Journal articles: 'Body image in adolescence – united states'

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Shagar, Pravina Santhira, Neil Harris, Jennifer Boddy, and Caroline L. Donovan. "The Relationship Between Body Image Concerns and Weight-Related Behaviours of Adolescents and Emerging Adults: A Systematic Review." Behaviour Change 34, no. 4 (December 2017): 208–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2018.3.

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This systematic review investigates evidence on the association between body image concerns and weight-related behaviours of adolescents and emerging adults. It includes peer-reviewed journal articles reporting research involving body image concerns and weight-related behaviours of adolescents and emerging adults, published between 2005–2017, and located through systematic searches from four databases. This review includes studies from 11 countries or regions: United States (n = 13), Asia (n = 9), Europe (n = 8), Middle East (n = 3), South America (Brazil; n = 3), Canada (n = 3), Australia (n = 1), New Zealand (n = 1), Trinidad (n = 1), Turkey (n = 1) and Seychelles (n = 1); 24 different countries (n = 1); three Asian countries and the United States (n = 1). Out of 46 studies included in this review, 45 studies reported a positive association between body image concerns and weight-related behaviours. Adolescents and emerging adults who misperceived their weight engaged in weight-related behaviours. Higher body dissatisfaction had a significant association in the development of eating disorders and extreme weight-loss behaviours. Body image concerns play a significant role in adolescents and emerging adults engaging in weight-related behaviours. Experimental research designs are required to determine the causality of this association. Evidence strongly suggests policy makers and public health practitioners contemplate strategies to promote positive body image and healthy weight-related behaviours among adolescents and emerging adults.

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Ramadhanty, Dania Mirza, and Bernie Endyarni Medise. "Excessive body weight and its relationship to body image in teenagers aged 16–18 years old in South Jakarta." World Nutrition Journal 4, no. 1-3 (October 27, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v04.s3.0033.

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Objective. Overweight is one of the health problems that often occur in children and adolescents throughout the world, both in developed and developing countries. Study results in USA showed yearly increase of overweight prevalence in children aged 2–19 years old. In addition, based on the results by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010 in United States, the highest percentage of overweight and obesity by age group was found at 12–19 years old (33.6%). Basic Health Research/Riskesdas’s data in 2013 showed the prevalence of overweight in adolescents aged 16–18 years old in Indonesia reached the highest value of 11.5%. Moreover, most teenagers see their body images as a match between self’s and others’ ideal perception. Teenagers with positive body image tend to be more confident and also easier to get along with other people, especially their peers. In this study, researcher aimed to investigate the relationship between teenagers who have excess body weight with body image, whether it had positive or negative impact.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data collection was done from December 2017 to January 2018. Data collected were anthropometric measurements (weight and height) and the King College London Body Image Questionnaire's filled by participants. From 400 subjects who filled the questionnaires, a total of 350 participants matched the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Chi square test was done as data analysis.Results: Chi-square analysis for excess body weight status in relation to body image scores showed no relationship (p=1,000).Conclusions: There was no significant relationship between excessive body weight and body image.

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Santhi Muttipoll Dharmarajlu, Sarah Ali Maqbul, Rawaby Hamad Tlhy, Shahad Eisa Aqili, Kholoud Mohammed Arbey, Raseel Uthman Yaqoub, Shahad Mohammed Osaili, and Manar Saleem Aljehani. "The impact of Social Media Affinity on eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction among school-age children and adolescent girls studying in Farasan governorate school, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Contemporary Microbiology 9, no. 1 (August 10, 2023): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijcmicro.v9i1.19515.

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Purpose: The use of the internet for social networking has become a global phenomenon, as the number of social network users worldwide increased from 2.3 billion in 2016 to around 2.6 billion in 2018. 92% of United States adolescents report daily usage of social media, and 24% of them go online “almost constantly”. This study aimed to evaluate the Impact of social media affinity on Eating Attitudes and Body Dissatisfaction among School and adolescent children. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Farasan school from January 2022 to February 2022. A total of 75 students were selected by the non-probability purposive sampling technique. 5-point Likert scale on social media affinity (13 items), Body dissatisfaction was assessed by BSQ 8-c, and a 4-point Likert scale (26 items) was used to assess the eating attitude.Results: The majority of participants were females (81%). Out of this 75% were using social media every day and half of the percentage (50.7%) using WhatsApp. The total mean score for social media affinity was 49.72±5.61 out of 55. It concludes that higher scores indicate higher social media affinity. The mean score for eating attitude was 53.48±9.74. It interprets that a cut-off score of 20 or above indicates children had a high risk of developing an eating disorder. The participants’ Body Shape Dissatisfaction Questionnaire mean score was 23.37±6.39. it shows scores less than 25 mean mild concerns with a shape that indicates probable cases of distorted body image. Conclusion: social media and peer pressure has greatly affected the lifestyle and eating choices of students. Emphasizing the importance of parenting style for adolescents’ sense of empowerment and underscoring the need for parental involvement in prevention programs.Keywords: Social media Affinity, Eating Attitudes, Body Dissatisfaction, School Age Children, Adolescent Girls

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Marchi, Kristen S., and Sylvia Guendelman. "Gender Differences in the Sexual Behavior of Latino Adolescents: An Exploratory Study in a Public High School in the San Francisco Bay Area." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 15, no. 2 (July 1994): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/627l-hldj-xmva-wcm9.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with sexual behavior among urban, first-generation Latino adolescents. Methods: Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires on 176 (98 girls and 78 boys) Latino high school students between the ages of Fifteen and nineteen years, of whom 76 percent were born in Latin America and 34 percent had lived in the United States for two years or less. The outcome variables measured three levels of sexual activity, defined as: sexual abstinence, “making out” (kissing passionately, or kissing “using one's tongue”), and sexual intercourse. The key predictors were gender and acculturation. Other variables included information on socio-demographics, self and body-image, college aspirations, and family structure/relationships. Stratified analysis was conducted for each gender. Results: Twenty percent of boys and 27 percent of girls were abstainers. Whereas girls were more likely than boys to “make out” only (47% vs. 26%), boys were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse (54% vs. 26%). For girls, there was a negative association between making out and maternal punishment, feeling close to both parents and paternal love. Sexual intercourse was inversely associated with having educational goals beyond high school and presence of parental love, and positively correlated with age and maternal communication about sex. In boys, the predictors of “making out” were feeling close to both parents and Spanish language spoken with friends, and for sexual intercourse the significant predictors were feeling close to both parents, presence of an older sister, and body-image. Conclusions: The results indicate that family structure and relationships, personal characteristics, and acculturation play important but different roles in the sexual development of Latino adolescent girls and boys. Sex education curricula should take these gender and family influences into account.

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Christogiorgos, Stelios, Dimitris Tzikas, Marie-Ange Widdershoven-Zervaki, Panagiota Dimitropoulou, Eftychia Athanassiadou, and George Giannakopoulos. "Hypochondriacal Anxieties in Adolescence." Open Psychology Journal 6, no. 1 (June 14, 2013): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350101306010006.

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Hypochondriasis is one of the most characteristic psychopathological entities related to the disturbance of the body image, which is the result of complicated identifications with damaged internal objects. Transient hypochondriacal states frequently appear during periods of huge changes, such as phases of bodily growth. They often manifest themselves in adolescence which is the most favourable period for them to appear. The bodily part or function that has changed, and which was initially experienced as threatening or foreign, needs time and experience to become integrated into the total representation of the body. A case example is presented here and implications for child psychotherapy are discussed.

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Coyne, Sarah M., Emily Weinstein, J. Andan Sheppard, Spencer James, Megan Gale, Megan Van Alfen, Nora Ririe, et al. "Analysis of Social Media Use, Mental Health, and Gender Identity Among US Youths." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 7 (July 24, 2023): e2324389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.24389.

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ImportanceMental health among children and adolescents is a critical public health issue, and transgender and gender nonbinary youths are at an even greater risk. Social media has been consistently associated with youth mental health, but little is known about how gender identity interacts with this association.ObjectiveTo use a risk and resilience approach to examine the association between social media use and mental health among transgender, gender nonbinary, and cisgender youths.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed data collected from an online survey between May and August 2021. Participants included a random sample of US youths; eligibility requirements included being aged 10 to 17 years and residing in the US. Statistical analysis was performed from February to April 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSocial media use (time, type of use, favorite site, social comparisons, mindfulness, taking intentional breaks, cleaning and curating feeds, problematic use, and media literacy programs at their school) and mental health (depression, emotional problems, conduct problems, and body image) as main outcomes.ResultsParticipants included 1231 youths aged 10 to 17 years from a national quota sample from the United States; 675 (54.8%) identified as cisgender female, 479 (38.9%) as cisgender male, and 77 (6.3%) as transgender, gender nonbinary, or other; 4 (0.3%) identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, 111 (9.0%) as Asian, 185 (15.0%) as Black, 186 (15.1%) as Hispanic or Latinx, 1 (0.1%) as Pacific Islander, 703 (57.1%) as White, and 41 (3.3%) as mixed and/or another race or ethnicity. Gender identity moderated both the strength and the direction of multiple associations between social media practices and mental health: active social media use (eg, emotional problems: B = 1.82; 95% CI, 0.16 to 3.49; P = .03), cleaning and/or curating social media feeds (eg, depression: B = −0.91; 95% CI, −1.98 to −0.09; P = .03), and taking intentional breaks (eg, depression: B = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.14 to 1.92; P = .02).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of gender identity, social media, and mental health, gender identity was associated with youths’ experiences of social media in ways that may have distinct implications for mental health. These results suggest that research about social media effects on youths should attend to gender identity; directing children and adolescents to spend less time on social media may backfire for those transgender and gender nonbinary youths who are intentional about creating safe spaces on social media that may not exist in their offline world.

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Collison, James, and Lisa Harrison. "Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Predictors of Body Image Disturbance in Adolescence." Adolescent Psychiatry 10, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676610999200420112129.

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Background: Body dysmorphic disorder encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioural states stemming from distressing, negative evaluations of one’s appearance. Despite the seriousness of this condition, little is known about who is likely to receive a diagnosis and more importantly what the putative risk factors are. This is particularly so among adolescent samples, where the extant literature is considerably smaller. Objective: This study had two broad aims: to estimate the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder within a young-adult population, and to examine the predictors of body image disturbance. Methods: Three-hundred and four adolescents (242 females; Mage = 17.68) completed the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, along with measures of clinical psychopathology, self-esteem, experiences of parenting, and bullying. Results: Body dysmorphic disorder was present in 3.9% of the sample, which is in line with previous estimates among adolescents. More interestingly, results indicated that instances of high stress, low self-esteem, and reported experiences of bullying were able to predict 48% of body image dissatisfaction. Conclusions: Psychological interventions should be directed towards adolescents with body image concerns, especially if they also report bullying, elevated stress, or diminished selfesteem. However, additional research is still warranted to gain an increasingly accurate understanding of the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and who is susceptible to developing this disorder and how we can best serve these individuals in the community.

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Martin, Jeanne B. "The Development of Ideal Body Image Perceptions in the United States." Nutrition Today 45, no. 3 (May 2010): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e3181dec6a2.

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&NA;. "The Development of Ideal Body Image Perceptions in the United States." Nutrition Today 45, no. 3 (May 2010): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e3181e37f75.

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Bowling, Jessamyn, Erin Basinger, and Erika A. Montanaro. "“Making Peace” with Bodies and Sexual Selves: Changes during COVID-19 among Adults in the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 11063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111063.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the physical and mental health of many and has necessitated widespread societal shifts, including changes to work and family activities. These changes have impacted individuals’ identity, including their sexual self-image and body image, yet research on perceptions of these changes is missing. This study reports on quantitative and qualitative data from an electronic survey with adults in the United States (N = 326) to examine these perceptions. Body appreciation did not significantly differ between demographic groups. Themes emerging from the qualitative results included changes in general self-image (becoming more restricted or disempowered), changes in sexual self-image (deepening, becoming more sexy/sexual, or less sexy/sexual), and changes in body image (positive, negative, and neutral). Our findings point to positive, negative, and neutral effects on sexual self-image and body image, implying that nuanced approaches are needed to understand how identity has transformed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Lee, Hedwig, Dohoon Lee, Guang Guo, and Kathleen Mullan Harris. "Trends in Body Mass Index in Adolescence and Young Adulthood in the United States: 1959–2002." Journal of Adolescent Health 49, no. 6 (December 2011): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.019.

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Gustavson, Joan C., Carl R. Gustavson, and Monica P. Gabaldon. "Body-Image Dissatisfaction among American Male and Female College Students: A Computer-Based Graphical Approach." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 1 (February 1993): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.1.147.

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College students (56 women and 43 men) attending state colleges in the southwestern United States were tested for body-image dissatisfaction using a computer-based graphical body-image task. A reliable relationship between desired stature and desired body-image was observed for the women. Women of large stature showed a greater discrepancy between verbally reported desired stature and redrawn images of desired stature than women of average or smaller than average stature. No reliable discrepancy between desired body-image and verbally reported desired stature was shown by the men.

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Raza, Ahmad, Noman Gul, and Azmat Ali Shah. "Judicial Activism , Constitutional Challenges in the United States." Global Legal Studies Review VII, no. II (June 30, 2022): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2022(vii-ii).07.

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Mega projects in the State are difficult to be protected under constitutional jurisdiction. It is difficult fora judge to make any decision in the light of a prevailing law legislated by a parliament. The changing image of courts has culminated in the role of the legislature as the subservient organ, which no more remains a supreme body in the State. This factor badly affected the democratic development in the State. This new trend has originated in court-centric and imperialistic judges who have to play their role beyond the constitutional parameters to redress the core issues of society.

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Sharps, Matthew J., Jana L. Price-Sharps, and John Hanson. "Body Image Preference in the United States and Rural Thailand: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Psychology 135, no. 5 (September 2001): 518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980109603716.

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Baillie, Lauren E., and Amy L. Copeland. "Disordered eating and body image in Chinese and Caucasian students in the United States." Eating Behaviors 14, no. 3 (August 2013): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.010.

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Chen, Weiyun, and Ricky L. Swalm. "Chinese and American College Students' Body-Image: Perceived Body Shape and Body Affect." Perceptual and Motor Skills 87, no. 2 (October 1998): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.2.395.

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This study examined the differences in the measures of perception of body shape and body affect among Chinese and American college male and female students. 289 Chinese students in China and 180 American students in the United States voluntarily completed the Body-image Questionnaire, comprised of four categories: (a) anthropometric data, (b) self-perception of body shape, (c) body affect, and (d) desired body shape. American students were significantly more likely than Chinese students to perceive their body shapes as being larger, but both Chinese and American students tended to perceive their body shapes accurately. For body affect, both Chinese and American female students who perceived themselves as thin had positive feelings about their bodies, while both groups of female students who perceived themselves as heavy had negative feelings about their bodies. American women were more likely than Chinese women to have negative feelings about their bodies. American students also placed high value on muscular firmness as part of their ideal female body shape, while Chinese students added plumpness as another component for judging ideal female body shape. Both Chinese and American men valued physical strength as a major component for body satisfaction.

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Ratanasiripong, Paul, and Heidi Burkey. "Body Mass Index and Body Size Perception." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v9i1.2054.

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The present study investigated actual body size as measured by the Body Mass Index in comparison to self-reported body size among diverse college student population. The study was conducted at a large public university in the western United States. Of the random sample of 15,000 enrolled students selected to receive an electronic survey, a total of 1,798 students elected to participate. Normalizing of overweight and obesity was found among study participants. The results from this survey indicate that, despite the fact that the majority of participants engaged in weight management methods, all gender and ethnic groups underreported instances of overweight and obesity, as well as discrepancies between perceived body image and actual body size. Implications for health promotion and future research are highlighted.

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Nelson, Toben F., Steven L. Gortmaker, S. V. Subramanian, and Henry Wechsler. "Vigorous Physical Activity Among College Students in the United States." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 4, no. 4 (October 2007): 496–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.4.4.496.

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Background:Vigorous physical activity (VPA) declines from adolescence into adulthood and social disparities in VPA exist. Physical activity is understudied in the college setting.Methods:VPA during high school and college was examined among 10,437 students attending 119 four-year colleges using gender-stratified logistic regression analyses.Results:Fewer students engaged in VPA in college compared with high school (males 74% to 52%; females 68% to 44%). Athletics was associated with VPA, but 51% participated in high school and 15% in college. Among females, African Americans, Asians, and students of lower socioeconomic position (SEP) were less likely to engage in VPA in college, adjusting for high school VPA. Among males, Asians and older students were less likely to engage in VPA.Conclusions:VPA declines from high school to college. Athletic participation is a determinant of VPA, but few participate in collegiate athletics. Social disparities in VPA emerge in college, an important setting for promoting VPA and addressing health disparities. Regular physical activity is an important contributor to human health. It is positively associated with longevity and may prevent or help manage diabetes, metabolic syndrome, overweight, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and colon cancer.1-8 Among children and adolescents, lack of physical activity is associated with higher body mass index.9-10 Physical activity is also associated with positive mood, self-esteem, and decreased anxiety.11-14

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Stapleton, Jerod L., Sharon L. Manne, Kathryn Greene, Katie Darabos, Amanda Carpenter, Shawna V. Hudson, and Elliot J. Coups. "Sociocultural experiences, body image, and indoor tanning among young adult women." Journal of Health Psychology 22, no. 12 (February 29, 2016): 1582–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316631198.

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The purpose of this survey study was to evaluate a model of body image influences on indoor tanning behavior. Participants were 823 young adult women recruited from a probability-based web panel in the United States. Consistent with our hypothesized model, tanning-related sociocultural experiences were indirectly associated with lifetime indoor tanning use and intentions to tan as mediated through tan surveillance and tan dissatisfaction. Findings suggest the need for targeting body image constructs as mechanisms of behavior change in indoor tanning behavioral interventions.

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Bello Knoll, Susy. "Photoshop & The (Virtual) Body of Models." Laws 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws9010003.

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In this paper, Photoshop is analyzed with a special focus on the bodies of models and a detailed analysis on the legal issues posed by this specific area. For the sake of a thorough development of the topic of this paper, it is necessary to define relevant concepts such as photography and personal image. Regarding the first notion, problems related to intellectual property and, more specifically, copyright are discussed in this paper. Additionally, personal image is one of the most complex and comprehensive areas of law since the protection accorded to it is not equal in different jurisdictions of the world, so its study involves an analysis that goes beyond the scope of this paper. However, various safeguard mechanisms undertaken by some legislations chosen for this purpose will be presented, while also mentioning some specific cases both in the European continental system (Spain and Argentina) and in common law (United States of America and United Kingdom). Finally, the focus is placed on the use of Photoshop for the modification of body shape, particularly that professional models, as these are the ones that work primarily with their image. There will also be a description of some new regulations and mechanisms attempting to restrict image manipulation practices and those that warn the consumers against modified images to eventually conclude on the insufficiency of the same ones and the need for new proposed actions.

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Brady, Jennifer L., Aylin Kaya, Derek Iwamoto, Athena Park, Lauren Fox, and Marcus Moorhead. "Asian American Women’s Body Image Experiences." Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, no. 4 (September 19, 2017): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684317725311.

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The purpose of our study was to explore Asian American women’s body image experiences from an intersectional framework. Utilizing grounded theory methodology, we sought to understand how gender and race intersect with unique experiences of oppression to contribute to body dissatisfaction among Asian American women. Twenty Asian American undergraduate women born in the United States participated in semi-structured interviews. The core category “body image” was composed of attitudes and perceptions about body weight, shape, and size; facial features (e.g., eye size); and skin complexion or tone. Five categories emerged that informed the body image experiences of Asian American women: (1) navigating cultural beauty norms, (2) experiences of sexism and racism, (3) parental influences, (4) peer influences, and (5) identity management processes. Each of these categories appeared to have both positive and negative consequences for appearance evaluation, ranging from self-consciousness to confidence. Participants also described coping strategies for managing these experiences. We encourage psychologists and clinicians to consider culture-specific beauty standards for Asian American women as well as salient racial and cultural factors (e.g., perceived discrimination and biculturative stress) that may influence body image beliefs. Our results offer a new model for understanding Asian American women’s body dissatisfaction as rooted in experiences of racism and sexism. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ' s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index

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LIECHTY, TONI, and CAREEN M. YARNAL. "Older women's body image: a lifecourse perspective." Ageing and Society 30, no. 7 (July 20, 2010): 1197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000346.

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ABSTRACTBody-image research has focused on younger women and girls, and tended to ignore women in later life, although recent studies have called for more research into the body image of older women, particularly from a lifecourse perspective. The lifecourse perspective can address the complexity of body image by identifying personal and/or environmental factors that shape body image and the trajectories of body image across the lifecourse. Accordingly the purpose of the study reported in this paper was to explore older women's body image using a lifecourse perspective. We conducted individual interviews and follow-up focus groups with 13 women aged 60–69 years, all of them resident in a United States non-metropolitan county (its largest city having a population of 38,420) and having lived in the country for more than 30 years. The findings highlight the influence of inter-personal relationships (e.g. with a spouse or parent), the macro-environment (e.g. media or community attitudes) and key life events (e.g. physiological changes or educational experiences) that shaped body image at various life stages. In addition, the findings demonstrate that as women age, they de-prioritise appearance in favour of health or internal characteristics. Finally, the findings highlight the complexity of body image as a construct, which includes attitudes toward appearance, evaluations of health and physical ability, and assessments of appearance.

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Milton, Alyssa, Ashlea Hambleton, Anna Roberts, Tracey Davenport, Anna Flego, Jane Burns, and Ian Hickie. "Body Image Distress and Its Associations From an International Sample of Men and Women Across the Adult Life Span: Web-Based Survey Study." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): e25329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25329.

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Background Previous research on body image distress mainly relied on samples that were small, generally homogeneous in age or sex, often limited to one geographical region, and were characterized by a lack of comprehensive analysis of multiple psychosocial domains. The research presented in this paper extends the international literature using the results of the web-based Global Health and Wellbeing Survey 2015. The survey included a large sample of both men and women aged ≥16 years from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, or the United States. Objective The main objectives of this study are to examine body image distress across the adult life span (≥16 years) and sex and assess the association between body image distress and various psychosocial risk and protective factors. Methods Data were extracted from the Global Health and Wellbeing Survey 2015, a web-based international self-report survey with 10,765 respondents, and compared with previous web-based surveys conducted in 2009 and 2012. Results The body image distress of young Australians (aged 16-25 years) significantly rose by 33% from 2009 to 2015. In 2015, 75.19% (961/1278) of 16- to 25-year-old adults reported body image distress worldwide, and a decline in body image distress was noted with increasing age. More women reported higher levels of body image distress than men (1953/3338, 58.51% vs 853/2175, 39.22%). Sex, age, current dieting status, perception of weight, psychological distress, alcohol and other substance misuse, and well-being significantly explained 24% of the variance in body image distress in a linear regression (F15,4966=105.8; P<.001). Conclusions This study demonstrates the significant interplay between body image distress and psychosocial factors across age and sex.

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Pickett, Stephanie, and Thomas P. McCoy. "Regional Differences in Body Image Perception Among Young African American Women Living in the United States." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 57, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20180925-02.

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Thomas, Martina, and Jason A. DeCaro. "Body Image Models among Low-income African American Mothers and Daughters in the Southeast United States." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 32, no. 2 (July 9, 2017): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maq.12390.

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McCullough, Mary Beth, Kerrie A. Pieloch, and Amy K. Marks. "Body Image, Assimilation, and Weight of Immigrant Adolescents in the United States: A Person-Centered Analysis." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 22, no. 2 (April 20, 2019): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-019-00892-8.

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Low, Katherine. "Paganism, Goddess Spirituality, and Elsa in Disney’s Frozen 2." Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 33, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jrpc.2020-0020.

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Audiences in the United States recognize Pagan elements like the use of magic and animism in the Disney film Frozen 2. This article discusses such Pagan ideas in the Frozen films and then applies two archetypal themes from Goddess spirituality to Elsa’s characterization. Scholars like Carol Christ and Starhawk of nature-based Pagan Goddess movements in the United States are employed to compare Elsa in Frozen 2 with notions about the fifth element and rebirth. The article engages neo-Pagan religious ideas about female independence, balance, and transformation, providing a comparison to Elsa’s heroic journey. A discussion about Elsa’s deification in popular culture and body image conclude the article.

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Geller, Shulamit, Sigal Levy, Ofra Hyman, Paul L. Jenkins, Subhi Abu-Abeid, and Gil Goldzweig. "Body Image, Emotional Eating and Psychological Distress among Bariatric Surgery Candidates in Israel and the United States." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020490.

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Background: The present study aimed to examine the relations between body image dissatisfaction (BID) and psychological distress variables among bariatric surgery candidates from two distinct cultures in Israel and in the United States. Methods: A sample of consecutive pre-surgical bariatric candidates was recruited from a Bariatric Center in Israel (N = 114) and a Bariatric Center in the Unites States (N = 81). Body image dissatisfaction (BID-BSQ8), suicidal ideation (SBQ-R), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), anxious symptoms (PHQ-7), and emotional eating behaviors (EES), were measured. Mediation models were assessed using path analysis. Results: BID was positively correlated with suicidality, depression, and anxiety in both samples. The relations between BID depression and anxiety were mediated by emotional eating in both cultures. However, the relation between BID and suicidality that was mediated by emotional eating in the Israeli sample, was reflected in a direct link between BID and suicidality in the US sample. Conclusion: Our findings confirm the adverse effect of BID on psychological distress among surgery candidates in both cultures, emphasizing the intercultural similarities related to emotional eating behavior. Physicians and other health professionals are encouraged to be more attentive to this specific behavior.

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Liechty, Janet M. "Body Image Distortion and Three Types of Weight Loss Behaviors Among Nonoverweight Girls in the United States." Journal of Adolescent Health 47, no. 2 (August 2010): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.01.004.

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Kimber, Melissa, Jennifer Couturier, Katholiki Georgiades, Olive Wahoush, and Susan M. Jack. "Body image dissatisfaction among immigrant children and adolescents in Canada and the United States: A scoping review." International Journal of Eating Disorders 47, no. 8 (May 14, 2014): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.22295.

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McNabney, Sean M. "Obesity, Body Image Dissatisfaction, and Sexual Dysfunction: A Narrative Review." Sexes 3, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes3010002.

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With approximately two-thirds of the United States adult population classified as overweight or obese, obesity remains a critical public health concern. Obesity not only contributes to several health complications including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, but the condition is also associated with sexual dysfunction in both women and men. Despite evidence linking obesity and its concomitant pathophysiology to sexual problems, the potential roles of psychosocial factors such as body image are understudied. This narrative review evaluates the research linkages between obesity and sexual dysfunction, with particular attention to the potential effects of body image dissatisfaction. A literature search of biomedical and psychological databases was used to identify research pertaining to obesity, sexual function, and/or body image constructs. The pathophysiological effects of obesity on sexual function are well-documented in mechanistic studies and animal trials, often with corroboration in human clinical samples. However, very few studies examine obesity, body image, and sexual function in tandem. Body image dissatisfaction appears to independently impinge upon the sexual response cycle and mental health outcomes, irrespective of body weight. While obesity is often associated with negative body image appraisal, it is unclear whether these constructs exert additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects on sexual responsivity. Additionally, overweight/obese individuals who exhibit higher levels of body image satisfaction or self-confidence appear to be protected from the deleterious effects of obesity on sexual satisfaction, at least to some extent. Greater reliance upon conceptual/theoretical models from the body image literature may better clarify the relationships between these constructs.

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Puthumana, Joseph S., Emily S. Ross, Patrick R. Keller, Carolyn S. Drogt, Kimberly H. Khoo, Eliana F. Duraes, Charles S. Hultman, and Sheera F. Lerman. "Cross-Cultural Review of Sexuality, Relationships, and Body Image after Burns: Analysis of the BSHS-B." European Burn Journal 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ebj3010017.

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Burn survivors are at risk for dissatisfaction with body image, relationships, and sexuality due to disfiguring changes secondary to the injury. This review compares available global data on BSHS-B psychosocial scores. Twenty-four studies were included in the final analysis encompassing 14 countries; significant differences were found in scores across all BSHS-B psychological sub-sections of affect, body image, interpersonal relationships, and sexuality. On the whole, psychological well-being after burn injury was lower in Asian and South Asian countries compared to Europe or the United States. This study provides information for providers in burn centers caring for patients from a variety of cultural contexts and begins to steer initiatives to remedy psychological inequities in global burn care.

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Smith, Michael M. "CarrancistaPropaganda and the Print Media in the United States: An Overview of Institutions." Americas 52, no. 2 (October 1995): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008260.

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Despite the voluminous body of historical literature devoted to the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) and U.S.-Mexican diplomatic relations, few works address the subject of revolutionary propaganda. During this tumultuous era, however, factional leaders recognized the importance of justifying their movement, publicizing their activities, and cultivating favorable public opinion for their cause, particularly in the United States. In this regard, Venustiano Carranza was especially energetic. From the inception of his Constitutionalist revolution, Carranza and his adherents persistently attempted to exploit the press to generate support among Mexican expatriates, protect Mexican sovereignty, secure recognition from the administration of Woodrow Wilson, gain the acquiescence–if not the blessing–of key sectors of the North American public for his Constitutionalist program, enhance his personal image, and defend his movement against the criticism and intrigues of his enemies–both Mexican and North American.

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Bagrowicz, Rinako, Chiho Watanabe, and Masahiro Umezaki. "Is Obesity Contagious by Way of Body Image? A Study on Japanese Female Students in the United States." Journal of Community Health 38, no. 5 (April 7, 2013): 834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-013-9686-9.

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Margulis, A. R., H. Hricak, and L. Crooks. "Medical applications of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 19, no. 3-4 (May 1987): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583500004133.

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In the very short time since magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was born it has gained surprisingly rapid and enthusiastic acceptance and has speedily proliferated, particularly in the United States and Western Europe. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has successfully challenged computed tomography (CT) in all areas of the body where respiratory motion does not degrade the image (Steinberg, 1986). Newer techniques using a multiplicity of approaches are starting to close the gap between CT and MRI, even in the upper abdomen where the effects of respiratory motion are most pronounced. Although MR is already widely clinically applied and is an accepted everyday diagnostic modality in most large medical centres in the United States, it is not a mature modality. It is rapidly evolving, with whole new areas opening to investigation which will vastly broaden its applications.

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Albrecht, Sandra S., and Penny Gordon-Larsen. "Ethnic Differences in Body Mass Index Trajectories from Adolescence to Adulthood: A Focus on Hispanic and Asian Subgroups in the United States." PLoS ONE 8, no. 9 (September 5, 2013): e72983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072983.

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Harnish, Richard J., Joshua T. Gump, K. Robert Bridges, Frederick J. Slack, and Karen M. Rottschaefer. "Compulsive Buying: The Impact of Attitudes Toward Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Physical Appearance Investment." Psychological Reports 122, no. 5 (July 25, 2018): 1632–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118789042.

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Objective: The current research examined whether eating disorder risk and the attitudinal elements related to body image predict compulsive buying. Method: A sample of students attending two public universities located in the northeast United States were surveyed. Results: A multiple regression indicated that attitudes related to one’s physical appearance, fitness, and health as well as eating disorder risk were predictors of compulsive buying with appearance orientation being the strongest predictor of compulsive buying. Conclusions: Understanding the factors that affect compulsive buying aids the identification of problematic compulsive buying and informs the treatment of compulsive buying. Treatment models may be more effective if additional attention is given to addressing the anxiety compulsive buyers experience when they experience a discrepancy between their ideal and actual self.

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Cayla, Kirrily, Maitland Eithan, and Christy Macie. "The Impact of Social Media on Body Image and Self-esteem: A Comparative Study of Adolescent Girls in United States and South Korea." Studies in Social Science & Humanities 2, no. 11 (November 2023): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/sssh.2023.11.05.

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This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between social media, body image, and self-esteem among adolescent girls, with a comparative analysis between the United States and South Korea. The study delves into the emergence of social media culture, the pervasiveness of beauty standards, and the impact on shaping perceptions of body image. Through cross-cultural perspectives, it examines how societal expectations influence these perceptions. Narratives and experiences of adolescent girls provide valuable insights into the emotional toll of constant comparison on self-perception. The review identifies strategies for fostering positive mental well-being, including media literacy and promoting positive role models. Additionally, it proposes holistic interventions and collaborative efforts for a healthier social media culture. This review contributes to a nuanced understanding of the challenges posed by social media, offering insights for future considerations and interventions to support the well-being of adolescent girls in the digital age.

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Ashley, Rokeshia Renné, and Jaehee Jung. "#BlackBodiesMatter." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934716686022.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the willingness and motivation to engage in body modification to attain an ideal body image from a cross-cultural perspective of Black women in the United States and Black women in South Africa. Semi-structured interviews ( n = 30) reveal that exercise is the most salient method of modification because it is inexpensive, promotes health and wellness, wards off familial health issues such as diabetes, and shapes the body to better fit clothing. Surgical methods are considered but, naturalness, costs, and potential health effects are viewed as deterrents. Both groups vary in terms of depicting what each group aspires to replicate through body modification. The findings in this article contribute to social comparison theory by expanding the theory and providing a lens for examining Black women’s body modification.

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Ashley, Rokeshia Renné. "#ModernBaartmans: Black Women’s Reimagining of Saartjie Baartman." Journal of Black Studies 52, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 667–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219347211006483.

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The purpose of this study is to understand Black women’s recollection and representation of Saartjie Baartman in comparison to their own body image, while also aligning their interpretation of Baartman’s legacy through contemporary reflections of themselves and others. Interviews with 30 Black women in South Africa ( n = 15) and the United States ( n = 15) reveal that accurate knowledge and perceptions of Baartman’s experience varies; Baartman’s body is remembered as trope and ideal object to compare; however, Black women find resilience and positivity in Baartman’s story. These findings although some consistent with previous literature, some are inconsistent. Considering the Black women in this study did not thematically discuss experiencing dissatisfaction, self-objectification, or self-surveillance. It is important to recognize Black women’s perceptions of their bodies as resilient and positive rather than dissatisfied. This research provides important information for the furtherance of positive body image and Black women relative to the curvaceous ideal.

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Lee, Hye-Ryeon, Hye Eun Lee, Jounghwa Choi, Jang Hyun Kim, and Hae Lin Han. "Social Media Use, Body Image, and Psychological Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Korea and the United States." Journal of Health Communication 19, no. 12 (May 9, 2014): 1343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.904022.

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Fardouly, Jasmine, Brydie K. Willburger, and Lenny R. Vartanian. "Instagram use and young women’s body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways." New Media & Society 20, no. 4 (February 1, 2017): 1380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817694499.

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This study examined the relationship between Instagram use (overall, as well as specifically viewing fitspiration images) and body image concerns and self-objectification among women between the ages of 18 and 25 from the United States ( n = 203) and from Australia ( n = 73). Furthermore, this study tested whether internalization of the societal beauty ideal, appearance comparison tendency in general, or appearance comparisons to specific target groups on Instagram mediated any relationships between Instagram use and the appearance-related variables. Greater overall Instagram use was associated with greater self-objectification, and that relationship was mediated both by internalization and by appearance comparisons to celebrities. More frequently viewing fitspiration images on Instagram was associated with greater body image concerns, and that relationship was mediated by internalization, appearance comparison tendency in general, and appearance comparisons to women in fitspiration images. Together, these results suggest that Instagram usage may negatively influence women’s appearance-related concerns and beliefs.

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Gaither, Thomas W., Mohannad A. Awad, E. Charles Osterberg, Tami S. Rowen, Alan W. Shindel, and Benjamin N. Breyer. "Prevalence and Motivation: Pubic Hair Grooming Among Men in the United States." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 620–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316661315.

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Pubic hair grooming is a growing phenomenon and is associated with body image and sexual activity. A nationally representative survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 to 65 years residing in the United States was conducted. Differences in demographic and sexual characteristics between groomers and nongroomers were explored. Four thousand one hundred and ninety-eight men completed the survey. Of these men, 2,120 (50.5%) reported regular pubic hair grooming. The prevalence of grooming decreases with age, odds ratio = 0.95 (95% confidence interval [0.94, 0.96]), p < .001. Adjusting for sexual frequency and sexual orientation, grooming is associated with performing and receiving oral sex. The majority of men report grooming in preparation for sexual activity with a peak prevalence of 73% among men aged 25 to 34 years, followed by hygiene (61%) and routine care (44%). The majority of men who remove their pubic hair groom the hair above the penis (87%), followed by the scrotum (66%) and the penile shaft (57%). Overall, pubic hair grooming is common among men aged 18 to 65 years in the United States. Younger ages are associated with greater rates of pubic hair grooming. Many men groom for sex, in particular oral sex, as well as for routine care and hygiene.

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Tort-Nasarre, Glòria, Eva Artigues-Barberà, Mercè Pollina-Pocallet, Anna Espart, Judith Roca, and Josep Vidal-Alaball. "Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale (PBIAS) into Spanish and Catalan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 4017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054017.

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The Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale (PBIAS) explores the factors that bolster and interfere with developing and maintaining a positive body image during adolescence. The aim of this study was to translate, adapt, and validate the PBIAS into Spanish and Catalan. A cross-sectional study was conducted for the instrument’s translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric validation. A process of translation, back-translation, expert consultation, and piloting was followed. The reliability and statistical validity were evaluated. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.95 in both the Spanish and Catalan versions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were statistically significant (r > 0.087) for all items analyzed. The resulting values of the Spanish and Catalan versions indicate a good level of concordance (p < 0.001) with the original questionnaire, the comparative fit index being 0.914 and 0.913, the Tucker–Lewis index being 0.893 and 0.892, the root mean square error of approximation being 1.31 and 1.28, and the standardized root mean square residual being 0.051 and 0.060, respectively. The instrument presents a good level of internal consistency, a high level of reliability, and statistical validity compared to the original instrument. The PBIAS in Spanish and Catalan can be a useful assessment instrument for educators and health professionals in the context of adolescent mental health literacy. This work contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 3) of the United Nations 2030 Agenda.

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Potente, Cecilia, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Justin Chumbley, Steven W. Cole, Lauren Gaydosh, Wenjia Xu, Brandt Levitt, and Michael J. Shanahan. "The Early Life Course of Body Weight and Gene Expression Signatures for Disease." American Journal of Epidemiology 190, no. 8 (March 2, 2021): 1533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab049.

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Abstract We examined the way body-weight patterns through the first 4 decades of life relate to gene expression signatures of common forms of morbidity, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and inflammation. As part of wave V of the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1997–2018) in the United States, mRNA abundance data were collected from peripheral blood (n = 1,132). We used a Bayesian modeling strategy to examine the relative associations between body size at 5 life stages—birth, adolescence, early adulthood, young adulthood, and adulthood—and gene expression–based disease signatures. We compared life-course models that consider critical or sensitive periods, as well as accumulation over the entire period. Our results are consistent with a sensitive-period model when examining CVD and T2D gene expression signatures: Birth weight has a prominent role for the CVD and T2D signatures (explaining 33.1% and 22.1%, respectively, of the total association accounted for by body size), while the most recent adult obesity status (ages 33–39) is important for both of these gene expression signatures (24.3% and 35.1%, respectively). Body size in all life stages was associated with inflammation, consistent with the accumulation model.

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Smith, Maria, Dusty Turner, Charlotte Spencer, Nicholas Gist, Sarah Ferreira, Kevin Quigley, Tyson Walsh, et al. "Body shape and performance on the US Army Combat Fitness Test: Insights from a 3D body image scanner." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 3, 2023): e0283566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283566.

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Objective To identify relationships between body shape, body composition, sex and performance on the new US Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT). Methods Two hundred and thirty-nine United States Military Academy cadets took the ACFT between February and April of 2021. The cadets were imaged with a Styku 3D scanner that measured circumferences at 20 locations on the body. A correlation analysis was conducted between body site measurements and ACFT event performance and evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients and p-values. A k-means cluster analysis was performed over the circumference data and ACFT performance were evaluated between clusters using t-tests with a Holm-Bonferroni correction. Results The cluster analysis resulted in 5 groups: 1. “V” shaped males, 2. larger males, 3. inverted “V” shaped males and females, 4. “V” shaped smaller males and females, and 5. smallest males and females. ACFT performance was the highest in Clusters 1 and 2 on all events except the 2-mile run. Clusters 3 and 4 had no statistically significant differences in performance but both clusters performed better than Cluster 5. Conclusions The association between ACFT performance and body shape is more detailed and informative than considering performance solely by sex (males and females). These associations may provide novel ways to design training programs from baseline shape measurements.

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paxson, heather. "Slow Food in a Fat Society: Satisfying Ethical Appetites." Gastronomica 5, no. 1 (2005): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2005.5.1.14.

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Slow Food in a Fat Society Using historian Hillel Schwartz's utopian conception of a "fat society" as inspiration, this essay considers the potential contribution of the Slow Food movement to American notions of dietary ethics. In the United States, eating has been morally evaluated largely in terms of self-control, in relation to personal health and body image. In contrast, the dietary ethos of Slow Food is notable for its disregard of bodily aesthetics and secondary attention to nutrition. Slow Food might offer a path for redirecting moral consideration of food and eating away from the narcissistic, singular body, and toward a culinary ethic emphasizing our responsibilities to human and animal others, to cultural heritage, and to the environment.

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Bal, Tara L., and Terry L. Sharik. "Web Content Analysis of University Forestry and Related Natural Resources Landing Webpages in the United States in Relation to Student and Faculty Diversity." Journal of Forestry 117, no. 4 (June 18, 2019): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz024.

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AbstractUnder-representation of minorities and women in natural resources (NR)-related fields is common, both as students and as professionals. The perception of a predominantly white, male student body and workforce is a potential barrier to recruiting women and minorities to Forestry and related-NR fields. The images of “forestry” and “natural resources-related” fields were examined as they would be from a potential student’s perspective looking at university and college websites with these degree program majors at the 80 National Association of University Forest Resource Programs member institutions during in 2016. Results suggest the percentage of women and minorities enrolled explains little variation in a program’s website image content, whereas there is significant image under-representation of minorities in all NR fields and of women on forestry-major webpages. In addition, women and minorities are more likely to be portrayed in a passive image, such as posing on campus, rather than in an active image, such as measuring a tree. Potential students are also less likely to see diverse faculty online. A lack of diversity image inclusion in Forestry and related NR will not help students see themselves in these fields or enhance society’s view of these critical fields for future employment and economic growth.

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Kalkwarf, Heidi J., Vicente Gilsanz, Joan M. Lappe, Sharon Oberfield, John A. Shepherd, Thomas N. Hangartner, Xangke Huang, Margaret M. Frederick, Karen K. Winer, and Babette S. Zemel. "Tracking of Bone Mass and Density during Childhood and Adolescence." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 1690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2319.

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Abstract Context: Whether a child with low bone mineral density (BMD) at one point in time will continue to have low BMD, despite continued growth and maturation, is important clinically. The stability of a characteristic during growth is referred to as “tracking.” Objective: We examined the degree of tracking in bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD during childhood and adolescence and investigated whether tracking varied according to age, sexual maturation, and changes in growth status. Design: We conducted a longitudinal study with measurements at baseline and annually for 3 yr. Setting: The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study was conducted at five clinical centers in the United States. Study Participants: A total of 1554 girls and boys, ages 6–16 yr at baseline, participated in the study. Main Outcome Measures: Whole body, spine, hip, and forearm BMC and BMD were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and age-, sex-, and race-specific Z-scores were calculated. Deviation from tracking was calculated as the Z-score at yr 3 minus baseline. Results: Correlations between Z-scores at baseline and yr 3 ranged from 0.76–0.88. Among children with a Z-score below −1.5 at baseline, 72–87% still had a Z-score below −1 after 3 yr. Age, sexual maturation, and deviations in growth status (P < 0.01) were associated with deviation from tracking; however, tracking was strongly evident even after adjusting for the effects of age, maturation, and growth. Conclusions: Bone density showed a high degree of tracking over 3 yr in children and adolescents. Healthy children with low bone density will likely continue to have low bone density unless effective interventions are instituted.

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Zaborskis, Apolinaras, Gintare Petronyte, Linas Sumskas, Marina Kuzman, and Ronald J. Iannotti. "Body Image and Weight Control among Adolescents in Lithuania, Croatia, and the United States in the Context of Global Obesity." Croatian medical journal 49, no. 2 (April 2008): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2008.2.233.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Body image in adolescence – united states'

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