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1
Bergeron, Derek Paul. "The relationship between body image dissatisfaction and psychological health an exploration of body image in young adult men /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1183499977.
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Cooper, Caren C. (Caren Connie). "Body Image as Mediated by Age, Sex, and Relationship Status." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278961/.
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Traditionally, body image research has focused on young women. However, there are indications of cultural shifts which extend physical appearance pressures to both men and women, as well as to middle-aged and older adults. Two hundred and ten subjects were administered objective body image measures including the Figure Rating Scale, the Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, as well as projective measures including the Holtzman Inkblot Technique and the Draw-A-Person. The NEO-Five Factor Inventory and the Social Anxiety Subscale were also used to explore variables which might covary with body image. A 3 X 2 X 2 Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was utilized with social desirability as the covariate.
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Kagawa, Masaharu. "Ethnic and cultural influences on body composition, lifestyle and body image among males." Thesis, Curtin University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/146.
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The aim of this research was to determine ethnic and cultural influences on body composition, lifestyle, and aspects of body image (perception, acceptability, and satisfaction) of younger (age 18-40 years) Australian and Japanese males, the latter including groups living in Australia and Japan. The sample sizes of the three groups were 68 Japanese living in Australia, 84 Japanese living in Japan, and 72 Australian Caucasian males respectively. The methodology included body composition assessments (by anthropometry and DXA), lifestyle and body image questionnaires, and dietary records. The study found significant p<0.05) ethnic differences in the %BF at given BMI levels and for Japanese the BMI values of 23.6kg/m2 and 28.6kg/m2 were found to be equivalent to 25 and 30 for Caucasians when used to classify individuals as "overweight" and "obese". Equations in common use for the calculation of body composition in Japanese males were evaluated using modern methods of body composition assessment and found to need considerable modification. New regression equations that represent BMI-%BF relationships for Japanese and Australians were proposed: Japanese: Log %BF = -1.330 + 1.896(log BMI), (R2 = 0.547, SEE = 0.09); Australians: Log %BF = -1.522 + 2.001(log BMI), (R2 = 0.544, SEE = 0.10). Equations were also developed to predict %BF for Japanese and Australian males from body composition assessments using anthropometry and DXA: Japanese: %BF = 0.376 + 0.402(abdominal) + 0.772(medial calf) + 0.217(age), (R2 = 0.786, SEE = 2.69); Australians: %BF = 2.184 + 0.392(medial calf) + 0.678(supraspinale) + 0.467(triceps), (R2 = 0.864, SEE = 2.37). Lifestyle factors were found to influence perceptions of body image.Australian males participate in physical activity more frequently than their Japanese counterparts (Australians = 98.6% involved in vigorous activity at least once per week, Japanese living in Japan = 85.7%, Japanese living in Australia = 72.1%). Significant differences p<0.05) in energy contribution patterns were found between the Japanese group (Protein: 14.4%, Carbohydrate: 50.4%, Fat: 28.1%) and Japanese living in Australia (JA: Protein: 16.3%, Carbohydrate: 47.3%, Fat: 32.3%) and the Australians (Protein: 17.1%, Carbohydrate: 47.9%, Fat: 30.6%). This shows that the Japanese living in Australia have adopted a more westemised diet than those living in Japan. Body Image assessments were done on all study groups using the Somatomorphic Matrix (SM) computer program and questionnaires, including the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaires, (BAQ) the Attention to the Body Shape Scale (ABS), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Japanese males tended to overestimate their weight and amount of body fat, while Australian Caucasian males underestimated these parameters. The Japanese groups had higher scores on the selfdisparagement subscale and lower scores on the strengths and the attractiveness subscales of the BAQ questionnaire than Australian males. Australian males also had higher scores on the EAT total score and the dieting subscale of the EAT questionnaire than Japanese males. When all groups of subjects selected their perceived body image from the SM program menu, these results had no relationship with measured body composition values, suggesting that further development of this program is needed for use in these populations.
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McFarland, Michael Blaine. "Measuring Male Body Dissatisfaction: Factorial and Construct Validity of the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale for Men." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30492/.
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Given the centrality of body dissatisfaction in the manifestation of health risk behaviors (e.g., eating disorders, muscle dysmorphia) and psychological distress in men, the ability to measure it accurately is essential. Across two studies, the psychometric properties and factor structure of a new measure of male body satisfaction were established. The Body Parts Satisfaction Scale for Men (BPSS-M) was found to have three scores: full body muscularity and leanness (18 items), upper body (12 items), and legs (4 items). All three scores were internally and temporally reliable, and support was found for the convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity of the scores. The BPSS-M represents an advance in the measurement of male body image, providing researchers and clinicians with a versatile and valid way to assess this important construct.
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Reilly, Andrew Hinchcliffe. "Risk, body image, and internalized homonegativity among gay men body building, eating disturbance, tanning, and unsafe sex /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1086193466.
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Boroughs, Michael. "Correlates of body depilation in men." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002848.
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Kagawa, Masaharu. "Ethnic and cultural influences on body composition, lifestyle and body image among males." Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, 2004. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16083.
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The aim of this research was to determine ethnic and cultural influences on body composition, lifestyle, and aspects of body image (perception, acceptability, and satisfaction) of younger (age 18-40 years) Australian and Japanese males, the latter including groups living in Australia and Japan. The sample sizes of the three groups were 68 Japanese living in Australia, 84 Japanese living in Japan, and 72 Australian Caucasian males respectively. The methodology included body composition assessments (by anthropometry and DXA), lifestyle and body image questionnaires, and dietary records. The study found significant p<0.05) ethnic differences in the %BF at given BMI levels and for Japanese the BMI values of 23.6kg/m2 and 28.6kg/m2 were found to be equivalent to 25 and 30 for Caucasians when used to classify individuals as "overweight" and "obese". Equations in common use for the calculation of body composition in Japanese males were evaluated using modern methods of body composition assessment and found to need considerable modification. New regression equations that represent BMI-%BF relationships for Japanese and Australians were proposed: Japanese: Log %BF = -1.330 + 1.896(log BMI), (R2 = 0.547, SEE = 0.09); Australians: Log %BF = -1.522 + 2.001(log BMI), (R2 = 0.544, SEE = 0.10). Equations were also developed to predict %BF for Japanese and Australian males from body composition assessments using anthropometry and DXA: Japanese: %BF = 0.376 + 0.402(abdominal) + 0.772(medial calf) + 0.217(age), (R2 = 0.786, SEE = 2.69); Australians: %BF = 2.184 + 0.392(medial calf) + 0.678(supraspinale) + 0.467(triceps), (R2 = 0.864, SEE = 2.37). Lifestyle factors were found to influence perceptions of body image.Australian males participate in physical activity more frequently than their Japanese counterparts (Australians = 98.6% involved in vigorous activity at least once per week, Japanese living in Japan = 85.7%, Japanese living in Australia = 72.1%). Significant differences p<0.05) in energy contribution patterns were found between the Japanese group (Protein: 14.4%, Carbohydrate: 50.4%, Fat: 28.1%) and Japanese living in Australia (JA: Protein: 16.3%, Carbohydrate: 47.3%, Fat: 32.3%) and the Australians (Protein: 17.1%, Carbohydrate: 47.9%, Fat: 30.6%). This shows that the Japanese living in Australia have adopted a more westemised diet than those living in Japan. Body Image assessments were done on all study groups using the Somatomorphic Matrix (SM) computer program and questionnaires, including the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaires, (BAQ) the Attention to the Body Shape Scale (ABS), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Japanese males tended to overestimate their weight and amount of body fat, while Australian Caucasian males underestimated these parameters. The Japanese groups had higher scores on the selfdisparagement subscale and lower scores on the strengths and the attractiveness subscales of the BAQ questionnaire than Australian males. Australian males also had higher scores on the EAT total score and the dieting subscale of the EAT questionnaire than Japanese males. When all groups of subjects selected their perceived body image from the SM program menu, these results had no relationship with measured body composition values, suggesting that further development of this program is needed for use in these populations.
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Bardick, Angela D., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Education. "In pursuit of the ideal masculine body : a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Education, 2003, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/200.
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A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach was used to research men's experience with attempting to achieve an 'ideal' masculine body. The current North American 'ideal' male body, media and cultural influences, a continuum of exercise and dieting behaviours, steriod use, addictions, eating disorders were presented as factors that may provide insight into this phenomenon. Eight male research participants were interviewed in regards to their experiences with attempting to achieve an 'ideal' masculine body. A dramaturgical life story approach to interviewing was ued. A follow-up interview was conducted to allow each research participant to comment on the emerging themes shared by the researcher. The nine themes that emerged from the participants' stories are: (1) I am not good enough, (2) judging genetics, (3) spiraling into obsession, (4) extreme commitment, (5)join the club, (6) no one understands me, (7)control, (8) it's all an optical illusion, and (9) overcoming the obsession. The results of this thesis combined with the literature suggest the following three conclusions. First, men who attempt to achieve an ideal masculine body may be vulnerable to external messages about their bodies. Second, pre-existing personality traits and/or mental health issues may contribute to this vulnerability. Third, some men may attempt to deal with complex mental health issues by taking their 'frustrations' and 'aggression' out in the gym, rather than by seeking counselling. The implications for helping professionals are discussed. The limitations of this approach are acknowledged and directions for future research are suggested.ix, 126 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Harrington, Joanne Mary. "Body Image and Quality of Life among Men with Prostate Cancer." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195988.
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It is estimated that more than 218,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in the year 2007. With a mean age at diagnosis of 72, and extended long-term survival, prostate cancer represents a significant health problem among older men. Despite the fact that the treatment for prostate cancer has significant effects upon one's physical appearance and functional ability, there exists a gap in the literature regarding body image in men with prostate cancer. Additionally, there is a large gap in our knowledge of the relationship of body image and QOL in men with prostate cancer.The purpose of this study was to describe changes in body image and quality of life among men with prostate cancer, to describe the relationship between the two, and to explore the differences in body image and quality of life related to treatment, age, duration of therapy and body mass index.The sample consisted of one hundred and thirty-two older men (> age 60) with prostate cancer, recruited from the oncology and urology out-patient departments at an urban Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The participants completed 2 established questionnaires, the Body Image Scale and the Quality of Life Index Cancer Version. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis.For purposes of analysis, the sample was grouped according to treatment with ADT as part of therapy for prostate cancer. The ADT-naive group composed 34.1% of the sample (n = 45); the ADT group composed 65.9% of the sample (n = 87). Whether or not one received ADT was correlated with body image change: those men who received ADT had a greater perception of negative change. There was, however, no difference in quality of life between men who received ADT and men who did not. Neither age nor duration of therapy had any relationship with the perceptions of change in body image or quality of life. A significant negative correlation was demonstrated between body image change and quality of life overall, and with each of the domains.
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Roberson, Stephanie Crall. "The effects of media on body esteem of female and male viewers /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988696.
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Schuster, Elizabeth B. "Easing the teasing the effects of appearance-related feedback on body image disturbance, eating pathology, body change behaviors, and self-objectification." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4571.
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Appearance-related commentary can be positive or negative. Such commentary has been shown to negatively affect the mental health and well-being of women in a well-documented body of research. There is limited research on this topic pertaining to males. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of appearance-related commentary in men. Results indicate that men who receive more negative commentary are more likely to experience eating pathology, body dissatisfaction, distress from commentary, and participate in compulsive exercising and appearance-change behaviors. However, men that receive positive commentary are likely to experience more positive outcomes, reporting less dissatisfaction and pathology but more appearance-change behaviors. It appears that men are affected by negative, appearance-related commentary in the same ways that women are, but that they experience positive commentary in a more direct and appropriate manner. Additionally, self-objectification, a covariate found to interact in similar relations with women, was not found to account for any of the variance between appearance-related feedback and outcomes.ID: 029051091; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-71).
M.S.
Masters
Department of Clinical Psychology
Sciences
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Wack, Elizabeth. "CYBER SEXY:ELECTRONIC GAME PLAY AND PERCEPTIONS OF ATTRACTIVENESS AMONG COLLEGE-AGED MEN." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2777.
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The current study was conducted to determine whether or not electronic gaming is related to the formation of certain body ideals and appraisals of attractiveness. A sample of 219 college-aged males (age 18 to 32) completed a variety of measures designed to gather information about their game play habits, their perceptions of their own attractiveness (MBSRQ, SMAQ), and their perceptions of women's attractiveness (BCRS, FRS, photographs of women of different BMIs). Results indicate that men's ratings of women's attractiveness vary across the genres of games most frequently played but that frequency of play and age of commencement of game play are not related to self-perceptions of physical attractiveness, the association of positive attributes with muscularity, or the drive to become more muscular. However, results suggest that men's appearance satisfaction and the degree to which they value muscularity are influenced by the extent to which they compare their own appearance to that of the characters they play in the games. Results indicate that unlike other forms of media, electronic gaming is not related to decreased appearance satisfaction in players or the formation of unrealistic standards of attractiveness for women.M.S.
Department of Psychology
Sciences
Psychology PhD
13
Townsend, Daisy. "The effects of exercise on body image in young men and women." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606690.
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Whilst there is clear potential in proposing that exercise is beneficial to body image, equivocal findings and small effect sizes demonstrate that further investigation into the mechanisms that affect this relationship is required. Additionally, established exercisers have been predominately recruited and so little is known about the journey of new exercisers. In order to address these gaps in the literature, study one was a qualitative exploration of the body image experiences of 14 newly exercising men and women. Study two aimed to expand on the qualitative findings from study one by tracking the body image of 365 new exercisers, regular exercisers and non-exercisers for six months and examining whether the effects of exercise on body image were moderated by the exercise environment and exercise motivations. Study three experimentally examined the immediate effects of one particular feature of the fitness centre environment, watching appearance-focused music videos whilst exercising, in 119 sedentary women. Study four consisted of semi-structured interviews with 16 individuals who had taken part in study two but had dropped out of an exercise regime. Taken together, the research presented in this thesis demonstrates that although engaging in exercise is generally associated with improvements in body image satisfaction in new exercisers, once exercise is established minimal improvements to body image occur. Furthermore, it seems that sustained exercise is required for the positive exercise- induced changes 10 remain. Therefore future interventions must focus on adherence to an exercise regime outside of the intervention delivered. Moreover, important factors such as the exercise environment and motivations to exercise can gte.:1.tly Affect this relationship. First, it appears that exercise environments where appearance is emphasised can exacerbate appearance concerns. Additionally, whilst social motivations appear to be associated with improved body image satisfaction, interviews and quantitative data indicate that exercising for appearance is associated with an increased likelihood of dropping out of an exercise regime. Consequently, the positive effects of exercise are dependent on a number of factors, including exercise status, motivations and the exercise environment.
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Garrison, Megan C. "Size Matters: Television Media Effects on Male Body Image." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1395151552.
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Reilly, Andrew H. "Risk, body image, and internalized homonegativity among gay men: body building, eating disturbance, tanning and unsafe sex." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1086193466.
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Shao, Zhou Ying. "Exploring Chinese males' perspective on body image, social comparison and social support." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2589388.
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Hamblin, Rachel. "Body image in men with spinal cord injury : implications for rehabilitation and beyond." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/358507/.
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a dramatic effect on the function and appearance of the body. The first chapter of this thesis is a literature review which focuses on studies with participants who have incurred an alteration to their appearance due to a health condition. The implications of these studies for the likely impact of Body Image (BI) in men with SCI are considered. Cognitive and disfigurement models of BI are reviewed and research evidence evaluated. Results reveal that whilst the extent of appearance change is an important predictor of BI dissatisfaction, further variation is explained by the strategies individuals use to cope with the alteration in their appearance. BI dissatisfaction appears to impact upon the psychosocial wellbeing of both men and women and can also affect physical health. Further research is therefore needed in order to explore the links between appearance change, methods of coping and BI dissatisfaction, particularly in men with SCI. The second chapter reports on a cross sectional study of 102 male participants with SCI, which revealed group differences in BI dissatisfaction between inpatients and outpatients, who are established in the community. BI investment was found to moderate the effect of BI evaluation on low mood. The use of maladaptive coping strategies was also found to moderate the relationship between BI dissatisfaction and BI quality of life. Evidence suggests that BI should be assessed and BI dissatisfaction monitored after discharge from rehabilitation hospitals. Clinical intervention could focus upon reducing the use of maladaptive coping strategies, in order to reduce the impact of BI dissatisfaction upon quality of life.
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Carter, Michael Joseph. "Male obesity : a qualitative study of clinical attitudes and perspectives : a project based upon an independent investigation /." View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5873.
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Mancuso, Serafino G. "The role of self-objectification, gender role orientation, perfectionism, and reasons for exercise in male body dissatisfaction." Swinburne Research Bank, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/4476.
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Thesis (BA(Hons) (Psychology)) - Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006."October 2006". A thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Arts in Psychology (Honours), Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology - 2006. Typescript.
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Boroughs, Michael Scott. "Body Depilation among Women and Men: The Association of Body Hair Reduction or Removal with Body Satisfaction, Appearance Comparison, Body Image Disturbance, and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptomatology." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3985.
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Body depilation, or the reduction or removal of body hair, is a relatively new area of research inquiry. Although women in many industrialized cultures have engaged in depilation for several decades, this behavior has been documented only recently among men. Though originally thought to be widely practiced by women and only a small proportion of men, including athletes or bodybuilders, recent studies suggest that more men engage in body depilation than previously hypothesized. In fact, one recent study estimated the prevalence of men's body depilation at 83.7% which suggests that men are depilating at rates similar to women. Nevertheless sparse literature exists on the topic of depilation and its relationship to the overall body image of women and men, factors that predict depilation, and how the appearance of body hair may be related to body satisfaction, body image disturbance, and symptoms consistent with the clinical disorder known as Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD).
Clinical issues thought to be associated with body depilation include physical injuries that put men and women at risk for infection as well as psychological risks including BDD. The goals of this research project were to: (a) further explore the depilation practices of both genders, (b) develop and evaluate three scales directly related to body depilation research, (c) identify predictors of depilation among both genders; (d) examine the correlates of depilation, (e) apply and further test theoretical models to explain depilation among both genders, and (e) examine demographic differences in body image disturbance and BDD while controlling for natural body hair growth.
In support of the hypotheses, results indicated that men have greater levels of body hair growth at 12 discretely measured body sites compared to women, and that overall, body depilation prevalence is high (90.8%) among the individuals sampled. Depilation prevalence for women was 98.5% while 80.9% for men. Men were more likely to report depilation in the past, having ceased the behavior to allow natural hair growth to resume. Men were also significantly more likely to engage in hair reduction behaviors, e.g., trimming, rather than removing hair all together compared to women. Women reported a significantly greater frequency of injuries as a result of depilation, while men reported greater dissatisfaction with higher levels of chest or back hair growth.
Instruments were developed and evaluated to measure depilation appearance comparison, depilation social norms, and body hair growth. In terms of predictors of depilation, appearance comparison was a predictor for both genders, while the drive for muscularity was a unique predictor for men. Theoretical paradigms associated with depilation included Social Comparison Theory, and in part, a belief that depilation is socially normative. Results also provided partial support for hypotheses related to gender, racial/ethnic, and sexual orientation differences in body image disturbance and BDD symptomatology. Overall, the results of this study provide support for the notion that body depilation is a key appearance and body image concern for both genders, though more so for men, but also suggest that more research is needed in order to better understand the role of the appearance of hair on the human body.
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Ordaz, Daniel Luis. "Gynecomastia: Psychological Correlates and a Test of the Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6558.
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Gynecomastia is the proliferation of breast tissue in men. The purpose of this study was to compare psychological functioning across three groups of participants: treatment seeking men with gynecomastia, non treatment seeking men with gynecomastia, and men without gynecomastia. Though very little research has been done with this population, some research suggests poor psychological outcomes of gynecomastia. MANCOVA was used to test differences in psychological functioning across the three groups, and multiple regression was used to predict quality of life from psychological variables. Significant differences emerged between groups, with men with gynecomastia reporting worse psychological functioning. Additionally, no theoretical model for body image currently exists for men with gynecomastia. As such, the Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image was examined in this population through used of mediation analyses. Results confirmed partial support of this model for this population. This study was the first to examine treatment seeking status as a potential moderator of psychological functioning in men with gynecomastia and provides a theoretical model of body image to guide future research in this area.
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Gregg, Anna. "Media's impact on male and female college age students perspective of body image." Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008gregga.pdf.
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Agliata, Daniel. "Assessing Male Body Image: Development and Validation of the Appearance Inventory for Men (AIM)." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2616.
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Despite evidence suggesting that appearance dissatisfaction among men is on the rise, a void in appropriate forms of body image assessment for males remains. The current study reviews the literature on male body image, identifying the shortcomings and limitations of prior research, and introduces a psychometrically sound, male-specific body image assessment. An initial item-generation study was used to poll 253 males to inquire about their concerns, emotions, behaviors, and related body image topics to be sorted and synthesized into items for scale inclusion. The newly developed Appearance Inventory for Men (AIM) was then administered to 330 males and submitted to exploratory factor analyses, revealing a relatively stable three-factor structure. Weight-Focus (WF), Muscle Focus (MF), and Appearance Motivation (AM) factors emerged, all with good internal consistency and convergent, discriminant, and construct validity. Two additional psychometrically sound subscales were included in the final AIM that assess body area satisfaction for men (Key Attributes of Muscularity; KAM) and the common Strategies for Appearance Management (SAM). Future research and clinical implications are discussed, as are the directions for continued validation of this unique, yet much needed male-specific body image assessment tool.Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Arts and Sciences
Psychology
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Kruyswijk, Renske. "Socio–environmental factors, objectified body consciousness and drive for muscularity in undergraduate men / Renske Kruyswijk." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4857.
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The display of the male body has recently become a common phenomenon in Western culture. The objectification of men is a new theoretical concept that originates from the more familiar concept of the perceived objectification, observation and evaluation of the female body (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). McKinley (as cited in Soban, 2006) terms this concept Objectified Body Consciousness (OBC). Past studies confirm that the concept of OBC may also be successfully applied to males (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Tiggemann & Kuring, 2004), especially in relation to current cultural expectations for the male body (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Soban, 2006). At an extreme level internalisation of the mesomorphic body shape as body ideal may lead to a Drive for Muscularity (DM; Grieve, 2007). Grieve and Helmick (2008) indicate that males who score high on objectification measures show higher incidences of DM. According to the socio–environmental theories of Grieve (2007) and McCabe and Ricciardelli (2004) males experience significant social pressures to achieve the muscular ideal. There is a scarcity of literature concerning body–image concerns and the muscular ideal within the South African male undergraduate population. This research was therefore exploratory in nature and aimed to determine whether undergraduate men with high levels of OBC differ significantly in DM from undergraduate men with low levels of OBC. In addition, the study investigated the existence of a correlation between OBC and DM and whether undergraduate men differ in DM in accordance with exposure to certain socio–environmental factors. The quantitative study employed a survey design (Mouton, 2001) and used the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS; McKinley & Hyde, 1996) and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary & Sasse, 2000). A convenience sample of 278 undergraduate males (mean age = 19 years) was selected based on availability and readiness to partake in the study (Field, 2005). Participants were all males aged between 18 and 20 and residing on the North–West University Potchefstroom Campus. Results indicate that undergraduate men with either elevated or low levels of OBC do not differ in terms of their DM. No correlation exists between OBC and DM. A group of undergraduate men who read fitness and health–related magazines, participate in sport, exercise regularly and have used steroids and supplements in the past year was identified. This group presented with high incidences of Muscle Development Behaviour suggesting that they may be at risk of internalising an attitude of increasing muscularity that may result in DM.Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Wallpe, Melinda C. "Amount of exercise as a predictor for self-esteem and body satisfaction in college men." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1266023.
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This study was designed to examine the effect amount of exercise has on men's self-esteem and body satisfaction. It was hypothesized that there would be a negative relationship between the amount of exercise performed weekly and an individual's self-esteem and a negative relationship between the amount of exercise performed weekly and body satisfaction which were measured by Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction. Data were analyzed by conducting a multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that there was no relationship between the amount of exercise and self-esteem and body satisfaction in college men. Implications of this study for research and practice are discussed.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Wilcox, Jacqueline M. "How Fathers Affect Body Image Perception In their Sons: A Comparison of Four Age Groups." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1180.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jacqueline Marie Wilcox, for the Master of Science degree in COMMUNITY NUTRITION, presented on October 19,2012, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: HOW FATHERS AFFECT BODY IMAGE PERCEPTION IN THEIR SONS:A COMPARISON OF FOUR AGE GROUPS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Sara Long Roth This study examines the role a father or male role model plays in affecting his son's body image perception via comments and feedback. A cross-sectional study design was conducted to examine 396 men who ranged in age from 18-92 years old. Men who participated in this study were evaluated as a whole as well as four different age groups (18-31, 32-47, 48-66, 67+). Results indicate most men did not receive feedback from their fathers in regard to altering their muscularity or to gain or lose weight. Participants who received feedback reported positive paternal comments about body shape, weight and muscularity. Men aged 18-31 received more positive paternal feedback than any other age group. Positive body image perception was significantly associated with body mass index and high self-esteem. Results of this study suggest other social factors may be connected with negative body image perception.
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Meadows, Amber S. "Men Feel it too: An Examination of Body Image and Disordered Eating among Older Males." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/gerontology_theses/27.
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This quantitative study examined body image and disordered eating in older males. Using a series of questionnaires and demographic questions, two research questions were explored: a) What are the characteristics of older males in terms of eating and body image? and b) Are disordered eating behaviors among older males related to dissatisfaction with body image, specifically physical appearance or physical functioning? Paired samples t-tests revealed that older males rated their ideal body figure as significantly smaller than their current figure, t(35) = -5.53, p < .01, which indicates the presence of body dissatisfaction. Twenty percent of participants were found to be at risk for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Furthermore, a correlation was found between disordered eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction particularly as it relates to physical appearance, (r(33) = -.486, p < .01).
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Hwang, Jinsook. "Body Image, self-esteem, and clothing of men and women aged 55 years and older." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06232009-063041/.
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Maida, Denise Martello. "The classification of muscle dysmorphia." View full text, 2003.
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Hancock, Elizabeth. "Masculinity and the male body from the world of the ancients to the World Wide Web /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8044.
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Barta, Jonna Lee. "Media Effects on the Body Shape Ideal and Bulimic Symptomatology in Males." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2261/.
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This study investigates the impact of sociocultural mediators in relation to eating disorders among male undergraduates. Literature on eating disorders has demonstrated that a thin body shape ideal depicted in the media directly contributes to eating pathology among females, but little research has investigated the direct effects of ideal body shape images among men. The focus of the present investigation was to assess the direct effects of exposure to the ideal male body shape on mens affect, self esteem, body satisfaction, and endorsement of U. S. societal ideals of attractiveness. In addition, the relation of these variables to bulimic symptomatology was examined. Modeling a study conducted on women (Stice & Shaw, 1994), male undergraduates between the ages of 18 to 25 participated in premeasure (N = 169) and post measure (N = 95) conditions. Participants in the post measure were randomly exposed to pictures from magazines containing either male models depicting the ideal body shape, an average body or pictures of clothing without models. Results from repeated mulitvariate analysis indicated that exposure to the ideal body shape condition did not demonstrate significant negative changes in mens affect, self esteem, body satisfaction or endorsement of U. S. societal ideals of attractiveness. Indirect support for the sociocultural theory of eating disorders was provided by multiple regression analyses which demonstrated that increased body mass, self esteem, stress and anxiety predicted bulimic symptomatology in men. Future research should direct itself toward investigating possible sociocultural influences of eating disorders on certain male subenvironments, such as athletes or homosexual males that place a greater emphasis on maintaining lower body mass and an ideal body shape.
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Schuster, Elizabeth. "The Effects of Viewing Sexually Explicit Materials on Men's Body Image Satisfaction, Interest in Pursuing Cosmetic Surgery, and Body Change Behaviors." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6359.
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This study examined the effects of viewing sexually explicit media on men's body image, body change behaviors, and esteem in a randomized experimental study. The purpose was to determine if a cause and effect relationship exists between viewing sexually explicit media and body image dissatisfaction in men. Participants were randomized to one of four conditions. They were asked to view a short media clip and then answer a series of questionnaires assessing their current body change strategies (e.g., pathogenic weight control practices), interest in risky body behaviors (e.g., cosmetic surgery), esteem (i.e., genital, sexual, and self-esteem), and overall body image satisfaction. It was hypothesized that men exposed to the sexually explicit media condition would evidence more dissatisfaction with their bodies, utilize more body change strategies, and have more interest in risky body change behaviors. It was also hypothesized that men exposed to the sexually explicit condition would evidence poorer self-esteem, sexual esteem, and genital esteem relative to participants in the other conditions. The hypotheses were not supported. There were no significant differences among any of the conditions, including a more specific analysis between the control and sexually explicit conditions. As this differs from findings of similar studies with female participants, it is important for future studies to further examine this topic and to identify protective factors that may exist for men who view sexually explicit materials.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Psychology
Sciences
Psychology; Clinical Psychology
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Kirchmeyer, Richard H. "An Examination of Body Dissatisfaction and Media Exposure." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/126.
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The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between muscle magazine consumption and body dissatisfaction. The study also examined the relationship between muscle magazine consumption and the amount of disparity between ideal and real body shape. Participants (N = 108) were recruited via study board, and also on a volunteer basis, from a mid-Western university with a population of 20,674 students. The first hypothesis stated that men with greater exposure to muscle magazines would indicate that their actual body shape falls further away from their ideal body shape, in terms of both muscularity and fat level, than men who read fewer magazines that focus on muscle building. The second hypothesis stated that men with greater exposure to muscle magazines would indicate higher levels of body dissatisfaction than men who read fewer magazines focused on muscle building. To evaluate the first hypothesis, a linear regression analysis was conducted to determine whether magazine consumption would predict the distance between real and ideal body shape, in terms of both fat and muscle content. Results did not support the first hypothesis and are not consistent with prior research that showed higher levels of muscle and fitness magazine consumption correlating positively with a greater drive for thinness and a greater drive for muscularity. Results did not support the second hypothesis: greater exposure to muscle magazines did not lead to greater levels of body dissatisfaction. Regression analysis found that there was no predictive relationship between muscle magazine consumption and body dissatisfaction or muscle magazine consumption and greater distance between ideal and real body shapes. Additional t-test analysis found that men who read muscle magazines actually indicated significantly lower levels of dissatisfaction with their bodies than men who did not read muscle magazines; however, that result is restricted to collegiate athletes only.
Results from this study are important in that they indicate, in men, there are other factors involved in determining how individuals end up with increased levels of body dissatisfaction. Prior findings also concluded that men’s concerns with body shape thrive as a combination of multiple constructs involving social, personal, and mass media factors. Although magazine literature has some bearing on body image concern, particularly with women, it is unclear as to whether magazine consumption contributes to its effect on men.
One limitation of this study is that participants reported on the degree to which they were dissatisfied with their bodies. Some individuals may not have acknowledged their level of dissatisfaction with their own bodies. Information based upon self-reporting measures may have been inaccurate due to under or over reporting in surveys. Another limitation of this study, particularly when using the results as a comparison tool toward previous studies, is that the measures used to determine levels of body dissatisfaction differ. Researchers abroad have used different measures to arrive at what would be considered similar conclusions regarding body dissatisfaction. There are multiple measures that can be used to determine a person’s level of satisfaction and drive for muscularity. Some measures are better than others at capturing variable characteristics.
Another important limitation is that muscle magazines only represent one form of media consumption. A study that incorporated other forms of media may be more fruitful in its findings. Therefore, results should be interpreted with caution. However, with everexpanding information technology capabilities, society is increasingly bombarded with information more so than ever before. This study provides additional insight into the question of whether or not more is better. It also identifies a gender difference in the predicting power of magazine consumption and body dissatisfaction.
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Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Berbert de. "Adaptação transcultural do Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ) para a língua portuguesa do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2012. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1652.
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No Brasil, há um número escasso de instrumentos de autorrelato válidos e confiáveis para a avaliação da imagem corporal, especialmente para os indivíduos do sexo masculino, que, durante anos, não receberam a devida atenção dos pesquisadores. Dessa maneira, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a adaptação transcultural do Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ), instrumento desenvolvido para avaliar os comportamentos de checagem corporal, levando em consideração aspectos relevantes da preocupação masculina com o peso e a forma corporal. Esta dissertação foi estruturada em quatro etapas: Quadro Teórico – em que são abordados os temas centrais para o embasamento e a compreensão desta pesquisa; Procedimentos para a adaptação transcultural – descrição breve dos passos metodológicos adotados durante as fases de tradução e validação; Artigo A – intitulado “Tradução para o português (Brasil), equivalência semântica e consistência interna do Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ)” – relato dos passos metodológicos (tradução, retrotradução, síntese de tradução, revisão por peritos e pré-teste) para a tradução e adaptação cultural do instrumento original da língua inglesa para o português do Brasil, e da equivalência entre as duas versões (equivalência semântica). Em adição, são apresentados os valores satisfatórios de consistência interna do MBCQ (alpha de Cronbach de 0,96), assim como de seus quatros fatores (superiores a 0,83). A última etapa (quarta), descrita no Artigo B – intitulado “Propriedades psicométricas do Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ) entre homens jovens”, que relata a avaliação da validade de constructo (análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória), indicando valor satisfatório de explicação da variância (64,36%) e cargas fatoriais (superiores a 0,5), formado por quatro fatores. A análise fatorial confirmatória indicou adequação do modelo proposto, por meio de boas medidas de ajuste. O MBCQ apresentou validade convergente – correlação com o Body Shape Questionnaire (rho = 0,44; p < 0,01) e Body Checking Questionnaire (rho = 0,55; p < 0,01), e discriminante – comparação entre os grupos de baixo e alto comportamento de risco para os transtornos alimentares (Eating Attitudes Test – 26; 8604 vs. 34171; p = 0,018), e adequada estabilidade. Foram ainda apresentados valores satisfatórios de alpha de Cronbach do MBCQ aplicado na fase da análise fatorial (0,92), bem como na análise da reprodutibilidade (momento 1, α = 0,89; e momento 2, α = 0,94). Concluiu-se que o Male Body Checking Questionnaire apresenta-se pronto para utilização em amostras de adultos brasileiros, a fim de que o componente comportamental da imagem corporal possa ser investigado, clínica e epidemiologicamente, entre essa população.
In Brazil, there are very few valid and reliable self-reporting tools to assess body image, especially among men who, for years, did not receive the attention due from researchers. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ), a tool developed to assess body checking behaviors, considering relevant men's concerns with weight and body shape. This dissertation was divided into four steps: The Theoretical Framework addresses core themes which form the basis for understanding this study; procedures for the cross-cultural adaptation (brief description of the methodological steps adopted during the phases of translation and validation; Article A – entitled “Portuguese (Brazil) translation, semantic equivalence and internal consistency of the Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ)”); account of the methodological steps (translation, backtranslations, synthesis of the translation, review performed by specialists and pre-test) for the translation and cultural adaptation of the original tool in English into Brazilian Portuguese, and the equivalence between the two versions (semantic equivalence). In addition, satisfactory values of internal consistency of the MBCQ (Cronbach's alpha of 0.96) are presented, as well as its four factors (higher than 0.83). The last step (the fourth one), described in Article B, entitled “Psychometric Properties of the Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ) among young men”, reports on the assessment of the validity of the construct (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), indicating a satisfactory value to explain the variance (64.36%) and factor loadings (higher than 0.5), made up of four factors. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated the adequacy of the model proposed by means of good adjustment measures. The MBCQ presented convergent validity – correlation with the Body Shape Questionnaire (rho = 0.44; p < 0.01) and Body Checking Questionnaire (rho = 0.55; p < 0.01) - and discriminating - comparison between the groups of low and high risk behavior regarding eating disorders (Eating Attitudes Test – 26; 8604 vs. 34171; p = 0.018), and good stability. Satisfactory Cronbach's alpha values of the MBCQ applied in the factor analysis phase (0.92) were presented, as well as the analysis of reproducibility (moment 1, α = 0.89; and moment 2, α = 0.94). It may be concluded that the Male Body Checking Questionnaire is ready to be used in samples of adult male Brazilians so that the behavior component of body image can be clinically and epidemiologically investigated in said population.
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Rice, Cara Exten. "Risk Factors for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV in Men who have Sex with Men: Examination of a PSA Biomarker, Sexual Behaviors, and the Role of Body Image." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397430570.
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Lenney, Michael J. "A softer side to men." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2004. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/793.
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“I am on time. It’s the afternoon of my medical for life-insurance suitability. The AMP building in Sydney is my destination. I arrive with about twenty minutes to spare. I don’t remember the receptionist. I don’t remember the faces of the doctors who attended me that day. All I can remember is that I could see the clouds passing over the glass ceiling as my blood pressure was taken several times. The first doctor took my blood pressure three times before seeking another opinion. The second doctor confirmed his fears. I was in the “too high” risk category. At the time I was 22 years of age, and weighing, on average, one-hundred and fifty kilograms. Over the next nine months I reach an extreme level of weight loss. At my lightest I weighed eighty-two kilograms.” I am a male researcher, researching masculine bodyweight and masculine embodiment. In the qualitative tradition, seven men (primary participants) who underwent significant weight gain. and loss were interviewed with the purpose of understanding how they experienced their sense of self as socially reflected. In addition to this, seven significant others (secondary participants) were interviewed in relation to their observations of primary participants during these periods. This is an interdisciplinary study which utilises symbolic interactionist concepts of self, and social identity, in conjunction with sociological and philosophical concerns about body-image, bodyweight, and the expression of subjective and social masculine identities in a gendered socio-cultural context, where tension exists between individual freedom and social control (See Bordo, !999a: Cooley, 1964; Drummond, 2002; Foucault, 1980; Goffman 1963b, 1967; Mead, 1934; Sparkes, 1999). It was found that different levels of male body fat influences subjective conceptions of self, subjective expressions of masculine identities, and social projections of what it means to be a fat and thin man. This study reveals that men went to extremes to lose weight, in most cases by restricting their food intake. In addition to this, it was also found that thinner men consume more fashion than fatter men, and that happy fat men in sexual relationships were least likely to regulate their bodyweight until these relationships ended. Self-regulation was found to be more prominent in those men competing for intimacy in the sexual market. In brief, this study establishes here is a softer reflective side of men than had been previously documented.
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Castle, Luke A. "The Civilizing Process of Male Physical Fitness Practices: An Application of Figurational Theory." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1250881442.
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Piatkowski, Timothy Mark. "The relationship between striving for muscularity, masculine identity, and steroid use among young men in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/205442/1/Timothy_Piatkowski_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis contributes to understanding the factors and beliefs underlying the drive for muscularity and associated hazardous behaviours including substance use among young men. This work extends on sociocultural frameworks by examining the role of group identity in the context of psychosocial factors and social influences among young men who have an affiliation with a muscularity-centred subculture. The psychosocial factors identified in this research may inform allied health professionals in the development of education strategies to reduce harm among young men using performance and image enhancing drugs.
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Peixoto, Cayden. "Sexual Anxiety Among Non-Monogamous Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Phenomenological Study." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41086.
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Sexual anxiety is a prevalent issue among men who have sex with men (MSM) that negatively affects sexual satisfaction and wellbeing. However, research investigating sexual anxiety among MSM has been scarce. This descriptive phenomenological study was conducted to address knowledge gaps and identify the predominant underlying causes of sexual anxiety among non-monogamous MSM. Using purposive sampling, eleven sexually active, non-monogamous MSM were recruited for this study (N=11). Data were collected using audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using Moustakas’ (1994) structured approach to data analysis in phenomenological research. Participant descriptions of their lived experiences of sexual anxiety identified six prevalent causes among MSM individuals. These included performance anxiety, fear of HIV, fear of bacterial STIs, internalized homophobia, body image dissatisfaction, and history of sexual abuse. Not surprisingly, fear of HIV was the dominant cause of sexual anxiety among most participants. Recommendations to prevent and reduce sexual anxiety among MSM are provided.
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Larsson-Berg, Therese. "Kroppsuppfattning hos män : En studie om kroppsuppfattning hos utövare och icke-utövare av aktiviteter som främjar positiv kroppsuppfattning." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85407.
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Syftet med studien var att undersöka mäns positiva kroppsuppfattning och embodiment. Syftet var också att jämföra män som utövar aktiviteter som främjar positiv kroppsuppfattning vandring, yoga, frigörande dans, klättring, dykning, kampsport, ridning och mindfulness meditation med män som inte utövar någon av dessa aktiviteter.Fyra hypoteser formulerades och testades med Mann Whitney U-test och Spearman´s korrelationskoefficient. Data samlades in med elektronisk enkät via sociala medier. Stickproven bestod av 328 män som utövade aktivitet och 40 män som inte utövade aktivitet. Positiv kroppsuppfattning mättes med Body Appreciation Scale-2 och embodiment mättes med det förenklade instrumentet Physical Body Experiences Questionnaire Simplified for Active Aging. Resultaten visade att män som utövar aktiviteter som verkar främjande för positiv kroppsuppfattning har en högre positiv kroppsuppfattning och embodiment än män som inte utövar sådana aktiviteter. Korrelationskoefficienten visade också att allmän motion/träning korrelerar med positiv kroppsuppfattning och embodiment för båda grupperna men visar också på en högre korrelation för de män som inte utövar aktivitet. Slutsatserna i föreliggande studie är det vidare behöver undersökas vilka aktiviteter och vad hos aktiviteterna som kan verka främjande för positiv kroppsuppfattning. Slutsatsen är också att mot bakgrund av tidigare forskning så behövs ytterligare forskning för att utröna vilka aktiviteter samt vilka egenskaper hos aktiviteterna som kan verka främjande för mäns kroppsuppfattning. Vidare dras slutsatsen att vissa aktiviteter kan användas i arbete för att främja kroppsuppfattningen och även i vardagslivet för att förebygga en negativ kroppsuppfattning.The purpose of this study was to examine mens positive body image and embodiment. The purpose was also to compare men that practice activities that promote positive body image; hiking, yoga, freestyle dancing, rock climbing, scuba diving, martial arts, horse riding and mindfulness meditation, with med that does not practice any of these activities. Four hypotheses was formulated and tested with Mann Whitney U-test and Spearman´s rank correlation coefficient. Data was collected through an electronic questionnaire that was published on social media. The samples consisted of 328 men that practiced activity and 40 men that did not practice activity. Positive body image was measured with Body Appreciation Scale-2 and embodiment was measured with the simplified instrument Physical Body Experiences Questionnaire Simplified for Active Aging. The results showed that men that practice activites that promote positive body image has a higher level of positive body image and embodiment than men that doesn´t practice that kind of activities. The correlation coefficient show that general exercise correlates with positive body image and embodiment for both groups but shows a greater correlation for the men that doesn´t practice activity. The conclusions in this study is that further research is needed to examine whichactivities and which characteristics in those activities that could promote positive body image. The conclusion is also that in the light of previous research further research is needed to examine which activities and which traits in those activities that can promote body image in men. Further, the conclusion is that some activities could be used in work to promote body image and in daily life to prevent a negative body image.
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Martins, Tamara Salviano. "Imagem corporal: estudo transversal em candidatos ao serviço militar em Juiz de Fora – MG." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1472.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A construção da Imagem Corporal manifesta-se imbricada em diretrizes sociais e culturais, podendo ser influenciada por diversos fatores como: sexo, idade, meios de comunicação como a mídia, bem como valores ditados por amigos e pela família. Entretanto, durante a adolescência,os jovens estão mais suscetíveis à mesma, devido às profundas mudanças de ordem física, psicológica e social. Neste trabalho, o público alvo refere-se aos adolescentes convocados a se apresentarem uma instituição militar, socialmente empenhada na responsabilidade de “formar homens”, marcando simbolicamentea etapa de transição entre adolescência e fase adulta. Recentemente, a comunidade científica atentou-se para o fato de que a busca incansável por um corpo ideal configura-se, também, como uma preocupação masculina, desmitificando, dessa forma, o culto ao corpo somente por parte das mulheres. É aceito, atualmente, que tanto mulheres quanto homens possuam insatisfações com a Imagem Corporal. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a dimensão atitudinal da Imagem Corporal que envolve aspectos, tais como: pensamentos, sentimentos, ações, (in)satisfações em 131 adolescentes que se apresentaram ao Serviço Militar obrigatório na cidade de Juiz de Fora – MG.Foram aplicados quatro instrumentos selecionados com a pretensão de se abrangerem os componentes da dimensão atitudinal, com vistas a analisá-los associadamente. São os seguintes: Escala de Influência dos três fatores- EITF (Conti et al., 2010); Questionáriode Checagem Corporal masculino - MBCQ(Carvalho et al., 2012);Questionário de Atitudes Socioculturais em Relação à Aparência-3 – SATAQ-3(Amaral et al., 2011) e o BodyShapeQuestionnaire - BSQ(Conti, Cordas e Latorre, 2009). Os mesmos se destinam a avaliar respectivamente a influência dos pais, amigos e mídia na Imagem corporal; os comportamentos de checagem corporal; a influência dos aspectos socioculturais, especialmente a mídia e a preocupação e a satisfação com a forma corporal. Portanto, tratase de uma pesquisa de campo, de corte transversal, com coleta e análise dos dados por meio de metodologia quantitativa e descritiva. Sua fundamentação teórica recorreu a conceitos ancorados na perpectiva sociocultural de vertente psicológica, poisacredita-se que seja por meio do corpo que o sujeito se comunica com o mundo, estabelecendo relações que influenciarão o conceito que ele faz de si. Os resultados mostraram a importância de se relativizar a questão da insatisfação corporal masculina, levando-se em consideração as especificidades sexuais e as construções culturais envolvidas. Percebeu-se que a insatisfação no homem adolescente pode induzi-lo a maior frequência de checagem corporal através da checagem de gordura e checagem por avaliação externa, mostrando, dessa forma, a preocupação masculina quanto ao peso corporal e quanto às interferências do meio. Salienta-se que fatores socioculturais, especialmente amigos e mídia, também são fonte de pressão e internalização para os homens e podem refletir sua insatisfação corporal.
The construction of Body Image manifests itself imbricated in social and cultural guidelines and may be influenced by several factors, such as gender, age, media as well as values dictated by friends and family. However, during adolescence young people are more susceptible due to deep physical, psychological and social changes. In this work, the target audience refers to adolescents summoned to appear in a military institution which is socially ingrained by the responsibility of "training men", symbolically marking the transition stage between adolescence and adulthood. Recently, the scientific community realized the fact that the relentless pursuit of an ideal body is also a male concern, demystifying thus the cult of the body only by women. It is accepted today that both women and men have dissatisfaction with their body image. This study aimed to assess the attitudinal dimension of body image involving aspects such as thoughts, feelings, actions, (dis)satisfaction in 131 teenagers attending compulsory military service in the city of Juiz de Fora - MG. We applied four instruments selected from the proposal to cover the components of attitudinal dimension in order to cross analyze them. They are: Influence Scale of the Three Factors - EITF (Conti et al., 2010); MaleBody Checking Questionnaire - MBCQ(Carvalho et al., 2012); Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 - SATAQ-3(Amaral et al., 2011) and Body Shape Questionnaire - BSQ (Conti, Strings and Latorre, 2009). They have been designed to assess the influence of parents, friends and the media on body image, body checking behaviors, the influence of sociocultural aspects, especially the media, and the concern and satisfaction with body shape. Therefore, this is a field research of the cross-sectional kind, with data collection and analysis through descriptive and quantitative methodology. Its theoretical concepts are anchored in the psychological aspect of sociocultural perspectives for we believe it is through the body that the subject communicates with the world, establishing relationships that will influence the concept that he/she makes of himself/herself. The results showed the importance of relativizing male body dissatisfaction taking into account the specific sexual and cultural constructions involved. It was felt that dissatisfaction in adolescent men can induce them to greater frequency of body checking by checking body fat and looking for external evaluation, showing thus the concern about male body weight and the interference of the environment. It must be noted that sociocultural factors, especially friends and media, are also a source of pressure and internalization for men may reflect their body dissatisfaction.
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Schlechter, Willem Philippus George. "Cowboys and cocks : the heterosexual construction and homosexual appropriation of masculinity." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21758.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the performative construction and appropriations of heteronormative masculinities by heterosexual and homosexual men respectively. My interest in masculinity as a culturally constructed fantasy is extended to imply a desire for the masculine. The idea of masculine desire is further developed by indicating a possible (homo)sexual desire for the heteronormative representation of masculinity. In highlighting the artificial and material qualities of the assumed stable phallus, the impassable structure of hegemonic masculinities, such as manifested in the cowboy and bodybuilder, is turned into the penetrable penis as object of the male gaze. I will concentrate on the fetishization of heterosexual masculine signifiers in physique photography in order to demonstrate this shift in the male gaze. Masculinity as a (de)attachable component allows the de-subjectification and thus, depowering of heteronormative masculinity by the possible appropriation thereof by gay men.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die performatiewe konstruksie en apropriasie van heteronormatiewe manlikhede deur onderskydelik heteroseksuele en homoseksuele mans. My belangstelling in manlikheid as ‘n kultureel gestruktureerde fantasie word uitgebrei om ‘n begeerte vir manlikheid te impliseer. Die idee van manlike begeerte word verder ontwikkel deur ‘n moontlike (homo)seksuele begeerte vir die heteronormatiewe uitbeelding van manlikheid aan te dui. Deur die artifisiële en materiële kwaliteite van die veronderstelde stabiele fallus te beklemtoon, word die ondeurdringbare hegemonie van manlike strukture, soos dit voorkom in die cowboy en liggamsbouer, verander in die penetreerbare penis as objek van die manlike (male) ‘gaze’. Ek konsentreer op die fetisering van heteroseksuele manlike tekens in ‘physique’ fotografie ten einde hierdie skuiwing in die manlike ‘gaze’ te demonstreer. Manlikheid as ‘n (ont)hegbare komponent veronderstel die de-subjektivisering, en dus ontmagtiging van heteronormatiewe manlikheid deur die moontlike appropriasie daarvan deur gay mans.
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Lacey, Jamie. "Drive for Muscularity in College Men: Self-Objectification, Internalization, and Multidimensional Perfectionism." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1495801157367465.
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Rennie, Caroline. "New normal : a grounded theory study of reconciling change in appearance and function for men with head and neck cancer." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25150.
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HNC incidence and mortality is greater in men and is associated with high risk behaviours and social deprivation. HNC is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages requiring multi-modality treatment which can have a significant impact on appearance and function. Gender can influence health behaviours yet research into male experiences of cancer has primarily focussed on prostate cancer and HNC is an area which is under investigated. The aim of this study was to explore how men with HNC experience appearance and functional change in the first 12 months following diagnosis. Grounded theory methodology (GT) was chosen as the overall purpose of GT is the generation of theory from the data which has explanatory power and advances the understanding of social and psychological phenomena. Retrospective semi-structured interviews were performed with 12 men who were 12 to 24 months post-diagnosis. Key components of GT practice used were simultaneous data collection and analysis, constructing analytic categories from the data, constant comparison, memo-writing and theoretical sampling. Three categories emerged from the data which were inter-related: normalising change; “under siege”: getting through treatment; and reclaiming self. The core category was reconciling change; a new normal which reflects the social and psychological processes involved in accommodating and assimilating change in appearance and function for men with HNC. The substantive theory provides insight into how men with HNC prioritise function and actively distance themselves from concerns regarding appearance. Furthermore, it identifies men who are at risk of social anxiety and isolation due to multiple changes or body incompetence. This study builds on theories of masculinity, body image and disfigurement. The substantive theory developed provides health and social care professionals with new knowledge to support clinical practice and improve care provision.
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Johansson, Andreas. "Den stora, manliga, mannen : En intervjustudie om hur män uppfattar att deras kroppsuppfattning påverkar kroppssjälvkänslan." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för kultur-, religions- och utbildningsvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16990.
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Problem kring den egna kroppen och dess utseende är något som historiskt sett varit något typiskt genuskodat kvinnligt. Under de senaste 20-30 åren har män i allt större utsträckning rapporterat liknande problematik, detta i samband med en allt högre grad exponering av mannens kropp. Syftet med studien var att belysa och problematisera hur män uppfattar kroppsuppfattningens påverkar kroppssjälvkänslan. Urvalet var biologiskt födda män. De valda informanterna var i åldern 22-32 år. Intervjuerna genomfördes i informanternas hem samt i ett biblioteks privata grupprum. Metoden för att undersöka detta var en semi-strukturerad intervju, som genomfördes med intervjuguide, samt ett kroppsschema för att mäta aktuell och ideal hos informanterna. Resultatet visar att kroppen är mer än något estetiskt eller praktiskt, utan är även en symbol för manlighet och en del av den egna identiteten. Vad det är som påverkar kroppsuppfattningen tycks vara skönhetsideal och internalisering av dessa samt kommentarer om den egna kroppens utseende. Slutsatsen blev att kroppsuppfattningen kan påverka självkänsla, självförtroende och säkerhet inför den egna identiteten. Om en uppfyller skönhetsidealen, de sociala konstruktionerna, när det kommer till kroppens utseende minskar risken för en negativ kroppsuppfattning.Problems concerning the body and its appearance are difficulties more common occurring among women historically, even though it is more and more frequent among men since the past 20-30 years. The purpose of this study was to enlighten and problematize how men perceive that body image influences their body-esteem. The sample of the study was biological born men, and those participating were 22-32 years old. The method used was a semi-structured interview, containing an interview guide and a body scale. The body scale was used as a tool to measure actual and ideal body of the participants. The interviews took place at the participant’s homes of in private rooms of one library. The results indicate that the male body is more than its function and esthetics; it is also a symbol of manhood and a significant part of one’s identity. What may impact on one’s body image and body esteem seems to be body ideals, the internalizations of these and others commentary of one’s own body appearance. The conclusion was that body image may influence self-esteem, self-confidence and the security of one’s identity. If one’s body correlates with the body ideals, the social constructions, the risk of a negative body image decreases.
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Pereira, Andrew. "Ethnic and Sexual Minority Differences in the Prediction of Disordered Eating and Exercise Behaviors in College Men." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062798/.
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Despite growing evidence of their prevalence, clinical and subclinical disordered eating behaviors among men continue to be understudied phenomena. When compared to females, predictors of male disordered eating vary across ethnic groups, suggesting cultural influences on disordered eating. Moreover, gay and bisexual men experience pronounced levels of body dissatisfaction, sensitivity to societal body image standards, and subsequent disordered eating when compared to straight men and gay women. This study investigated possible differences in prediction of disordered eating among intersections of male ethnicity and sexuality. We approached this question through a transtheoretical lens that integrated intersectionality and minority stress theories. Archival data from a sample of African American, Latino, and White college men were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. Predictors of emotional and binge eating behaviors differed across ethnicity, in that body dissatisfaction and media internalization for African American and Latino males exhibit the strongest unique associations with emotional and binge eating behaviors, while the strongest unique predictors of emotional and binge eating behaviors among White males are depressive symptoms and low self-esteem. Moreover, African American sexual identity and depressive symptoms interact, as gay or bisexual men report stronger unique associations between depression symptoms and emotional and binge eating. All predictors (i.e., body dissatisfaction, depression symptoms, low self-esteem, media internalization, and sexual minority identity) were unable to explain sufficient variance in over exercise behaviors in African American men. Results suggest ethnicity and sexual orientation are meaningful to the experience of disordered eating in men, and that underlying mechanisms may exhibit differing associative patterns across ethnic identity. Clinicians working with ethnically and sexually diverse male disordered eating populations may use the results to better inform treatment interventions and conceptualization. These findings also support the value of intersectional quantitative methodology and the limits of relying on single-axis identity as a predictive element.
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Svensson, Christine, and Emma Nilsson. "Kvinnors kroppsuppfattning i samband med bröstcancerbehandling : En litteraturstudie." Thesis, University West, Division of Nursing, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-2130.
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Background
There are different types of treatments for breast cancer, and these may be of surgical and non-surgical art. These treatments produce different side effects that can cause both physical and mental harm to the woman. The breast cancer can change the women's body image and relationships to their families. The women manage their lives in different ways depending on which culture they belong to.
Aim
The aim of the study was to elucidate women’s experience of her body and the altered body in relation to breast cancer treatment.
Method
The method used was a literature review based on scientifically articles to overview the field of breast cancer. For the systematic and unsystematic search nine articles were found and used to present the results.
Results
The result was based on analyzes of the nine articles and three main themes revealed: To take control, To change and To meet the cultural ideal.
Conclusion
Women with breast cancer often experience hair loss as the most difficult part of the treatment. It’s therefore important that the women is prepared to what is going to happen for being able to handle the new situation. By preparing in different ways women handle their situation easier. It’s important for the women to feel normal and maintain their identity and role in the family.
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Jensen, Erik N. "Images of the ideal sports, gender, and the emergence of the modern body in Weimar Germany /." Full text available online (restricted access), 2003. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Jensen.pdf.
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Baird, Amy Lynn. "The Influence of Cultural Identification and Gender-Linked Characteristics on the Body Satisfaction of African American Men." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/13.
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The goal of the present study was to examine the relationships between gender schema, level of cultural identification, and body dissatisfaction in African American men. The first hypothesis under study was that men with a low identification to African American culture would report higher dissatisfaction with their body than those with a high cultural identification. Secondly, it was hypothesized that men with a large discrepancy from their culture’s description of an “ideal man” would also report higher body dissatisfaction than those with low or no discrepancy. Lastly, it was hypothesized that an interaction between variables would occur and that men who were less identified with their African American culture and reported themselves as not matching their culture’s masculine ideal would have higher levels of body dissatisfaction than men who were highly identified with their African American culture and reported themselves as strongly matching their culture’s masculine ideal.
Participants were 42 college and post-graduate African American males that were recruited from a Southern university. Participants were assessed using the Body Assessment (BA), Body Satisfaction Questionnaire (BSQ), Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS), Physical Attractiveness Scale (PAS), Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS), and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Results supported all three hypotheses: men lower in cultural identification with a high masculine discrepancy reported higher body dissatisfaction than those higher in cultural identification with a lower masculine discrepancy.
The importance of these findings is that, as the idealized physical image of masculinity becomes more ubiquitous, it is likely that men who measure themselves against this ideal will have greater difficulty achieving self-acceptance and struggle for an unrealistic (and often unhealthy) level of control. Such a struggle for control could lead to engagement in behaviors that could potentially contribute to poor health such as pathological or disordered eating, excessive exercise, and abuse of performance-enhancing substances including food supplements and anabolic steroids. Limitations and suggestions for continued research are also discussed.
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Archer, Michael A. "Factors Influencing the Development of Potential Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adult Males: A Phenomenological Inquiry." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1265913150.
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