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1
de Bruin, A. P. (Karin), and Raôul R. D. Oudejans. "Athletes’ Body Talk: The Role of Contextual Body Image in Eating Disorders as Seen Through the Eyes of Elite Women Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 675–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0047.
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The aim of the study was to investigate if and how body image, taken from a contextual perspective, contributes to the eating disorder history. This qualitative study investigated the process of eating disorder development in eight elite women athletes in at-risk sports. The results showed that the relationship between eating disorder symptomatology and the sports environment was clearly recognized by the elite women athletes. Contextual body image, more specifically negative body-evaluations and upward body comparisons, appeared as an important factor in the development of eating disorders, particularly in the athletic context. It became clear that the two aesthetic and two endurance athletes as well as the two weight-class athletes in rowing described quite negative body evaluations in the context of sport, while some of them also recognized an impact of body image experiences in daily life. However, for both judokas, their eating disorder had nothing to do with their body image but was attributed to the weight-classes in their sport and accompanying weight making. Several unique trajectories and individual eating disorder histories were distinguished which confirms the value of taking a qualitative approach in investigating eating disorders in sport. We also discovered links between what the athletes had reported as contributors to their eating disorder history and how they told their stories by combining content analysis and narrative inquiry. Furthermore, the present study also highlights several critical aspects for prevention and treatment that should support sport federations and clinical sport psychologists in taking appropriate actions to deal more effectively with eating disorders in athletes.
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Yoon, Tae-Il, Esther Thorson, and Myoung-chun Lee. "Body Image Processing in Korean Adolescent and College-Aged Females." Communication and Culture in Korea 13, no. 1 (June 6, 2003): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.13.1.09yoo.
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Research on body image has neglected a number of factors that seem likely to influence individuals’ eating disorders. This study looks at eating disorder relationships with age, cultural background, physical and psychological factors, amount and type of media exposure, and body image processing (i.e., comparing and endorsing thin ideals). Survey results from a sample of 376 Korean adolescent and college-aged females confirmed the mediating effect body image processing had on eating disorder indicators. Although striking age differences were found in the relationship between media use and eating disorders, there were also similarities between the two age groups. Comparing and endorsing thin ideals played a more important role among adolescent girls than among college-aged women. Contrary to previous research reported in the U.S., exposure to television “thin drama” was not a significant predictor of Korean females’ body image disturbance. Instead, exposure to foreign media had direct and indirect impacts on eating disorders among Korean females. Implications of the age and cross-cultural differences were discussed.
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Grubb, Henry J., Marie I. Sellers, and Karen Waligroski. "Factors Related to Depression and Eating Disorders: Self-Esteem, Body Image, and Attractiveness." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3 (June 1993): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.1003.
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To test hypotheses that women suffering from some form of eating disorder would experience lower self-esteem and higher depression and that women with lower self-esteem and greater depression would rate their attractiveness lower and see themselves as heavier than less depressed individuals, 42 college undergraduate women were individually administered the Eating Disorders Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, and a Body Image/Attractiveness Perception Scale. A Pearson correlation indicated a substantial relation between scores on depression and scores on eating disorders, but nonsignificant values between self-esteem scores and scores on either eating disorders or on depression. Depression scores correlated significantly with rated body size, but not attractiveness, while self-esteem scores were significantly correlated with rated attractiveness, not body size. These results contradict literature on the relation between self-esteem and depression. Directions for additional research are discussed.
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Sinnappan, Santhidran, Yen Jin Yee, Nair GV, and Sharon Wilson. "Slimming the body: slimming ads, body dissatisfaction and eating disorders." Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jpmm.vol22no2.6.
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This study aimed to examine the perceived effects of media exposure of body slimming advertisements on body dissatisfaction and the tendency for eating disorders in a sample of adult women in Malaysia. This study examined two aspects: (a) the level of media exposure to slimming advertisements (media exposure), and (b) the tendency of respondents to make body comparisons with models in slimming advertisements (media body comparisons). Participants were 419 young women (18 – 39 years old) living in Kuala Lumpur. Correlation coefficients showed that media exposure and media body comparisons were positively associated with body dissatisfaction and eating disorders tendency. The findings suggest that mass media play a role by providing slim images that young women in Kuala Lumpur tend to emulate and adopt western cultural ideals of body image and the desire for a thinner body type.
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Hamamoto, Yumi, Shinsuke Suzuki, and Motoaki Sugiura. "Two components of body-image disturbance are differentially associated with distinct eating disorder characteristics in healthy young women." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): e0262513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262513.
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Body-image disturbance comprises two components. The first is perceptual in nature, and is measured by a discrepancy between one’s actual body and perceived self-image (“perceived–actual discrepancy”). The other component is affective, and is measured by a discrepancy between one’s perceived self-image and ideal body image (“perceived–ideal discrepancy”). The present study evaluated the relationships between body-image disturbance and characteristics of eating disorders such as symptoms and related personality traits. In a psychophysiological experiment, female university students (mean ± SD age = 21.0 ± 1.38 years) were presented with silhouette images of their own bodies that were distorted in terms of width. The participants were asked whether each silhouette image was more overweight than their actual or ideal body images. Eating-disorder characteristics were assessed using six factors from the Japanese version of the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI2). We found that perceived–actual discrepancies correlated with negative self-evaluation (i.e., factor 3 of the EDI2), whereas perceived–ideal discrepancies correlated with dissatisfaction with one’s own body (i.e., factor 2 of EDI2). These results imply that distinct psychological mechanisms underlie the two components of body-image disturbance.
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Jarry, Josée L. "The Meaning of Body Image for Women with Eating Disorders." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 4 (May 1998): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300404.
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Objective: To propose a theoretical model accounting for the meaning and function of body image disturbances for individuals with eating disorders. This model departs from available conceptualizations of body image focused on attractiveness and emphasizes the role of body image preoccupations in the regulation of self-esteem and affect. Method: This model was developed on the basis of the author's clinical observations and the available empirical research. Results: Three main functions of body image are described. The first one, “affiliation,” consists of using one's appearance in the establishment of interpersonal relationships, both at the level of friendship and romance. The second function, “avoidance,” consists of using one's body image to avoid abuse, be it psychological, physical, or sexual. The third function, “expression,” consists of using one's body image to communicate to the self and others one's capacity for accomplishment or one's inner feelings of dejection. Conclusion: This model is designed to be a therapeutic tool within body image therapy. Body image therapy can be most effective when focused on the unique meaning of body image for each individual patient.
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Sharp, Clifford W. "Anorexia Nervosa and Depression in a Woman Blind since the Age of Nine Months." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 38, no. 7 (September 1993): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379303800701.
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A woman aged 58 who has been blind since the age of nine months presented with major depression and a 40 year history of an eating disorder characterized by a restriction of food intake and body disparagement. The case is additional evidence that a specifically visual body image is not essential for the development of anorexia nervosa and supports the view that the concept of body image is unnecessary and unproductive in eating disorders. Greater emphasis should be placed on attitudes and feelings toward the body, and the possibility of an eating disorder should be considered in cases of older women with an atypical presentation.
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Pahlavie, A. N., E. Probosari, A. F. A. Tsani, and F. F. Dieny. "The relationship between body image and social pressure on eating disorders in obese female students." Food Research 4, S3 (May 30, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s3).s22.
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The trend of obesity is increasing among women of childbearing age, especially among female students. In addition to implications on health, obesity also has psychological implications that lead to eating disorders. Several factors that have influenced eating disorders in obese female students include age, body image, obesity level, stress level and social pressure. This study was aimed to analyze the factors that influence eating disorders (obesity level, body image, stress level and social pressure) in obese female students. A cross-sectional study design with ninety obese female students age 19-25 was conducted at Diponegoro University using the simple random sampling technique. Data of eight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference were collected. Eating disorders were measured by Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) and advanced modification questions adopted from the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS). Body image was measured by the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). The stress level was obtained by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire. Social pressure was obtained using the Perceived Sociocultural Pressure Scale (PSPS) questionnaire. This data was analyzed on the Pearson correlation and multiple linear of regression. Significant relationships were observed between age (p = 0.009, r = 0.275), body image (p = 0.000, r = 0.649), and social pressure (p = 0,000, r = 0.461) on eating disorder. Otherwise, there was no significant relationship between obesity and stress level with eating disorder (p>0.05). This study can be concluded that body image and social pressure were the factors that influenced eating disorder in obese female students.
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Martz, Denise M., Kevin B. Handley, and Richard M. Eisler. "The Relationship Between Feminine Gender Role Stress, Body Image, And Eating Disorders." Psychology of Women Quarterly 19, no. 4 (December 1995): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00088.x.
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The Feminine Gender Role Stress (FGRS) scale was used in two studies to determine whether eating disorders could be linked to the cognitive tendency among women to appraise specific situations as highly stressful because of rigid adherence to the traditional feminine gender role. Study 1 showed the FGRS scale could distinguish eating disorders from other psychiatric disorders in an inpatient setting and from normal college women. This suggests that women who have eating disorders report higher than usual levels of stress as a result of rigid adherence to the traditional feminine gender role. Study 2 looked at cardiovascular reactivity to a “feminine” (i.e., body image threat) and a control stressor and determined the FGRS scale could predict which women are threatened by feminine stressors. Results from these studies suggest feminine gender role stress may be the missing link between cultural values of femininity and vulnerability for eating disorders.
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Kim, Soyoung. "Eating disorders, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem among South Korean women." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6801.
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Because of Western influences on Asian culture, Asian women value thinness, which has led to a rise in eating disorders among them. The prevalence of eating disorders has increased steadily among Asian women over the past 20 years. Body dissatisfaction, which is an attitude associated with body image involving the disdain of one's appearance and weight, is more common among women compared to men. Today, Korean women have greater body dissatisfaction than do U.S. women, a difference that originates prior to adolescence. I examined how the Western mainstream media influences women's self-image, determining that many women wish to look like celebrities. My findings supported cognitive-behavioral theorists' proposition that low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction contribute greatly to restrained eating. Rapid social change in South Korea, from Confucian to democratic values, may have exacerbated development of South Korean women's low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders.
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Afonso Jr, Armando, Thales Ferro, Luis Anunciação, and J. Landeira-Fernandez. "Aspects Related to Body Image and Eating Behaviors in Healthy Brazilian Undergraduate Students." Global Journal of Educational Studies 4, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/gjes.v4i1.12541.
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The discrepancy between one’s actual body and the ideal body, especially among young adults, can lead to body dissatisfaction in both men and women, which is commonly accepted to be central to eating disorders. We explored aspects of body image and eating disorders in healthy Brazilian students (n = 219) using two standardized measures (Body Shape Questionnaire [BSQ-34] and Eating Attitudes Test [EAT-26]) and assessing height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and the history of physical activity. We also analyzed the ability of one measure to predict another. Linear multiple regression was used to verify which variables best predicted the scale outcomes. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was used for variable selection. The results suggested that women have a greater risk of body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Both instruments had variables that significantly predicted each other’s results, whereas BMI was only associated with BSQ-34 scores. These findings broaden our understanding of eating disorders and body image.
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Kristjánsdóttir, Hafrún, Petra Sigurðardóttir, Sigurlaug Jónsdóttir, Guðlaug Þorsteinsdóttir, and Jose Saavedra. "Body Image Concern and Eating Disorder Symptoms Among Elite Icelandic Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152728.
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The aim of this study was to analyse body image concerns and symptoms of eating disorders in elite Icelandic athletes according to their sex, and sport practiced. The participants were 755 athletes (24.8 ± 3.5 years in age) who compete at the highest possible level in Iceland. Representing 20 different sports, they were divided into five sports groups. Three questionnaires were used: the Body Shape Questionnaire to assess body image concerns; the Bulimia Test-Revised to assess the main symptoms of bulimia; and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire to identify disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. A chi-squared test was used to analyse differences in prevalence of body image concern and eating disorders, a t-test for the differences between men and women, and a one-way ANOVA to compare the different sports. The main findings were that 17.9% of the athletes presented severe or moderate body image dissatisfaction, and 18.2% (25.3% of the women) were above the clinical cutoff for body image concern. Women’s scores were higher than men’s (whole sample and ball games) in all variables except restraint. These results seem to point to the existence of a real problem that athlete, coaches, doctors, and institutions need to take into account.
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TREPKA-STAROSTA, Justyna, Agnieszka ROSZKOWKSA, Jolanta STAROSTA, and Anna PIEKACZ. "The relationship between the attitudes and behaviours towards body and the risk of occurrence of eating disorders in the group of young women." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2021, no. 154 (2021): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2021.154.25.
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Purpose: This research is devoted to the phenomenon of various factors related to the occurrence of eating disorders. The paper focuses on the subject of body image, attitudes towards body and behaviors of young women. Design/methodology/approach: Analyzing the results of the respondents, it was necessary to check whether there are any factors which predict the occurrence of eating disorders, as well as whether the respondents have knowledge of basic eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia or obesity. Women aged 19-25 years took part in the study, where such variables as attitudes and behaviors towards their bodies, beauty stereotypes, peer criticism, methods of improving appearance, satisfaction with their appearance, physical attractiveness and self-esteem were verified. The following methods were used in this research: Body Image Questionnaire, The Scale for Using Appearance Enhancement Methods, The Scale of Satisfaction with Individual Body Part and Body parameters, Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory. Findings: The analysis of the results indicates that there is a significant relation between low self-esteem, peer criticism, the need to be accepted and the occurrence of eating disorders. Practical implications: The research can contribute to the development of new educational programmes in schools to increase young people's knowledge and awareness about eating disorders. Furthermore, the result may also be important in the prevention of possible diseases. Originality/value: This research can contribute to the better understanding of psychological conditions of eating disorders, especially on Polish population of young women.
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Mwaba, Kelvin, and Nicolette Vanessa Roman. "Body Image Satisfaction Among a Sample of Black Female South African Students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 7 (August 1, 2009): 905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.7.905.
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Numerous research studies have established a strong relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. As more and more young people in South Africa embrace Western values, the aspiration to attain the Western body ideal of beauty may be putting some women at risk of developing eating disorders. This study focused on body image satisfaction among a sample of 150 black South African female university students. Data were collected using a revised Body Shape Questionnaire (Cooper, Taylor, Cooper, & Fairburn, 1987). The results showed the majority of the women were satisfied with their body image. However, there was a minority who engaged in unhealthy eating behaviors. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Martínez-Rodríguez, Alejandro, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Domingo J. Ramos-Campo, Cristina Reche-García, Belén Leyva-Vela, and Yolanda Nadal-Nicolás. "Psychological and Sleep Effects of Tryptophan and Magnesium-Enriched Mediterranean Diet in Women with Fibromyalgia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227.
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Anxiety, mood disturbance, eating and sleep disorders, and dissatisfaction with body image are prevalent disorders in women with fibromyalgia. The authors of this study aimed to determine the effects of tryptophan (TRY) and magnesium-enriched (MG) Mediterranean diet on psychological variables (trait anxiety, mood state, eating disorders, self-image perception) and sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia (n = 22; 49 ± 5 years old). In this randomized, controlled trial, the participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the placebo group. The intervention group received a Mediterranean diet enriched with high doses of TRY and MG (60 mg of TRY and 60 mg of MG), whereas the control group received the standard Mediterranean diet. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Profile of Mood States (POMS-29) Questionnaire, Eating Attitudes Test-26, and Trait Anxiety Inventory were completed before and 16 weeks after the intervention. Significant differences were observed between groups after the intervention for the mean scores of trait anxiety (p = 0.001), self-image perception (p = 0.029), mood disturbance (p = 0.001), and eating disorders (p = 0.006). This study concludes that tryptophan and magnesium-enriched Mediterranean diet reduced anxiety symptoms, mood disturbance, eating disorders, and dissatisfaction with body image but did not improve sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia.
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Hamlin, Elizabeth. "Hollow Women, Stuffed Women: Body Image and the Imagined Body in Patients with Eating Disorders." British Journal of Psychotherapy 38, no. 1 (December 5, 2021): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjp.12698.
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Al-Mutawa, Naif, Susannah-Joy Schuilenberg, Rumia Justine, and Sarah Kulsoom Taher. "Modesty, Objectification, and Disordered Eating Patterns: A Comparative Study between Veiled and Unveiled Muslim Women Residing in Kuwait." Medical Principles and Practice 28, no. 1 (November 19, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495567.
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Background: The common thread running through all forms of sexual objectification is the experience of being treated as a body (or collection of body parts) valued predominantly for its use to (or consumption by) others. If girls and women adopt a peculiar view of the self, an effect called self-objectification, this may contribute to depression, sexual dysfunction, and eating disorders. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of modesty (in terms of veiling, i.e., hijab) on objectification, by others and by the self, body image, and behaviors indicative of eating disturbance in veiled and unveiled Muslim women in Kuwait. Methods: This is a community-based, cross-sectional study conducted through an online survey. The respondents were females living in Kuwait. Results: Unveiled women experienced more objectification by others than veiled women. There were no significant differences found between veiled and unveiled women in self-objectification and eating disorder symptomatology. There is a significant negative relationship between modesty of clothing and objectification by others. No significant relationship was found between modesty of clothing and the self-objectification and eating disorder scales. For the objectification by others scale, data show that there is a positive relationship between this scale and eating disorders. Eating disorders were found to have a negative relationship with self-objectification. Conclusion: The results of the study are significant as they clearly demonstrate a weak negative relationship between clothing preferences/affiliations and eating disorders.
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Hatmaker, Grace. "Boys With Eating Disorders." Journal of School Nursing 21, no. 6 (December 2005): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405050210060501.
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Although commonly associated with girls and women, eating disorders do not discriminate. School nurses need to be aware that male students also can suffer from the serious health effects of anorexia nervosa, bulimia, anorexia athletica, and eating disorders not otherwise specified. Sports that focus on leanness and weight limits can add to a growing boy’s risk of developing an eating disorder. Issues of body image and sexual development can complicate and can distort previously normal eating habits. Students may use powerful and dangerous drugs readily available via the Internet, including growth hormone, creatine, testosterone, and aminophyl-line, to build muscle and to eliminate fat, potentially causing serious health consequences. School nurses can partner with health and physical education teachers, coaches, school staff, parents, and students to identify and to support boys with eating disorders
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Rutkowska, Magdalena, Mariola Czajkowska, Iwona Nowakowska, Anna Kowalczyk, Tomasz Król, Magdalena Dąbrowska-Galas, and Violetta Skrzypulec-Plinta. "Eating Behaviours in Sportswomen from the Silesian Training in Different Sports Disciplines." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 16843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416843.
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Eating disorders are characterized by abnormal, unhealthy eating habits, and disordered body image. In severe cases, it can cause serious health consequences, including cardiac problems, osteoporosis, infertility, or missing menstrual periods. In women competitively training sports, the main cause for disordered eating behaviours are factors associated with dissatisfaction with their appearance and body image and a need to reduce body weight. Factors related to dissatisfaction with one’s own appearance and body image, a need to reduce body weight, a negative perception of themselves and their bodies, the pressure in sports circles, and stress are predictors for eating disorders. The aim of the study was to compare eating behaviours, body satisfaction, and taking various actions related to body mass reduction among women training competitively in volleyball, athletics, gymnastics, and young women not participating in sports. Material and methods: The study covered a group of girls and young women from the Silesian, Poland, who represented three sports disciplines (volleyball, athletics, and gymnastics), of which 30 girls were used as a control group (B). The study was conducted using a study questionnaire. Results: The study participants ate regularly and consumed all food groups during a week. The majority of girls from A1 (83.33%), A3 (53.33%), and B (80%) groups expressed their dissatisfaction with their body weight. In the group of gymnasts, a positive correlation was noted between the need to reduce body weight and regular eating (r = 0.449; p = 0.013). In the group of volleyball players, it was demonstrated that the higher the competitive experience and the greater the training load, the more regular their eating was (r = 0.475; p = 0.009). Conclusions: The importance of a diagnosis of early signs of eating disorders in girls and women as a basic component contributing to FAT development implies that further studies in this area, as well as education of the entire sports circle are necessary.
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HESSE-BIBER, SHARLENE, MARGARET MARINO, and DIANE WATTS-ROY. "A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF EATING DISORDERS AMONG COLLEGE WOMEN." Gender & Society 13, no. 3 (June 1999): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124399013003007.
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This study provides insight into factors that determine whether women in the college population who exhibit eating-disordered behavior during their college years recover during their postcollege years. The study assessed changes in the eating patterns of 21 women across a six-year time period, from sophomore year in college to two years postcollege. Eleven of the women get better during their postcollege year, whereas 10 of the women continue to struggle with disordered eating. The major differences between the two groups revolve around the relationship between autonomy and relation. Women who get better negotiate the tension between autonomy and relatedness and are more likely to have higher selfesteem based on a more positive self-concept; this, in turn, leads to healthier relationships with food and body image. Two factors that appear to influence this negotiation include (I) one's history of chronic physical or sexual abuse and (2) the quality of familial messages about food, body image, relationship, and autonomy.
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Jovanovic, Maja. "Behaviours And Attitudes About Body Image And Eating Disorders Among Adolescent Females In Kragujevac." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2015-0031.
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AbstractEating disorders are often in older teens and young women with prevalence 4-5% with increasing tendency. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of eating disorders among adolescents in the city of Kragujevac, and to examine the relationship between the age and the type of eating disorder that can occur in adolescents.This descriptive, cross sectional study involved 220 participants (16-25 years old, 105 high school students and 115 students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences in Kragujevac, Serbia). Eating Attitudes Test EAT-26 questionnaire was used as a screening instrument, which consists of three subscales related to eating disorders (dieting, bulimia, oral control diet). The frequency of disturbed attitudes and eating habits among the investigated population was 26,8% (EAT-26 score ≥20). The high school students had a significantly higher score values (30,4% of girls achieved values EAT-26 score ≥20) than the medical students. Among the respondents, 17,6% were malnourished, 72,7% normal weight, 9,3% of the overweight and 0,5% obese. Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) was 13,7%, subclinical bulimia 4,4% and subclinical anorexia 8,8%. There was statistically significant difference (p=0,024) in the expression of behavioral disorders between students of high school and faculty education.Our results suggest that malnutrition and anorexic syndrome are more frequently in population of medical students, but on the other hand, obesity and subclinical bulimic syndrome have a higher prevalence in high school student`s population, which can be explained by inappropriate education for adolescents.
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Marta-Simões, M., C. Ferreira, and A. L. Mendes. "Cognitive fusion: Maladaptive emotion regulation endangering body image appreciation and related eating behaviours." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S556—S557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.798.
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Body image-related cognitive fusion is described as the perception that undesired and distressing internal events related to body image are reliable representations of reality. This maladaptive emotion regulation process is known for its impact on human suffering, namely eating psychopathology. On the contrary, body appreciation is a positive body image construct, defined as an attitude of acceptance and affection toward one's body image characteristics, despite some level of dissatisfaction. Although body appreciation associates negatively with several pathogenic processes, its relationship with body image-related cognitive fusion is still unexplored. The present study intended to analyse the power of body image related cognitive fusion regarding its impact on body appreciation, and also on the engagement in disordered eating. The study's sample comprised 308 women, aged between 18 and 35. A path model tested the mediator role of body image related cognitive fusion in the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and body appreciation, and eating disorders symptomatology, controlled for the effect of body mass index.The tested model accounted for 67% of the variance of disordered eating. Body image related cognitive fusion appeared as a significant mediator of the association between body dissatisfaction and body appreciation. Body appreciation presented a significant direct effect on eating disorders symptomatology. These findings highlight the disturbing effect of cognitive fusion related to body image on the construction of a positive body image, presenting an impact on the engagement in disordered eating. In this line, cognitive fusion may be a pertinent target in clinical practice and also within eating disorders prevention.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Panchal, Dr Vaishali H. "Self Concept and Body Image among Women Suffering from Eating Disorder and Normal Women with Regards to Age." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2014/166.
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Harris, Mary B. "Weight Concern, Body Image, and Abnormal Eating in College Women Tennis Players and Their Coaches." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10, no. 1 (March 2000): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.10.1.1.
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In order to study weight concerns and eating disorders in women tennis players, 107 women tennis players and 26 women’s tennis coaches from colleges across the U.S. responded to questionnaires relating to weight concern, body image, and abnormal eating. When evaluating drawings of female figures, players and coaches both considered the ideal body shape to be smaller than the healthiest one. Most players had normal weight, eating habits, and self-esteem; however, they also exhibited noticeable concern about their weight and appearance. Coaches revealed only moderate knowledge of weight related issues, believed such knowledge to be important, recognized that most of their players were of normal weight, and revealed somewhat negative feelings about overweight people. Players and coaches shared a healthy attitude toward tennis. The results of this study do not imply that college women tennis players are at greater risk of eating disorders than other young women, nor that college coaches are encouraging abnormal eating behaviors.
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Feingold, Alan, and Ronald Mazzella. "Gender Differences in Body Image Are Increasing." Psychological Science 9, no. 3 (May 1998): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00036.
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It has been speculated that the prevalence of eating disorders in women has risen because of increases in women's body dissatisfaction. We conducted a meta-analysis of gender differences in attractiveness and body image using 222 studies from the past 50 years. The analysis shows dramatic increases in the numbers of women among individuals who have poor body image. Moreover, these trends were found across multiple conceptualizations of body image, including self-judgments of physical attractiveness.
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Stewardson, Laurel, Jessica Nolan, and Regine Talleyrand. "Eating Disorders and Body Image Concerns in Men of Color: Cultural Considerations." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.42.2.02.
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Research on eating disorders and body-image concerns has traditionally focused on White women and girls. Only a few studies have addressed the specific needs of racially and ethnically diverse men with eating disorders. This article reviews and presents research findings on contextual risk factors that contribute to eating disorders and body-image concerns in men and boys. First, important race- and ethnicity-related factors such as racial identity, acculturation, and experiences of discrimination are briefly discussed. Risk factors relevant for this population, including race-related factors, visual and social media, sexual orientation, muscularity, weight and obesity, and substance abuse, are then explored. Finally, implications for service providers and areas for future research are identified.
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Ciwoniuk, N., M. Wayda-Zalewska, and K. Kucharska. "The evaluation of distorted body image in anorexia nervosa." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1491.
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Introduction A distorted body image appears to be a significant factor predisposing an individual to developing anorexia nervosa and its maintaining. Anorexia nervosa presents with the highest mortality rate among all mental disorders. Objectives The aim of the research work was to assess the distorted body image in women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, as well as to analyse the impact of the severity of the symptomatology of eating disorders, level of depression and anxiety on the distorted body image. Methods A total of 105 people participated in the study. The clinical group consisted of 36 women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, while the group of healthy women consisted of 69 participants. Patients completed several psychological and clinical measures such as: EAT-26, BSQ-34, BIDQ, BDD-YBOCS, CDRS, CESDR, and STAI. Results Between group comparisons were performed using nonparametric the Mann-Whitney U test. Results revealed statistically significantly greater distorted body image perception in anorexia group. Women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa showed significantly higher levels both depression and anxiety compared to the healthy controls. Based on correlation analyses, it was shown that there are statistically significant relationships between the body image variable and eating disorders, depression, and anxiety (state and trait). Conclusions To deepen the problem of distorted body image, further research is required on etiopathogenesis and dynamics of body image in relation to body mass index and illness chronicity. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Ma'sunnah, Khoirum, Heri Purnama Pribadi, and Dian Agnesia. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN GIZI, PERSEPSI CITRA TUBUH DAN GANGGUAN MAKAN DENGAN STATUS GIZI REMAJA PUTRI SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN DI KABUPATEN GRESIK." Ghidza Media Jurnal 3, no. 1 (October 4, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/ghidzamediajurnal.v3i1.3084.
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Adolescents are a group that is vulnerable to health problems and nutrition, especially in adolescent girls. The emergence of nutritional problems in adolescent girls can be caused by: by a extreem diet, physical activity, knowledge of nutrition, poor eating habits and lifestyle ( life style ) such as body image ( body image ). Besides that in the view of the young women a good body is a slim body so that many teenagers feel dissatisfied and not confident if the body is not slim then, this body image is the trigger level the emergence of eating disorders in adolescents. This study aims to identify and analyze the relationship between nutritional knowledge, perception of body image and disorders eating with nutritional status of adolescent girls in vocational high schools in Gresik Regency. This research is an Analytical Observational study with a Cluster Random design Sampling with respondents as many as 87 respondents who were selected by purposive sampling. The instrument used in this study was a nutritional knowledge questionnaire, questionnaire BSQ-34, EAT-26 questionnaire and food recall questionnaire 1 x 24 hours as additional data intake respondent energy. Data analysis using Chi-Square test and spearman test. The results shows that most of the respondents have good nutritional status (82.2%), there are (65.6%) respondents have sufficient knowledge of nutrition, there are (40.2%) respondents feel dissatisfied with their body image, there are (41.4%) respondents at risk of having eating disorders and eating disorders most of the respondents experienced a severe energy deficit with an average energy of 776 kcal. Test statistics between nutritional knowledge and nutritional status (p= 0.000), body image and nutritional status (p= 0.129) and eating disorders with nutritional status (p = 0.465). The conclusion, there is a relationship knowledge of nutrition with nutritional status of adolescent girls and there is no relationship body image, eating disorders with nutritional status of adolescent girls in Gresik Regency.
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Castellano, Sabrina, Agostino Rizzotto, Sergio Neri, Walter Currenti, Claudia Savia Guerrera, Concetta Pirrone, Marinella Coco, and Donatella Di Corrado. "The Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Young Women Aspiring Fashion Models: The Mediating Role of Stress." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11020043.
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It is widely recognized that body dissatisfaction is an important public health concern. In the past, being a fashion model was almost synonymous with anorexia/bulimia, and even today, there are cases of eating disorders in young women whose ambition is to become a top model. Moreover, stress can play a substantial role within ill health via related behaviors such as smoking, substance abuse, and inappropriate eating. In our study, we examined 112 aspiring fashion models aged between 15 and 24 years (M = 19.5, SD = 2.08) from 32 different countries of the world during an international contest, and 100 students (control group), aged between 16 and 22 years (M = 18.6, SD = 1.39). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether stress mediated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. The study included the administration of stress and self-efficacy and the locus of control dimensions, body (image) dissatisfaction, and eating attitude disorder. Results indicated higher scores on body dissatisfaction, stress level, and eating attitudes disorder among the group of fashion models compared to the control. Mediational analyses showed that body dissatisfaction was partially mediated by stress level on eating disorders. Especially in the aspiring fashion models, there are often many possibilities that competitive stress causes candidates to exacerbate attempts to maintain their body weight below normal weight/height parameters. These results indicated that appropriate intervention for the management of stress level could possibly defend against the negative impact of body dissatisfaction on eating disorder symptoms. The presence of skilled health workers in the field of nutrition and psychology can be extremely important in the field of fashion to maintain an adequate quality of life.
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Czarlinski, Jennifer A., Darrin M. Aase, and Leonard A. Jason. "Eating Disorders, Normative Eating Self-Efficacy and Body Image Self-Efficacy: Women in Recovery Homes." European Eating Disorders Review 20, no. 3 (July 13, 2011): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.1116.
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Kato, Greimel, Hu, Müller-Gartner, Salchinger, Freidl, Saito, and Roth. "The Relationship between Sense of Coherence, Stress, Body Image Satisfaction and Eating Behavior in Japanese and Austrian Students." Psych 1, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 504–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psych1010039.
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Background: Restrained, emotional, and external eating are related to obesity and eating disorders. A salutogenic model has confirmed sense of coherence (SOC) as a health resource that moderates stress and helps limit the occurrence of overweightness and eating disorders. This study aimed to examine the relationship between SOC, social support, stress, body image satisfaction (BIS) and eating behaviors in different cultural environments. Methods: A total of 371 Austrian (161 men, 210 women) and 398 Japanese (226 men, 172 women) university students participated. The SOC-13 scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, BMI-Based Silhouette Matching Test and an analogue single-stress item were used as measurements. Results: SOC negatively affected all three types of eating in Austrian students (men: β = −0.227 to −0.215; women: β = −0.262 to −0.214). In Japanese students, SOC negatively affected external eating in both sexes (men: β = −0.150; women: β = −0.198) and emotional eating (β = −0.187) in men. BIS indicated that the desire to become slim predicted restrained eating, women’s emotional eating, and men’s and Austrian women’s external eating. Stress was only predictive of emotional eating in Japanese men. Conclusions: This study found that SOC, BIS and stress might be valuable factors regulating eating behavior in a cultural context. However, the relationship between SOC, BIS, stress and eating behavior differs between cultures.
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Cheng, Ziyue, Xueyan Gao, Chengyang Yang, Anna Brytek-Matera, and Jinbo He. "Effects of Online and Face-to-Face Intuitive Eating Interventions on Body Image and Eating Behaviors among Women in China: A Feasibility Study." Nutrients 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091761.
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Body dissatisfaction and eating disorders have become major global concerns, including in Asian populations. Few studies have examined intervention effects on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in China, especially for interventions with positive psychological perspectives (e.g., intuitive eating). In this pilot study, 66 women participated in an eight-module intuitive eating intervention delivered online (n = 42; mean age, 30.74 years) and face-to-face (n = 24; mean age, 19.46 years) for 8 weeks. Measures of body image and eating behaviors were used to assess the intervention’s feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the data. The intervention had significant effects on both groups, promoting positive body image and intuitive eating and reducing negative body image and disordered eating behaviors. The effects of the online and face-to-face interventions did not differ significantly. Thus, whether delivered online or face-to-face, an intuitive eating intervention may effectively improve Chinese women’s body image and eating behaviors. However, the efficacy of the intuitive intervention in the Chinese context should be confirmed in future studies with designs in randomized control trials.
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Chua, Yu Wei, Gemma Lewis, Abigail Easter, Glyn Lewis, and Francesca Solmi. "Eighteen-year trajectories of depressive symptoms in mothers with a lifetime eating disorder: findings from the ALSPAC cohort." British Journal of Psychiatry 216, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.89.
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BackgroundTwo longitudinal studies have shown that depressive symptoms in women with eating disorders might improve in the antenatal and early postnatal periods. No study has followed up women beyond 8 months postnatal.AimsTo investigate long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms in mothers with lifetime self-reported eating disorders.MethodUsing data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and multilevel growth curves we modelled trajectories of depressive symptoms from the 18th week of pregnancy to 18 years postnatal in women with lifetime self-reported anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or both anorexia and bulimia nervosa. As sensitivity analyses we also investigated these trajectories using quintiles of a continuous measure of body image in pregnancy.ResultsOf the 9276 women in our main sample, 126 (1.4%) reported a lifetime diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, 153 (1.6%) of bulimia nervosa and 60 (0.6%) of both anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Women with lifetime eating disorders had greater depressive symptoms scores than women with no eating disorders, before and after adjustment for confounders (anorexia nervosa: 2.10, 95% CI 1.36–2.83; bulimia nervosa: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.61–2.94, both anorexia and bulimia nervosa: 2.86, 95% CI 1.81–3.90). We also observed a dose–response association between greater body image and eating concerns in pregnancy and more severe trajectories of depressive symptoms, even after adjusting for lifetime eating disorders which also remained independently associated with greater depressive symptoms.ConclusionsWomen with eating disorders experience persistently greater depressive symptoms across the life-course. More training for practitioners and midwives on how to recognise eating disorders in pregnancy could help to identify depressive symptoms and reduce the long-term burden of disease resulting from this comorbidity.
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Lindeman, Alice K. "Self-Esteemml: Its Application to Eating Disorders and Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 4, no. 3 (September 1994): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.3.237.
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Self-esteem, a hierarchical and multifactorial perception, can be described as the extent to which a person feels positive about himself or herself. Social factors such as life satisfaction, sex, age, and strongly held values can affect self-esteem. Low self-esteem Is a well-recognized trait of those with eating disorders and may be associated with a heightened self-awareness. Body dissatisfaction, common among women in Western society, may enhance this awareness. Athletes, especially those with eating disorders, are perfectionists and have acute body awareness and a sense of loss of control Control is a crucial issue with these athletes. Before any nutrition counseling starts, readiness to listen should be assessed in conjunction with a mental health professional. Various tools are available to assess the eating disordered athlete's self-esteem, body image, and eating behavior. Nutrition counseling can help the athlete overcome an eating disorder by clarifying misconceptions and focusing on the role of nutrition in promoting health and athletic performance.
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Alonso Díaz, R., E. Cortázar Alonso, H. Guillén Rodrigo, S. Fuentes Márquez, and R. Remesal Cobreros. "Food, Body Image, Perfectionism." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1538.
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IntroductionThe eating disorder (ED) are anorexia nervosa, bulimia and unspecified eating disorder behavior according to ICD-10. Currently the ED have become a social and health problem of the first kind that require specialized and interdisciplinary approach to the response of such disorders.The growing demand observed in different assistive devices is associated with increased incidence of eating disorders in recent decades.Case descriptionShe is a woman of 23 years old, single. It is the small two brothers. He lives with his parents and brother 25 years. It is fourth-year student of law. It is derived from primary care by their GP after significant weight loss by decreasing the intake of foods high in calories and low mood. It is defined as a very responsible person, controller and is always looking for perfection in every activity performed. He began to try to lose weight about a year that relates to start time of stress ago. She speaks that had many exams and wanted to get top marks in all. With good adherence to psychotherapy and monitoring by nurses. Aspects of body image as well as traits such as perfectionism work.ConclusionsThese clinical conditions are characterized by their complexity and diversity symptomatology, which involves a significant interference in their functioning in different vital areas and clinically significant distress. After the psychotherapeutic approach, a significant reduction in the clinic that she had at the beginning and an improvement in mood was observed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Lawson, Elizabeth A., Kamryn T. Eddy, Daniel Donoho, Madhusmita Misra, Karen K. Miller, Erinne Meenaghan, Janet Lydecker, David Herzog, and Anne Klibanski. "Appetite-regulating hormones cortisol and peptide YY are associated with disordered eating psychopathology, independent of body mass index." European Journal of Endocrinology 164, no. 2 (February 2011): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-10-0523.
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ObjectiveDisordered eating occurs in women at both weight extremes of anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity. Cortisol, peptide YY (PYY), leptin, and ghrelin are hormones involved in appetite and feeding behavior that vary with weight and body fat. Abnormal levels of these hormones have been reported in women with AN, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA), and obesity. The relationship between appetite-regulating hormones and disordered eating psychopathology is unknown. We therefore studied the relationship between orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones and disordered eating psychopathology in women across a range of weights.DesignA cross-sectional study of 65 women, 18–45 years: 16 with AN, 12 normal-weight with HA, 17 overweight or obese, and 20 normal-weight in good health.MethodsTwo validated measures of disordered eating psychopathology, the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2), were administered. Fasting PYY, leptin, and ghrelin levels were measured; cortisol levels were pooled from serum samples obtained every 20 min from 2000 to 0800 h.ResultsCortisol and PYY levels were positively associated with disordered eating psychopathology including restraint, eating concerns, and body image disturbance, independent of body mass index (BMI). Although leptin levels were negatively associated with disordered eating psychopathology, these relationships were not significant after controlling for BMI. Ghrelin levels were generally not associated with EDE-Q or EDI-2 scores.ConclusionsHigher levels of cortisol and PYY are associated with disordered eating psychopathology independent of BMI in women across the weight spectrum, suggesting that abnormalities in appetite regulation may be associated with specific eating disorder pathologies.
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Petropoulou, Anastasia, Georgia Bakounaki, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Dimitrios P. Bogdanos, Dimitrios G. Goulis, and Tonia Vassilakou. "Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors in Cystic Fibrosis: A Neglected Issue." Children 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2022): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9060915.
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As with the majority of chronic diseases having specific nutrition recommendations, in cystic fibrosis (CF), the emphasis placed on patients regarding their diet and ideal body weight status often increases the risk of developing disordered eating behaviors and by inference, eating disorders (EDs). Body weight appears to be an important concern for patients with CF, with many patients struggling to lose weight. Between sexes, women appear more preoccupied with dieting compared to men, but exhibit a better body image, mainly due to their preference for a lower weight. Several comorbidities appear to change these dynamics, and visibly apparent factors, including scars, ports, and tubes, and the need for supplementary oxygen supply, may also influence body image perception. Disordered eating is usually initiated during a bout of pulmonary infection, with the patient feeling unwell to eat. Regarding the prevalence of EDs, research appears conflicting on whether it is higher among individuals with a CF diagnosis or not. As for comorbidities, anxiety and depression consist of the most common psychiatric diagnoses in CF, also greatly prevalent in EDs. Despite the plethora of studies, non-specific CF tools, small samples, and lack of data regarding important outcomes, including lung health, indicate the need for more research.
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Izydorczyk, Bernadetta, Ha Truong Thi Khanh, Sebastian Lizińczyk, Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska, Małgorzata Lipowska, and Adrianna Gulbicka. "Body Dissatisfaction, Restrictive, and Bulimic Behaviours among Young Women: A Polish–Japanese Comparison." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030666.
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The growing number of women, who are characterized by restrictive and bulimic behaviours towards their own body is observed especially in countries influenced by Westernalization. However, there is a lack of cross-cultural studies in this area. The main aim of the present study was to examine the psychological and socio-cultural risk factors for eating disorders in Polish and Japanese women. A cross-sectional research study was conducted among 18- to 29-year old Polish (n = 89) and Japanese (n = 97) women. The variables were measured using the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale SATAQ-3, and the Eating Disorders Inventory EDI-3. The descriptive and comparative statistics, Spearman’s rho, and the stepwise regression analysis were used. The global internalization of socio-cultural standards of body image proved to be a significant predictor of Body Dissatisfaction among Polish and Japanese women. The main analysis showed a significant relation between the Drive for Thinness and Interoceptive Deficits in the group of Japanese women, as well as a correlation between Drive for Thinness and Asceticism in the group of Polish women. The obtained results could improve the prevention aimed the dysfunctional eating behaviours. However, the cultural nuances need to be considered in understanding the risk factors for eating disorders.
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Amalia, Lia. "Citra Tubuh (Body Image) Remaja Perempuan." Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2007): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2007.54.441-464.
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A socio,cultural component has long been blamed for the excessive concern with the appearance of women. Typically, the media is blamed for creating an impossible thin ideal as a model for women to emulate, and such images in magazines and on TV have been cast as the cause of widespread use of excessive dieting and eating disorders to achieve the "unachievable". The onset of theses two diseases typically occur during early adolescence or early adulthood when most young women are not only susceptible to cultural pressure for thinness and whiteness but also likely to be heavily involved with, and influenced by the mass media. This point may help explain how cultural images of one's reference group, may constitute an inescapable group that can have negative consequences as it is incorporated into local culture. The susceptibility to these pressures and influences from the media is believed to be heightened because of the fact that intense preoccupied with appearance and identity development characterizes adolescent girls.
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Hall, Christine C. Iijima. "Asian Eyes: Body Image and Eating Disorders of Asian and Asian American Women." Eating Disorders 3, no. 1 (January 1995): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640269508249141.
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Oshio, Atsushi, and Tatiana Meshkova. "Eating disorders, body image, and dichotomous thinking among Japanese and Russian college women." Health 04, no. 07 (2012): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2012.47062.
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Striegel-Moore, Ruth H., Debra L. Franko, Douglas Thompson, Bruce Barton, George B. Schreiber, and Stephen R. Daniels. "Changes in weight and body image over time in women with eating disorders." International Journal of Eating Disorders 36, no. 3 (2004): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.20053.
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Cooper, Peter J., and Melanie J. Taylor. "Body Image Disturbance in Bulimia Nervosa." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, S2 (1988): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000298966.
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Bulimia nervosa is a disorder which has only recently been identified and described (Russell, 1979). It is a condition, found almost exclusively in young women, in which episodes of excessive uncontrolled eating are the central feature. Patients with bulimia nervosa usually present at normal weight because they compensate for the bulimic episodes in a variety of ways, such as by inducing vomiting, abusing purgatives and exercising extreme dietary restraint. In addition to these disturbed eating habits, patients with bulimia nervosa have attitudes to their shape and weight similar to those found in anorexia nervosa. They also present with a wide range of neurotic symptoms, particularly of a depressive nature (Russell, 1979; Fairburn & Cooper, 1984). It is generally accepted that these neurotic symptoms are usually a secondary reaction to the core eating disorder rather than of primary diagnostic significance (Fairburn et al, 1985; Cooper & Fairburn, 1986).
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Cullari, Salvatore, and Roselyne S. Trubilla. "Body-Image Distortion in Normal-Weight College Women." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3c.1195.
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20 normal-weight college women were tested for body-image distortion and given the Eating Disorder Inventory and the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. Body-image distortion was present in one-half of the sample and seemed to be related to cognitive factors. There was no evidence of perceptual abnormalities in the subjects, and body-image distortion was not correlated with body weight or low self-esteem.
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Jarman, Hannah K., Siân A. McLean, Rachel Rodgers, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Susan Paxton, Beth O'Gorman, Emily Harris, et al. "Informing mHealth and Web-Based Eating Disorder Interventions: Combining Lived Experience Perspectives With Design Thinking Approaches." JMIR Formative Research 6, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): e38387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/38387.
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Background App-based interventions designed to prevent and treat eating disorders have considerable potential to overcome known barriers to treatment seeking. Existing apps have shown efficacy in terms of symptom reduction; however, uptake and retention issues are common. To ensure that apps meet the needs and preferences of those for whom they were designed, it is critical to understand the lived experience of potential users and involve them in the process of design, development, and delivery. However, few app-based interventions are pretested on and co-designed with end users before randomized controlled trials. Objective To address the issue, this study used a highly novel design thinking approach to provide the context and a lived experience perspective of the end user, thus allowing for a deeper level of understanding. Methods In total, 7 young women (mean age 25.83, SD 5.34, range 21-33 years) who self-identified as having a history of body image issues or eating disorders were recruited. Participants were interviewed about their lived experience of body image and eating disorders and reported their needs and preferences for app-based eating disorder interventions. Traditional (thematic analysis) and novel (empathy mapping; visually depicting and empathizing with the user’s personal experience) analyses were performed, providing a lived experience perspective of eating disorders and identifying the needs and preferences of this population in relation to app-based interventions for eating disorders. Key challenges and opportunities for app-based eating disorder interventions were also identified. Results Findings highlighted the importance of understanding and identifying problematic eating disorder symptoms for the user, helpful practices for recovery that identify personal values and goals, the role of social support in facilitating hope, and aspects of usability to promote continued engagement and recovery. Conclusions Practical guidance and recommendations are described for those developing app-based eating disorder interventions. These findings have the potential to inform practices to enhance participant uptake and retention in the context of app-based interventions for this population.
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Czepczor-Bernat, Kamila, Viren Swami, Adriana Modrzejewska, and Justyna Modrzejewska. "COVID-19-Related Stress and Anxiety, Body Mass Index, Eating Disorder Symptomatology, and Body Image in Women from Poland: A Cluster Analysis Approach." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041384.
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To limit the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), many countries have introduced mandated lockdown or social distancing measures. Although these measures may be successful against COVID-19 transmission, the pandemic and attendant restrictions are a source of chronic and severe stress and anxiety which may contribute to the emergence or worsening of symptoms of eating disorders and the development of negative body image. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to: (1) classify different conditions associated with COVID-19-related stress, COVID-19-related anxiety, and weight status; and (2) analyze and compare the severity of dimensions typically related to eating disorders symptomatology and body image in individuals with different COVID-19-related stress, COVID-19-related anxiety, and weight status. Polish women (N = 671, Mage = 32.50 ± 11.38) completed measures of COVID-19-related stress and anxiety along with body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and bulimia symptomatology subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory, and the appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, and body areas satisfaction subscales of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. The following four clusters were identified through cluster analysis: (a) Cluster 1 (N = 269), healthy body weight and low COVID-related stress (M = 3.06) and anxiety (M = 2.96); (b) Cluster 2 (N = 154), healthy body weight and high COVID-related stress (M = 5.43) and anxiety (M = 5.29); (c) Cluster 3 (N = 127), excess body weight and high COVID-related stress (M = 5.23) and anxiety (M = 5.35); (d) Cluster 4 (N = 121), excess body weight and low COVID-related stress (M = 2.69) and anxiety (M = 2.83). Our results showed that Clusters 3 and 4 had significantly greater body dissatisfaction and lower appearance evaluation and body areas satisfaction than Clusters 1 and 2. Cluster 3 also had a significantly higher level of drive for thinness, bulimia, and overweight preoccupation than Clusters 1 and 2. These preliminary findings may mean that the COVID-19 pandemic and attendant anxiety and stress caused by the pandemic are exacerbating symptoms of eating disorders and negative body image, with women with excess weight particularly at risk.
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Ciwoniuk, Natalia, Magdalena Wayda-Zalewska, and Katarzyna Kucharska. "Distorted Body Image and Mental Pain in Anorexia Nervosa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010718.
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(1) Background: Body image is being defined as the picture of our own body in our mind with its size and shape, and with a perceptive and attitudinal evaluation of this body. It appears to be a complex clinical construct predisposing an individual to developing and maintaining anorexia nervosa (AN), as well as having considerable impact on prolonging the duration of this illness and its relapse risk. The aim of the research work was to assess whether the symptomatology of eating disorders, level of depression, and mental pain are associated with body image, and examine the influence of a distorted body image as well as eating disorders and depression symptoms on mental pain in AN; (2) Methods: A total of 36 women diagnosed with AN and 69 healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. All participants completed a battery of the following scales: EAT-26, BSQ-34, BIDQ, BDD-YBOCS, CESDR, and the Mental Pain Scale; (3) Results: Results show statistically significantly greater body image disturbances and higher level of depression and mental pain intensity in the AN compared to the HC group. Regression analysis indicates a greater impact of distorted body image, eating disorders, and depression symptoms on mental pain in AN; (4) Conclusions: As assumed, distorted body image and mental pain are central components of AN that should be especially emphasized in the therapeutical process of treating AN. Future research should focus on the etiopathogenesis of distorted body image in relation to the chronicity of mental pain and depression in AN, and address these outcomes in clinical practice to minimize suicide risk in this high-risk group of patients.
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Damani, S., E. J. Button, and C. H. Reveley. "The body image structured interview: a new method for the exploration of body image in women with eating disorders." European Eating Disorders Review 9, no. 3 (2001): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.373.
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Grajek, Mateusz, Karolina Krupa-Kotara, Martina Grot, Maria Kujawińska, Paulina Helisz, Weronika Gwioździk, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz, and Joanna Kobza. "Perception of the Body Image in Women after Childbirth and the Specific Determinants of Their Eating Behavior: Cross-Sectional Study (Silesia, Poland)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 10137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610137.
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Background: Episodes of loss of control over eating during pregnancy affect up to 36% of women during this period. Many women experience natural concerns about weight gain and body-shape changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and food cravings and fluctuations in eating patterns during these periods are physiological phenomena. However, pregnancy and the postpartum period may be an additional determinant of eating disorders. Women who perceive their own bodies as significantly deviating from the presented ideal are more likely to experience anxiety/anxiety related to it and also tend to exhibit abnormal eating behaviors. The perception of one’s body figure also plays an important role in maintaining psychological balance Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the perception of body image by postpartum women. The essence of the study was to see if there were psychomarkers associated with lack of control over eating, food restriction, and emotionally motivated eating in the study population. Material and methods: The study was conducted during the fall and winter of 2021. A total of 288 women participated in the study. The age of the subjects ranged from 21 to 45 years. Results: It was found that 198 women (68.8%) were dissatisfied with their current body weight and figure. Respondents with higher post-pregnancy body mass index showed dissatisfaction with their body shape (49.8%; H = 13.042; p = 0.001). Both body satisfaction and BMI level were significant components of the occurrence of pathological phenomena associated with the TFEQ-13 subscales (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Excessive focus on food restriction as well as lack of control over eating had some association with negative self-perception of body image, mainly in the form of body weight dissatisfaction. Eating behaviors showed an association with BMI level and weight satisfaction after pregnancy.
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Petrie, Trent A., Christy Greenleaf, Jennifer E. Carter, and Justine J. Reel. "Psychosocial Correlates of Disordered Eating Among Male Collegiate Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 1, no. 4 (December 2007): 340–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.1.4.340.
Full textAbstract:
Few studies have been conducted examining male athletes and eating disorders, even though the sport environment may increase their risk. Thus, little information exists regarding the relationship of putative risk factors to eating disorders in this group. To address this issue, we examined the relationship of eating disorder classification to the risk factors of body image concerns (including drive for muscularity), negative affect, weight pressures, and disordered eating behaviors. Male college athletes (N= 199) from three different NCAA Division I universities participated. Only two athletes were classified with an eating disorder, though 33 (16.6%) and 164 (82.4%), respectively, were categorized as symptomatic and asymptomatic. Multivariate analyses revealed that eating disorder classification was unrelated to the majority of the risk factors, although the eating disorder group (i.e., clinical and symptomatic) did report greater fear of becoming fat, more weight pressures from TV and from magazines, and higher levels of stress than the asymptomatic athletes. In addition, the eating disorder group had higher scores on the Bulimia Test-Revised (Thelen, Mintz, & Vander Wal, 1996), which validated the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (Mintz, O’Halloran, Mulholland, & Schneider, 1997) as a measure of eating disorders with male athletes. These findings suggest that variables that have been supported as risk factors among women in general, and female athletes in particular, may not apply as strongly, or at all, to male athletes.