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Love, Joan. "Studies in the estimation of body fat and body fat changes in man." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU078714.
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The aim of this work was to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 3-(TCM) and 4-compartment (FCM) models for the estimation of body fat and changes in fat mass (FM) in man. FM was estimated in 10 obese women by MRI and a TCM based on underwater weighing (UWW) and body water dilution (D2O) at the start and end of a 21 day residential weight reducing regimen. Mean (SEM) MRI estimates of FM before weight loss were 3.19 (0.25) kg below values from TCM, however, FM change over the 21 days by MRI agreed well with TCM. In 8 women, intra-abdominal (IAT), subcutaneous (SAT) and total (TOT) adipose tissue area was calculated from MRI at 2,9 and 9 sites respectively. Mean (SEM)% reductions were 14.0 (12.0)% (p<0.01); 8.2 (2.0)% (p<0.0001) and 11.8 (2.5)% (p<0.0001) respectively. In another series of studies, FM was estimated by 2-compartment methods: UWW, D2O, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance; TCM and a 4-compartment method (FCM) based on UWW, D2O and DXA in 28 women [16 non-obese (NW), 12 obese (OW)] and 19 men [13 non-runners (NM), 6 runners (MR)]. Estimates of FM by the 2-compartment methods agreed more closely with TCM and FCM than with each other. Agreement with FCM was best in NM and worst in OW. No difference was found between fat mass estimated by TCM and FCM in men. Average density of the fat free mass (FFM) was 1.113 (NW), 1.112 (NM), 1,106 OW, 1.106 (MR) g/ml. Hydration of the FFM was 0.743 (OW), 0.717 (MR), 0.713 (NW), 0.700 (NM). MRI has considerable potential as a method for estimating body fat and provides information on adipose tissue distribution. Multi-compartment methods appear to reduce errors in the FM estimated by 2-compartment methods.
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Stuart, Heather N. "The Weight of the Fat Body: Anti-Fat Rhetoric." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1154721566.
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Toss, Fredrik. "Body fat distribution, inflammation and cardiovascular disease." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för samhällsmedicin och rehabilitering, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-49833.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major health issues of our time. The prevalence of CVD is increasing, both in industrialized and in developing countries, and causes suffering and a decreased quality of life for millions of people worldwide. CVD can have multiple etiologies, but the main underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which causes blood clot formation and obstructs vital arteries. Multiple risk factors of atherosclerosis have been identified, and body fatness is one of the most important ones. The main aims of this thesis were to investigate the relation between body fatness and: CVD risk factors (paper I), incident stroke (paper II), and overall mortality (paper III). The results showed that abdominal obesity is strongly associated with both CVD risk factors and stroke incidence (papers I-II). The results also suggested that a substantial part of the association between increased body fat and stroke can be explained by an increase in traditional stroke risk factors associated with increased body fat (paper II). A gynoid fat distribution, with a high share of fat located around the hip, is, on the other hand, associated with lower risk factor levels in both men and women, and with a decreased risk of stroke in women (papers I-II). This illustrates the importance of assessing the overall distribution of body fat rather, than solely focusing on total body fatness. In elderly women, total body fat was found to be associated with increased survival, while abdominal fat moderately increased mortality risk (paper III). Lean mass (fat-free mass) was strongly associated with increased survival among elderly men and women (paper III). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an indicator of inflammation and, possibly, an indicator of atherosclerotic disease. In paper IV, the relationship between ESR in young adulthood and the later risk of myocardial infarction (MI) was studied. Results showed that higher levels of ESR were associated with a higher MI risk, in a dose-responsive manner, and was independent of other well-established risk factors. In summary, both total and regional fat distribution are associated with CVD risk factors and stroke, but do not seem to correspond to an increase in mortality risk among the elderly. Also, inflammation, detected as an increase in ESR, is associated with long term MI risk in young men.
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Spillane, Kaitlyn Ann. "Does Excess Body Fat Impair Bone Development?" Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555550.
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Osteoporosis and obesity are major public health concerns with a combined cost of $164 billion spent in the United States alone. The effect of adipose tissue on bone was thought to be protective however further research suggests there is a detrimental effect through a connection involving the endocrine system. Insulin, adiponectin and leptin all affect the skeletal system and adipose tissue. Excess adipose tissue in individuals correlates with hyperinsulinemia, high levels of leptin and low levels of adiponectin. The connection between adipose tissue and bone is especially important in children during the pubertal growth spurt. During this time strong bones are developed in children that will carry them throughout their life. If adipose tissue has a negative effect on bone development bone strength may be impaired resulting in higher risk for fractures later in life. This review presents research in the areas of obesity and osteoporosis with the aim of identifying interrelationships, specifically focusing on children and bone development, and whether obesity has positive or negative effects on bone.
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Corbett, Jo. "Optimising whole-body fat oxidation in humans." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2007. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/827/.
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Increasing the amount of energy derived from fat is likely to have important health and performance applications. This thesis applied contemporary knowledge in order to investigate strategies for optimising whole-body fat oxidation, in male subjects. Study 1 investigated the efficacy of Xenadrine EFXTM (Gx), a weight-loss supplement containing bitter orange, green tea, and guarana, in promoting fat metabolism during 6 h rest. The ingredients in Gx are purported to increase lipolysis and fat oxidation. Indeed, a metabolic effect of Gx was evident. However, carbohydrate oxidation was increased by 15.5 ± 5.6 g over the 6 h period with a concomitant decrease in fat oxidation of -5.9 ± 3.1 g, while the metabolic rate remained unchanged. Study 2 extended the work from the first experimental study, by examining the acute effects of GX during 60 min sub-maximal treadmill walking. Although the onset of the walking exercise resulted in an approximately five-fold increase in the rate of fat oxidation, a reduction in the energy derived from fat, and increase in the energy derived from carbohydrate, was again evident with Gx. In Study 3 the intensity of exercise was manipulated, during treadmill running, in order to determine the exercise intensity eliciting the highest rate of fat oxidation (Fatmax). There was a large variation in the rate of fat oxidation across the range of exercise intensities investigated, with Fatmax occurring at 65.9 ± 1.0 % V02max, while individual peak rates of fat oxidation were 0.54 ± 0.04 g·min-1. This study highlighted the need for careful consideration of the intensity of exercise in order to optimise fat oxidation. Study 4 identified a relationship between Fatmax and the lactate threshold, during treadmill exercise. Analysis of plasma glycerol and NEF A concentrations indicated that the reduced rates of fat oxidation at high exercise intensities were not mediated by reduced lipolysis or plasma FA availability. These finding's were interpreted as supporting either depletion of the free carnitine pool, or inhibition of CPTI by a reduction in intra-cellular pH, as mediating the reduction in fat oxidation at exercise intensities in excess of Fatmax. Based upon the hypothesis that a reduction in intra-cellular pH might contribute to the reduced rates of fat oxidation at high exercise intensities, Study 5 sought to increase intra-cellular H+ buffering capacity. Four weeks supplementation with ~-alanine resulted in a significant increase in the muscle concentration of carnosine, an imidazole dipeptide contributing to intra-cellular physico-chemical H+ buffering. Despite the augmented carnosine concentration there were no changes in substrate utilisation across the range of exercise intensities studied, whilst Fatmax remained unchanged. This data suggests that a reduction in intra-cellular pH does not mediate reduction in fat oxidation during intense exercise. Taken together, the findings of this thesis demonstrate the importance of exercise as an intervention for facilitating fat metabolism, and highlight the primacy of carbohydrate metabolism within the fat-carbohydrate interaction.
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Porter, Laura E. "Royal Secrets in the Queen's Body Fat." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLET038/document.
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Le présent mémoire propose un accès à ce qui se joue dans le choix des matériaux que j’utilise dans mon travail artistique (matières plastiques, dessins industriels, graines, coupons…) ainsi que le rendement, symbolique ou sensoriel, associé à ces matériaux (nourriture, confort, ergonomie, sécurité, production de sensations, production de valeur…). Je m’intéresse également aux tentatives industrielles d’utilisation de ces matériaux en vue de satisfaire de manière concrète certaines créations conceptuelles issues du langage (« indoor/outdoor », « substance », « synthétique »…).Les différentes parties qui composent le mémoire soulignent le caractère glissant des systèmes de valeur dans lesquels s’inscrivent les objets, l'alimentation et l'argent. Il s’agit d’observer les tentatives, parfois paradoxales, d’adapter des produits ou des matériaux à certains modes de quantification et de mesure particuliers, et les failles résultant de ces tentatives : failles matérielles, non idéologiques, comme par exemple la production d’argent invalide ou de pain non reconnu comme tel.La première partie du mémoire, Domefood, réunit les modes de représentation du mangeable dans lesquels le corps se projette.The Food Amounts Booklet, un ensemble de dessins développés dans les années 1980 pour quantifier l’apport de nourriture à partir de souvenirs et de descriptions, est outil fait pour mesurer la quantité de graisse dans un corps, par la projection d’une quantité mémorisée (et donc en partie imaginaire) de nourriture consommée sur des formes bidimensionnelles, indépendamment de toute échelle concrète. Des produits industriels comme les cameras GoPro et les capsules ongles entraînent également le corps à se « projeter » hors de lui-même en permettant un regard inédit, depuis le point de vue de ses extrémités. Le concept d’indoor/outdoor désigne les produits qui tentent d’effacer la différence entre l’intérieur domestique de l’habitat et la nature extérieure (semelles intérieures, moquette, système d’aspiration centrale…). Dans le domaine du design d’interface, le skeuomorphisme vise, par une sorte de camouflage, à favoriser la projection de qualités normalement associées à certains objets (texture, apparence, bruits…) en adaptant la matière à une attente sensorielle spécifique. Il donne naissance à des produits paradoxaux comme les hosties sans gluten, qui font ressurgir des problèmes relatifs à la réduction de la matière à des noms et à des symboles (ici, pain et substance), au cœur du débat sur la transsubstantiation.La deuxième partie du mémoire, Lawn, regroupe quelques pistes sur l’acheminement des matériaux plastiques vers une économie du jetable, ainsi que le développement du concept « synthétique ». Créés à partir d’un réarrangement de la nature, les plastiques sont des matériaux dont le caractère jetable définit la trajectoire et les motifs. Mais bien que jetables, les plastiques sont aussi symboles de durabilité et de résistance : résistants en tant que matière, mais aussi dans toutes les transformations qu’ils peuvent subir, leur capacité à imiter toutes sortes de textures, de surfaces, de formes. En plus de lui offrir une matière adaptée au geste de la consommation, les plastiques modifient le corps, ils le complètent (prothèses, sacs, accessoires, etc.), mais ils rendent également possible sa dissémination inédite. Avec les plastiques, les parties corps deviennent parties de différents ensembles.La troisième partie du mémoire, Spenders, est une liste d’exemples mettant en avant l’argent tel qu’il est en train d’être dépensé, non plus dans sa dimension virtuelle (garante de l’effectivité des transactions), mais en tant que matière. La matière de l’argent, même quand elle est fabriquée spécialement pour faciliter les échanges, met en lumière les limites de son usage. Parce que l’argent est ce qui oriente le système économique, il doit nécessairement être incarné comme matièreList of works made during the doctorate SACRe:Insole, Slack, Pro’jet, Maquette pour Simon, Heureusement les tomates, H-dropper (2014)Float, Wampum, Doozer, Sourdough, Pervert’s Tailgate, Tips, Reel, DomeFood, Double-booty, No-Spenders, le Chouchou des nanas, Cimaise (2015)Future of Dry, Un espace vide ça n'a pas de sens, Poor Man Good Water, Tableau, Mounds, Spenders, Five Cents, Foam Home, Bust, Nickel Coin, Penny Perspective, Like Farming, Gainer (2016)Rook, Skip Cups, Still Life avec Jennifer, La Possibilité que je m'appelle moi-même, Étalon et son maître, Mö, Boo Berry, Peeler, Mick Swayze, Slunder, Woody Sketch, Judgment of Crop, Cookie Numbness, Healer (2017)
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Peters, Derek Melville. "Body fatness and fat distribution during early maturation." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387230.
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Dolan, Jennifer. "The Promised Body: Diet Culture, the Fat Subject, and Ambivalence as Resistance." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7614.
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Since the turn of the twentieth century, middle-class Americans have considered the thin body--ostensibly the result of self-control and self-discipline--a moral imperative and a symbol of good citizenship. In this thesis, I provide a critical perspective on fat studies by examining the ways in which the field authorizes itself in a society that deems the fat body unhealthy, costly, and immoral. As one potential solution to fat-hatred, fat studies proposes fat-positivity, but I argue that fat-positivity requires an extraordinary act of imagination in which the fat person overcomes what I term the ideology of thinness and subsequently feels good about herself. Importing models of ambivalence from disability studies, I propose ambivalence as an alternative to fat-positivity. I argue that ambivalence is a legitimate response when living in a society that de-values one's embodiment, but ambivalence is undertheorized by fat studies scholars. In Chapter 2, I analyze from a feminist perspective Tweets with the hashtag "feeling fat," tracing the emotion to cultural ambivalence about consumption and consumerism. In Chapter 3, I examine how the genre of the fat memoir authorizes itself during an "obesity epidemic" and what those methods reveal about gendered selfhood. Instead of indicting these Twitter users and fat memoirists for their purported lack of fat-positivity, I emphasize instead the social situations that give rise to these cultural forms. I suggest that drawing attention to ambivalence is a form of political resistance.
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Schwartz, Adam M. "Fat Boy Private Dance." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2108.
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After spending a decade losing weight following a traumatic high school experience, Mark has a great life with a beautiful girlfriend, good job which he's passionate about, and a wonderful group of friends. Everything changes when his high school bully reenters his life and shakes his confidence to the point of developing a severe case of body dysmorphia at a time when it's crucial he's confident, as he promised to do a private dance for his girlfriend.
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Blaize, Ashley Nicole. "Body fat has no apparent effect on the maximal fat oxidation rate in young fit normal to overweight women." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1313287844.
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Darries, Mouroodah Sulayman. "Surfacing fat : adiposity as adornment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85811.
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Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis provides a critical discussion of, and motivation for, my jewellery practice, in which fat from the human body is transformed into adornment. Drawing on Julia Kristeva’s theory of ‘abjection’, this research scrutinises the grotesque status of body substances in the modern media, with the intention of changing viewer reactions to these substances from repulsion to aesthetic enjoyment. I consider the influence of popular culture, where idealised bodies are promoted as ‘better’ than non-normative body types, and then consider how (or whether) the abject remainders of the ‘ideal body’ can successfully be refigured as adornment. In order to situate my practical Masters work in the wider field of contemporary avant-garde jewellery practice, I study the work of select jewellers, who also refer to, or use, body substances in critical ways in their work. Through this, I hope to scrutinise both normative notions of the body and of jewellery as adornment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis dien as ’n kritiese bespreking van en motivering vir my praktiese juwelierswareontwerp, waarin vet afkomstig van die menslike liggaam verander word in versiering. Die navorsing gebruik Julia Kristeva se teorie van ‘abjection’ om die groteske status wat liggaamstowwe in die moderne media het, uit te pluis, met die doel om die toeskouer se reaksie op hierdie stowwe van afkeer in estetiese genot te verander. Ek oorweeg die invloed van populêre kultuur waarbinne geïdealiseerde liggame as ‘beter’ as nie-normatiewe liggaamstipes aangebied word. Ek kyk verder na hoe (en of) die vernederende (‘abject’) oorblyfsels van die ‘ideale liggaam’ suksesvol as versiering omvorm kan word. Om my praktiese werk vir die Meestersgraad binne die wyer veld van kontemporêre avant-garde juwelierswarepraktyk te vestig, ondersoek ek ook werk van sekere juweliers wat ook liggaamstowwe in hulle werk gebruik, of daarna verwys. Hierdeur hoop ek om die normatiewe idees van beide die liggaam en juweliersware as versiering uit te pluis.
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Dias, Vanessa Filipa Ferreira. "Body fat measurements: evaluating obesity and overweight in adolescents." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63778.
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Zechar, Deborah Lee. "Tests for measurement of percent body fat in paraplegics /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487598303839067.
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Braithwaite, Jean. "FAT : the story of my life with my body /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3137678.
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Dias, Vanessa Filipa Ferreira. "Body fat measurements: evaluating obesity and overweight in adolescents." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63778.
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Hewitt, Michael John. "Age-related differences in human total body water relative to fat-free body mass." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185685.
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The objective of this investigation was to identify the appropriate isotopic fractionation factor for total body water (TBW) from ²H₂O enrichment in respiratory water vapor (RW) compared to serum (S), then to use the RW technique to estimate absolute TBW volumes and TBW relative to fat-free body mass (FFB) in three age groups (prepubescent, PP, age = 5-10 y; young adult, YA, age = 22-39 y; older adult, OA age = 65-84 y) of healthy white males and females. The effects of analytical technique (infrared spectrophotometry, IR versus isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, IRMS) and ambient relative humidity on estimates of TBW were also investigated. The composition of the FFB was estimated using a multi-component statistical model (body density, TBW and bone mineral density), and the errors associated with the traditional two-component formula for percent fat from body density were calculated. Our results demonstrated a significant (p < 0.0001) ²H₂O fractionation effect of 0.971 ± 0.005 (mean ± SEM, n = 36) for TBW from RW compared to S. Analysis by IR and IRMS were highly correlated (R² =.999) but IR values were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than IRMS. Deuterium enrichment in RW samples collected at ambient RH (∼20%) was significantly higher (Δ = 20.2 ± 4.5 ppm, mean ± SEM, p < 0.0005) than in RW samples collected at 100% RH, roughly equivalent to a 1.2 L (3.2%) difference in TBW. Total body water relative to FFB mass (W/FFB) was lower (p < 0.01) in YA males (71.0 ± 1.0%) and females (70.2 ± 1.3%) than in PP (boys = 73.1 ± 1.6%; girls = 72.2 ± 1.4%, mean ± SD). In OA, W/FFB was higher (p < 0.05) than in YA (OAM = 72.6 ± 1.1%; OAF = 72.2 ± 1.4%). The density of the FFB was 1.0996 and 1.0839 g/ml in OAM and OAF, respectively. Percent fat from density plus TBW and BMD was lower than from density alone in all groups but YA males, where it was 2.4 percent fat higher. In PP, the Siri density formula resulted in an overestimate of 5.8 ± 2.6 percent fat (mean ± SD, range = 1.4 to 13.6%). In OA females, the density formula overestimated percent fat by 4.4 ± 2.8% (range = 0 to 10.4%). In conclusion, RW corrected for isotopic fractionation will provide acceptable estimates of TBW, although the effects of analytical technique and RH should be controlled. The existence of age-related differences in FFB composition causes errors when the two-component model is used to estimate percent fat in PP and OA females.
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Pineda, Maylene. "Determination of fetal fat distribution in pregnancy and its correlation with maternal subcutaneous fat thickness and body mass index." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20494.
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Introduction: Deviations from normal fetal growth are associated with abnormal neonatal fat distribution and predispose to lifetime obesity. Factors affecting fetal growth include maternal obesity. Recent evidence suggests that maternal visceral obesity negatively affects fetal fat composition and fetal obstetric outcomes. However, there is a dearth of research investigating the relationship between maternal visceral adiposity and fetal fat composition throughout pregnancy. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 1363 women at a tertiary perinatal ultrasound centre from 2012-2014. Maternal subcutaneous fat thickness and body mass index were used to correlate with fetal fat measures in the second and third trimester. The maternal abdominal SFT measurement has been used as a surrogate for central obesity. Neonates were divided into BW quartiles for statistical analysis. Fetal fat thickness was measured by the first author blinded against clinical data. Results: Outcome data were available for 845 and 674 women in the second and third trimesters respectively. Maternal SFT was positively correlated with fetal abdominal subcutaneous fat in Q2 babies (p=0.01) and with negative correlation with fetal peripheral fat on the lowest BW quartile babies Q1 (p=0.04). Multivariate analysis showed that maternal SFT is a positive predictor of fetal abdominal subcutaneous fat for Q4 babies in the second trimester (p=0.04). Conclusion: Maternal adiposity can predict fetal fat distribution in the second trimester of pregnancy. The observed trend in the correlation of fetal fat distribution with maternal measures of adiposity was weak. Further prospective research may determine whether these correlations are reproducible and stronger.
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Bartlett, Betty Jean Miller. "Relationships between measures of body fatness, body fat distribution and serum lipids in healthy elderly /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487683756127619.
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Arroyo, Analisa. "Fat Talk Among Female Friends: Do Friends' Responses Buffer the Relationship Between Fat Talk and Health-Related Outcomes?" Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297031.
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Fat talk refers to the negative, evaluative conversations that women have with each other about their bodies (e.g., "I'm so fat!"). These comments are often driven by negative self-evaluations and engaging in fat talk leads to negative health-related outcomes for the individual. Grounded in confirmation theory, the current research sought to uncover the role of communication in moderating the relationship between fat talk and health-related outcomes (i.e., mental health, body image, and weight management) by focusing on perceptions of both dysfunctional and functional responses to fat talk. Participants were young adult female friendship dyads (N = 239 dyads) who completed a number of measures including fat talk, depression, bulimia, drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and exercise. Statistical analyses included multilevel modeling and actor partner interdependence modeling. Results revealed that fat talk was associated with most of the health-related outcomes, even after controlling for BMI and different responses from a friend. Engaging in excessive conversations about weight with a friend (i.e., co-rumination) was positively associated with bulimia, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction. Showing warmth and attentiveness during conversations about weight (i.e., acceptance) was associated with lower levels of depression and bulimia. Pushing a friend to change her thoughts and habits (i.e., challenge) was associated with lower levels of body dissatisfaction. None of the interaction terms yielded significant results, indicating that responses to fat talk (either positive or negative) did not moderate the relationship between fat talk and the health-related outcome variables. This research highlights the importance of understanding fat talk as a communication process that may be driven by and result in intra-individual outcomes.
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MacDonald, Elizabeth Z. "Validity and Reliability of a Photographic Method of Assessing Body Composition." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6010.
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The LeanScreenTM app uses photographs and touchscreen technology of an iPad or iPhone to estimate body composition using the Department of Defense (DoD) prediction equations that use cirumference measurements of the neck, abdomen, waist, and hips. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the LeanScreenTM app in 148 weight-stable adults (82 men, 66 women) who were normal weight, overweight, or obese as defined by body mass index. The percent body fat (%BF) of each subject was estimated during one visit using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometery (DXA) as the criterion measure, and three field methods: the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and an OMRON bioelectical impedance (BIA) device. The %BF of each subject was determined once using DXA. Each of two administrators assessed the %BF of each subject twice using the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and the OMRON BIA device. When using the LeanScreenTM app, administrators assessed body composition using photographs they had taken and the photographs taken by the other administrator. Validity was established by comparing estimates of %BF from the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and the OMRON BIA device to %BF values obtained from DXA. Inter- and intrarater reliability was determined using mutliple measurements taken by each of two administrators. The three field methods were compared to DXA using mixed model ANOVA and Bland-Altman analyses. Analysis of the data revealed that the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and the OMRON BIA device significantly underestimated (p < 0.05) the %BF determined by DXA by an average of -3.26 ± 3.57 %BF, -4.82 ± 3.45 %BF, and -8.45 ± 3.48 %BF, respectively. Limits of agreement (LOA) for the LeanScreenTM app (6.99 %BF), manually measured circumferences (6.76 %BF), and the OMRON BIA device (6.82 %BF) were large. Slopes of the line-of-best-fit through the data in the Bland-Altman plots indicate that bias of %BF estimates using the LeanScreenTM app (slope = 0.06; p = 0.008) and the OMRON BIA device (slope = 0.15; p < 0.0001) increased as %BF increased. For each method of assessment, minimal variance could be attributed to different administrators peforming the assessment and each administrator performing multiple assessments. All inter- and intrarater reliability coefficients of the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and OMRON BIA estimates of %BF exceeded 0.99. The results of this study indicate that all three field methods of body composition assessments were highly reliable, however, these field measures are not recommended for use in the assessments of %BF due to a significant bias and large limits of agreements.
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Groll, Emily D. "Comparison of anthropometric and DXA measurements of regional body fat." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1398712.
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Purpose: The primary purpose of this research study was to assess the degree of agreement between simple anthropometric measurements (i.e. body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio) and the measures of regional adiposity, with a primary focus on the androidlgynoid ratio, assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This secondary purpose of the study was to identify any significant correlations between the measures of regional adiposity, physical activity, and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Forty-eight subjects, 19 males (48.7 ± 16.9 years) and 29 females (43.6 ± 16.2 years), volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects underwent laboratory testing compromised of resting blood pressure, blood lipid analysis, waist & hip circumference, total body DXA scan, and a one week physical activity assessment. Results: Significant correlations were observed between body mass index and region body fat % (r = 0.84, 0.79), waist circumference and android fat % (r = 0.79, 0.75), and waist-to-hip ratio and androidlgynoid ratio (r = 0.72, 0.61) for men and women, respectively. Fasting insulin was correlated with region body fat %, android body fat %, trunk body fat %, and the android/gynoid ratio. The android/gynoid ratio was correlated with high density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. There was a statistically significant negative relationship observed between average steps per day and body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, region body fat %, android body fat %, and trunk body fat %. Conclusions: This study found that there are strong relationships between simple anthropometric measures and regional body fat measures from the DXA. According to the data in the present study, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio provide simple yet sensitive methods for the estimation of regional body fat in Caucasian males and females. In addition, this study found significant correlations between measures of the blood lipid profile, physical activity, and both simple anthropometric and DXA measures of regional body fat. Key words: android fat, body mass index, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, gynoid fat, obesity, waist circumference.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Woods, Kaitlin M. "Excess body fat lessens the metabolic response to cold exposure." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/37084.
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Glodt, Baker Adrienne Jennifer. "EVALUATION OF THE BODY COMPOSITION OF FEMALE COLLEGIATE ATHLETES USING THE BOD POD." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/foodsci_etds/8.
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The body composition of female collegiate athletes was measured using the Bod Pod® device. The sample consisted of 75 student athletes, aged 18 to 22 years old. Five sports at the university level were represented, including basketball, gymnastics, soccer, swimming & diving, and soccer. Participants were measured at the preseason and postseason periods. Overall, participants in all five sports were not found to change significantly in total body mass, fat mass, fat free mass, percent body fat, or body mass index from the preseason period to the postseason period at the alpha = 0.05 level. On average, the members from each of the different teams were found to be significantly different from each other for one or more variables. In general, basketball and volleyball players were found to be similar in body composition. The average member on the swimming & diving, soccer, and gymnastics teams was found to vary from the average team member on each of the other teams.
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Niemann, McKayla Jean. "Strength Training and Insulin Resistance: The Mediating Role of Body Composition." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9071.
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OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to assess the association between varying amounts of strength training and insulin resistance. Another goal was to assess the influence of several potential confounding variables on the strength training and insulin resistance relationship. Lastly, the role of waist circumference, fat free mass, and body fat percentage on the association between strength training and insulin resistance was assessed. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 6561 randomly selected men and women in the US. Data were collected using the precise protocol established by NHANES. HOMA-IR was used as the outcome variable. Both time spent strength training and frequency of strength training bouts were used as exposure variables. RESULTS: There was not a statistically significant relationship between strength training and insulin resistance in women. However, after controlling for 10 potential confounding variables, men who reported no strength training had significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR compared to men who reported moderate or high levels of strength training (F = 9.87, P < 0.0001). Odds ratios were also assessed, and 10 potential confounding variables were controlled. Men reporting no strength training had 2.42 times the odds of having insulin resistance compared to men reporting moderate levels of strength training (95% CI: 1.19 to 4.93). Similarly, men reporting no strength training had 2.50 times the odds of having insulin resistance compared to men reporting high levels of strength training (95% CI: 1.25 to 5.00). CONCLUSION: There was a strong relationship between strength training and insulin resistance in US men, but not in US women. Differences in waist circumference, fat free mass, and body fat percentage, as well as demographic and lifestyle measures, do not appear to mediate the relationship.
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Morgan, Helen M. "A gamma-ray backscattering technique for in vivo body composition studies." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340992.
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Cavinder, Clay Alan. "Reproductive and endocrine parameters of fat versus moderately conditioned mares following parturition." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1718.
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Ruthenberg, Amy L. "Body Mass Index, Body Composition, and Cognitive Function in Adults 60 Years and Older." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1459952070.
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Sandoval, Amanda. "Stress fractures in female military recruits is increased body-fat harmful? /." [New Haven, Conn. : s.n.], 2008. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-12092008-155129/.
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Johnson, Kelly Eugene. "A Validation of a Handheld Ultrasound Device to Assess Body Composition in College-Aged Adults." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1362846764.
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Bikman, Benjamin Thomas. "The Association Between Changes in Body Fat, Body Weight and Serum C-Reactive Protein: A Prospective Study." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd929.pdf.
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Banerjee, Rajarshi. "The effects of excess body weight on the heart and liver." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:652e90cd-1f11-4fb6-8a4b-4ce649f72ee5.
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Obesity in adults and children is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This is forecast to increase markedly in the next decade as childhood obesity is a burgeoning epidemic. Excess weight is clearly associated with insulin resistance, increased circulating triglycerides, and hypertension, all of these are related to progressive heart and liver disease. Ectopic fat deposition within organs is reported to cause lipotoxicity, which may lead to dysfunction and disease, but there have been few human studies to confirm this. This doctoral thesis set out to study the early pathophysiology of obesity in adults and children using in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy to assess the composition and function of the heart and liver in lean and obese individuals. The central tenet of this project was to establish and validate a clinically viable method for measuring the fat content of viscera safely and accurately, and to determine a normal range for the triglyceride content of the heart and liver. The initial study demonstrated that the heart remodels in response to weight loss, with over 20% reduction in LV mass, confirming that excess weight is genuinely a modifiable risk factor. Then, using spectroscopy, it was established that the healthy myocardium has a median triglyceride content of 0.37% (IQR 0.24% - 0.47%), which increases linearly in overweight and obese adults. Obesity, in the absence of any confounders, was also associated with a 10% reduction in cardiac contractile function. In comparison, healthy liver median lipid content was 0.67% (IQR 0.44% – 0.88%), which increased in obese adults to 2.9% (IQR 1.6% - 7.6%). There was a graded association between ectopic fat deposition in the liver and dyslipidaemia in adults, characterised by increased circulating triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein. This dyslipidaemia may impair reverse cholesterol transport, and thus could be expected to exacerbate weight gain. Among obese and overweight subjects, there were some with severe steatosis and evidence of coexistent hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. To verify the accuracy of these spectroscopic measures for ectopic fat, a blinded, prospective comparison of non-invasive assessment of unselected liver disease in liver biopsy patients was completed. Liver disease presents with one or more of steatosis, fibrosis and haemosiderosis, all of which are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Fifty patients were recruited, and interobserver variability among pathologists was measured for histological reference standards for fat, fibrosis and iron deposition. MR measures of each of these metrics predicted the fibrosis, steatosis and haemosiderosis scores accurately. This enabled precise tissue characterisation of all forms of liver disease, including steatohepatitis, with one non-invasive test, to allow the diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic conditions. Lastly, all these new biomarkers of early cardiac and liver disease associated with excess weight were applied to obese and lean children, to understand whether ectopic fat played a substantial role in early life. Obese children had increased ectopic fat in their hearts and livers, as well as impaired strain, evidence of dyslipidaemia, and in some cases evidence of active steatohepatitis, comparable to adults with severe disease. The thesis therefore demonstrates that in vivo magnetic resonance techniques can be used for accurate measurement of visceral lipid content. Furthermore, there is evidence of significant ectopic fat deposition in both adults and children, with evidence of organ dysfunction, which raises the possibility that cardiovascular magnetic resonance may be of value to risk stratify obese individuals based on organ involvement. Finally, the developed methods may have broader applicability and offer a promising new method for the non-invasive diagnosis of chronic liver disease in other clinical settings.
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Duggleby, Sarah Louise. "Protein turnover and urea kinetics during pregnancy, maternal body composition and fetal growth." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302315.
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Murphy, JoAnna R. "Living the Fat Body: Women's Experiences and Relationships with Their Bodies and Popular Culture." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1515055091898279.
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Nowak, Kathryn M. "A comparison of body fat percentage estimates between duel-energy X-ray absorptiometry and air displacement plethysmography." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1315175.
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Assessment of body fat percentage is desirable to identify health risks associated with obesity. There are few studies that have compared the assessment of body fat between air displacement plethysmography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, particularly related to age and gender differences. The purpose of this study was to determine if body fat percent estimates differ depending on age and/or gender between air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod, Life Measurements Instrument, Concord, CA) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, General Electric Medical Systems, Lunar Prodigy, Madison, WI). Sixty subjects were studied: 15 men and 15 women, 22-35 years and 15 men and 15 women, 55-80 years. Subjects were excluded if they competed in athletics or high-level exercise training in the last year. Standard calibration and testing procedures were used for both methods. Both methods were administered at least twice to evaluate reliability and were repeated a third time if the first two measures differed by >2%. Differences between methods for age groups and gender were analyzed using ANOVA and reliability comparisons between the body composition methods were evaluated with correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Using data for all subjects, DEXA (r = .996) and Bod Pod (r = .985) both showed good reliability. However, in younger females the reliability of the Bod Pod (r = .911) was lower. Sixteen of the 60 subjects required a third trial for the Bod Pod, whereas all repeated DEXA measures were consistent. The deviation between trial 1 and 2 for the DEXA (.6%) was significantly less than that in the Bod Pod (1.5%). Significant interactions between the body composition method and age group were found. Mean body fat percentage in the younger group was higher in the DEXA (24.1 + 1.1%) than the Bod Pod (23.0 + 1.3%) however, in the older group it was found to be lower in the DEXA (33.9 ± 1.1%) than the Bod Pod (37.2 ± 1.3%). Both the DEXA and the Bod Pod were reliable but repeated DEXA measures were more consistent than the Bod Pod measures. Bod Pod estimates of body fat percentage were lower for younger subjects, yet higher for older subjects compared to DEXA measurements.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Williams, Suzannah Alice. "Studies into nutritional effects on ovulation rate and glucose transporter proteins in the sheep ovary." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367766.
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Johnson, Leslie C. "In the "Eye of the Beholder": Prejudice, the In-Group Over-Exclusion Effect, and the Fat Threshold." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2011. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/118.
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This dissertation examined whether factors specific to the perceiver influence whom he/she labels as “fat.” Building upon research examining the role that one‟s level of identification with a group (Castano, Yzerbyt, Bourguignon, & Seron, 2002; Leyens & Yzerbyt, 1992) and one‟s prejudice level (Allport, 1954; Allport & Kramer, 1946) play in the process of categorizing others, this dissertation examined whether one‟s body weight centrality and prejudice against fat people influence whom he/she labels as “fat.” Further, to understand the mechanism explaining the link between these factors and the labeling process, this dissertation also explored whether motivational factors underlie whom a perceiver labels as “fat.” Undergraduate females who self-identified as “not fat” were recruited for two studies that addressed these goals. Study one examined whether perceivers‟ prejudice levels and body weight centrality levels influenced how they categorized others based upon body weight and whether this categorization process represented a threat to the self. Study two examined further examined the role of prejudice and body weight centrality in body weight-based categorization as well as whether the desire to protect the in-group from contamination motivates the categorization process. Hypotheses were tested through a series of multiple regression analyses. Findings suggest that both prejudice towards fat people and the importance that one places upon body weight in one‟s feelings of self-worth predicted the fat threshold. Further, evidence did not support the hypothesized impact of motivational factors on the link between prejudice or body weight centrality and the fat threshold. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Martin, Lorraine Mary. "Effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on human appetite and body composition." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326313.
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Foy, Martha. "Family Systems Variables as Predictors of Eating Styles and Body Mass Index." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27835.
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Obesity is a heterogeneous condition that can seriously impact the degree to which one is healthy and socially accepted. It is generally considered to be greatly influenced by genetic factors. Given that we cannot change our genes, it was the purpose of this study to try to further understand the variables related to obesity that are not genetic. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of certain family systems variables and childhood feeding practices on Body Mass Index (BMI). The family variables of interest were intergenerational intimacy, intergenerational differentiation, intergenerational triangulation, spousal intimacy, spousal differentiation, nuclear family triangulation, and the relationship between eating and sex. The childhood feeding variables of interest related to the use of food as a reward, coercive use of food, parental disagreement about feeding, the expression of love through food, and feeding enmeshment (i.e., the perception of parental overcontrol in feeding). Because certain eating styles have been found to be related to obesity, further investigation revolved around the impact of the family and feeding variables on eating styles. The eating styles of interest were restrained eating, emotional eating, external eating, and binge eating. The variables were studied by surveying employees of a school system in southwest Virginia.
Body Mass Index was found to be significantly positively correlated with feeding enmeshment, weight as a means of sexual avoidance, and eating in response to a lack of physical affection. Restrained eating was not found to be significantly related to any family or childhood feeding variable. Emotional eating, external eating, and binge eating were all significantly negatively correlated with intergenerational intimacy, spousal differentiation, and nuclear family triangulation health, significantly positively correlated with sexual avoidance and deprivation of affection. In addition, emotional eating and binge eating were significantly negatively correlated with intergenerational differentiation, while external eating and binge eating were significantly negatively correlated with spousal intimacy. Emotional eating was positively correlated with all of the childhood feeding practices, while external eating and binge eating were correlated with four and three, respectively, of the feeding practices. While there were many significant correlational findings, there were few significant coefficients in the hierarchical regression analyses, presumably because of the high intercorrelations between the predictor variables (the family and feeding variables).
In general, it can be said that family functioning and childhood feeding behaviors are relevant to overeating and overweight. The family and feeding variables are better predictors of eating styles that can lead to obesity than of obesity per se. High levels of dysfunction in families and frequent use of food in non-nutritional ways are associated with high levels of emotional, external, and binge eating. These findings may have implications for physicians and therapists.Ph. D.
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Minaya, Dulce M. "The Role of TRPM5 in Dietary Fat Preference, Intake, and Body Composition." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2173.
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We recently showed a critical role of Trpm5 in the transduction pathway for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the present study, I have begun to investigate dietary fat preference and the propensity to develop dietary-induced obesity in Trpm5-/- mice. My preliminary data shows that in male mice placed on a high fat diet, Trpm5-/- mice did not enhance their caloric intake as observed in wild type mice. Most surprisingly, however, was that I did not observe the same differences in between female mice, which posits a potential gender effect of this pathway on dietary fat intake. Also, I show that the preference for dietary fat is not disrupted in Trpm5-/- mice since there is no difference in dietary fat preference between Trpm5-/- and wild type mice. Wild type and Trpm5-/- mice both have a strong preference for the high fat diet, as demonstrated by the fact that they solely consumed the high fat diet. Consistent with our original hypothesis that these responses are specific for high fat feeding, I did not observe any differences in caloric intake in male mice on a high sucrose diet. Again, gender differences were observed, with Trpm5-/- female mice displaying a higher caloric intake than wild type female mice.
Furthermore, I used a paired-feeding approach via oral gavage to delve further into whether the effect of Trpm5 disruption was due to pre- or post-ingestive effects. The results from this experiment show that all animals have a reduction in body weight and body fat with no significant difference between wild type and Trpm5-/- mice. This result suggests that the expression of Trpm5 in the oral cavity is necessary for the changes in body weight and composition observed during ad libitum feeding. Also, the fact that Trpm5-/- mice lost body weight and fat mass is contrary to our previous observations. When these animals consume the roughly same number of calories on a high fat diet ad libitum, we observe an increase in body weight and fat mass. This suggests that there might be another mechanism accountable for the response observed in Trpm5-/- mice when fed ad libitum. In conclusion, the results from these experiments suggest a link between dietary fat consumption and development of adiposity.
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Davis-Miller, Tonya Lee. "The Effect of Exercise Order on Body Fat Loss During Concurrent Training." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6217.
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While the benefits of both cardiovascular exercise and resistance training have been well documented, there is a lack of evidence for the order of exercise that is most effective when both are done in the same day. This study was designed to look at two groups of participants performing both resistance (R) and cardiovascular (C) training in the same day to determine if their order, resistance before cardiovascular (R-C) or cardiovascular before resistance (C-R), matter with regard to changes in body composition, maximal strength, and maximal aerobic capacity. The participants were 17 women between the ages of 30 and 55 years, with a BMI of ≥25 or body fat percentage ≥30% and no apparent risk of heart disease. They were randomly assigned into two groups (R-C = 9; C-R = 8) performing 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise at 60-70% of their estimated VO2MAX and 7 exercises for 3-4 sets of 6 repetitions at their 6-repetition maximum with the R-C group performing the resistance training first and the C-R group performing the cardiovascular training first. There were three days of testing pre- and post-intervention for body weight, percent fat, fat mass, lean body mass, maximal bench press, maximal deadlift, and VO2MAX. There were no significant differences between groups in any of the variables, although there were trends toward significance in the maximal deadlift (R-C +13.5±8.6kg, ES = 1.15; C-R +6.8±5.6kg, ES = 0.42) and VO2MAX (R-C +2.8±2.4 ml/kg/min, ES = 0.41; C-R +0.9±1.0 ml/kg/min, ES = 0.31). Neither group lost significant amounts of body weight. However, there were significant pre- to post-intervention changes in percent fat, fat mass, lean body mass, maximum deadlift, maximum bench press, and VO2MAX for the C-R group and percent fat, fat mass, maximum deadlift, maximum bench press, and VO2MAX for the R-C group. There were also practically significant between group differences with the C-R group improving more in body fat percentage (ES = 0.89) and lean body mass (ES = 0.68) and the R-C group improving more in 1RM deadlift (ES = 1.50) and VO2MAX (ES = 1.57).
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Wiles, Rose. "The impact of pregnancy on fat women's body image and eating practices." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316569.
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Oliveira, Andréia Cristina Matos. "Diet, body fat distribution and coronary disease- understanding the effect of inflammation." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/23616.
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Parr, Evelyn Bridget. "Exercise and nutrient interactions: Effects on skeletal muscle and body fat mass." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2015. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/3b83092cb77808bc2ad9d195eac824e5e7142beb49f607e71cb73edfb2637982/12816055/201510_Evelyn_Parr_ACU_Thesis_Document_FINAL.pdf.
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The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to rise and will soon place unsustainable demands on the healthcare systems of most developed nations. Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass, is commonly exacerbated in overweight/obese individuals causing loss of function and independence. Accordingly, a critical goal for overweight/obese adults is to lose fat mass while preserving lean mass to prevent the deleterious effects of inactivity and age-related metabolic diseases. Although numerous studies have manipulated combinations of diet and/or exercise training to promote weight loss, the optimal diet to improve body composition remains controversial. Furthermore, the composition of tissue losses (i.e. fat versus lean mass) is not always examined and individual responses to weight loss interventions have, to date, received little scientific enquiry. Further, the success of a weight loss intervention should be determined not only acutely, but also in terms of its efficacy in maintaining body composition changes. This thesis comprised a series of independent but related studies that investigated the role of exercise and energy-restricted diets of varying macronutrient composition on the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and body composition...
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Quicke, Kendra Marie. "Increased Insulin Signaling in Fat Body of Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes Enhance Lifespace." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/229795.
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The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a well known vector of many viral diseases such as yellow fever, dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). In particular, dengue and DHF, though normally considered tropical diseases, are steadily increasing in prevalence throughout the world with cases being reported as far north as the Texas-Mexico border and in Florida. There is currently no vaccine for these diseases and vector control has proved challenging due to the urban preferences of A. aegypti. The insulin/insulin-growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway may provide an endogenous solution to vector control. In mosquitoes, the IIS plays an important role in the regulation of many physiological processes, including longevity and reproduction. Studies in several species, including Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabolitis elegans and Anopheles stephensi, have shown that decreasing insulin signaling leads to an increase in longevity [Hwangbo et al., 2004; Kimura et al., 1997]. Inversely, similar studies have shown that increasing insulin signaling results in a shortened lifespan and often an increase in reproduction [Corby-Harris et al., 2010]. Here we aimed to increase insulin signaling in the fat body of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes by creating a transgenic line that expresses an active form of Akt, a key component of the IIS, specifically in the fat body tissue. We observed the effects on longevity and reproduction in both a heterozygous and a homozygous line. However, contrary to the expected results, we observed an increase in the lifespan of heterozygous females positive for the transgene. We also observed no significant difference in the reproductive potential of heterozygous positive versus heterozygous negative females, although expression of vitellogenin was increased. This led us to consider the possibility that under these conditions insulin signaling may have been down-regulated or shut off completely, instead of being up-regulated as was expected. Further investigations need to be made into the possible causes of these results.
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Winokur, Elizabeth J. "Physical Activity, Body Fat, and Endothelial Function in Mexican American Male Adoloscents." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268474.
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The goal of this dissertation research was to describe the relationships among psychosocial variables, physical activity and physical fitness, and biological measures indicative of cardiovascular health in Mexican American male adolescents using a biobehavioral model. One aim of the research was to describe the predictive relationship of psychosocial variables, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and interpersonal influences, on physical activity and physical fitness. A second aim described the predictive relationship among physical activity and physical fitness and the amount of body fat and levels of biological markers indicative of endothelial function in this population. Study participants were 28 Mexican American male adolescents ages 15-19. Psychosocial variables were assessed using instruments developed for adolescents by Pender. Physical activity was measured by a 3-day accelerometer recording of activity counts while physical fitness was measured with cycle ergometry withVO2 max. Biologic measures indicative of cardiovascular health included serum leptin, CRP, adiponectin. Fat mass was assessed using BMI and DEXA scans. Findings demonstrated partial support for the model. Psychosocial variables predictive of physical fitness included perceived benefits of action and interpersonal influences. Perceived benefits of exercise significantly predicted physical fitness, explaining 50% of the variance in physical fitness scores while exercise norms, a measure of interpersonal influence, predicted 17% of the variance. Self-efficacy did not meet criteria as a mediating variable; it directly predicted physical activity. Physical activity predicted 15% of the variance in body fat measured as BMI percentile. Physical fitness predicted Leptin levels accounting for 23% of the variance. Physical fitness also predicted 51% of the variance related to the DEXA-derived body fat measurement and 18% of the variance related to BMI. Additional trends were identified including lack of parental support for exercise. Although the study participants reported high acculturated levels, language spoken at home indicated that the family was less acculturated which may have accounted for the lack of parental support. Higher acculturation levels were also significantly associated with increased perceived benefits of action and higher BMI levels. In conclusion, this study suggests that selected psychosocial variables including interpersonal influences should be considered in designing research with Mexican American adolescent males. In addition results suggest that objectively obtained measures of physical fitness and activity are in part predictive of measures of endothelial function and body fat.
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Oliveira, Andréia Cristina Matos. "Diet, body fat distribution and coronary disease- understanding the effect of inflammation." Tese, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/23616.
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Kaminski, Melissa J. "Does This Book Make Me Look Fat? The Effect of Protagonist Body Esteem and Body Weight in Novels on Female Readers' Body Esteem." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32729.
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The effects of visual representations of the thin ideal in movies, magazines, and television have been widely explored, but strictly textual representations of the thin ideal in novels have received scant attention. The genre of chick literature has been criticized for depicting characters that constantly worry about their body weight and have poor body esteem. Excerpts from two popular chick lit novels were used to examine the effect of a protagonist's body weight and body esteem on participants' overall body esteem, sexual attractiveness, weight concern, and physical condition. In Study 1 (N = 159), underweight protagonists made participants feel less sexually attractive. Furthermore, protagonists with low body esteem caused participants to report significantly low body esteem scores compared to protagonists with high body esteem. Study 2 (N = 251) examined the role of transportation and identification with the protagonist. Identification with the protagonist with low body esteem was a significant predictor of participants' lower reported scores of body esteem, lower evaluations of appearance, and increased weight concern. The results suggest that textual representations of body size and body esteem in novels have an effect that is similar to the effect of visual images prevalent in movies, television, and magazines. Implications and future directions are discussed.Master of Arts
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Frisk, Ulrika. "Effects of high-altitude trekking on body composition." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22219.
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Sojourns at high altitude are often accompanied by weight loss and changes in body composition. The aim was to study body composition before and after 40 days high-altitude exposure. The subjects were four women and six men, non-smoking, healthy and active students and a scientist from Mid Sweden University in Östersund with a mean (SD) age of 26 (10) years. All subjects volunteered for a six-week trek to the Mount Everest Base Camp via Rolwaling in Nepal. Before the sojourn subject’s height was 177 (10) cm and weight was 71.9 (10) kg. Body composition was measured with Lunar iDXA at the Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre in Östersund before and after the trek. Total body mass (SD) decreased from 71.8 (10.0) kg before to 69.7 (9.4) kg after the trek (P=0.00). Total fat mass decreased from 14.7 (5.9) kg to 13.8 (4.6) kg (P=0.01). Fat percent decreased from 21.6 (7.9) % to 21.0 (7.2) % (P=0.03). Total lean mass decreased from 54.0 (10.0) kg to 52.9 (9.7) kg (P=0.01). Bone mineral content was unchanged, 3.04 (0.5) kg before and 3.03 (0.5) after (P=0.13). Thus both total body mass and total lean mass had decreased after a six week trekking in Nepal.
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Stockunas, Michelle Marie. "The Effects of Interval Training and Modest Calorie Restriction in the Treatment of Obesity." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35011.
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Moderate intensity exercise (MIT) was compared to high intensity interval exercise (HIIT) as part of a nine week treatment strategy for 13 obese men. Both groups exercised three days per week beginning at 45% VO2max. The MIT protocol progressed to 65% VO2max by week eight. The HIIT protocol consisting of 16 short (30 s), 8 medium (90 s), and 4 long (180 s) intervals progressed to 110% VO2max, 100% VO2max, and 90% VO2max, respectively, by week nine with low intensity intervals at 40% VO2max. Exercise duration of the MIT group was adjusted to allow for energy expenditure equal to that of the HIIT group. Modest dietary restriction and weekly group nutrition education sessions were part of the treatment. Weight decreased similarly by 2.4% in the MIT group and 2.8% in the HIIT group (p<0.05). For the groups combined, exercise resulted in a 7% decrease in body fat percent (%BF) and a 9% decrease in fat mass (FM) (p<0.05). There was no difference in the change in %BF or FM for either group. There were no changes in fat free mass (FFM) over the treatment or between groups. Waist circumference decreased 2.8% overall with no differences between the two groups (p<0.05). There were no differences in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) or waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR) due to the intervention. The activity of vastus lateralis b 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) increased 37% and 97% (p<0.05) for the MIT and HIIT groups respectively with a trend for differences between the two groups (p=0.055). The results show that an exercise program of moderate or high intensity is effective to cause weight reduction. The data suggest that HIIT may be more effective over a longer treatment period if the observed trend for greater capacity for muscle fat oxidation translates into improved body fat loss.Master of Science
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Goff, Kayleen Adams. "Percent Body Fat and Fat Distribution are Not Associated with Carotid Artery Intima-media Thickness in Healthy Middle-aged Women." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2492.pdf.
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