact solutions of Einstein's vacuum field equations the Manko–Novikov and the Quevedo–Mashhoon metrics might be suitable ones for the description of the exterior gravitational field of some real non-collapsed body. A new proposal to represent such exterior field is the stationary q -metric. In this contribution, we computed by means of the Fodor–Hoenselaers–Perjés formalism the lowest 10 relativistic multipole moments of these metrics. Corresponding moments were derived for the static vacuum solutions of Gutsunayev–Manko and Hernández–Martín. A direct comparison between the multipole moments of these non-isometric space–times is given.
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Larochelle, Pierre M., Andrew P. Murray, and Jorge Angeles. "A Distance Metric for Finite Sets of Rigid-Body Displacements via the Polar Decomposition." Journal of Mechanical Design 129, no. 8 (July 13, 2006): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2735640.
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An open research question is how to define a useful metric on the special Euclidean group SE(n) with respect to: (1) the choice of coordinate frames and (2) the units used to measure linear and angular distances that is useful for the synthesis and analysis of mechanical systems. We discuss a technique for approximating elements of SE(n) with elements of the special orthogonal group SO(n+1). This technique is based on using the singular value decomposition (SVD) and the polar decompositions (PD) of the homogeneous transform representation of the elements of SE(n). The embedding of the elements of SE(n) into SO(n+1) yields hyperdimensional rotations that approximate the rigid-body displacements. The bi-invariant metric on SO(n+1) is then used to measure the distance between any two displacements. The result is a left invariant PD based metric on SE(n).
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Omar, Yamila M., and Peter Plapper. "A Survey of Information Entropy Metrics for Complex Networks." Entropy 22, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22121417.
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Information entropy metrics have been applied to a wide range of problems that were abstracted as complex networks. This growing body of research is scattered in multiple disciplines, which makes it difficult to identify available metrics and understand the context in which they are applicable. In this work, a narrative literature review of information entropy metrics for complex networks is conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Existing entropy metrics are classified according to three different criteria: whether the metric provides a property of the graph or a graph component (such as the nodes), the chosen probability distribution, and the types of complex networks to which the metrics are applicable. Consequently, this work identifies the areas in need for further development aiming to guide future research efforts.
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Zakir, Zahid. "Physically consistent metrics with independent parameters instead of standard metrics with unphysical consequences. 2. Rotating sources." QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS 3 (January 24, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9751/qgph.3-017.7694.
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The Kerr metric, the external metric for a rotating body, contains the equatorial gravitational radius implicitly depending on the specific angular momentum (SAM). Ignoring this dependence due to the formal mathematical approach without understanding the physical aspects led to absurd unphysical consequences in the black hole theory, in particular, that an increase in the rotational energy at increasing SAM weakens gravity, decreasing the gravitational radius at the pole and the effects of gravity (redshifts, mean radii of orbits and shadows). This shortcoming of the Kerr metric is improved in a new form of this metric with an independent parameter - the gravitational radius at the pole, determined by the mass of matter without rotational energy. The contributions of the energies of matter and rotation have the same sign and an increase in SAM strengthens gravity, increasing its effects (the equatorial gravitational radius, redshifts, mean radii of orbits and shadows). The modified form of the Kerr metric describes the gravitational field of a frozar having angular momentum, a star with frozen structure and the surface asymptotically tending to the local gravitational radius (minimal at pole and maximal at equator). The application of this method to the Kerr-Newman metric, including the charge, and to the NUT metric, gave modified forms of these metrics with independent parameters. In the frozar theory, particle energies are positive everywhere, and the theory is free from the non-physical effects of the former black hole theory (horizons, singularities, ergosphere and the extraction of energy from it, evaporation). Thermodynamics of frozars follows from the almost irreversible freezing, as the result of which, during accretion and other processes, the mass of neutral matter without rotational energy grows almost irreversibly.
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Zakir, Zahid. "Physically consistent metrics with independent parameters instead of standard metrics with unphysical consequences. 2. Rotating sources." QUANTUM AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS 3 (January 24, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9751/qgph.2-016.7694.
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The Kerr metric, the external metric for a rotating body, contains the equatorial gravitational radius implicitly depending on the specific angular momentum (SAM). Ignoring this dependence due to the formal mathematical approach without understanding the physical aspects led to absurd unphysical consequences in the black hole theory, in particular, that an increase in the rotational energy at increasing SAM weakens gravity, decreasing the gravitational radius at the pole and the effects of gravity (redshifts, mean radii of orbits and shadows). This shortcoming of the Kerr metric is improved in a new form of this metric with an independent parameter - the gravitational radius at the pole, determined by the mass of matter without rotational energy. The contributions of the energies of matter and rotation have the same sign and an increase in SAM strengthens gravity, increasing its effects (the equatorial gravitational radius, redshifts, mean radii of orbits and shadows). The modified form of the Kerr metric describes the gravitational field of a frozar having angular momentum, a star with frozen structure and the surface asymptotically tending to the local gravitational radius (minimal at pole and maximal at equator). The application of this method to the Kerr-Newman metric, including the charge, and to the NUT metric, gave modified forms of these metrics with independent parameters. In the frozar theory, particle energies are positive everywhere, and the theory is free from the non-physical effects of the former black hole theory (horizons, singularities, ergosphere and the extraction of energy from it, evaporation). Thermodynamics of frozars follows from the almost irreversible freezing, as the result of which, during accretion and other processes, the mass of neutral matter without rotational energy grows almost irreversibly.
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Lind, Mats, Geoffrey P. Bingham, and Camilla Forsell. "Metric 3D Structure in Visualizations." Information Visualization 2, no. 1 (March 2003): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500038.
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A large body of results on the characteristics of human spatial vision suggests that space perception is distorted. Recent studies indicate that the geometry of visual space is best understood as affine. If this is the case, it has far-reaching implications on how 3D visualizations can be successfully employed. For instance, all attempts to build visualization systems where users are expected to discover relations based on Euclidean distances or shapes will be ineffective. Since visualization can, and sometimes does, employ all possible types of depth information and because the results from vision research usually concentrates on one or two such types, three experiments were performed under near-optimal viewing conditions. The aim of the experiments was two-fold: to test whether the earlier findings generalize to shape perception under near-optimal viewing conditions and to get a sense of the size of the error under such conditions. The results show that the findings do generalize and that the errors are large. The implications of these results for successful visualizations are discussed.
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Chakraborty, Sabyasachi, Satyabrata Aich, Moon-il Joo, Mangal Sain, and Hee-Cheol Kim. "A Multichannel Convolutional Neural Network Architecture for the Detection of the State of Mind Using Physiological Signals from Wearable Devices." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2019 (October 3, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5397814.
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Detection of the state of mind has increasingly grown into a much favored study in recent years. After the advent of smart wearables in the market, each individual now expects to be delivered with state-of-the-art reports about his body. The most dominant wearables in the market often focus on general metrics such as the number of steps, distance walked, heart rate, oximetry, sleep quality, and sleep stage. But, for accurately identifying the well-being of an individual, another important metric needs to be analyzed, which is the state of mind. The state of mind is a metric of an individual that boils down to the activity of all other related metrics. But, the detection of the state of mind has formed a huge challenge for the researchers as a single biosignal cannot propose a particular decision threshold for detection. Therefore, in this work, multiple biosignals from different parts of the body are used to determine the state of mind of an individual. The biosignals, blood volume pulse (BVP), and accelerometer are intercepted from a wrist-worn wearable, and electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), and respiration are intercepted from a chest-worn pod. For the classification of the biosignals to the multiple state-of-mind categories, a multichannel convolutional neural network architecture was developed. The overall model performed pretty well and pursued some encouraging results by demonstrating an average recall and precision of 97.238% and 97.652% across all the classes, respectively.
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Wu, Guo Wei, Zuo Song Liu, and Poria Pirozmand. "A Fuzzy Trust Model for Public Key Distribution in Body Area Networks." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 4837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.4837.
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It is now possible to implant a network of sensors inside the human body for monitoring the human body functions and the surrounding environment. In a body area network (BAN), the confidentiality and integrity of the sensitive health information are particularly important. The key establishment is thus a fundamental security service in BANs. To guarantee validity of the key and avoid misbehavior of self-ish nodes, we propose a fuzzy trust model for public key queries in BANs. Every user accesses the public keys of other nodes from those trusted neighbors rather than all of its neighbors. The proposed trust model uses fuzzy sets to calculate every node’s trust value. Our trust model exploits multiple metrics rather than a single metric, and converts them into a single numerical ranking. We perform an extensive evaluation of the proposed approach. The results indicate that our trust model can not only identify abnormal nodes’ behaviors, but can also reduce query traffic while improving the reliability of the returned public keys.
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Oluwasanmi Adeloye, Opeyemi. "Evaluation of Human Body Balance: A Review of Clinical and Simple Field Tests of Balance." Brain and Neurological Disorders 5, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2642-9730/030.
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The purpose of this article is to highlight the main evaluation techniques used in body balance. We discussed movement regulation, biomechanical, metric characteristics, validity, objectivity, repeatability, sensitivity for the practical use of every assessment. We also identify critical research-based reviews, Pros and cons of the body balance tests. The techniques are widely used in rehabilitation, sports medicine, and laboratory. The article closes with a summary of human balance and proposals for future research work.
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Pazzaglia, Mariella, and Marta Zantedeschi. "Plasticity and Awareness of Bodily Distortion." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9834340.
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Knowledge of the body is filtered by perceptual information, recalibrated through predominantly innate stored information, and neurally mediated by direct sensory motor information. Despite multiple sources, the immediate prediction, construction, and evaluation of one’s body are distorted. The origins of such distortions are unclear. In this review, we consider three possible sources of awareness that inform body distortion. First, the precision in the body metric may be based on the sight and positioning sense of a particular body segment. This view provides information on the dual nature of body representation, the reliability of a conscious body image, and implicit alterations in the metrics and positional correspondence of body parts. Second, body awareness may reflect an innate organizational experience of unity and continuity in the brain, with no strong isomorphism to body morphology. Third, body awareness may be based on efferent/afferent neural signals, suggesting that major body distortions may result from changes in neural sensorimotor experiences. All these views can be supported empirically, suggesting that body awareness is synthesized from multimodal integration and the temporal constancy of multiple body representations. For each of these views, we briefly discuss abnormalities and therapeutic strategies for correcting the bodily distortions in various clinical disorders.
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Liu, Kun, Hongrui Wang, Jinzhuang Xiao, and Zahari Taha. "Analysis of Human Standing Balance by Largest Lyapunov Exponent." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/158478.
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The purpose of this research is to analyse the relationship between nonlinear dynamic character and individuals’ standing balance by the largest Lyapunov exponent, which is regarded as a metric for assessing standing balance. According to previous study, the largest Lyapunov exponent from centre of pressure time series could not well quantify the human balance ability. In this research, two improvements were made. Firstly, an external stimulus was applied to feet in the form of continuous horizontal sinusoidal motion by a moving platform. Secondly, a multiaccelerometer subsystem was adopted. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in this experiment. A new metric, coordinated largest Lyapunov exponent was proposed, which reflected the relationship of body segments by integrating multidimensional largest Lyapunov exponent values. By using this metric in actual standing performance under sinusoidal stimulus, an obvious relationship between the new metric and the actual balance ability was found in the majority of the subjects. These results show that the sinusoidal stimulus can make human balance characteristics more obvious, which is beneficial to assess balance, and balance is determined by the ability of coordinating all body segments.
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Galigani, M., N. Castellani, B. Donno, M. Franza, C. Zuber, L. Allet, F. Garbarini, and M. Bassolino. "Effect of tool-use observation on metric body representation and peripersonal space." Neuropsychologia 148 (November 2020): 107622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107622.
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Iskandar, Karim A., Awad S. Hanna, and Wafik Lotfallah. "Modeling the performance of healthcare construction projects." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 9 (October 21, 2019): 2023–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-08-2018-0323.
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Purpose Healthcare-sector projects are some of the most complex in modern practice due to their reliance on high-tech components and the level of precision they must maintain. Existing literature in healthcare performance specifically is scarce, but there is a recent increasing trend in both healthcare construction and a corresponding trend in related literature. No previously existing study has derived weights (relative importance) of performance metric in an objective, data-based manner. The purpose of this paper is to present a newly developed mathematical model that derives these weights, free of subjectivity that is common in other literature. Design/methodology/approach This paper’s model considers 17 exceptional projects and 19 average projects, and reveals the weights (or relative importance) of ten performance metrics by comparing how projects relate to one another in terms of each metric individually. It solves an eigenvalue problem that maximizes the difference between average and exceptional project performances. Findings The most significant weight, i.e. the performance metric which has the greatest impact on healthcare project performance, was request for information per million dollars with a weight of 16.07 percent. Other highly weighted metrics included construction speed and schedule growth at 13.08 and 12.23 percent, respectively. Rework was the least significant metric at 3.61 percent, but not all metrics of quality had low ratings. Deficiency issues per million dollars was weighted at 11.61 percent, for example. All weights derived by the model in this paper were validated statistically to ensure their applicability as comparison and assessment tools. Originality/value There is no widely accepted measure of project performance specific to healthcare construction. This study’s contribution to the body of knowledge is its mathematical model which is a landmark effort to develop a single, objective, unified project performance index for healthcare construction. Furthermore, this unified score presents a user-friendly avenue for contractors to standardize their productivity tracking – a missing piece in the practices of many contractors.
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Yadav, Gaurav, Baby Komal, and Bibhas Ranjan Majhi. "Rainbow Rindler metric and Unruh effect." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 33 (November 30, 2017): 1750196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501962.
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The energy of a particle moving on a space–time, in principle, can affect the background metric. The modifications to it depend on the ratio of energy of the particle and the Planck energy, known as rainbow gravity. Here, we find the explicit expressions for the coordinate transformations from rainbow Minkowski space–time to accelerated frame. The corresponding metric is also obtained which we call as rainbow Rindler metric. So far we are aware of that no body has done it in a concrete manner. Here, this is found from the first principle and hence all the parameters are properly identified. The advantage of this is that the calculated Unruh temperature is compatible with the Hawking temperature of the rainbow black hole horizon, obtained earlier. Since the accelerated frame has several importance in revealing various properties of gravity, we believe that the present result will not only fill that gap, but also help to explore different aspects of rainbow gravity paradigm.
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Spitoni, Grazia Fernanda, Giorgio Pireddu, Valerio Zanellati, Beatrice Dionisi, Gaspare Galati, and Luigi Pizzamiglio. "Is Right Angular Gyrus Involved in the Metric Component of the Mental Body Representation in Touch and Vision? A tDCS Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030284.
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Several studies have found in the sense of touch a good sensory modality by which to study body representation. Here, we address the “metric component of body representation”, a specific function developed to process the discrimination of tactile distances on the body. The literature suggests the involvement of the right angular gyrus (rAG) in processing the tactile metricity on the body. The question of this study is the following: is the rAG also responsible for the visual metric component of body representation? We used tDCS (anodal and sham) in 20 subjects who were administered an on-body distance discrimination task with both tactile and visual stimuli. They were also asked to perform the same task in a near-body condition. The results allow us to confirm the role of rAG in the estimation of tactile distances. Further, we also showed that rAG might be involved in the discrimination of distances on the body not only in tactile but also in visual modality. Finally, based on the significant effects of anodal stimulation even in a near-body visual discrimination task, we proposed a higher-order function of the AG in terms of a supramodal comparator of quantities.
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Murphy, Kimberly A., and Laura M. Justice. "Lexical-Level Predictors of Reading Comprehension in Third Grade: Is Spelling a Unique Contributor?" American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 1597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-18-0299.
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Purpose Considerable research effort has focused on understanding reading comprehension and reading comprehension difficulties. The purpose of this correlational study was to add to the small but growing body of literature on the role that spelling may play in reading comprehension, by investigating the full range of lexical-level literacy skills and whether spelling makes a unique contribution. This study also explored whether these relations vary with the spelling scoring metric. Method Data were collected from 63 children attending Grade 3 in a Midwestern state. In addition to measuring reading comprehension, word recognition, and vocabulary, 4 spelling scoring metrics were examined: the number of words spelled correctly, the number of correct letter sequences (CLS), and Spelling Sensitivity Scores for elements and for words. Results All spelling metrics were significantly correlated with reading comprehension. Results of hierarchical regressions showed that spelling was a significant, unique predictor of reading comprehension when the CLS metric was used. The scoring metrics were differentially related to reading comprehension. Metrics that gave credit based on orthographic precision only (number of words spelled correctly and CLS) were more highly related to reading comprehension than metrics that scored not only on orthographic accuracy but also on phonological and morphological accuracy (Spelling Sensitivity Scores for elements and for words). Conclusion These results indicate that spelling is related to reading comprehension and have theoretical and clinical implications for the use of spelling assessment. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9947216