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Journal articles on the topic 'Body image in men'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Filiault, Shaun M., Murray J. N. Drummond, and Eric Anderson. "Bisexual men and body image." Psychology & Sexuality 5, no. 3 (July 6, 2012): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2012.702124.

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2

KUO, WEN-HUNG. "Body Image of Taiwanese Men Versus Western Men." American Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 9 (September 2005): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1758.

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3

Karlinsky, April, Holly Howe, Melissa de Jonge, Alan Kingstone, Catherine M. Sabiston, and Timothy N. Welsh. "Body Image and Voluntary Gaze Behaviors towards Physique-Salient Images." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052549.

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The purpose of this study was to explore body image correlates of voluntary consumption of physique-salient media. A secondary aim was to assess changes in affect following media consumption. Young adult men (n = 47; mean age = 20.2 years) and women (n = 87; mean age = 19.5 years) were discretely exposed to images of same-sex models with idealized- and average-physiques while completing an irrelevant computer task. Voluntary gaze at the images was covertly recorded via hidden cameras. Participants also completed measures of affect before and after the computer task. Measures of body-related envy, body appreciation, and self-perceptions of attractiveness, thinness, and physical strength were completed. Men and women did not differ in how often nor for how long they looked at the images overall, but body image variables were differentially associated with their voluntary gaze behaviors. For men, higher body-related envy and lower body appreciation were correlated with more looks at the average-physique model. Although women reported higher body-related envy than men, envy and body appreciation were not significant correlates of gaze behaviors for women. Both men and women experienced a general affective decrease over time, but only for men was the change in negative affect associated with their time spent looking at the ideal-physique image. Overall, these findings suggest that body-related envy and body appreciation influence how men choose to consume physique-salient media, and that media consumption may have negative consequences for post-exposure affect. Body image factors appear to be more strongly associated with behavior in men, perhaps because men are generally less often exposed to physique-salient media and, in particular, to average-physique images.

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4

Huang, Jeannie S., Daniel Lee, Karen Becerra, Rosanne Santos, Ed Barber, and W. Christopher Mathews. "Body Image in Men with HIV." AIDS Patient Care and STDs 20, no. 10 (October 2006): 668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2006.20.668.

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5

Drummond, Murray. "Men, Body Image, and Eating Disorders." International Journal of Men's Health 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0101.89.

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6

Selman, Jason, and Cheryle Rushton. "Physical Attraction Measured Through a Body Figure Scale in an Age of Changing Body Ideals." Annals of Sports Medicine and Research 11, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47739/2379-0571.sportsmedicine.1223.

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There is a substantial body of research that uses figure rating scales for personal body image assessment and satisfaction. The aim of this research was to determine the difference in attractiveness of physical body image by age of men and women. 460 participants who were representative of the population of a major Australian regional city were sampled using face-to-face interviews and a computer-based figure rating scales survey tool. Women were found likely to identify thin images of women as more attractive to men; and men were found likely to identify more muscular images of men as more attractive to women. These findings replicate similar studies and have implications for clinical treatments related to body image, eating disorders, and compulsive exercise.

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7

Peat, Christine M., Naomi L. Peyerl, F. Ric Ferraro, and Mary Butler. "Age and body image in Caucasian men." Psychology of Men & Masculinity 12, no. 2 (April 2011): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021478.

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8

Rice, Cara E., Alison H. Norris, John A. Davis, Courtney D. Lynch, Karen S. Fields, Melissa Ervin, and Abigail Norris Turner. "Body image and sexually transmissible infection prevalence among men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15086.

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Compared with men who have sex with women, some evidence suggests that men who have sex with men (MSM) have increased prevalence of body image dissatisfaction. MSM also have a higher prevalence of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) than other population groups. As part of a cross-sectional study, body image among 104 MSM using the standardised, validated Male Body Attitudes Scale was assessed. Associations between body image and prevalent STI were examined. Body image was not associated with prevalent STI in unadjusted [prevalence ratio (PR): 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86–1.52] or adjusted analyses (PR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.89–1.53).

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9

Adame, Daniel D., Thomas C. Johnson, and Steven P. Cole. "Physical Fitness, Body Image, and Locus of Control in College Freshman Men and Women." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 2 (April 1989): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.400.

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This study examined the relations among physical fitness, body image, and locus of control. The Hall Physical Fitness Test Profile, the Winstead and Cash Body Self-relations Questionnaire (BSRQ) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale were administered to 243 freshmen. Women were significantly more positive about their physical appearance than men. Men were more positive about their physical fitness than women. Men were more physically fit than women. Men and women scoring in the internal direction viewed the physical fitness domain of their body image positively. Unlike men, internally oriented women had more positive perceptions of the health aspect of their body image. Physically fit men and women had positive attitudes toward the physical fitness component of their body image. Physically fit men differed from physically fit women in that men were more internal and held more positive attitudes toward the physical health dimension of their body images.

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10

Kocyigit, Emine. "BODY IMAGE IN AGING." Anti-Aging Eastern Europe 2, no. 1 (April 19, 2023): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56543/aaeeu.2023.2.1.04.

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Body image relates to how individuals perceive and feel about their bodies. Research on body image in men, women, and adolescents has increased substantially in the past two decades. Body image, determined by various instruments, is classified as either negative or positive. A positive body image implies that the body is seen accurately and that the individual is delighted with their physical appearance. Negative body images are characterized by inaccurate perceptions of all or a part of the body and uncomfortable feelings associated with them. Negative body image has been linked to eating disorders and mental disorders. The media, social pressures, cultural norms, age, gender, level of education, and an individual’s opinion of beauty all influence his or her body image perception. Studies in this area have been predominantly conducted with a focus on the association between eating disorders and dissatisfaction with body image in adolescents and young women. However, there is a growing interest in studying how body image functions and how it corresponds with psychological well-being across a lifetime in various demographic groups, especially among older adults. In this review, the life-altering body image satisfaction of men and women, as well as associated problems, were examined. The relationship between body dissatisfaction across ages, confounded by obesity, eating disorders, low physical activity, age-related reduction in sexual activity, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors has been investigated.

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11

Lamarche, Larkin, Brianne Ozimok, Kimberley L. Gammage, and Cameron Muir. "Men Respond Too: The Effects of a Social-Evaluative Body Image Threat on Shame and Cortisol in University Men." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 6 (September 11, 2017): 1791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317723406.

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Framed within social self-preservation theory, the present study investigated men’s psychobiological responses to social-evaluative body image threats. University men ( n = 66) were randomly assigned to either a high or low social-evaluative body image threat condition. Participants provided saliva samples (to assess cortisol) and completed measures of state body shame prior to and following their condition, during which anthropometric and strength measures were assessed. Baseline corrected values indicated men in the high social-evaluative body image threat condition had higher body shame and cortisol than men in the low social-evaluative body image threat condition. These findings suggest that social evaluation in the context of situations that threaten body image leads to potentially negative psychobiological responses in college men.

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12

Allensworth-Davies, Donald, Seth L. Welles, Wendy L. Hellerstedt, and Michael W. Ross. "Body Image, Body Satisfaction, and Unsafe Anal Intercourse Among Men Who Have Sex With Men." Journal of Sex Research 45, no. 1 (January 24, 2008): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224490701808142.

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13

Montgomery Sklar, Elliot. "Body Image, Weight, and Self-Concept in Men." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 11, no. 3 (July 10, 2015): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827615594351.

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In the traditional debate between biological and environmental determinants of body weight, the body has most often been explored in terms of its anatomical, genetic, or hormonal influences on personality, experience, and behavior. While obesity has been identified as a threat to our public health, correlating attitudes toward body image and self-concept have been explored within women to a limited extent, and even less so in relation to men. Consequently, men’s body image will be discussed in light of current literature reveals for women. For men, as for women, as the social pressure to attain an “ideal” physique increases, the discrepancy between that ideal and one’s body increases as well. This dynamic is more readily recognized for women than for men. As men are socialized not to discuss their body image concerns, negative self-concept and esteem may reinforce behaviors resulting in weight gain. In recent years, the proliferation of media has served to reinforce messaging related to one’s body. This review of existing data and literature suggests that body image and self-concept are related to body weight in men (as with women) and need to be addressed as part of healthy weight management practices.

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14

Hausmann, Armand, Barbara Mangweth, Thomas Walch, Claudia I. Rupp, and Harrison G. Pope. "Body-Image Dissatisfaction in Gay Versus Heterosexual Men." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, no. 11 (November 15, 2004): 1555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v65n1119.

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15

Harrington, Joanne M., Elaine G. Jones, and Terry Badger. "Body Image Perceptions in Men With Prostate Cancer." Oncology Nursing Forum 36, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/09.onf.167-172.

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16

Pope, Harrison G., Amanda J. Gruber, Barbara Mangweth, Benjamin Bureau, Christine deCol, Roland Jouvent, and James I. Hudson. "Body Image Perception Among Men in Three Countries." American Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 8 (August 2000): 1297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1297.

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17

Ousley, Louise, Elizabeth Diane Cordero, and Sabina White. "Eating Disorders and Body Image of Undergraduate Men." Journal of American College Health 56, no. 6 (May 2008): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jach.56.6.617-622.

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18

Esco, Mike R., Michele Olson, and Hank Williford. "Body Image Perception Among Active College-Aged Men." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-01799.

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19

Campbell, Benjamin C., Harrison G. Pope, and Shaun Filiault. "Body Image among Ariaal Men from Northern Kenya." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36, no. 3 (May 2005): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022104273657.

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20

Lee, Chai Young. "A Study on Body Image and Body Management of Korean Men." Korean Society of Fashion Design 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18652/2017.17.2.5.

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21

Watkins, Julia A., Catherine Christie, and Pamela Chally. "Relationship Between Body Image and Body Mass Index in College Men." Journal of American College Health 57, no. 1 (July 2008): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jach.57.1.95-100.

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22

Drewnowski, A., and D. K. Yee. "Men and body image: are males satisfied with their body weight?" Psychosomatic Medicine 49, no. 6 (November 1987): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198711000-00008.

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23

Streeter, Veronica M., Robin R. Milhausen, and Andrea C. Buchholz. "Body Image, Body Mass Index, and Body Composition: In Young Adults." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 73, no. 2 (July 2012): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/73.2.2012.78.

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Purpose: Associations were examined between body image and body mass index (BMI) in comparison with body composition in healthy weight, overweight, and obese young adults. Methods: Weight and height were determined, and the percentage of fat mass (%FM) and percentage of fat-free mass (%FFM) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 75 male and 87 female young adults (21.1 ± 1.9 years; 25.2 ± 4.4 kg/m2 [mean ± standard deviation]). Body image was measured using the three subscales Weight Esteem, Appearance Esteem, and External Attribution of the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA). Results: Body mass index and %FM were highly correlated (r for males = 0.74, r for females = 0.82; both p<0.001), and were inversely associated with body image, particularly Weight Esteem. After adjustment for physical activity, BMI and %FM (and %FFM, although in the opposite direction) were associated with each BESAA subscale: %FM, %FFM, and BMI explained 12% to14% of the variance in Appearance Esteem for both sexes, 33% to 41% in Weight Esteem in women and 16% to 18% in men, and 8% to 10% in External Attribution in women (all p<0.05) and <5% for men (NS). Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware that as their clients’ BMI and %FM increase, body image decreases, particularly in women.

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24

Gustavson, Joan C., Carl R. Gustavson, and Monica P. Gabaldon. "Body-Image Dissatisfaction among American Male and Female College Students: A Computer-Based Graphical Approach." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 1 (February 1993): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.1.147.

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College students (56 women and 43 men) attending state colleges in the southwestern United States were tested for body-image dissatisfaction using a computer-based graphical body-image task. A reliable relationship between desired stature and desired body-image was observed for the women. Women of large stature showed a greater discrepancy between verbally reported desired stature and redrawn images of desired stature than women of average or smaller than average stature. No reliable discrepancy between desired body-image and verbally reported desired stature was shown by the men.

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25

Jonason, Peter K., Marina Krcmar, and Steve Sohn. "Male Body Image: The Role of Muscle Magazine Exposure, Body Mass Index, and Social Comparison in Men's Body Satisfaction." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 5 (August 1, 2009): 627–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.5.627.

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Unrealistic images of male beauty are on the rise (e.g., Baghurst, Hollander, Nardella, & Haff, 2006). However, research on male body image tends to assume that the same theoretical models used to account for body satisfaction in women are appropriate for men (e.g., McCabe & Ricciardelli, 2004). Few have tested the assumption that female-typical models can be applied to men. Three variables have proven instrumental in accounting for body satisfaction in women: (a) exposure to relevant content, (b) BMI, and (c) social comparison (e.g., Blond, 2008). We present an exploratory study, using path modeling, to simultaneously assess the relative impact of each of these on body satisfaction in young men.

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26

Schmidt, Michaela, Christoph O. Taube, Thomas Heinrich, Silja Vocks, and Andrea S. Hartmann. "Body image disturbance and associated eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology in gay and heterosexual men: A systematic analyses of cognitive, affective, behavioral und perceptual aspects." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): e0278558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278558.

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Objective This study contributes to the quantitatively large, yet narrow in scope research on body image in gay men by assessing whether gay and heterosexual men systematically differ on various dimensions of body image disturbance and associated pathology, i.e., eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Moreover, we examined the influence of general everyday discrimination experiences and involvement with the gay community on body image. Method N = 216 men (n = 112 gay men, n = 104 heterosexual men) participated in an online survey measuring the discrepancy between self-rated current and ideal body fat/ muscularity; drive for leanness, muscularity, and thinness; body satisfaction; body-related avoidance and checking; appearance fixing; overall body image disturbance; eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology; general everyday discrimination experiences; and involvement with the gay community. Results Gay men showed a greater discrepancy between self-rated current and ideal body fat; higher drive for thinness, body-related avoidance, appearance fixing, overall body image disturbance, eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology; and lower body appreciation than heterosexual men (all p ≤ .05). Contrary to expectation, everyday discrimination experiences were more strongly associated with body image disturbance and eating disorder/ body dysmorphic disorder pathology in heterosexual men than in gay men (all p ≤ .05). Gay community involvement was not associated with any body image disturbance-, ED-, or BDD aspect in gay men (all p ≥ .20). Discussion The results suggest greater body image disturbance in gay men than in heterosexual men regarding cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and perception as well as higher eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology. The results also suggest the dilemma of a thin, yet muscular body ideal in gay men. Surprisingly, discrimination experiences and involvement with the gay community did not explain differences in body image disturbance. Gay men may have become resilient to discrimination over time, and body ideals might differ across gay sub-communities.

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Green, Sharin Palladino, and Mary E. Pritchard. "PREDICTORS OF BODY IMAGE DISSATISFACTION IN ADULT MEN AND WOMEN." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 3 (January 1, 2003): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.3.215.

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Disordered eating and body image have been widely studied in college students and children. However, few studies have examined body image dissatisfaction in adulthood. Therefore, this study sought to determine the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction in adult men and women. One hundred and thirty-nine adults were surveyed on body dissatisfaction and possible relating factors. It was found that media influence predicted body dissatisfaction in women and that age, family pressure and self-esteem predicted body image dissatisfaction in both men and women. Because adults' views about their bodies can have an impact on those of their children, it is important that researchers continue to examine body image dissatisfaction and comparable issues within adult populations.

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Ahmad, Muzammil. "Body image of South Asian men in UK and the effects of acculturation." PsyPag Quarterly 1, no. 106 (March 2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspag.2018.1.106.16.

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Past research has suggested South Asian men are at more risk of body image concerns. This study explored body image concerns of South Asian men living in the UK and the effects of acculturation on body image using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. It was found that acculturation led to experiencing higher body image concerns as South Asian men tried to incorporate perceived Western ideals of a muscular body. While acculturation may help individuals adapt to living within the host culture, it may not be conducive to developing a healthy body image and integration strategy might be a better solution.

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Dyer, Anne, Lennart Mayer-Eckhard, Andrew J. White, and Georg W. Alpers. "The Role of Scar Origin in Shaping Men’s Body Image." American Journal of Men's Health 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314531446.

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Men generally have a more positive body image than women. However, the extent to which scars negatively influence men’s body image is uncertain. The aim of the current study was to assess body image in men with and without scars while taking scar origin into account (nonsuicidal self-harming injuries [NSSI] vs. accidents or surgery). One hundred and nine men ( n = 19 with NSSI) and 185 women ( n = 96 with NSSI) filled in multidimensional body image questionnaires. Results indicate that on most clinical subscales women had a significantly more negative body image compared with men. However, within a subsample whose scars resulted from NSSI, gender differences vanished. Among men, scar origin was significantly associated with negative body image after partialling out scar characteristics, age, and borderline symptomatology. The visibility of scars was not associated with more severe body image disturbances. The results of our study indicate that self-inflicted scars adversely affect body image. Although women generally reported having a more negative body image, disturbances in body image should not be neglected among men, especially in those who have self-inflicted scars.

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Joy, Phillip, Lisa Goldberg, Matthew Numer, Sara Kirk, Megan Aston, and Laurene Rehman. "Compassionate Bodies, Compassionate Practice: Navigating Body Image Tensions among Gay Men." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 82, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/cjdpr-2021-012.

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Our purpose in writing this Perspective in Practice is to create awareness about the role of compassion within dietetic practice, particularly the role of compassion for body image tensions. Nine self-identifying gay men were recruited to a photovoice research study that explored their beliefs, values, and practices relating to food and their bodies. Compassion was found as one way to navigate body images tensions. It is not the intent of this article to review all aspects of this research study but to use it as an example to illustrate compassion in dietetics. We suggest that our findings reveal the strength of using compassionate practice within the dietetic profession. In doing so, we call upon dietitians to incorporate compassion into their clinical and client care practices to foster health and healing for all communities, especially among those who struggle with body image tensions.

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Wienke, Chris. "Negotiating the Male Body: Men, Masculinity, and Cultural Ideals." Journal of Men’s Studies 6, no. 3 (June 1998): 255–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106082659800600301.

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In an attempt to understand the relationship between the body and masculinity, this paper explores the extent to which body image has significance in men's lives. I begin by considering the cultural ideal of the male body as conceived within the context of popular culture. Citing both cultural examples and empirical evidence, I argue that the muscular body type represents the dominant cultural ideal. I then explain how the present paper builds on prior research on the male body image. My argument here is that prior research has neglected to study the meaning of body image from the perspective of men's everyday lives and therefore provides an incomplete assessment of men's views of body image. In response, this paper draws from interview data compiled from a larger study, illustrating the different ways men relate to cultural ideals of male bodies, how men adjust to the demands of ideals, and how men normalize their own bodily condition. This paper suggests that men develop a number of complex strategies to negotiate the meaning of their bodies in view of cultural ideals of male physiques.

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ZHANG, Chun-Yu, Jia WEI, Yu LUO, Xie-Ping CHEN, and Jin-Fu ZHANG. "Review On Gay Men’ Body Image: What and Why." Advances in Psychological Science 20, no. 3 (May 24, 2013): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2012.00394.

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Kassel, Peter, and Debra L. Franko. "Body Image Disturbance and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy with Gay Men." Harvard Review of Psychiatry 8, no. 6 (January 2000): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/hrp.8.6.307.

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Esco, Mike R., Michele S. Olson, and Hank N. Williford. "Muscle Dysmorphia: An Emerging Body Image Concern in Men." Strength and Conditioning Journal 27, no. 6 (2005): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(2005)27[76:mdaebi]2.0.co;2.

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Emslie, C. "Perceptions of body image among working men and women." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 55, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.6.406.

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Lavender, Jason M., Kim L. Gratz, and Drew A. Anderson. "Mindfulness, body image, and drive for muscularity in men." Body Image 9, no. 2 (March 2012): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.12.002.

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Christophersen, Kevin, Margaret A. Murphy, and Margaret Sullivan. "Evaluating Body Image Disparity Among Gay and Straight Men." International Journal of the Humanities: Annual Review 8, no. 7 (2010): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9508/cgp/v08i07/42984.

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Kassel, P. "Body Image Disturbance and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy with Gay Men." Harvard Review of Psychiatry 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrp/8.6.307.

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Flaherty, Mary. "Influence of Yoga on Body Image Satisfaction in Men." Perceptual and Motor Skills 119, no. 1 (August 2014): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/27.50.pms.119c17z1.

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40

Frith, Hannah, and Kate Gleeson. "Clothing and Embodiment: Men Managing Body Image and Appearance." Psychology of Men & Masculinity 5, no. 1 (January 2004): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.5.1.40.

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Burlew, Larry D., and W. Matthew Shurts. "Men and Body Image: Current Issues and Counseling Implications." Journal of Counseling & Development 91, no. 4 (September 17, 2013): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00114.x.

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Matera, Camilla, Chiara Casati, Monica Paradisi, Cristian Di Gesto, and Amanda Nerini. "Positive Body Image and Psychological Wellbeing among Women and Men: The Mediating Role of Body Image Coping Strategies." Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 5 (April 30, 2024): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs14050378.

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This study aimed to examine the mediating role of body image coping strategies in the relationship between positive body image and wellbeing. Three hundred and seventy-two women and three hundred and seventy-seven men completed a questionnaire assessing body appreciation, body appreciation functionality, body compassion, body image coping strategies (appearance fixing, avoidance, positive rational acceptance), self-acceptance and overall psychological wellbeing. Path analysis showed that avoidance significantly mediated the relationship between body appreciation and overall psychological wellbeing among both women and men; its mediating role was confirmed for men’s but not for women’s self-acceptance. Positive rational acceptance was a significant mediator of the relationship between body compassion and both psychological wellbeing and self-acceptance among men but not among women. These findings show that higher body appreciation is associated with a lower tendency to avoid appearance-related cognitions or thoughts that are interpreted as threatening, with an indirect effect on women’s and men’s psychological wellbeing. Analogously, but only for men, body compassion is associated with mental activities and self-care behaviors that foster rational self-talk and the acceptance of one’s experiences, which, in turn, are linked to higher wellbeing. These findings can help to plan programs aimed at fostering individuals’ wellbeing by focusing on their positive body image considering gender differences.

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Blashill, Aaron J., and Jillon S. Vander Wal. "Components of Body Image in Gay Men with HIV/AIDS." American Journal of Men's Health 5, no. 1 (December 22, 2009): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988309356942.

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The current study examined group differences in various components of body image within a group of gay men. Three groups of gay men were compared: AIDS diagnosed, HIV positive (without an AIDS diagnosis), and HIV negative. Participants were 254 men who responded to an online survey. Results revealed significant group differences on the components of illness orientation and fitness/health evaluation. These results indicated that participants in the AIDS and HIV positive groups reported more awareness of and vulnerability to illness compared with the HIV negative group. Furthermore, men in the AIDS group reported being less fit and in poorer health than HIV positive and HIV negative men. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences between groups on appearance evaluation, suggesting that previous reports of high levels of body dissatisfaction among men living with HIV/AIDS may be because of disproportionate rates of gay (or MSM) men affected by the disease.

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Kraft, Chris, Beatrice “Bean” E. Robinson, David L. Nordstrom, Walter O. Bockting, and B. R. Simon Rosser. "Obesity, Body Image, and Unsafe Sex in Men who have Sex with Men." Archives of Sexual Behavior 35, no. 5 (October 10, 2006): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9059-x.

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ÖBERG, PETER, and LARS TORNSTAM. "Body images among men and women of different ages." Ageing and Society 19, no. 5 (September 1999): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007394.

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The exterior territories, or surfaces, of the body have become symbols of the self in late modernity. People are increasingly overwhelmed with messages of youthful ideals: how to stay young or how to get old without signs of ageing. However, studies of the effects of these images on people's own experiences as they grow older seem to be lacking. The present paper reports an empirical study which focuses on body image for men and women of different ages. Four hypotheses, derived from social gerontological theories, are developed and tested against data: the female beauty hypothesis, the double marginality hypothesis, the ageing mask hypothesis and the ageless self hypothesis. The survey, undertaken by 2,002 Swedes, reveals a response pattern with basically positive body images that, for women, is increasingly positive with age. The results are, thus, in sharp contrast to the gerontophobic messages from consumer culture as well as contrary to some gerontological theories.

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Saghir, Sheeba, and Lynda Hyland. "The Effects of Immigration and Media Influence on Body Image Among Pakistani Men." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 4 (March 16, 2017): 930–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317698627.

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This study examined the role of media influence and immigration on body image among Pakistani men. Attitudes toward the body were compared between those living in Pakistan ( n = 56) and those who had immigrated to the United Arab Emirates ( n = 58). Results of a factorial analysis of variance demonstrated a significant main effect of immigrant status. Pakistani men living in the United Arab Emirates displayed poorer body image than those in the Pakistan sample. Results also indicated a second main effect of media influence.Those highly influenced by the media displayed poorer body image. No interaction effect was observed between immigrant status and media influence on body image. These findings suggest that media influence and immigration are among important risk factors for the development of negative body image among non-Western men. Interventions designed to address the negative effects of the media and immigration may be effective at reducing body image disorders and other related health problems in this population.

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Rengga, Omega Lambulalo, and Christiana Hari Soetjiningsih. "Body Image Ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin pada Masa Dewasa Awal." PHILANTHROPY: Journal of Psychology 6, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/philanthropy.v6i1.4851.

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<p><strong>Abstract. </strong>Body image consists of self-perception, emotional cognition, and behavior related to one's physical appearance. Evaluating how individuals react to changes in body shape, capacity, and function is very important for men and women in early adulthood. The evaluation results can produce a positive body image or a negative body image. The purpose of the study was to examine the differences in body image between men and women in early adulthood. The participants consisted of 54 men and 54 women. The research instrument used was the Multidimensional Boddy Self-Relation Questionnaire Appearance Scale (MBRSQ-AS). Data analysis used an independent sample T-test. The results of the comparison test show that there is no difference in body image between men and women in early adulthood. <br /><strong><em>Keyword</em></strong><strong><em>s: </em></strong><em>Body Image, Gender, Early Adulthood</em></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong><strong>. </strong><em>Body image </em>terdiri dari persepsi diri, kognisi emosi, dan perilaku yang terkait dengan penampilan fisik seseorang. Mengevaluasi bagaimana individu bereaksi terhadap perubahan bentuk tubuh, penampilan dan fungsi sangat penting untuk laki-laki dan perempuan masa dewasa awal. Hasil evaluasi dapat menghasilkan <em>body image</em> positif ataupun <em>body image</em> negatif. Tujuan penelitian menguji perbedaan body image antara laki-laki dan perempan pada masa dewasa awal. Partisipan terdiri dari 54 laki-laki dan 54 perempuan. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan skala Multidimensional Boddy Self-Relation Questionnaire Apperance Scale (MBRSQ-AS). Analisis data menggunakan <em>Uji Independent Sample T-test</em>. Hasil uji komparasi menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan <em>body image</em> antara laki-laki dan perempuan pada masa dewasa awal. <br /><strong><em>Kata kunci: </em></strong><em>Body Image, Jenis Kelamin, Masa Dewasa Awal</em></p>

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Huddy, D. Craig, Robert L. Johnson, Michael H. Stone, Christopher M. Proulx, and Katherine A. Pierce. "Relationship between Body Image and Percent Body Fat among Male and Female College Students Enrolled in an Introductory 14-Week Weight-Training Course." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3 (December 1997): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.1075.

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Students (39 men and 27 women) from a southern university, who were enrolled in a 14-wk. introductory weight-training course, were administered a 20-item body-image questionnaire and subsequently underwent skinfold measurements to assess percent body fat. Mean scores were correlated with percent body fat. For men, women, and both sexes combined correlations were significant and inverse ( rs = −.68, −.41, −.66, respectively). Body image as measured was inversely related to percent body fat among these college students. Researchers should examine how dietary and exercise-induced changes in adiposity (pre-post design) influence scores on body image.

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Theron, Wilhelmina H., Elizabeth M. Nel, and Andria J. Lubbe. "Relationship between Body-Image and Self-Consciousness." Perceptual and Motor Skills 73, no. 3 (December 1991): 979–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.73.3.979.

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The purpose of this study was to assess whether there is a relation between body-image and self-consciousness and if there are any sex differences on measures of these two concepts. A total of 267 undergraduates, 56 men and 211 women whose ages ranged from 19 to 25 years, were tested. Analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between body-image and self-consciousness and between body-image and social anxiety. Private and public self-consciousness correlated positively with each other as well as with social anxiety. Men and women differed significantly on social anxiety only.

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Boroughs, Michael S., and J. Kevin Thompson. "Correlates of Body Depilation." American Journal of Men's Health 8, no. 3 (October 15, 2013): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988313506460.

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Recent studies suggest that body hair may be of increasing importance in men’s overall body image. Body depilation is a relatively new area of clinical and research inquiry among men with much of the documented evidence of the phenomenon split between mass media accounts and descriptive scientific investigations. This study was undertaken to further our understanding of this behavior by examining the relationship between depilation and other dimensions of body image in a nonclinical sample. A total of 364 men completed measures assessing self-reported hair growth, body depilation, drive for muscularity, gender role conflict, body dysmorphia, and social comparison. The correlates of body depilation included a drive for muscularity, gender role conflict, and physical appearance social comparison. Significant differences were identified among men who depilate, compared with those who do not, on measures of social comparison and a drive for muscularity. These findings lend support for the idea that body hair, and its reduction or removal, is a key aspect of men’s body image that translates into some challenges in assessment and prevention among health care practitioners.

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