Academic literature on the topic 'Body metric'
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Journal articles on the topic "Body metric"
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Park, F. C. "Distance Metrics on the Rigid-Body Motions with Applications to Mechanism Design." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826116.
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In this article we examine the problem of designing a mechanism whose tool frame comes closest to reaching a set of desired goal frames. The basic mathematical question we address is characterizing the set of distance metrics in SE(3), the Euclidean group of rigid-body motions. Using Lie theory, we show that no bi-invariant distance metric (i.e., one that is invariant under both left and right translations) exists in SE(3), and that because physical space does not have a natural length scale, any distance metric in SE(3) will ultimately depend on a choice of length scale. We show how to construct left- and right-invariant distance metrics in SE(3), and suggest a particular left-invariant distance metric parametrized by length scale that is useful for kinematic applications. Ways of including engineering considerations into the choice of length scale are suggested, and applications of this distance metric to the design and positioning of certain planar and spherical mechanisms are given.
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Martinez, J. M. R., and J. Duffy. "On the Metrics of Rigid Body Displacements for Infinite and Finite Bodies." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826115.
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This paper presents a critical analysis of the metric of rigid body displacements obtained from the so-called kinematic mapping. It is shown that this metric is not suitable for finite rigid bodies. The paper also addresses the metrics obtained for the planar group, as it can be regarded as a subgroup of the group of all rigid body displacements, which is denoted here as the Euclidean group. Finally, the paper proposes some metrics for the set of spatial and planar displacements for a finite rigid body, undergoing a finite displacement.
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Seo, Min-Hee, Jeh-Kwang Ryu, Byung-Cheol Kim, Sang-Bin Jeon, and Kyoung-Min Lee. "Persistence of metric biases in body representation during the body ownership illusion." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 26, 2022): e0272084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272084.
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Our perception of the body’s metric is influenced by bias according to the axis, called the systematic metric bias in body representation. Systematic metric bias was first reported as Weber’s illusion and observed in several parts of the body in various patterns. However, the systematic metric bias was not observed with a fake hand under the influence of the body ownership illusion during the line length judgment task. The lack of metric bias observed during the line length judgment task with a fake hand implies that the tactile modality occupies a relatively less dominant position than perception occurring through the real body. The change in weight between visual and tactile modalities during the body ownership illusion has not been adequately investigated yet, despite being a factor that influences the perception through body ownership illusion. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the dominance of vision over tactile modality is prominent, regardless of the task type. To investigate whether visual dominance persists during the process of inducing body ownership illusion regardless of task type, we introduced spatial visuotactile incongruence (2 cm, 3 cm) in the longitudinal and transverse axes during the visuotactile localization tasks and measured the intensity of the body ownership illusion using a questionnaire. The results indicated that participants perceived smaller visuotactile incongruence when the discrepancy occurred in the transverse axis rather than in the longitudinal axis. The anisotropy in the tolerance of visuotactile incongruence implies the persistence of metric biases in body representation. The results suggest the need for further research regarding the factors influencing the weight of visual and tactile modalities.
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SAMPSON, GEOFFREY, and ANNA BABARCZY. "A test of the leaf-ancestor metric for parse accuracy." Natural Language Engineering 9, no. 4 (November 25, 2003): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324903003243.
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The GEIG metric for quantifying the accuracy of parsing became influential through the Parseval programme, but many researchers have seen it as unsatisfactory. The Leaf-Ancestor (LA) metric, first developed in the 1980s, arguably comes closer to formalizing our intuitive concept of relative parse accuracy. We support this claim via an experiment that contrasts the performance of alternative metrics on the same body of automatically-parsed examples. The LA metric has the further virtue of providing straightforward indications of the location of parsing errors.
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Fedosin, Sergey G. "The Metric outside a Fixed Charged Body in the Covariant Theory of Gravitation." International Frontier Science Letters 1 (July 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ifsl.1.41.
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The metric outside a charged body is calculated. As part of the given approach it is shown that the gravitational and electromagnetic fields are equally involved in the formation of the metric tensor components. Andthe contribution of fields in the metric is proportional to the energy of these fields. From equations for the metric it follows that the metric tensor components are determined up to two constants.
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Peviani, Valeria, Francesca Giulia Magnani, Gabriella Bottini, and Lucia Melloni. "Metric biases in body representation extend to objects." Cognition 206 (January 2021): 104490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104490.
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Frutos-Alfaro, Francisco, Edwin Retana-Montenegro, Iván Cordero-García, and Javier Bonatti-González. "Metric of a Slow Rotating Body with Quadrupole Moment from the Erez-Rosen Metric." International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 03, no. 04 (2013): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2013.34051.
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Eberharter, Johannes K., and Bahram Ravani. "Local Metrics for Rigid Body Displacements." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1767816.
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One hundred years ago, Eduard Study introduced a very elegant method to describe a rigid body displacement in three-space. He mapped each position of a rigid body onto a point on a quadric, now called the Study quadric. This quadric is a six-dimensional rational hyper-surface, embedded in a seven-dimensional projective real space, called Study’s soma space. More than half a century later Ravani and Roth reconfigured Study’s soma space into a three-dimensional dual projective space, and defined a geometric metric for rigid body displacements. Here, approximately 20 years later, we again use Study’s quadric and define a new metric for rigid body displacements based on an optimized local mapping of the quadric. The local mappings of the quadric are achieved using stereographic projections, resulting in an affine space where the Euclidean definition of a metric can be used for rigid body displacements and techniques from design of curves and surfaces can be directly utilized for motion design. The results are illustrated by examples.
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Mehrotra, Anay, Jeff Sachs, and L. Elisa Celis. "Revisiting Group Fairness Metrics: The Effect of Networks." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (November 7, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555100.
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An increasing amount of work studies fairness in socio-technical settings from a computational perspective. This work has introduced a variety of metrics to measure fairness in different settings. Most of these metrics, however, do not account for the interactions between individuals or evaluate any underlying network's effect on the outcomes measured. While a wide body of work studies the organization of individuals into a network structure and how individuals access resources in networks, the impact of network structure on fairness has been largely unexplored. We introduce templates for group fairness metrics that account for network structure. More specifically, we present two types of group fairness metrics that measure distinct yet complementary forms of bias in networks. The first type of metric evaluates how access to others in the network is distributed across groups. The second type of metric evaluates how groups distribute their interactions across other groups, and hence captures inter-group biases. We find that ignoring the network can lead to spurious fairness evaluations by either not capturing imbalances in influence and reach illuminated by the first type of metric, or by overlooking interaction biases as evaluated by the second type of metric. Our empirical study illustrates these pronounced differences between network and non-network evaluations of fairness.
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Mishra, Alok, Raed Shatnawi, Cagatay Catal, and Akhan Akbulut. "Techniques for Calculating Software Product Metrics Threshold Values: A Systematic Mapping Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 11377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311377.
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Several aspects of software product quality can be assessed and measured using product metrics. Without software metric threshold values, it is difficult to evaluate different aspects of quality. To this end, the interest in research studies that focus on identifying and deriving threshold values is growing, given the advantage of applying software metric threshold values to evaluate various software projects during their software development life cycle phases. The aim of this paper is to systematically investigate research on software metric threshold calculation techniques. In this study, electronic databases were systematically searched for relevant papers; 45 publications were selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, and research questions were answered. The results demonstrate the following important characteristics of studies: (a) both empirical and theoretical studies were conducted, a majority of which depends on empirical analysis; (b) the majority of papers apply statistical techniques to derive object-oriented metrics threshold values; (c) Chidamber and Kemerer (CK) metrics were studied in most of the papers, and are widely used to assess the quality of software systems; and (d) there is a considerable number of studies that have not validated metric threshold values in terms of quality attributes. From both the academic and practitioner points of view, the results of this review present a catalog and body of knowledge on metric threshold calculation techniques. The results set new research directions, such as conducting mixed studies on statistical and quality-related studies, studying an extensive number of metrics and studying interactions among metrics, studying more quality attributes, and considering multivariate threshold derivation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Body metric"
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PEVIANI, VALERIA CARMEN. "Metric biases in body and object representations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1329171.
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The dimensions and proportion of our body parts are typically misestimated. For instance, the hand is perceived as distorted, with its width overrepresented compared to its length. Even though we misperceive its shape and dimensions, our hand is the protagonist of extremely accurate fine movements, as well as the means by which we sense the world.
This thesis is organised into two chapters. The first one describes two studies aimed at investigating the role of the biased representation of the hand in motor planning and execution. In Study 1, we provided evidence in support of the hypothesis that our motor system makes use of the distorted hand representation when movements are performed in absence of visual guidance: we observed that the pattern of errors in a proprioceptive matching task was compatible with biases affecting the hand representation. However, we also found that the errors magnitude was reduced compared to what predicted by that hypothesis. Results of Study 2 suggest that the motor system refines the movement trajectories, partially overcoming the misestimation of the hand dimensions, by integrating current somatosensory inflow and motor outflow. Our results highlight the role of these systematic biases, as an important source of error, in movement driven by proprioception only, and prompt to shift the focus from the body as an isolated system, to the body as integrated and active into the environment.
In this vein, the second chapter enters the debate regarding the specificity of the metric biases affecting body representations, by testing whether these biases extend to the surrounding environment, and which sensorial information and higher-order factors modulate them. Study 3 addresses the role of visual and somatosensory information in estimating the size of our body, by comparing the perceived dimensions of body parts affording different degrees of tactile acuity and visual accessibility. We found that both visual and somatosensory factors are likely to shape biases affecting body representations, and that somatosensory factors come into play mostly when visual cues are poor, ambiguous or unavailable. In Study 4, we investigated whether the metric biases are specific to the size estimation of the body, or whether they generalise to the size estimation of objects, too. We reasoned that, from an ecological perspective, the selective misestimation of our body dimensions may not be functional to an efficient interaction with the environment. An extensive investigation of the perceived dimensions of the hand and several objects showed that metric biases indeed extended to objects, were stable over time and were unrelated to the degree of familiarity or sense of ownership for the object. Yet, the pattern of the distortions might depend, at least to a degree, on the manipulability of the object, since objects which do not afford manipulation and interaction were differently represented.
Finally, Study 5 sought to elucidate the neural underpinnings associated with these last results. We recruited six patients with refractory epilepsy undergoing stereo-EEG recordings for diagnostic reasons, to study the electrophysiological responses elicited during the size estimation of the participants hand and of a highly familiar and manipulable object (participants mobile phone). The similar behavioural pattern of distortions affecting those two targets was reflected by similar activity in the high-γ band, spreading over occipito-temporal, posterior parietal and frontal areas, consistent with the involvement of the visual imagery network. In two patients, we also registered a higher activity over the precentral area during the size estimation of the hand compared to that of the mobile phone, possibly supporting the additional role of the sensorimotor cortex in hand metric representation.The dimensions and proportion of our body parts are typically misestimated. For instance, the hand is perceived as distorted, with its width overrepresented compared to its length. Even though we misperceive its shape and dimensions, our hand is the protagonist of extremely accurate fine movements, as well as the means by which we sense the world. This thesis is organised into two chapters. The first one describes two studies aimed at investigating the role of the biased representation of the hand in motor planning and execution. In Study 1, we provided evidence in support of the hypothesis that our motor system makes use of the distorted hand representation when movements are performed in absence of visual guidance: we observed that the pattern of errors in a proprioceptive matching task was compatible with biases affecting the hand representation. However, we also found that the errors magnitude was reduced compared to what predicted by that hypothesis. Results of Study 2 suggest that the motor system refines the movement trajectories, partially overcoming the misestimation of the hand dimensions, by integrating current somatosensory inflow and motor outflow. Our results highlight the role of these systematic biases, as an important source of error, in movement driven by proprioception only, and prompt to shift the focus from the body as an isolated system, to the body as integrated and active into the environment. In this vein, the second chapter enters the debate regarding the specificity of the metric biases affecting body representations, by testing whether these biases extend to the surrounding environment, and which sensorial information and higher-order factors modulate them. Study 3 addresses the role of visual and somatosensory information in estimating the size of our body, by comparing the perceived dimensions of body parts affording different degrees of tactile acuity and visual accessibility. We found that both visual and somatosensory factors are likely to shape biases affecting body representations, and that somatosensory factors come into play mostly when visual cues are poor, ambiguous or unavailable. In Study 4, we investigated whether the metric biases are specific to the size estimation of the body, or whether they generalise to the size estimation of objects, too. We reasoned that, from an ecological perspective, the selective misestimation of our body dimensions may not be functional to an efficient interaction with the environment. An extensive investigation of the perceived dimensions of the hand and several objects showed that metric biases indeed extended to objects, were stable over time and were unrelated to the degree of familiarity or sense of ownership for the object. Yet, the pattern of the distortions might depend, at least to a degree, on the manipulability of the object, since objects which do not afford manipulation and interaction were differently represented. Finally, Study 5 sought to elucidate the neural underpinnings associated with these last results. We recruited six patients with refractory epilepsy undergoing stereo-EEG recordings for diagnostic reasons, to study the electrophysiological responses elicited during the size estimation of the participants hand and of a highly familiar and manipulable object (participants mobile phone). The similar behavioural pattern of distortions affecting those two targets was reflected by similar activity in the high-γ band, spreading over occipito-temporal, posterior parietal and frontal areas, consistent with the involvement of the visual imagery network. In two patients, we also registered a higher activity over the precentral area during the size estimation of the hand compared to that of the mobile phone, possibly supporting the additional role of the sensorimotor cortex in hand metric representation.
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Criales, Escobar Luis Ernesto. "Development of a Velocity Metric for Rigid-Body Planar Motion." [Milwaukee, Wis.] : e-Publications@Marquette, 2009. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/4.
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SPOSITO, AMBRA VALENTINA. "The spatial metric representation of body parts: behavioural and neuropsychological evidence." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/20101.
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The mental representation of the body is being a subject of intensive research from different perspectives starting from the 20th Century. Indeed, the body is a peculiar object for the brain, being at the same time a physical, space-occupying object and the critical mean for perception and action in the world around us. The present doctoral work focussed on the spatial representation of the body; in particular it was investigated whether the body holds a specific metric representation, which is supposed to be useful for action programming and interaction with the environment, as introduced in Chapter 1. To this aim Experimental Part 1 (Chapter 2 and 3) investigated the stable properties of the body metrics, while Experimental Part 2 (Chapter 4) focussed on its plastic and dynamic features. Chapter 2 discusses the differences between the spatial metric representation of body parts and non bodily three-dimensional objects. In particular, Experiment 1 investigated the possibility that Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN) may affect to a different extent the spatial analysis of body parts relative to extrapersonal three-dimensional objects. Participants were required to bisect their left forearm and a length-matched cylinder with their right index finger. Both USN patients and neurologically unimpaired participants showed a significantly more accurate estimation of the subjective midpoint of the forearm, relative to the solid object. Besides the main pattern of an advantage in the forearm bisection, a further analysis suggested the possibility of a double dissociation, with two patients exhibiting the opposite advantage in the solid bisection. Experiment 2, asking unimpaired volunteers to perform the same bisection task in three different conditions (Forearm, Fake Forearm, Cylinder), showed a similar kind of spatial analysis for stimuli displaying bodily features, either real or fake, relative to non-corporeal objects. Thus, it can be suggested that the spatial processing of body parts critically depends upon their prototypical visuo-spatial shape and that the spatial metrics of body parts, relatively to noncorporeal objects, is also more resistant to the disruption of spatial processing and representation brought about by USN. Chapter 3, starting from recent evidence showing how the body can be used as an intrinsic metric system for the representation of near space, illustrates how the length of extrapersonal objects can be scaled using the metric representation of body parts, and to what extent a higher-order metric representation of the body relays upon the somatosensory system. Experiment 3 showed, by means of a bisection task, that the spatial encoding of an extracorporeal object (i.e., a cylinder) may be facilitated by the presence of the forearm in that space –i.e. when the forearm was placed inside the cylinder- as if participants can unconsciously rely on its well known metric representation in order to better estimate the length of the cylinder. In Experiment 4 the same task was administered to a group of right-brain damaged patients, with or without somatosensory and proprioceptive defict, and to a matched control group. The results showed that the spatial metric representation of body parts might be distorted, or even not available, when the somatosensory sensitivity is altered by a cerebral lesion. Data about the plasticity of the metric representation of body parts are presented in Chapter 4. In this last group of experiments, blindfolded participants were required to perform a radial proprioceptive bisection of their forearm before and after a training with a tool, which allowed an extension of the action space in the far space. The results of Experiment 5 supported the working hypothesis that the arm metric representation can be changed by tool-use. In this experiment participants performed a radial bisection of their arm and indicated the subjective midpoint of their arm more distally after the training, suggesting that the perceived length of their own arm was increased. Interestingly, no effect was obtained following a training with a shorter tool (i.e., 20 cm long). Experiment 6 further supported this interpretation by showing, through a proprioceptive control task, that the dynamic lengthening induced in the metric representation of the arm was not due to a mere illusory distal drift of the whole arm. Furthermore, it demonstrated that the spatial metric representations of the dominant and the non-dominant arms share similar plastic features, being both equally prone to be modified by tool use. In conclusion this doctoral work showed that body size holds a mental representation that is very stable (even more than that of extrapersonal objects), but also characterized by flexible functional plasticity.
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GIURGOLA, SERENA. "PLASTIC MODULATIONS OF THE BODY METRIC REPRESENTATION: NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/261947.
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La conoscenza della grandezza delle proprie parti corporee è essenziale per muoversi in maniera efficiente nell’ambiente esterno e per interagire accuratamente sia con gli oggetti sia con le altre persone. Attraverso un approccio interdisciplinare che combina paradigmi neurofisiologici (stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva) e comportamentali, la presente tesi indaga i meccanismi cognitivi e neurali sottostanti la rappresentazione della grandezza delle parti corporee. Lo Studio #1 dimostra il ruolo causale della corteccia somatosensoriale primaria nell’elaborazione della grandezza delle proprie parti del corpo. Nei soggetti adulti neurologicamente sani, la Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica ripetitiva a 1-Hz della rappresentazione della mano nella mappa somatosensoriale di entrambi gli emisferi, induce delle distorsioni percettive (sovrastima) della grandezza della propria mano – come valutato con un compito visuo-percettivo – che non si estendono ad altri distretti corporei (il piede). Invece, cambiamenti nell’eccitabilità corticale indotti da Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica ripetitiva del lobulo parietale inferiore destro o sinistro non influenzano la stima percettiva della grandezza della propria mano. Tale evidenza sottolinea il coinvolgimento causale della corteccia somatosensoriale primaria nella costruzione e nell’aggiornamento della rappresentazione metrica del proprio corpo. Lo Studio #2 si focalizza sui cambiamenti plastici che avvengono manipolando il senso di appartenenza corporea mostrando che, negli adulti neurologicamente sani, l’embodiment di mani più grandi (ma non più piccole) della propria influenza la rappresentazione percettiva cosciente della dimensione della propria mano. Infine, comparando la rappresentazione metrica del corpo in bambini a sviluppo tipico con quella degli adulti neurologicamente sani, lo Studio #3 mostra come le distorsioni percettive della rappresentazione corporea emergono durante il corso dello sviluppo. Complessivamente, i risultati della presente tesi supportano la natura estremamente flessibile della rappresentazione metrica del proprio corpo, mostrando come le distorsioni plastiche della grandezza delle proprie parti corporee si sviluppano gradualmente nell’arco della vita e possono essere modulate sia da cambiamenti neurofisiologici, sia da manipolazioni illusorie del senso di embodiment.The knowledge of the size of the own body-parts is essential for efficiently moving in the external environment and accurately interacting both with objects and with other people. In an interdisciplinary approach which combines neurophysiological (i.e., non-invasive brain stimulation) and behavioral paradigms, the present dissertation investigates the cognitive and neural signatures underlying the representation of body-parts size. Study #1 demonstrates the casual role of the primary somatosensory cortex in one’s own body-parts size processing. In healthy adults, 1-Hz repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the hand representation in the somatosensory map of both hemispheres leads to perceptual distortions (i.e., overestimation) of the own hand size – as assessed with a visual perceptual task – which do not extend to other body districts (namely, the foot). Instead, cortical excitability shifts induced by repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the right or left inferior parietal lobule do not affect the perceptual estimation of the own hand size. This evidence highlights the causal involvement of the primary somatosensory cortex in the construction and updating of one’s own body metric representation. Study #2 focuses on the plastic changes which occur by manipulating the sense of body ownership, showing that, in healthy adults, the embodiment of external hands bigger (but not smaller) than the own affects the perceptual conscious representation of the own hand dimension. Finally, by comparing body metric representation in typically developing children and healthy adults, Study #3 shows how perceptual distortions of body-parts representation arise during the developmental course. Overall, findings from this dissertation support the extremely flexible nature of one’s own body metric representation, showing how plastic distortions of the own body-parts size develop gradually during the lifespan and can be modulated by neurophysiological changes as well as by illusory manipulations of self-attribution.
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TOSI, GIORGIA. "How embodiment shapes our perception: evidence of body and space." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/277383.
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Una grande varietà di input sensoriali dal mondo e dal corpo, sono continuamente integrati nel cervello al fine di creare rappresentazioni mentali sovramodali e coerenti del nostro stesso corpo.
La plasticità è una caratteristica fondamentale di tali rappresentazioni, che consente costanti cambiamenti adattativi nelle funzioni mentali e nel comportamento. Anche le rappresentazioni corporee possono cambiare in base all'esperienza e, soprattutto, possono essere temporaneamente modificate mediante protocolli sperimentali.
Nel presente lavoro, eravamo interessati a valutare la plasticità della percezione metrica del corpo e l'effetto di cambiamenti temporanei in essa sull'elaborazione delle informazioni corporee e spaziali. A tale scopo, sono stati utilizzati due illusioni corporee: la Mirror Box Illusion (MB) e la Full-Body Illusion (FBI). Il meccanismo principale che spiega l'efficacia di queste procedure sperimentali è il processo di incorporazione di una parte del corpo aliena.
Nell'esperimento 1 abbiamo usato un paradigma visuo-tattile di FBI per valutarne la fattibilità e la replicabilità con corpi di dimensioni diverse. Abbiamo confermato che è possibile indurre e replicare nello stesso partecipante l'incorporazione verso manichini di dimensioni standard o più grandi. Nell'esperimento 2 e 3 abbiamo studiato la rappresentazione metrica della gamba e la sua malleabilità. Abbiamo quindi misurato l'effetto dell'FBI indotto da diverse dimensioni corporee, su un compito di valutazione della distanza percepita tra due tocchi applicati alla gamba del partecipante. Abbiamo scoperto che l'esperienza soggettiva di incorporazione è accompagnata da un cambiamento nella percezione della metrica del corpo che va di pari passo con la dimensione delle gambe incarnate.
Poiché abbiamo confermato che, in soggetti sani, la rappresentazione metrica del corpo può essere modulata, abbiamo affrontato una domanda simile in pazienti con emiplegia. Nell'esperimento 4, usando un compito di bisezione del corpo abbiamo osservato che pazienti emiparetici mostrano una distorsione prossimale nella rappresentazione metrica dell'arto interessato. Abbiamo, inoltre, scoperto che la bisezione si sposta verso il punto medio reale dopo una sessione di trattamento con MB, rispetto a un trattamento di controllo senza specchio. Nell'esperimento 5 abbiamo trovato una modulazione simile della metrica corporea che, in un gruppo di pazienti affetti da aprassia ideomotoria trattati con una versione modificata della MB, era accompagnata da un miglioramento della programmazione dei piani motori.
Negli esperimenti 6 e 7 ci siamo concentrati maggiormente sulla relazione tra metrica del corpo e rappresentazione dello spazio. In primo luogo, abbiamo testato l'ipotesi che una rappresentazione del corpo alterata influenzasse la percezione delle proprie attività motorie immaginate. I risultati hanno mostrato che i partecipanti immaginavano di camminare più velocemente dopo essere stati esposti a una FBI con gambe più lunghe. Inoltre, abbiamo scoperto che l'incorporazione illusoria di gambe più lunghe può influenzare la stima delle distanze allocentriche nello spazio extra-personale. L'incorporazione di gambe più lunghe, da un lato, ha, infatti, ridotto la distanza percepita in metri, dall'altro, ha prodotto un aumento del numero di passi che i partecipanti immaginavano di dover percorrere tra gli stessi punti di riferimento.
In conclusione, abbiamo confermato che è possibile manipolare la rappresentazione metrica del corpo, mediante illusioni corporee e che ciò influenza la nostra capacità di stimare le distanze nel mondo esterno sia in termini di raggiungibilità che di stima allocentrica della distanza.
Tale plasticità della rappresentazione corporea e dell'interazione spazio-corpo fornisce importanti indizi per la comprensione della rappresentazione corporea e della sua riabilitazione nei pazienti neurologici.A large variety of sensory input from the world and the body, are continuously integrated in the brain in order to create supra-modal and coherent mental representations of our own body. Plasticity is a fundamental characteristic of the nervous systems, allowing constant adaptive changes in mental functions and behaviour. Thanks to this, even body representations can change according to experience and, crucially, they can be temporarily altered by means of experimental protocols. In the present work, we were interested in assessing the plasticity of the subjective metric of the body, and the effect of temporary changes in it on the processing of corporeal and spatial information. To this aim, two types of bodily illusion were used, i.e. the Mirror Box Illusion (MB) and the Full-Body Illusion (FBI), due to their known effects inducing strong modulations of body representation. The core mechanism accounting for the efficacy of these experimental procedures is likely to be the process of embodiment of an alien body part. In experiment 1 we used a visuotactile FBI-like paradigm to assess the feasibility and the replicability of the FBI for bodies of different sizes. Using this paradigm, we confirmed that it is possible to induce and replicate in the same participant, the embodiment towards mannequins of standard or bigger sizes. In experiment 2 and 3 we investigated body metric representation of the leg, and whether it can be plastically modulated by embodying mannequins of different sizes. To address this issue, we measured the effect of FBI induced by different body sizes, over a Body Distance Task (BDT), i.e. the assessment of the perceived distance between two touches applied to the participant’s leg. We found that the subjective experience of embodiment is also accompanied by a change in the perception of body metric that goes hand-in-hand with the current size of the embodied legs. Since we confirmed that, in healthy subjects, the metric representation of the body can be modulated, we addressed a similar question in patients with hemiplegia. In experiment 4, using a body bisection task we first observed that hemiparetic post-stroke patients show a proximal bias in the metric representation of their affected upper limb. Critically, we found that this bias shifts distally, towards the objective midpoint after a MB training session, compared to a control training without the mirror. In Experiment 5 we found a similar modulation of subjective body metric in a group of patients suffering from Ideomotor Apraxia, treated with a modified version of the MB setup, which was accompanied by an improvement in the programming of motor plans. In experiments 6 and 7 we focused more on the relationship between body metric and space representations. First, we tested the hypothesis that an altered body representation could modify the way in which individuals estimate their body affordances during a Motor Imagery Task. Our results showed that participants imagined walking faster after having been exposed to an illusion of longer legs. Furthermore, we found that the illusory embodiment of longer legs can affect the estimation of allocentric distances in extra-personal space. The embodiment of longer legs, on the one hand, reduced the perceived distance in meters, on the other hand, produced an enhancement of the number of steps that participants imagined they would have needed to walk between the same landmarks. In conclusion, we confirmed that it is possible to induce provisional modifications of the metric representation of the body, by means of body illusions. We showed that body representation is malleable to the point to shape our ability to estimate distances in the external world both in terms of reachability and allocentric distance estimation. Such plasticity of body representation and body-space interaction gives important clues for the understanding of body representation and its rehabilitation in neurological patients.
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Tsitsoulis, Athanasios. "A Methodology for Extracting Human Bodies from Still Images." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1389793781.
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Averkov, Gennadiy. "Metrical Properties of Convex Bodies in Minkowski Spaces." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200401537.
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The objective of this dissertation is the application of Minkowskian cross-section measures (i.e., section and projection measures in finite-dimensional linear normed spaces over the real field) to various topics of geometric convexity in Minkowski spaces, such as bodies of constant Minkowskian width, Minkowskian geometry of simplices, geometric inequalities and the corresponding optimization problems for convex bodies. First we examine one-dimensional Minkowskian cross-section measures deriving (in a unified manner) various properties of these measures. Some of these properties are extensions of the corresponding Euclidean properties, while others are purely Minkowskian. Further on, we discover some new results on the geometry of a simplex in Minkowski spaces, involving descriptions of the so-called tangent Minkowskian balls and of simplices with equal Minkowskian heights. We also give some (characteristic) properties of bodies of constant width in Minkowski planes and in higher dimensional Minkowski spaces. This part of investigation has relations to the well known \emph{Borsuk problem} from the combinatorial geometry and to the widely used monotonicity lemma from the theory of Minkowski spaces. Finally, we study bodies of given Minkowskian thickness ($=$ minimal width) having least possible volume. In the planar case a complete description of this class of bodies is given, while in case of arbitrary dimension sharp estimates for the coefficient in the corresponding geometric inequality are foundDie Dissertation befasst sich mit Problemen fuer spezielle konvexe Koerper in Minkowski-Raeumen (d.h. in endlich-dimensionalen Banach-Raeumen). Es wurden Klassen der Koerper mit verschiedenen metrischen Eigenschaften betrachtet (z.B., Koerper konstante Breite, reduzierte Koerper, Simplexe mit Inhaltsgleichen Facetten usw.) und einige kennzeichnende und andere Eigenschaften fuer diese Klassen herleitet
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Al-Bairuty, Genan Adnan. "Histopathological effects of metal and metalic nanoparticles on the body systems of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2879.
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Histopathology studies of metal nanoparticles (NPs) compared to traditional forms of metal in fish are scarce. Additionally, it is unclear whether metal nanoparticles cause greater or different pathologies compared to other forms of metal. The current study aimed to assess the pathological effects of Cu-NPs and TiO2 NPs on rainbow trout via various routes of exposure and, where appropriate, to compare them to either the equivalent dissolved metal salts or bulk powder forms. The first experiment showed that waterborne exposure to Cu-NPs and CuSO4 caused similar types of organ pathologies and alteration in the spleen content, however there were some material-type effects in the incidence injuries; with Cu-NPs in some organs by causing more injury in the intestine, liver, and brain when compared to effects caused by the equivalent concentration of CuSO4. Lowering water pH did have an effect on the toxicity of Cu-NPs and dissolved Cu in trout, and the results illustrated that both Cu treatments are more toxic at pH 5 than pH 7 by causing more physiological and pathological changes, although both CuSO4 and Cu-NP treatments showed similar types of organ lesions. Waterborne exposure to TiO2 NPs and bulk forms of TiO2 showed similar types of organ pathologies and alteration in the spleen contents, but there was a material-type effect in some organs (more injury with the bulk treatment than the NP form). After 96 h following intravenous injections of bulk or TiO2 NPs in trout, organs showed similar types of pathologies; except the spleen and kidney which showed a material-type effects (more injury with NPs than the bulk forms). This could be attributed to the highest Ti accumulation from the TiO2 NP treatment in the kidney and spleens, or to the role of these organs in filtrating the circulating blood. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that metal-NPs produced similar types of organ pathologies to traditional forms of metals through different routes of exposure, but there were some material-type effects on the incidence of injuries in some organs. The results have also added some understanding on the fate, and effects of NPs by identifying the target organs involved. Some of the nano-specific effects may need to be given extra consideration in environmental and human health risk assessments.
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Arbués, Sangüesa Adrià. "A journey of computer vision in sports: from tracking to orientation-base metrics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672785.
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Although tracking data have completely revolutionized the whole data science paradigm in
sports competitions with the largest economic resources, its use in a European context is
still unexplored. In this thesis, three tracking-related contributions are presented in the
sports domain. First, the creation of vision-based basketball multi-tracking methods is
studied from a single-camera perspective, which could be useful for clubs with low
resources or for the recovery of vintage games’ tracking. Then, tracking data in the soccer
domain is enriched by adding a novel layer of information: player body-orientation, thus
complementing 2D location data, which falls short in some scenarios. Finally, the effect of
proper orientation is detailed in the most common soccer action: passes. By building
passing computational models that express which is the safest pass at a given time, the
relevance of orientation is contextualized, hence proving that it is indeed a vital skill for
soccer players.Tot i que les dades de seguiment han revolucionat el paradigma de la ciència de dades esportiva dins les competicions amb més recursos, el seu ús en un context europeu és encara una incògnita. En aquesta tesi, presentem tres contribucions dins d’aquest camp. Primer s’ha estudiat, a través de la visió per computador, la creació de sistemes de seguiment de jugadors/es de bàsquet utilitzant una sola càmera, el que podria servir per equips amb pocs recursos o per recuperar dades de partits antics. A més, donat que la manca de context és la principal limitació de les dades posicionals, la segona proposta en presenta l’enriquiment amb una nova capa d’informació: l’orientació corporal de jugadors/ es de futbol. Finalment, s’ha analitzat l’impacte de l’orientació mitjançant la creació de models computacionals de passades, els quals esbrinen quina és la passada més viable i demostren que l’orientació és una capacitat clau per als jugadors/es.
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Motta, Ilse Sodré da [UNESP]. "Índice de contaminação: novo parâmetro para análise de metais e de pesticidas no sangue materno e do cordão umbilical." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124030.
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A exposição a metais e pesticidas presentes no meio ambiente apresenta efeitos prejudiciais à saúde da população. Em especial, mulheres grávidas e fetos em desenvolvimento apresentam maiores riscos. O presente estudo foi delineado para avaliar o índice de contaminação por metais e pesticidas em mulheres grávidas na região de Botucatu, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os metais estudados foram: Mo, Cd, Hg, Pb, Co, As, Zn, Mn, Se e Cu e os pesticidas foram: (α- HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH) hexaclorocicloexano, hexaclorobenzeno (HCB), derivados do clordano, cisclordano, trans-clordano, oxi-clordano, cis e trans-nonaclor nonaclor e mirex. As concentrações de cada metal e cada pesticida foram determinadas nas amostras de sangue das mães e dos respectivos cordões umbilicais. Para os metais, foi utilizada a técnica da espectrometria de massa e, para os pesticidas, as análises foram determinadas por cromatógrafo a gás equipado a um espectrômetro de massa. Após a obtenção dessas concentrações, foi calculado um novo parâmetro de análise, o índice de contaminação total na mãe e no recém-nascido (RN), que consiste na somatória das concentrações dos metais na mãe/RN multiplicado pelo número de metais exposto adicionado à somatória das concentrações dos pesticidas na mãe/RN multiplicado pelo número de pesticidas exposto. Além desse índice, foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos dos recém-nascidos. Não houve correlação (p>0,05) entre os índices de contaminação materno e dos recém-nascidos com os parâmetros clínicos dos RN. Portanto, o índice de contaminação proposto para análise da contaminação a metais e pesticidas não mostrou relação entre a exposição materna e as repercussões perinatais de forma tão evidente, mas poderia ser um parâmetro para ser considerado em estudos toxicológicos especialmente com relação à análise dos efeitos a longo prazo. Palavras-chave: pesticidas, metais, índice de ...
Books on the topic "Body metric"
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Mark, Fuerst, ed. Tone-a-metrics: The bedroom body shape-up. New York: Pocket Books, 1994.
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Awesome Super Nintendo Secrets 4. Lahaina, HI: Sandwich Islands Publishing, 1995.
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Sepowski, Stephen J., ed. The Ultimate Hint Book. Old Saybrook, CT: The Ultimate Game Club Ltd., 1991.
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Inc, Game Counselor. Game Counselor's Answer Book for Nintendo Players. Redmond, USA: Microsoft Pr, 1991.
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Inc, Game Counsellor, ed. The Game Counsellor's answer book for Nintendo Game players: Hundredsof questions -and answers - about more than 250 popular Nintendo Games. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press, 1991.
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Rajeev, S. G. Curvature and Instability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0011.
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The Euler equations of a rigid body can be understood as the geodesic equations for a metric on the rotation group. A rapid introduction to the Riemannian geometry of Lie groups (following Milnor) is given and illuminated by the example of the rigid body. The deep generalization of Arnold to the case of an incompressible fluid is then explained. The Euler equations of an ideal incompressible fluid are shown to be geodesics of the group of volume preserving diffeomorphisms. The curvature of this metric is calculated. Contrary to the case of the rigid body, the curvature is negative, implying that the dynamics of such a fluid is highly unstable. Some ideas on how geodesic dynamics is modified by dissipation are introduced. This leads to new generalizations of Riemannian geometry.
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Scribble, 2. Book for Automotive Body Repairers - Pro Series One: 150-Page Lined Work Decor for Professionals to Write in, with Individually Numbered Pages and Metric/Imperial Conversion Charts. Vibrant and Glossy Color Cover. Independently Published, 2019.
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Soghier, Lamia, Katherine Pham, and Sara Rooney, eds. Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108545.
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Here’s the one place to look for normal values and related need-to-know data! Now you no longer have to search through multiple resources for reference ranges and other critical values you need to optimize patient assessment and management. The new Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care brings all the most vital range data - plus diverse clinical evaluation and calculation tools - all together in one concise, compact handbook. Indispensable pediatric reference ranges - right at your fingertips Custom-designed for today’s busy practitioners, this quick-access resource provides commonly used ranges and values spanning birth through adolescence. Data needed for management of preterm newborns and other neonates is highlighted throughout. Look here for practice-focused help with: - Blood pressure ranges - Body surface area calculation - Bone age metrics - Hematology values - Cerebrospinal fluid values - Lymphocyte subset counts - Clinical chemistry ranges - Thyroid function - Umbilical vein and artery catheterization measurements - Caloric intake values - And more! Also includes assessment and management tools you’ll use again and again Save time and simplify clinical problem-solving with a full set of easy-to-use tools from the AAP and other authoritative sources: - APGAR and Ballard newborn screening - Growth charts - Metric conversion tables - Pain scales - Blood pressure nomograms - Hyperbilirubinemia nomograms - Enternal formulas - GIR calculators - AAP immunization schedules - AAP periodicity schedule Drug administration and monitoring guidelines The handbook includes must-know basics on commonly used antibiotics and antiseizure medications - complete with recommended dosages and serum target levels.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The post-Newtonian approximation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0052.
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This chapter embarks on a study of the two-body problem in general relativity. In other words, it seeks to describe the motion of two compact, self-gravitating bodies which are far-separated and moving slowly. It limits the discussion to corrections proportional to v2 ~ m/R, the so-called post-Newtonian or 1PN corrections to Newton’s universal law of attraction. The chapter first examines the gravitational field, that is, the metric, created by the two bodies. It then derives the equations of motion, and finally the actual motion, that is, the post-Keplerian trajectories, which generalize the post-Keplerian geodesics obtained earlier in the chapter.
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Rajeev, S. G. Hamiltonian Systems Based on a Lie Algebra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0010.
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There is a remarkable analogy between Euler’s equations for a rigid body and his equations for an ideal fluid. The unifying idea is that of a Lie algebra with an inner product, which is not invariant, on it. The concepts of a vector space, Lie algebra, and inner product are reviewed. A hamiltonian dynamical system is derived from each metric Lie algebra. The Virasoro algebra (famous in string theory) is shown to lead to the KdV equation; and in a limiting case, to the Burgers equation for shocks. A hamiltonian formalism for two-dimensional Euler equations is then developed in detail. A discretization of these equations (using a spectral method) is then developed using mathematical ideas from quantum mechanics. Then a hamiltonian formalism for the full three-dimensional Euler equations is developed. The Clebsch variables which provide canonical pairs for fluid dynamics are then explained, in analogy to angular momentum.
Book chapters on the topic "Body metric"
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Proffitt, Dennis R., Sally A. Linkenauger, Lisa P. Y. Lin, and Rachael L. Taylor. "Body scaling of visually perceived metric space." In The Routledge Handbook of Bodily Awareness, 427–58. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429321542-37.
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Schwarzer, Norbert. "The Metric Dirac Equation Revisited and the Geometry of Spinors." In The Math of Body, Soul, and the Universe, 575–699. New York: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003334545-17.
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Lopez, Gary C. "The Body Count Dilemma." In Safety Metrics for the Modern Safety Professional, 17–24. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003088332-3.
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Lemdiasov, Rosti, Arun Venkatasubramanian, and Ranga Jegadeesan. "Estimating Electric Field and SAR in Tissue in the Proximity of RF Coils." In Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 293–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_18.
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AbstractMedical implants that require recharging typically use magnetic resonant coupling of transmit (external) and receive (internal) RF coils. Apart from magnetic field, the transmit coil creates a time-varying electric field that excites currents not only in the receive coil but also in the surrounding tissues. Radio frequency (RF) exposure assessment for inductive systems used in wireless powering and telemetry is done using electric field, specific absorption rate (SAR), and induced current as metrics. Full-wave analysis using RF simulation tools such as Ansys HFSS is generally used to estimate these metrics, and the results are widely accepted. However, such simulation-based analysis is quite rigorous and time-consuming, let alone the complexities with setting up the simulation.In this paper, we present a simple approach to estimating exposure (electric field, SAR, induced current) from fundamental electromagnetic principles enabling ability to arrive at results quickly. It significantly reduces the computational time in iterative approaches where multiple simulation runs are needed.
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Gautam, Pragati, and Swapnil Verma. "Results on interpolative Boyd-Wong contraction in quasi-partial b-metric space." In Advances in Mathematical Analysis and its Applications, 155–68. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003330868-9.
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Larochelle, Pierre, and Venkatesh Venkataramanujam. "An Improved Principal Coordinate Frame for use with Spatial Rigid Body Displacement Metrics." In Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science, 319–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20131-9_32.
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Wartner-Attarzadeh, Talieh. "Suffering Bodies, Relieved Souls." In Musik und Klangkultur, 187–206. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839458914-013.
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Laṭmiyeh is a commemorative Shia women ritual, which is practiced by Iranian-Arab-Shia women from the southwestern- Iranian province of Khuzestan. This mourning ritual is combined with metrical singing, body movements and self-flagellation. Despite its sad lyrics and context, laṭmiyeh has an energetic sound atmosphere, one that resembles joyful celebrations from the region. Powerful flagellations in this vocal performance replace percussion and strengthen the rhythmic ambience of the songs, even though they are unpleasant and painful acts for their practitioners. This article investigates the sonic elements and the body role in laṭmiyeh in the twenty-first century Khorramshahr, Iran.
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Klingner, Mathias, Sven Hellbach, Martin Riedel, Marika Kaden, Thomas Villmann, and Hans-Joachim Böhme. "RFSOM – Extending Self-Organizing Feature Maps with Adaptive Metrics to Combine Spatial and Textural Features for Body Pose Estimation." In Advances in Self-Organizing Maps and Learning Vector Quantization, 157–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07695-9_15.
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Ball, Adrian, John Zigman, Arman Melkumyan, Anna Chlingaryan, Katherine Silversides, and Raymond Leung. "Addressing Application Challenges with Large-Scale Geological Boundary Modelling." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 221–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19845-8_17.
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AbstractFor banded iron formation-hosted deposits accurate boundary modelling is critical to ore-grade estimation. Key to estimation fidelity is the accurate separation of the different domains within the ore body, requiring modelling of the boundaries between domains. This yields both theoretical and application challenges. We present a series of solutions for application challenges that arise when modelling large-scale boundaries employing a composition of Gaussian Process models on exploration and production hole data. We demonstrate these in the banded iron formation-hosted iron ore deposits in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia. We present solutions to several challenges: the inclusion of information derived from a geologist-defined boundary estimate to incorporate domain knowledge in data sparse regions, the incorporation of unassayed production holes that are implicitly defined as waste to augment production hole assay data, and a more holistic method of defining regional bounds and spatial rotations for Gaussian Process modelling of local spaces. Solution are evaluated against a range of metrics to show performance improvements over the manually performed estimation by an expert geologist of the boundaries delineating the ore body domains. Reconcilliation scores are used for evaluating the quality of predicted domain boundaries against measured production data. The predicted and in situ surfaces are also qualitatively evaluated against production data to ensure that the models were evaluated to be geologically sound by an expert in the field. In particular, better fidelity is shown when separating mineralised and non-mineralised ore, consequently improving the estimation of the ore-grades present in the mine site.
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Koenig, Jason R., Oded Padon, Sharon Shoham, and Alex Aiken. "Inferring Invariants with Quantifier Alternations: Taming the Search Space Explosion." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 338–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99524-9_18.
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AbstractWe present a PDR/IC3 algorithm for finding inductive invariants with quantifier alternations. We tackle scalability issues that arise due to the large search space of quantified invariants by combining a breadth-first search strategy and a new syntactic form for quantifier-free bodies. The breadth-first strategy prevents inductive generalization from getting stuck in regions of the search space that are expensive to search and focuses instead on lemmas that are easy to discover. The new syntactic form is well-suited to lemmas with quantifier alternations by allowing both limited conjunction and disjunction in the quantifier-free body, while carefully controlling the size of the search space. Combining the breadth-first strategy with the new syntactic form results in useful inductive bias by prioritizing lemmas according to: (i) well-defined syntactic metrics for simple quantifier structures and quantifier-free bodies, and (ii) the empirically useful heuristic of preferring lemmas that are fast to discover. On a benchmark suite of primarily distributed protocols and complex Paxos variants, we demonstrate that our algorithm can solve more of the most complicated examples than state-of-the-art techniques.
Conference papers on the topic "Body metric"
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Chirikjian, Gregory S. "Convolution Metrics for Rigid Body Motion." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-5899.
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Abstract Recently, the importance of metrics on the group of rigid body motions has been addressed in a number of works in the kinematics and robotics literature. This paper defines a new kind of metric on motion which is particularly easy to compute. It is shown how this metric is applicable to path generation for rigid body motions.
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Venkataramanujam, Venkatesh, and Pierre Larochelle. "A Displacement Metric for Finite Sets of Rigid Body Displacements." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49554.
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There are various useful metrics for finding the distance between two points in Euclidean space. Metrics for finding the distance between two rigid body locations in Euclidean space depend on both the coordinate frame and units used. A metric independent of these choices is desirable. This paper presents a metric for a finite set of rigid body displacements. The methodology uses the principal frame (PF) associated with the finite set of displacements and the polar decomposition to map the homogenous transform representation of elements of the special Euclidean group SE(N-1) onto the special orthogonal group SO(N). Once the elements are mapped to SO(N) a bi-invariant metric can then be used. The metric obtained is thus independent of the choice of fixed coordinate frame i.e. it is left invariant. This metric has potential applications in motion synthesis, motion generation and interpolation. Three examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of this methodology.
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Larochelle, Pierre M., and Andrew P. Murray. "Projection Metrics for Rigid-Body Displacements." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84698.
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An open research question is how to define a useful metric on SE(n) with respect to (1) the choice of coordinate frames and (2) the units used to measure linear and angular distances. We present two techniques for approximating elements of the special Euclidean group SE(n) with elements of the special orthogonal group SO(n+1). These techniques are based on the singular value and polar decompositions (denoted as SVD and PD respectively) of the homogeneous transform representation of the elements of SE(n). The projection of the elements of SE(n) onto SO(n+1) yields hyperdimensional rotations that approximate the rigid-body displacements (hence the term projection metric. A bi-invariant metric on SO(n+1) may then be used to measure the distance between any two spatial displacements. The results are PD and SVD based projection metrics on SE(n). These metrics have applications in motion synthesis, robot calibration. motion interpolation, and hybrid robot control.
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Žefran, Miloš, Vijay Kumar, and Christopher Croke. "Choice of Riemannian Metrics for Rigid Body Kinematics." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/mech-1148.
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Abstract The set of spatial rigid body motions forms a Lie group known as the special Euclidean group in three dimensions, SE(3). Chasles’s theorem states that there exists a screw motion between two arbitrary elements of SE(3). In this paper we investigate whether there exist a Riemannian metric whose geodesics are screw motions. We prove that no Riemannian metric with such geodesics exists and we show that the metrics whose geodesics are screw motions form a two-parameter family of semi-Riemannian metrics.
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Araya-Polo, M., and Y. Sun. "SASI: a metric for Salt Body Reconstruction." In Second EAGE Workshop on Machine Learning. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202132015.
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Schimmels, Joseph M., and Luis E. Criales. "A Computationally Efficient Planar Rigid Body Distance Metric." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11585.
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A means of assessing the quality of a given rigid body configuration relative to a desired position and orientation is developed. Here, the assessment is based on the desired positions of all particles that constitute the body. This measure of quality has previously been shown to meet the mathematical requirements of a metric. This metric, however, has been largely dismissed in practical application due to the difficulty in performing its calculation. This paper describes procedures to efficiently calculate this metric for planar positioning problems. A method of obtaining an analytical formulation for planar displacement for any polygonal body is presented. An approximation function for the metric is also presented. This approximation function is very easily calculated and provides an intuitive appreciation of the metric values. Calculation times for the metric for standard polygonal body geometries is on the order of 100 microseconds on a laptop computer. Calculation times for the approximation function for standard polygonal bodies is on the order of microseconds.
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Sedighi Maman, Zahra, Amir Baghdadi, Fadel Megahed, and Lora Cavuoto. "Monitoring and Change Point Estimation of Normal (In-Control) and Fatigued (Out-of-Control) State in Workers." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60487.
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This paper presents a fused metric for the assessment of physical workload that can improve fatigue detection using a statistical visualization approach. The goal for considering this combined metric is to concisely reduce the number of variables acquired from multiple sensors. The sensor system gathers data from a heart rate monitor and accelerometers placed at different locations on the body including trunk, wrist, hip and ankle. Two common manufacturing tasks of manual material handling and small parts assembly were tested. Statistical process control was used to monitor the metrics for the workload state of the human body. A cumulative sum (CUSUM) statistical analysis was applied to each of the single metrics and the combined metric of heart rate reserve and acceleration (HRR*ACC). The sensor data were transformed to linear profiles by using the CUSUM plot, which can be monitored by profile monitoring techniques. A significant variation between the lifting replications was observed for the combined metric in comparison to the single metrics, which is an important factor in selecting a fused metric. The results show that the proposed approach can improve the ability to detect different states (i.e., fatigue vs. non-fatigued) in the human body.
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Schimmels, Joseph M., and Luis E. Criales. "A Velocity Metric for Rigid-Body Planar Motion." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28331.
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A planar rigid-body velocity metric based on the instantaneous velocity of all particles that constitute a rigid body is developed. A measure based on the discrepancy in the translational velocity at each particle for two different planar twists is introduced. The calculation of the measure is simplified to the calculation of the product of: 1) the discrepancy in angular velocity, and 2) the average distance of the body from the instantaneous center associated with the twist discrepancy. It is shown that this measure satisfies the mathematical requirements of a metric and is physically consistent. It does not depend on either the selection of length scale or the frames used to describe the body motion. Although the metric does depend on body geometry, it can be calculated efficiently using body decomposition. An example demonstrating the application of the metric to an assembly problem is presented.
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Purwar, Anurag, and Qiaode Jeffrey Ge. "Reconciling Distance Metric Methods for Rigid Body Displacements." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87718.
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In the last twenty years, researchers have proposed a few different methods to establish a norm (or, metric) for both planar and spatial rigid body displacements. Desire to meaningfully quantify a displacement composed of rotation and translation stems from a requirement to ascertain “distance” between two given displacements in applications, such as motion approximation and interpolation, mechanism synthesis, collision avoidance, positioning, and robot calibration and control. In this paper, we show that the various seemingly different shape independent norm calculation methods based on approximating displacements with higher dimensional rotations via orthogonal matrices, or polar decomposition (PD) and singular value decomposition (SVD) can be reconciled and unified in the mathematically compact and elegant framework of biquaternions. In the process, we also propose an elegant and fast method for such norm calculations.
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Choutas, Vasileios, Lea Muller, Chun-Hao P. Huang, Siyu Tang, Dimitrios Tzionas, and Michael J. Black. "Accurate 3D Body Shape Regression using Metric and Semantic Attributes." In 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00274.
Full textReports on the topic "Body metric"
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Hales, Craig M., David Freedman, Lara Akinbami, Rong Wei, and Cynthia Ogden. Evaluation of alternative body mass index (BMI) metrics to monitor weight status in children and adolescents with extremely high BMI using CDC BMI-for-age growth charts. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121711.
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Ray, Laura, Madeleine Jordan, Steven Arcone, Lynn Kaluzienski, Benjamin Walker, Peter Ortquist Koons, James Lever, and Gordon Hamilton. Velocity field in the McMurdo shear zone from annual ground penetrating radar imaging and crevasse matching. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42623.
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The McMurdo shear zone (MSZ) is strip of heavily crevassed ice oriented in the south-north direction and moving northward. Previous airborne surveys revealed a chaotic crevasse structure superimposed on a set of expected crevasse orientations at 45 degrees to the south-north flow (due to shear stress mechanisms). The dynamics that produced this chaotic structure are poorly understood. Our purpose is to present our field methodology and provide field data that will enable validation of models of the MSZ evolution, and here, we present a method for deriving a local velocity field from ground penetrating radar (GPR) data towards that end. Maps of near-surface crevasses were derived from two annual GPR surveys of a 28 km² region of the MSZ using Eulerian sampling. Our robot-towed and GPS navigated GPR enabled a dense survey grid, with transects of the shear zone at 50 m spacing. Each survey comprised multiple crossings of long (> 1 km) crevasses that appear in echelon on the western and eastern boundaries of the shear zone, as well as two or more crossings of shorter crevasses in the more chaotic zone between the western and eastern boundaries. From these maps, we derived a local velocity field based on the year-to-year movement of the same crevasses. Our velocity field varies significantly from fields previously established using remote sensing and provides more detail than one concurrently derived from a 29-station GPS network. Rather than a simple velocity gradient expected for crevasses oriented approximately 45 degrees to flow direction, we find constant velocity contours oriented diagonally across the shear zone with a wavy fine structure. Although our survey is based on near-surface crevasses, similar crevassing found in marine ice at 160 m depth leads us to conclude that this surface velocity field may hold through the body of meteoric and marine ice. Our success with robot-towed GPR with GPS navigation suggests we may greatly increase our survey areas.
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Mehmood, Hamid. Bibliometrics of Water Research: A Global Snapshot. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/eybt8774.
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This report examines the various dimensions of global water-related research over the 2012-2017 period, using extensive bibliographic data. The review covers trends in water-related publications and citations, the relative importance of water-related research in the overall body of scientific research, flows of water-related knowledge between countries and the dynamics of water research publishing opportunities. In summary, it shows that: less than 50% of all countries are publishing water-related research, that China and USA are the two top publishers, and that China’s publishing rate has been growing steadily over the study period. More than 70% of water related publications originating in USA are being cited globally, while China’s water research output appears to be primarily internally cited at present. Analysis of the global water knowledge flows suggests that research is hardly addressing a range of regional water challenges. Countries with protracted water problems – for example in infrastructure, environment, agriculture, energy solutions – do not seem to be at the forefront of water research production or knowledge transfer. Instead, global water research is reliant on Western, particularly US-produced, scientific outputs. A disconnect is also observed between the percentage increase in the publication and the number of citations, suggesting low quality or a narrow focus of many publications. Among other factors, this may reflect the pressure on researchers to contribute a certain number of publications per year, or of the progressively increasing role of grey literature in scientific discourse that ‘diverts’ some citation flow. Analysis of the number of research publications per million people suggests that water research does not necessarily emerge as a reaction to water scarcity in a specific country, but may be driven by the traditional economic value of water supply, geopolitical location, a focus on regional development - including cross-border water management - or development aid spending, or globally applicable research in water management. The proportion of water research in the overall research output of a country is small, including for some of the top-publishing countries. The number of water-related journals that create opportunities for publishing water research, has grown dramatically in absolute terms since 2000, and is now close 2100 journals. The metrics used in this report are based on readily available bibliographic data. They can be further focused to better understand a specific thematic domain, geographical region or country, or to analyze a different period. To help accelerate solutions to global and national water challenges that many of these research papers are highlighting, the water research community needs to look beyond the research ‘box’ and identify ways to measure development impact of water research programmes, rather ‘impact’ based solely on academic impact measured in citations. The research findings, learning and knowledge in these research publications needs to be conveyed in a practical way to the real users of this knowledge – stakeholders who are beyond research circles.