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Prinos, Evy. "Body-image, gender, and relationships /." Adelaide, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09S.B/09s.bp9571.pdf.
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Gwanas, Bethan. "Constructing body space : gender, sport and body image in adolescence." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288204.
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Goodarce, Jessica. "Looking at the body." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11454.
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This thesis explores the role of the body in contemporary art and how it is perceived in society. My research encompasses the art forms of painting, photography, fashion, performance, film, sculpture and installation. The body becomes the canvas, whether it is physically constructed in oils or cut-up, to transform into a Botticelli goddess. Painting, performance, film, video and photography all document the body’s transformation into an artificial, mechanical entity of the digital world. In contemporary art, the model can be by–passed. The artist can digitally construct the body/the subject for the painting. A photograph can be taken of a painting after it has been completed to become a digital painting. This digital work depicts the iconic, artificial body of contemporary society. The body is just as relevant in contemporary art as it was during the Classical Greek and Roman periods. However due to the power of fashion, film, theatre and television the body has become a commodity. The multi–faceted renderings show the body as the subject, the object and the viewer. Today’s body represents society’s fixation with aesthetic excess. Digital media swamps pop culture with products and gadgets to assist our fixation with perfection. The contemporary, beautiful body is not only female. The male body is also under pressure to conform. Many of the artists discussed in this paper for example; Orlan, Vanessa Beecroft and John Currin, are revealing the contemporary obsession with digital transformation. Each work explores the relationships between the artist, the subject and viewer, the private and public space, reality and fiction. As technology advances, these relationships edge closer and their boundaries disintegrate, as can be seen in the work of Matthew Barney, Hans Scheirl and Genesis Breyer P–Orridge. These artists question the boundaries of gender. Ron Mueck explores hyper–reality in his depictions of the body through the use of scale. When viewing these works the spectator begins to question the borders between reality and artifice. The viewing puts into question our own body. Forensic and reality television, the internet and social networking are simultaneously breaking down and blurring the distances between the private and public space. As a contemporary artist interested in painting and the body, my work is influenced by all the artists studied. Although my work is primarily based on painting and photography, for my practice to remain relevant it must be informed by other mediums to exist within the contemporary digital world. Photography, fashion, performance, sculpture, installation, film and painting are no longer rigid disciplines. The body has, always and remains an integral part of these genres. As Orlan says: “This is my body…This is my software…” In this digital age we can design our own bodies into artificial, idealised creations. Hans Scheirl and Genesis Breyer P–Orridge provide the platform for the freeing of the constraints of sexuality. Their works give the contemporary body freedom to be whatever it chooses to be. We now have a choice to construct our own identity and body through the tools of cosmetic technology. Egon Schiele, Ron Mueck and Julie Rrap’s use of the mirror highlight the dissolving of the private and public space. Through the mirror the body is no longer a private body but a social one. This social body has now become both the Classical Greek ideal and the digital cyborg, the artificial and the real, the male and the female body. Contemporary artists now have far greater freedom to create images of the body that reflect the world around them. They describe the demise of the body as flesh into the body as image.
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Lewis, Sarah Kaye. "Gendering the Body: Exploring the Construction of the Sexually Dimorphic Body." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/152.
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Gender is a pervasive and regulating social institution that is operationalized in mainstream Western culture as a natural extension of the ontological difference perceived to exist between the binarily sexed bodies of male and female. Feminist theory has widely established, however, that gender is done - i.e., gender is not a naturally occurring phenomenon, but is an ongoing construction engaged and replicated by individual actors and which, while compulsory, is nevertheless optional. Within this canon is a small number of feminist theorists, notably Judith Lorber, Judith Bulter, and Nancy Tuana, who argue that the constructive manifestations of gender performativity (that is, doing of gender) are not limited to the social sphere. They argue the role of gender in the construction of the material body, asserting that doing gender has a constructive role in physical embodiment: what we do influences, and in fact creates, what our bodies are. This study engages feminist theory on the production of the body through a qualitative exploration of the lived experience of gendered bodily change, as described in the first-hand narratives of trans-identified individuals. I predict that the analysis of the narratives in the sample will show that in comparison to cisgender individuals, trans individuals possess a heightened awareness of the performative nature of gender, and that trans individuals consciously engage performativity in order to conform to the normative expectations associated with the desired gender role. I further predict that trans individuals experience sexually dimorphic bodily change to be a direct result of changes to their gender identity. The interview analysis findings provide mixed support for the first hypothesis, demonstrating that while trans individuals in the sample do demonstrate a heightened awareness of the ways in which gender is performed, the respondents’ insights came largely from their experiences in their compulsorily cisgender, pre-transition lives, rather than their current gender embodiments. The concept of performativity and its perceived implication of artificiality clashed with the respondents’ sense of their gendered actions as an expression of an authentic self, and my analysis thus addresses performativity as a necessarily polemic concept located between the subjectivity of the individual narratives and the theoretical position that gender is done. The findings provide a substantial level of support for the second hypothesis that trans individuals understand experienced bodily change to be a direct result of changes in gender identity. This study’s exploration of trans experiences of lived bodily change contributes a narrative perspective to the ongoing discussion in feminist theory which surrounds the role of gender in the production of the material body.
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Tiljander, Cristina. "Social gender norms in body language : The construction of stereotyped gender differences in body language in the American sitcom Friends." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1599.
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<p>Nonverbal communication such as body language is a vital component of our communication, and since scholars agree that there are some notable differences in the way men and women use body language, the study of gendered nonverbal communication as a social construction is vital to our understanding of how we create gendered identities. The aim of this paper is to investigate how social gender norms concerning body language appear in constructed communication. By studying the body language of the characters in the American sitcom Friends, and with focus on leg postures, I examine how the show Friends enacts and represents stereotyped sex differences in body language. The study encompasses both the distribution of leg positions between the genders, and what these postures seem to accomplish in interaction. As for the relationship between gender and leg postures, I observed the sitting positions of the characters Chandler, Ross, Joey, Monica and Rachel in six episodes from the 1999/2000 season of Friends for the first study. For the analysis of leg postures in relation to the communicative situation, the entire corpus of ten episode recordings was used. Based on repeated inspection of scenes where leg positions could be studied in relation to gender and communication, systematic patterns were identified.</p><p>The results of the study are consistent with the findings of scholars like Vrugt and Luyerink (2000); women tend to sit in closed postures or with their legs crossed, which is regarded feminine, while men sit in wide positions with their legs spread, which is regarded masculine. Furthermore, the characters/actors in Friends seem to perform their gender roles partly by using different leg positions and wideness of postures. However, leg positions alone were not found to be decisive in the messages communicated, and emotions and stance were communicated using verbal and other non-verbal channels and cues. Instead, leg positions remained gender-stereotypical regardless of the message communicated, and men and women seem to communicate the same message using different leg positions. It is therefore concluded that leg positions are an inherent part of “doing gender”, but that leg positions as such are not necessarily related to the type of message or emotional stance that is communicated.</p>
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Gülpers, Zoe. ""Gender differences in body dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorders in Australian university students" /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsg928.pdf.
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Butera, Laura. "Height, power, and gender politicizing the measured body /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1219422665.
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Butera, Laura E. "Height, Power, and Gender: Politicizing the Measured Body." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1219422665.
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Arredondo, Aleka. "GENDER-BASED BODY IMAGE PERCEPTIONS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/904.
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Objective: This study sought to examining the gender-based expectations of an ideal body, for self and opposite gender, among college students.
Methods: The study used a qualitative approach using thematic analysis. Common words and phrases were first identified and later grouped into category, through open and axial coding respectively. Next, central theme was identified using selective coding.
Results: This study examined a total of 145 student participants responses of which 94 were self-identified women and 51 were self-identified men. The results reveal that men’s ideal body perception for a woman is different than women’s expectations for women. For example, women’s perceptions of ideal body for women were focused on features such as lips, nose, eyebrows; whereas the men’s perception of ideal body for women was considered to be a small body type. Similarly, there was also variation of ideal body expectations for men. Although both men and women considered fit body types to be the most ideal body for men, women also reported personal hygiene as being an important factor. Furthermore, the men’s perception focused more on body types rather than other factors such as hygiene.
Conclusion: Our results show unique differences in body image perception based on self-identified gender. These results can aid public health professionals in creating targeted body positivity initiatives.
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Horansky, Eileen A. "SEXUALIZING THE BODY POLITIC: NARRATING THE FEMALE BODY ANDTHE GENDER DIVIDE IN SECRET HISTORY." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1431019120.
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Heigl, Michaela. "Theorising gender, sexuality and the body in Calderonian theatre." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624942.
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Malson, Helen M. "Anorexia nervosa : discourses of gender, subjectivity and the body." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317719/.
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This thesis investigates how anorexia nervosa is constructed and deployed as a discursive social and psychological category, drawing critically on feminist psychoanalytic and Foucauldian theories of gender, subjectivity and discourse. The introduction provides a brief discussion of diagnostic criteria and the epidemiology of anorexia. It outlines the thesis as a whole, providing a brief explanation of the approach adopted in the thesis. Chapter 2 critically reviews recent research into anorexia nervosa. Chapter 3 sets out the theoretical framework of the thesis, discussing Foucauldian and psychoanalytic theory, particularly, feminist Lacanian theory. Chapter 4 provides a brief critique of empiricist methods in the social sciences and argues the need for a feminist post-structuralist approach to research. In the two empirical studies of this thesis I have adopted a discourse analytic methodology. Hence, Chapter 5 discusses the different forms of discourse analysis within psychology before setting out the specific form of discourse analysis and the methodology for the first study. Study One (chapters 6 and 7) examines the emergence of 'anorexia nervosa' as an object of medical discourse. It first provides an historical overview of Georgian and Victorian medicine and then presents a discourse-oriented history of the emergence of anorexia nervosa as a clinical disease entity. The study demonstrates firstly, an historical variability in discursive constructions of women's self-starvation and of anorexia nervosa and secondly, that these constructions interface with particular socio-historically specific constructions of femininity. The second study (chapters 8 to 12) is based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with women diagnosed as anorexic. Discourse analysis was used to analyze the interview transcripts to explore how anorexia, femininity, subjectivity and the body are discursively constituted. The analyses are discussed in relation to the theoretical framework of the thesis as well as previous psychological research into anorexia. The conclusion discusses the analyses of both studies, drawing out the implications of the research in terms of understanding anorexia nervosa, femininity, subjectivity and the body.
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Daley, Chrysanna R. "The Ceramic Body: Concepts of Violence, Nature, and Gender." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/784.
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This thesis is an exploration of the connection between women and nature, specifically the violence that has been inflicted upon them both and how it is interrelated. I positioned my research within the field of Ecofeminism, which critiques the language we (as a Western culture) use to associate women with nature and vice-versa. Traditionally, women are more often associated with nature than men are, and the environment is personified as “Mother Nature”. I argue that uncritically gendering nature as “female” is problematic because of the associations we typically make between the two, and the expectations and values we assign to them based on this association. Nature is historically viewed as inferior to civilization, and women as inferior to men: they are supposedly giving, nurturing, and passive, as opposed to taking, empowered, and active. While the assumption that women are inherently more "connected" to nature is harmful and perpetuates these stereotypes, there is truth in that women, and in fact all oppressed groups (based on race, sexuality, class, ability, etc), share with nature the common history of subordination and inflicted violence by the hegemony.
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Lauffer, Patricia Louise 1961. "THE EFFECT OF GENDER, GENDER ROLE, AND WEIGHT TRAINING ON SELF-CONCEPT AND BODY CATHEXIS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276469.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the self-concepts and body cathexis of both males and females engaged in an eleven week weight training course and to examine if differences in gender role would influence the relationship of strength to self-concept and body cathexis. Each group (weight trainers versus controls) was administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, Bem Sex-Role Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Body Cathexis Scale. Strength measures were obtained. Group by gender ANOVA and ANCOVA examined differences between and among the groups and genders. Gender role by gender ANOVA and ANCOVA examined differences between and among the androgynous and masculine typed males and females. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship of strength to body cathexis and self-concept. Results indicated pre- and post differences between and among the groups and genders and the genders and the gender roles.
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Whitehead, Anne. "Trauma, gender and performance : theorizing the body of the survivor." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/865.
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My thesis emerges out of the new disciplines of trauma studies and gender theory, both of which explore the coming into being of the subject. The traumatic event is that which overwhelms the subject and cannot be integrated into a sense of self Gender theory explores the ways in which woman is positioned as object in the patriarchal culture, and so cannot fully experience herself as subject. Both disciplines have mobilized narrative as a goal - narrative depends upon the adoption of a position as subject. I aim to theorize the body of the survivor of trauma and to explore the means by which the traumatic symptom might be transformed into narrative. Post-1980 psychiatrists have linked the traumatic symptom to the work of Pierre Janet (1859- 1947) on hysteria. Janet regarded the body as inseparable from consciousness and was concerned with the ways in which the whole organism engaged in the performance of activity. Janet's writing stood at the beginning of a tradition of thought on the 'body image', in which the performance of activity on a psycho-physical level was regarded as the basis of subjectivity. I am interested in mobilizing this theoretical framework as a therapeutic strategy for trauma. Through bodily movement, elements of narrative are explored - temporal sequence and flow, occupying new positions or perspectives - as a means of approach to a more integrated sense of self I also propose to conceptualize the gendering of the subject as a mode of somatic performance. The transformative potential of physical movement provides a means by which the objectified body, which is positioned outside of its own intentionality, can explore the possibility of occupying new positions as a subject.
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Bittle, Fred L. "From the beginning gender and the theology of the body /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Samti, Farah. "Body and Gender Politics in Post-Revolution Tunisia (2010-2018)." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24548.
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Focusing on the context of post-uprising Tunisia and using a gender lens, I explore gender and body politics through embodied social protest. I examine the post-uprising constitutional and decision-making processes as well as discursive representations in the Constitution and the role of protesting and legitimacy in shaping institutional tools and mechanisms. I draw attention to the status of women and the LGBTQI++ community as well as vulnerable individuals and their role in social change during the country’s democratic transition by analyzing narratives and discourses around protesting and bodily rights and themes such as legibility/illegibility. I complement my analysis with three qualitative, in-depth interviews with three Tunisian activists; I also reflect on my personal experience as a former reporter and student-activist during and post uprisings. I conclude that the emergence of new forms of mobilization and discourses create unique possibilities to negotiate power and gender norms
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Olby, Brian C. "Perceived Attractiveness and Personality Attributes: A Gender and Racial Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2509/.
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Subjects rated 12 female body shapes with respect to their physical attractiveness, and the extent to which they would be expected to possess various personality characteristics. The shapes were varied using 3 levels of overall weight and 4 levels of body shapeliness. The sample was modified to control for socioeconomic factors and results are based on 297 undergraduates from Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic racial backgrounds.
Loglinear analyses revealed that men and women, regardless of racial background, rated shapely underweight females as most physically attractive, sexy, and ideal for a woman, followed by normal weight figures of similar proportion. African Americans, women in particular, judged the shapely normal weight figures more favorably than the other subjects. Multidimensional scaling and subsequent frequency analyses showed that those figures judged as most attractive, sexy, and ideal were also expected to be fairly emotionally stable, and most successful and interpersonally competitive, but least faithful, kind, and family-oriented. Overweight female shapes, while rated as least physically attractive, sexy, and emotionally stable, were expected to be most family-oriented, kind, and faithful. Shapely normal weight figures were judged to be attractive and sexy, and were assumed to possess a moderate amount of the personality traits in question.
The results suggest that Caucasian and Hispanic subjects prefer shapely underweight women, while African Americans, particularly women, find shapely underweight and shapely normal weight women to be physically appealing. African American women also rate shapely normal weight women favorably with respect to personality traits. This perceptual difference may help inoculate them from developing eating disturbances and account for the low prevalence rate of eating disorders in African Americans compared to women of other racial backgrounds. It is suggested that future research identify those beliefs, values or behaviors that seem to inoculate African American women from developing eating disorders. Once identified, mental health professionals may facilitate their development in those women who are likely to have eating problems.
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Neufeld, Jennie May. "Physical and psychological correlates of the drive for muscularity gender and grade differences /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1255136982.
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Sklar, Elliot Montgomery. "The Relationship of Fear of Intimacy, Body Image Avoidance and Body Mass Index." FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/15.
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Issues of body image and ability to achieve intimacy are connected to body weight, yet remain largely unexplored and have not been evaluated by gender. The underlying purpose of this research was to determine if avoidant attitudes and perceptions of one’s body may hold implications toward its use in intimate interactions, and if an above average body weight would tend to increase this avoidance. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2002) finds that 64.5% of US adults are overweight, with 61.9% of women and 67.2% of men. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in men and women shows no reverse trend, nor have prevention and treatment proven effective in the long term. The researcher gathered self-reported age, gender, height and weight data from 55 male and 58 female subjects (determined by a prospective power analysis with a desired medium effect size (r =.30) to determine body mass index (BMI), determining a mean age of 21.6 years and mean BMI of 25.6. Survey instruments consisted of two scales that are germane to the variables being examined. They were (1) Descutner and Thelen of the University of Missouri’s (1991) Fear-of-Intimacy scale and (2) Rosen, Srebnik, Saltzberg, and Wendt’s (1991) Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire. Results indicated that as body mass index increases, fear of intimacy increases (p<0.05) and that as body mass index increases, body image avoidance increases (p<0.05). The relationship that as body image avoidance increases, fear of intimacy increases was not supported, but approached significance at (p<0.07). No differences in these relationships were determined between gender groups. For age, the only observed relationship was that of a difference between scores for age groups [18 to 22 (group 1) and ages 23 to 34 (group 2)] for the relationship of body image avoidance and fear of intimacy (p<0.02). The results suggest that the relationship of body image avoidance and fear of intimacy, as well as age, bear consideration toward the escalating prevalence of overweight and obesity. An integrative approach to body weight that addresses issues of body image and intimacy may prove effective in prevention and treatment.
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Cazzato, V., Elizabeth R. Walters, and C. Urgesi. "Associations of observer’s gender, Body Mass Index and internalization of societal beauty ideals to visual body processing." Springer, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18395.
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Yes<br>We examined whether visual processing mechanisms of the body of conspecifics are different in women and men and whether these rely on westernised socio-cultural ideals and body image concerns. Twenty-four women and 24 men performed a visual discrimination task of upright or inverted images of female or male bodies and faces (Experiment 1) and objects (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, both groups of women and men showed comparable abilities in the discrimination of upright and inverted bodies and faces. However, the gender of the human stimuli yielded different effects on participants’ performance, so that female faces, and male bodies appeared to be processed less configurally than female bodies and male faces, respectively. Interestingly, the reduction of configural processing for male bodies was significantly predicted by participants’ Body Mass Index (BMI) and their level of internalization of muscularity. Our findings suggest that configural visual processing of bodies and faces in women and men may be linked to a selective attention to detail needed for discriminating salient physical (perhaps sexual) cues of conspecifics. Importantly, BMI and muscularity internalization of beauty ideals may also play a crucial role in this mechanism.
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Christian, Sarah E. "Body Image and Sex: How Women's Body Image Influences and Impacts Sexual Experiences." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/52.
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Body image, the subjective view about one’s own body and how others perceive it, has been shown to have numerous impacts on women in multiple facets of their lives, including sexual experiences. This study seeks to examine the specific impact that body image has on women using sexual relationships for self-validation. Findings suggest that the more likely a woman is to perceive herself as overweight, the higher the chance that she seeks out sex in order to validate her feelings with regards to her body. Parental involvement and comments about the participant’s body were also shown with the woman seeking out sex for self-validation. Body image can have numerous impacts on the sexual health of women, as well as on their overall mental health and view of healthy relationships.
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Sira, Natalia. "Body Image: Relationhsip to Attachment, Body Mass Index and Dietary Practices among College Students." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27674.
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Body image or satisfaction with physical appearance has been established as an important aspect of self-worth and mental health across the life span. It is related to self-esteem, sexuality, family relationships and identity. Given the fact that physical appearance is a multifaceted structural concept that depends, not only on inner-biological, but also a psychological and socio-cultural components, the purpose of this study was to examine variables that are related to and influenced by satisfaction with physical appearance. Body mass index (BMI), eating disturbances, attachment (to mother, to father and to peers), global self-worth, parental control, peer influence and pressure regarding eating and media influence were examined in relation satisfaction with physical appearance. College students in a large southeastern university (195 males and 340 females) completed two subscales of Harter's Self-Perception Scale for College Students. Each subject self-reported his/her weight and height and these were used calculate weight/height ratio known as the body mass index. Participants also reported on attachment (to mother, to father and to peers) using the Inventory of Parent and Peer attachment scales (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), Peer Influence Scale (Mukai, 1993) and the Media Influence scale which was developed for this project.
Differences between male and female perceptions of physical appearance in relationship to BMI were found: Among women, higher BMIs were associated with lower scores on perceptions of physical appearance (r = -. 429, p £ .001), whereas for males BMIs were not related to satisfaction with physical appearance. For both males and females, satisfaction with physical appearance was significantly and negatively (r = -.258, p £ .01) associated with media influence. Media influence was related to higher scores on the EAT 26 scale that measured disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors (r = .307, p £ .01). Females were affected by this association more so than were males. However, males appeared to not to be immune to such influence. Peer influence and peer pressure was another influential factor for both gender groups and it was associated with high eating disturbance scores (r = .369, p £ .01 for peer influence, and r = .413, p £ .01 for peer pressure). Attachment variables were associated with satisfaction of physical appearance and global self-worth in a different manner for adolescent females and males. For males, satisfaction with physical appearance was positively related to attachment to mother (r = .135, p £ .05) and father (r = .170, p £ .05) and negatively associated with maternal control (r = -. 246, p £ . 001). For females, only attachment to mother (r = .082, p £ .05) was positively associated satisfaction with physical appearance.
While there were many significant bivariate correlational findings, there were few significant coefficients in a regression analyses, presumably because of the high intercorrelations between the predictor variables. For females, BMI was the best predictor of satisfaction with physical appearance, whereas for males, the feeling of global self-worth was the strongest variable in predicting satisfaction with physical appearance.
Satisfaction with physical appearance is an essential part of global self-worth and is constructed differently by males and females. For females, high BMI was negatively related to satisfaction with physical appearance as well as global self-worth. On the other hand, for males neither global self-worth nor perceptions of physical appearance were affected by high BMIs. More research is needed to understand the complexity of influences on satisfaction with physical appearance as well as construction of global self-worth and its domains for both sexes.<br>Ph. D.
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Arman, Judy. "Gender, Sexuality and Textuality in Jeanette Winterson's Written on the Body." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17643.
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This essay is a reading of Jeanette Winterson’s novel Written on the Body. There are three major areas regarding to which the text is analysed: the textual ambiguity of the rhetorical voice, the linguistic characteristics of the work and the reliability of its narrator. The first chapter discusses the theoretical framework used in reference to the novel. The main theory applied into the subject of sexual ambiguity is Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity. Since the novel deals with a narrator of unspecified gender, the second chapter examines the ambiguous gendered identity of the narrative persona. The third chapter discusses the extraordinary linguistic characteristics of the novel and analyses how the narrator in the novel can remain of sexually unidentifiable nature. As there is a great deal of ambiguity, which makes the reader question the credibility of the narrative voice, the issue of reliability is discussed in the fourth chapter of the essay.
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Howson, Alexandra. "Sisterhood is cervical : a sociology of the body, gender and health." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26626.
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This thesis addresses the sociology of the body and of governance by presenting empirical material, in the form of both textual and interview data, drawn from a case study of cervical screening. This material is used to examine women's experiences and their sense of embodiment in the context of cervical screening participation. The thesis argues that cervical screening, as a form of prevention, represents a new type of social regulation in late modernity. This argument challenges current understandings of the relationship between the body, gender and health. First, the thesis poses a distinction between the body and the concept of embodiment and argues that conflation of these two concepts obscures social processes and experiences. Second, the thesis addresses tensions between notion of citizenship and surveillance in the literature which focuses on bodily regulation and issues of health. Third, the thesis reveals previously obscured aspects of this experience, such as risk, obligation, trust and entitlement.
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Trumbach, Monica. "Rethinking the female body, gender and nation in Zee Edgell's Belize." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59253.pdf.
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Meyer, Angela Marie. "Gender, Body, and Wilderness: searching for refuge, connection, and ecological belonging." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-08192010-162532/.
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The purpose of this study was to explore, describe, and explain how people (gbtlq identified persons in particular) experience gender and body in wilderness settings. The motivations for this research include: the current context of gender and gender oppression in American society; the potential of wilderness experiences to offer different ways of being and escape from social constrictions; and gaps in the literature on gender and wilderness. A qualitative/interpretive approach was employed for this research which encompasses aspects of phenomenology, feminist methodology, and grounded theory. The results and analysis for this study yielded an analytical story about ecological belonging which includes locating the self, awakening of the body, feelings of connectedness, wilderness as refuge from normative gender, vulnerability, and the wilderness setting. In this story, we find that participants can experience wilderness as a refuge from normative gender because wilderness is unpatrollable and because wild places can offer refuge from un-accepting people and judgment; and because wilderness is a sort of holding environment for freedom of expression and safety in change and transition. This study also shows how participants are able to experience a profound sense of connection and ecological belonging because they experience themselves as human animals; an experience which awakens ones sense of vulnerability. Connecting with our bodies, with our animal-selves, and feeling vulnerable as a human animal changes the potential for ecological belonging; it allows us feel our mortality and acknowledge that we are not at the top of the food chain. This research concludes by offering substantive and theoretical conclusions including recommendations for wilderness educators and managers; future research directions for gender and wilderness; and how wilderness experiences can inform ethical models for living in contemporary society. For instance, while the lessons wilderness offers may be infinitefrom this study we can at least discern that part of repairing the human relationship with nature means repairing our relationship with all oppressed Others whereby domination is justified through faulty presumptions of moral superiority. Imperative to this is experiencing ourselves as animals in an ecological system and recognizing the damage caused by the social structures that placate our wildness.
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Windsor, Elroi J. "Regulating Healthy Gender: Surgical Body Modification among Transgender and Cisgender Consumers." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/55.
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Few bodies consistently portray natural or unaltered forms. Instead, humans inhabit bodies imbued with sociocultural meanings about what is attractive, appropriate, functional, and presentable. As such, embodiment is always gendered. The social, extra-corporeal body is a central locus for expressing gender. Surgical body modifications represent inherently gendered technologies of the body. But psychomedical institutions subject people who seek gender-crossing surgeries to increased surveillance, managing and regulating cross-gender embodiment as disorderly. Using mixed research methods, this research systematically compared transgender and cisgender (non-transgender) people’s experiences before, during, and after surgical body modification. I conducted a content analysis of 445 threads on a message board for an online cisgender surgery community, an analysis of 15 international protocols for transgender-specific surgeries, and 40 in-depth interviews with cisgender and transgender people who had surgery. The content analysis of the online community revealed similar themes among cisgender and transgender surgery users. However, detailed protocols existed only for transgender consumers of surgery. Interview findings showed that transgender and cisgender people reported similar presurgical feelings toward their bodies, similar cosmetic and psychological motivations for surgery, and similar benefits of surgery. For both cisgender and transgender people, surgery enhanced the inner self through improving the outer gendered body. Despite these similar embodied experiences, having a cisgender gender status determined respondents’ abilities to pursue surgery autonomously and with institutional support. Ultimately, this research highlights inequalities that result from gender status and manifest in psychomedical institutions by identifying the psychosocial impacts of provider/consumer or doctor/patient interactions, relating gendered embodiment to regulatory systems of authority, and illuminating policy implications for clinical practice and legal classifications of sex and gender.
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Collins, Matthew. "An investigation into full body gender recognition in images and video." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695303.
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Gender classification at an intermediate distance is a very important and challenging topic in video surveillance. Though quite a substantial body of work exists on gender classification from faces and from gait with clean background, little work has been done on gender profiling on full human body from static images with complex background. To attack this problem, it is felt that one of the key issues is the building of robust feature representations. This thesis presents compelling feature representations which extract cues such as body shape and appearance from static pedestrian images and achieve state of the art accuracies on the limited data available. Analysis of the data confirms intuitive characteristics that a human observer would look for when classifying gender, are captured by these feature representations. Across all features examined it is clear that strong spatial constraints provide important contextual information. Equally it is shown that weighted feature combination tends to boost performance over any individual feature alone. However, a comparison of machine learning algorithms used to perform these combinations indicates that the choice of algorithm takes a back seat to the features themselves. In the case of dynamic video, a refinement of a feature type that has shown success in behaviour recognition applications is presented. Parallels are drawn between the interest points detected and point light walkers which have been shown to be sufficient for an observer to recognise the gender of a walking subject. Again, strong classification accuracy and class separation are achieved. The work also addresses the lack in the research community of available gender balanced datasets in both the static and video domains. In particular a new synchronised multi-angle video dataset of 101 subjects walking on a treadmill is presented.
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McNay, Lois. "Power, body, gender : implications of French social theory for feminist critique." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272613.
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Lee, Deng-Huei. "The Evolution of Yeats's Dance Imagery: The Body, Gender, and Nationalism." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4312/.
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Tracing the development of his dance imagery, this dissertation argues that Yeats's collaborations with various early modern dancers influenced his conceptions of the body, gender, and Irish nationalism. The critical tendency to read Yeats's dance emblems in light of symbolist-decadent portrayals of Salome has led to exaggerated charges of misogyny, and to neglect of these emblems' relationship to the poet's nationalism. Drawing on body criticism, dance theory, and postcolonialism, this project rereads the politics that underpin Yeats's idea of the dance, calling attention to its evolution and to the heterogeneity of its manifestations in both written texts and dramatic performances. While the dancer of Yeats's texts follow the dictates of male-authored scripts, those in actual performances of his works acquired more agency by shaping choreography. In addition to working directly with Michio Ito and Ninette de Valois, Yeats indirectly collaborated with such trailblazers of early modern dance as Loie Fuller, Isadora Duncan, Maud Allan, and Ruth St. Denis. These collaborations shed important light on the germination of early modern dance and on current trends in the performative arts. Registering anti-imperialist and anti-industrialist agendas, the early Yeats's dancing Sidhe personify a romantic nationalism that seeks to inspire resistance to the cultural machinery of British colonization. In his middle career, these collective Sidhe transmute into the solitary figure of a bird-woman-witch dancer, who, resembling the soloists of early modern dance, occupies center stage without any support from men and (to some extent) contests patriarchal assumptions. The late Yeats satirizes the imposition of sexual, racial, and religious purity on postcolonial Irish identity by means of Salome-like dances in which "fair" dancers hold the severed heads of "foul" spectators. These dances blur customary socio-political boundaries between fair and foul, classical and grotesque. Early to late, the evolution of Yeats's dancers reflects his gradual incorporation of more innovative female roles partly resembling those created by the pioneers of modern dance.
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Forry, Joan Grassbaugh. "The Gender Politics of Contemporary Sport: Ethics, Power, and the Body." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/8021.
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Philosophy<br>Ph.D.<br>Gendered power relations in sport pose important problems for mainstream feminist and ethical arguments for the alleviation of gender-based oppression. Though mainstream feminist theorists and applied ethicists have largely left sport undertheorized, some multi- and inter-disciplinary scholarly attention has been devoted to analyzing gender and sport. However, this scholarship encompasses disparate lines of thought with a range of philosophical, political, disciplinary, methodological and theoretical commitments, which translate into conflicting and competing normative views on how to best conceptualize, theorize, and practically navigate gender relations in sporting contexts. My dissertation remedies the tensions between these conflicting normative views by excavating and critically evaluating the political and philosophical assumptions that ground these views of gender relations in sport. I define 'sport feminism' as the normative views and consequent practical strategies that are concerned with interpreting, navigating, and eliminating the unjust restrictions on women's freedom in sporting contexts. I identify and critically evaluate four sport feminist views: liberal, radical, somatic, and post-structuralist. These views are distinct from one another as they differ in their conceptualizations and interpretations of three elements: (1) the nature of gender and the significance of physiological difference; (2) the function of sport and fitness practices; and (3) the ethical grounds and strategies for defining and alleviating gender-based oppression. Drawing from the merits of these views, my project develops a feminist framework for ethical action with regard to unequal gendered power relations in sport.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Pollock, Sarah. "Framing Fitness: Gender, Experts, Popular Magazines, and Healthism." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/324761.
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Sociology<br>Ph.D.<br>I examined the extent to which Bourdieu's field theory applied to the fitness industry through analysis of magazine content and interviews with a variety of field participants. I found that the processes through which people come to understand and define fitness in different ways, and, at times, develop contradictory positions on the importance and benefits of fitness are in concert with Bourdieu's theory. I argue that in addition to the historical macro forces identified by other scholars as shaping the fitness industry, endogenous field dynamics propel the field in new directions. Four broad conceptions of fitness emerged: (1) fitness as health; (2) fitness as functionality; (3) fitness as obligation; and (4) fitness as appearance. Key findings include that fitness magazines' and experts' constructions of fitness relied on gendered biological understandings of the body that promote healthism. Fitness magazines' and experts' discourse equated fitness with gendered versions of personal responsibility, discipline, and moral character and often characterized fitness as a panacea. Magazines (re)produced gendered body ideals and perpetuated the gender binary. Women's magazines' incorporation of feminist empowerment discourse promoted individual-level empowerment while simultaneously perpetuating gender inequality. I identified a few alternative perspectives on fitness that critiqued the mainstream focus on fitness as a weight loss strategy and drew attention to social inequalities that result from idealizing particular body forms. I identified competition within the fitness field among various actors striving to establish legitimacy and secure resources such as social and economic capital. Competition occurred at three levels: the macro (field) level in which the fitness field competed with and against other fields, the mezzo (organizations) level in which institutions competed with each other, and the micro level in which individual experts and practitioners contended for recognition. Magazines and respondents identified various types of "fitness experts" whom I classified into five categories: producing, disseminating, practicing, alternative, and exemplary. I identified seven strategies used by fitness experts to claim expertise and establish legitimacy within the fitness field. These included: (1) social capital; (2) credentialing; (3) name-dropping; (4) using science and referring to scientific research studies; (5) referencing commercial success; (6) referencing personal fitness goal success; and (7) discrediting others. These strategies represent the logic of the fitness field and the struggle to establish associated forms of capital, such as social capital and bodily capital. I observed that because fitness is a commercial field--the industry generates billions of dollars in economic activity annually-- many of these forms of capital can be converted into economic capital. Thus, an appreciation of the economics of fitness provides an important perspective on the competition within the field. I found differences in the fitness habitus among the variety of players and agendas in the fitness field. In other words, people came to fitness with different assumptions about what was "natural" and "desirable"--and indeed, even different definitions of fitness itself. Respondents in the study held different beliefs about how bodies work, the extent to which they can change, the desirability of certain physical forms, whether or not the pursuit of fitness is a morally superior activity, and whether that pursuit is obligatory work or enjoyable leisure. I compared how various experiences and social factors produced differing definitions of fitness and hypothesized that variations in habitus are associated with different desired changes to the fitness industry. As the fitness industry continues to grow, and as public programs increasingly turn to exercise as part of the solution to the "obesity epidemic," more research is needed to understand what messages are available to the public about fitness and which are most important in shaping public perception and debate. Continued attention to how fitness is influenced by and contributes to gendered body ideals is warranted. This project highlights the socially constructed nature of fitness and identifies what factors influence how fitness is understood.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Wiseman, Theodore G. "Genetic and gender influences on the changing phenotypic, total body and body component mineral compositions of pigs from 20 to 125 kilogram body weight." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1141655387.
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Rosenblum, Lauren. "The Protesting Body: Suzanne Lacy, Leslie Labowitz-Starus, and Sharon Hayes." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/196443.
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Art History<br>M.A.<br>Suzanne Lacy, Leslie Labowitz-Starus and Sharon Hayes have created public performances that respond to the socio-political conditions of their time and place, and extend the boundaries of the traditional public sphere to include feminist concerns. In their collaborative performance In Mourning and In Rage (1977), Lacy and Labowitz-Starus utilized the private, feminist practice of consciousness-raising to bring widespread visibility to the politics of the female body. Hayes' works In the Near Future (2007-09) and Everything Else Has Failed! Don't You Think It's Time for Love? (2007), draw attention to issues concerning counterpublics through obliquely referential personal and political narratives. These works all mobilize a performing, protesting body whose corporeality mediates the audience's political realizations, past memories and current subjecthood.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Black, Fiona Catherine. "The grotesque body in the Song of Songs." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311696.
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Wilkinson, Conor Joseph Ward. "Mau Mau and masculinity : race, gender, and the body in colonial Kenya." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62919.
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This thesis interrogates the role of British conceptions of race, gender, and the body in the
detention camps that Britain established in Kenya during the Mau Mau Emergency (1952-1960).
It aims to reframe the ways we consider the violence that occurred in these camps. To date,
scholars have been largely uncritical about the ways in which masculinity operated during the
Emergency. They have not reflected on the way British masculinity affected—and was affected
by—the colonial sphere. Those that have considered gender have generally assumed that static,
timeless notions of manhood were imported to Kenya, and that tropes about manliness were
utilized unidirectionally by colonizers against colonized.
In contrast, this thesis argues that Mau Mau detention camps amplified the hierarchy of
racialized masculinity in Kenya to new extremes, resulting in physical and mental torture of tens
of thousands of detained Africans. Importantly, British men’s attempts to define and control
African detainees’ minds and bodies according to their preconceptions of race, gender, and the
body ran jointly with colonial administrators’ efforts to police their own officer corps.
Understanding how British men conceived the masculine body—particularly as it related to its
racialization (or lack thereof)—is imperative if we are to make sense of the violence done against
African men in the Mau Mau camps.
This study accordingly begins by sketching the role of masculinity in the British Empire—
particularly as it pertained to the surveillance of the Empire’s colonial troops—and then proceeds
to examine the implications of masculinity in Kenya before and during the Emergency.
Ultimately it argues that the British did not possess the cultural scripts necessary to sufficiently
make sense of what they called Kenyan “primitivism.” In the Mau Mau oathing rituals the
colonizers saw African behaviors that flouted the gender norms the British understood as
necessary to their colonial endeavour. Many of these norms were informed by codes of racial and
sexual purity. As a result, the British widely viewed Kenyan oath takers as culturally
unintelligible, as “unreal” bodies governed by illegitimate expression. During the Emergency,
violence became the overwhelming British response to this conundrum.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>History, Department of<br>Graduate
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Puwar, Nirmal. "Embodying the body politic : race and gender in the British state elite." Thesis, University of Essex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310045.
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Lazarou, Loucia. "Women conductors : a qualitative study of gender, family, 'the body' and discrimination." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11965/.
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The purpose of this study is to develop a broader appreciation of women’s experiences of conducting, focusing on issues concerning embodiment, body language, clothing and so forth in order to place emphasis on their life experiences. The research is based upon thematic analysis (TA) of qualitative interviews conducted with women conductors living in the UK (N=8) alongside detailed Media Content Analysis (MCA) of data derived from online magazines, online newspapers, online blogs and Internet articles. The results reveal prevalent gender discrimination, bias, sexism and misogyny against women in the conducting profession. Specifically, six broad themes emerged through the data analysis. These are: 1) gender discrimination (TA and MCA suggest that gender bias, discrimination, sexist and misogynist comments and attitudes still occur within the conducting profession); 2) factors that influence women conductors’ career development (TA suggests that families as well as a musical background of women conductors have motivated them to pursue and develop a musical career); 3) achieving balance (TA and MCA support that a balance between professional and personal life can be difficult to achieve); 4) clothing (TA and MCA suggest that clothing choices are very important for women conductors, affecting them personally in terms of how they are perceived by other musicians and/or audiences); 5) the conducting body (TA and MCA conclude that gender is not a factor affecting women’s bodily communication; however, their gestures may be perceived differently by people); and 6) conducting and leadership (TA and MCA suggest that the concept of the male ‘tradition’ is the main factor that has prevented women conductors from being seen as great leaders, therefore, women lack the experience and practice to develop their leadership abilities). Taken together, these factors highlight the continuing struggle that women experience in conducting today and provide an insight of how they cope with their profession.
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Almeida, Sara Isabel Lebre de. "Balance on older people in function of age, gender and body composition." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14591.
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Mestrado em Gerontologia<br>Background: Falls have a high incidence in older people, representing a public health problem.
They are most common in women although more mortal for men. It is known that body composition changes with aging and can predict functional and mobility problems. However, it is unknown whether the changes in the systems responsible for balance in humans are associated with age, gender or body composition.
This information can contribute to understand the causes of falls and to develop prevention programs.
Aim: Explore the balance-differences according to age, gender or body composition in people with 60 years or more.
Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted. The protocol included socio-demographic, anthropometric and general clinical data. Balance confidence was evaluated with the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC), the balance with the Balance Evaluation System Test (BESTest) and with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS).
The statistical analysis was conducted in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 for Windows. The level of significance considered was set at p<0.05.
Results: 136 older people (age: 75.9±8.8) participated in this study.
Balance was significantly worse with the increase of age (60-69: 86.7±15.2, 70-79: 80.7±16.1 and 80+: 72.4±15.8, p=0.001). Female presented significant worse results than male (Male: 87.0±14.5 and Female: 76.0±16.6, p=0.000). Confidence on balance was high in male and moderate in female (Male: 88.4±14.2 and Female: 76.7±24.7, p=0.033). The age group with more balance confidence was the 70 and 79 years old and the less confident was the older group +80 years old (60-69: 80.1±14.6, 70-79: 85.4±17.1 and 80+: 68.3±26.9, p=0.000). Body composition had no significant differences on balance.
Conclusion: Age and gender significantly affect balance in older people and body composition does not seem to have impact on balance or balance confidence in this population. Balance confidence seems to be associated with balance in older people but not always decreases as age increases.<br>Enquadramento: As quedas apresentam uma elevada incidência em pessoas idosas, representando um problema de saúde pública.
São mais comuns em mulheres, embora mais mortais para os homens. Sabe-se que as alterações da composição corporal com o envelhecimento podem prever problemas funcionais e de mobilidade. No entanto, desconhece-se se as mudanças nos sistemas responsáveis pelo equilíbrio no ser humano estão associadas ou não com a idade, o género ou com a composição corporal. Esta informação pode contribuir para a compreensão das causas das quedas e desenvolver programas de prevenção.
Objetivos: Explorar as diferenças no equilíbrio de acordo com a idade, o género ou a composição corporal em pessoas com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos.
Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal quantitativo. O protocolo incluiu recolha de dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e de clínica geral. A confiança no equilíbrio foi avaliada com a Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC), o equilíbrio com o Balance Evaluation System Test (BESTest) e com a Berg Balance Scale (BBS).
A análise estatística foi realizada com programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 22.0 para Windows. O nível de significância considerado foi de p<0.05.
Resultados: Participaram neste estudo 136 pessoas idosas (idade: 75.9±8.8).
O equilíbrio foi significativamente pior com o aumento da idade (60-69: 86.7±15.2, 70-79: 80.7±16.1 e 80+: 72.4±15.8, p=0,001). O género feminino apresentou significativamente piores resultados do que o género masculino (Masculino: 87.0±14.5 e Feminino: 76.0±16.6, p=0.000) para o equilíbrio. A confiança no equilíbrio apresentou-se elevada no género masculino e moderada no género feminino (Masculino: 88.4±14.2 e Feminino: 76.7±24.7, p=0.033). O grupo de idades com mais confiança no equilíbrio foi o de 70 a 79 anos e com menos confiança o grupo +80 anos (60-69: 80.1±14.6, 70-79: 85.4±17.1 e 80+: 68.3±26.9, p=0.000). A composição corporal não apresentou diferenças significativas no equilíbrio.
Conclusão: A idade e o género afetam significativamente o equilíbrio em pessoas idosas, no entanto a composição corporal não parece ter impacto sobre o equilíbrio ou sobre a confiança no equilíbrio nesta população. A confiança do equilíbrio parece estar associada com o equilíbrio em pessoas idosas, contudo nem sempre diminui conforme a idade aumenta.
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Parsonage, Joanna. "Gender differences in physical performance characteristics of competitive surfers." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2133.
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Competitive surfing is judged on the performance and complexity of innovative and progressive manoeuvres. As such, surfers require the physical attributes of strength and power in both the upper and lower-body in order to facilitate performance. To date, there remains limited research pertaining to the physical performance characteristics of competitive female surfers, making it difficult to quantify the current gender gap in performance attributes. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was fivefold: (1) to describe and compare the gender differences in physical performance characteristics of competitive surfers; (2) to investigate the reliability and validity of the isometric push-up (IPU), dynamic push-up (DPU) and force plate pop-up (FP POP) measures of upper-body strength qualities; (3) to examine the gender differences in the dynamic strength index (DSI) and dynamic skill deficit (DSD); assessing upperbody dynamic and sports-specific strength relative to maximal isometric strength; (4) to investigate the gender differences in kinetic and kinematic variables of the countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ); and (5) to assess the gender differences in resistance training self-efficacy (SE) and outcome expectancy (OE). The aforementioned studies provide strength and conditioning practitioners, as well as surf coaches, with the data to make evidence-based decisions in the application of training to the female surfers and bridge the gender gap that is apparent within competitive surfing. Study one informed competitive male surfers had more developed physical performance characteristics in the upper and lower-body than female surfers. The findings of this study highlighted the performance benefits that female surfers may experience if such physical qualities are targeted through structured and periodised training. Study two demonstrated the IPU, DPU and FP POP to be reliable measure of upper-body isometric, dynamic and sports-specific strength. Furthermore, the results of this study identified maximal upper-body strength to be strongly associated with the ability to apply force dynamically (DPU and FP POP). These findings apply novel methodologies, in order to better understand the upper-body sports-specific strength qualities of surfers. Study three reported no gender differences in DSI or DSD ratios. However, competitive male surfers applied greater upper-body isometric and dynamic PF application, and greater sport-specific force application (FP POP). These findings, in conjunction with study two, suggest female surfers may benefit from improving their upper-body maximal strength, thus facilitating their ability to apply force in a sports-specific context. Study four demonstrated competitive male surfers achieved an increased jump height by applying a significantly larger normalised concentric impulse in both the CMJ and SJ. These findings may be attributed to the greater countermovement depth exhibited by males, enabling a greater distance over which force can be applied. Study five found no significant difference in resistance training SE or OE between competitive male and female surfers, with similarly high values being reported for both genders. Therefore, resistance training SE and OE in the examined cohort does not seem to be a confounding variable that interacts to elicit the physiological gender differences of competitive surfers.
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Cole, Shaun. "Sexuality, identity and the clothed male body." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2014. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/6514/.
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‘Sexuality, Identity and the Clothed Male Body’ is a PhD by Published Work that draws together a collective body of work that deals specifically and significantly with the dressed male body. This thesis presents a case for the collection of publications included in the submission to be viewed as a coherent body of work which makes a contribution to knowledge in the fields of fashion studies and cultural studies, in which the works are situated. The body of work consists of two monographs - Don We Now Our Gay Apparel: Gay Men’s Dress in the Twentieth Century (Berg, 2000), and The Story of Men’s Underwear (Parkstone International Press, 2010) - and two chapters in edited books - ‘Butch Queens in Macho Drag: Gay Men, Dress and Subcultural Identity’ (2008) and ‘Hair and Male (Homo)Sexuality: Up-Top and Down Below’ (2008). Through an examination of the major themes addressed throughout the submitted body of work – sexuality, identity, subcultural formation, men’s dress and masculinities and clothes and the body - this thesis demonstrates that the published work contributes to knowledge through its two major foci. Firstly, the means by which gay men have utilised their dressed bodies as a situated and embodying practice to articulate identity, masculinity, and social and sexual interaction, and secondly an examination of men’s underwear’s specific function in the covering, exposing and representation of men’s bodies. These were, until recently, relatively neglected areas of fashion studies and dress history, and by explicitly bringing together these areas to present a comprehensive investigation this thesis serves to provide a new contribution to knowledge in these areas. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, that is common in both fashion studies and cultural studies, the specific combination of research methods that is employed throughout the body of work, has provided a unifying element that further enhances this contribution to knowledge.
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Gilcrest, Mel. "The Body Salvages: A Collection of New Poems." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1313.
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The Body Salvages is a collection of contemporary post-confessional poetry. The collection explores familial trauma, grief, sex and gender identity, puberty, dysphoria, and transition. The Body Salvages blends magical realism with memoir until easy certainties are no longer an option; the poems overgrow divisions between experience and identity, fiction and reality, past and present, world and body. Gilcrest draws inspiration from a diverse array of writers, poets, and musicians, including Sharon Olds, Yrsa Daley-Ward, Allen Ginsberg, Walt Whitman, Gabriel García Márquez, Ezra Furman, and Sandro Ortega-Riek.
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VANN, BARBARA HOLCOMBE. "GENDER, SELF-PERCEPTION AND EATING BEHAVIOR." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184190.
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This research, based on a random sample of undergraduates at the University of Arizona, is an exploration of the relationships between normative conformity, self-perception, and eating behavior. The goal of this study was to examine how norms governing appearance and sex roles contribute to a view of self that may result in serious eating problems. Three dimensions of self were included in the study: body image, control, and orientation to others. Specifically, it was hypothesized that overconformity would contribute to a self-concept defined in terms of negative body image, including a high degree of weight consciousness, strong need to exercise self-constraint, and high degree of orientation to others. In turn, this negative self image is likely to be associated with eating behavior which may be described as "weight obsessed," although not necessarily meeting clinical criteria for eating disorders. One of the major purposes of this research was to examine gender differences in the processes contributing to disturbances in eating behavior. It was hypothesized that definitions of the female and male self would have different outcomes in terms of eating behavior. It was also hypothesized that conformity to norms would be a more salient issue for females than for males. Findings of this research indicate that females experience more disturbed eating than males; that societal standards of appearance do affect eating behavior of both females and males, although this effect is greater for females; and that a self-concept defined in terms of negative body image, high weight consciousness, need for constraint, and feelings of failure/inadequacy contribute to problematic eating among females. These results imply that solutions to the problem of disordered eating must be examined in terms of social causes: specifically, current definitions of femininity, attractiveness, and self-concept.
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Gunn, Maja. "Body Acts Queer." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-123.
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Body Acts Queer is an exploration of the performative and ideological functions of clothes with regard to gender, feminism and queer. It is an artistic, practice-based thesis in the field of fashion and design. The thesis includes three projects: On & Off, If you were a girl I would love you even more and The Club Scene. In these projects I, using text and bodies, work with acts in which clothes have a fundamental role. By exploring bodily experiences of clothes, I investigate the clothes’ performative and ideological functions, with a focus on cultural, social and heteronormative structures. Working with clothing and fashion design from a queer feminist perspective, I transform queer and feminist theory into a creative process. The projects presented in this thesis, together with the discussion, suggest a change in the ways in which bodies act, are perceived and are produced within the fashion field, giving examples of how a queer design practice can be performed. In this thesis, queer design is explored as an inclusive term, containing ideas about clothes and language, the meeting point between fiction and reality and the ability to interpretation and bodily transformations – where desire, bodily experiences and interaction create a change.
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Watts, Alison J. "Embodied Conflict: Women Athletes Negotiating the Body and Identity." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/111289.
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Sociology<br>Ph.D.<br>Breaking out of the traditional expectations of femininity, women participating in sports, particularly physically aggressive sports, challenge the dominant framework of a sex/gender binary. The reading of essential difference between the bodies of men and women has been central to the history of women's involvement in sports. Historically, women's bodies have been considered incommensurable with and even in danger of damage from participation within the male world of sport. In the current climate of sport, women athletes embody a peculiar dilemma as their participation is often encouraged provided that they maintain an appropriately feminine appearance. Prior research has provided a somewhat limited analysis of the dilemma that women athletes face in embodying femininity and athleticism, often reporting the experiences of a homogenous group of sporting women. To better understand the complex ways that athletes negotiate gender and the body, I focus on the experiences of a diverse group of women athletes. In particular, I pursue the following question: how do women athletes negotiate gender and the body in relation to multiple subject positions, such as those associated with gender, sexuality, race, and type of sport played? To answer this question, I conduct 5 focus group interviews using photo-interviewing and 40 in-depth interviews with athletes in basketball, soccer, and volleyball. The results indicate that women athletes' negotiations of gender and the body are highly influenced by the intersections of race, sexuality, and the type of sport played. Women athletes negotiate gender and the body in complex and ways that both reinscribe and challenge heterosexualized gender norms. While the embodied experiences of these athletes sometimes reinforce assumptions about gendered bodies, they also, at times, present the potential for more fluid and capacious understandings of gendered bodies. As such, these women athletes expose our knowledge about gendered bodies as contested and tenuous. I conclude by presenting areas of future research that arise from the findings in this study.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Olney, Cynthia Ann. "THE EFFECT OF COMMUNICATOR GENDER, NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION STYLE, AND RESPONDENT GENDER ON MANAGERS' TASK AND SOCIAL ATTRACTIVENESS (WORKING WOMEN)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275426.
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Hoover, Tina. "Body Image and Weight Related Behaviors: The Role of Gender, Ethnicity, and Immigration." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/280.
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Obesity rates have aggressively climbed in both children and adults, and notably for particular ethnic and lower socioeconomic status groups. National data from 1999-2002 have shown that approximately one-half of African-American women were obese, as compared to one-third of Caucasian women. It has been substantiated that a significant portion of overweight or obese children will become obese adults, with a number of factors identified that may influence obesity in children including gender, ethnicity, and environment. This study analyzed secondary data from The Youth Behavioral Risk Factor Survey administered to students at BGHS to identify variations in body image for particular ethnic groups and gender. SPSS was used to analyze data descriptively and inferentially to test hypotheses. Results revealed that 54.9% of participants did not report their weight status accurately, with approximately 83.8% of those participants who reported their weight to be lower than their actual weight. However, participants were more accurate when assessing the weight status of others. Significant differences were detected between males and females on self-perceived weight status. Males were more likely to underestimate their weight status significantly more than females. Results also showed that significantly more females were trying to lose weight, as well as females using a greater number of weight loss strategies in the past 30 days. No significant ethnic differences in perception of weight status, nor in the accuracy of perceived versus actual weight status was detected. Number of and types of weight loss strategies did reveal significant differences for ethnicity, with American Indian, Biracial, and Caucasian groups using exercise more often as a weight loss strategy. There was no significant difference detected between immigrants versus non-immigrants related to accuracy of perceived weight status, although a significant difference was identified with immigrants more likely than non-immigrants to perceive their weight status as lower than actual weight. While previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between ethnicity and perceived body image, this study failed to do so. However, significant gender and immigrant differences in body image perception were detected in this study. Further study of the relationship between body image, gender, and ethnicity is essential.
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Fleischman, Jennifer R. "Beads of Empowerment: The Role of Body Art in Challenging Pokot Gender Identities." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/art_design_theses/105.
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Pokot female body art identifies a woman’s beauty, husband, and social rank among the Pokot community through color, pattern, and mass. In the last sixty years, as a result of Kenya’s entrance into the global economy, Pokot women have turned a “traditional” art form into a commodity, creating a product for Western tourists that, in turn, provides Pokot women with a means to earn income that is less readily under male control. Pokot women consciously create beadwork that alludes to the “Idea of Africa,” while also conforming to Western standards of “colonial chic.” The result is a body art that visualizes a harmonious interaction between “exotic” and “modern.” This thesis argues that with the successful integration of beadwork into the global market, Pokot women have strategically identified an alternative to their traditional, gender-related power constraints and challenged historical constructions of Pokot gender identity.
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Victorin, Karin. "Practically Human. : Performing Social Robots and Feminist Aspects on Agency, Body and Gender." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158230.
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Through an experimental theatre play, this thesis explores the development of human-like agency in contemporary “social robot” technology. The entrance point of this study is the gender gap and lack of diversity in contemporary AI/robot development, with an emerging need for interdisciplinary research across robot technology and social sciences. Using feminist technoscience and critical posthumanism as the theoretical framework, this research involves an analysis of a particular social robot case, currently being developed at Furhat Robotics in Stockholm. Inspired by Judy Wajcman (2004), I analyze how socially intelligent machines impact perceptions of human agency, body, gender, and identity within cultural contexts and through interaction. The first part of the empirical research is carried out in the robot-lab. The robot is then, in the second part, invited to perform as an actor in a theatre play. Entangled amidst the other players and audience members, a queered agency starts to reveal itself through human-machine “intra-action” and embodiment (Barad 2003). Human-like agency in machines is shown to be a complex matter, drawing the conclusion that human-beings are vulnerable to a myriad of entanglements and preconceptions that artificial intelligence potentially embodies.