Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Body change'
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Court, Gudrun Elizabeth. "Body change and body image in older adulthood." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27829.
Full textVincent, Maureen Anne, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "BODY DISSATISFACTION AND BODY CHANGE STRATEGIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040906.135500.
Full textSkinner, Holly Connell Lenda Jo Ulrich Pamela V. "The freshman 15 weight change in relation to body image and body measurements /." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1437.
Full textCrombie, Aaron Patrick. "Weight and body composition change in male freshman students." Tallahassee, Florida : Florida State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06252009-100519/.
Full textAdvisor: Jasminka Z. Ilich-Ernst, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Dept. of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed on Nov. 9, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 76 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
Saunders, S. C. "The effect of body mass change on cycling efficiency." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/15091/.
Full textSrismith, Duangkamol [Verfasser]. "Body Representation and Physical Activity : An Investigation into Body Representation and its Mechanism of Change / Duangkamol Srismith." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-dspace-1191291.
Full textDrøyvold, Wenche Brenne. "Epidemiological studies on weight change and health in a large population." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1461.
Full textTsang, Chi-chung. "Secular change in BMI from 1974 to 2000 in Swedish children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39849077.
Full textHerrmann, Cilia. "Let us be the second body." Thesis, Stockholms konstnärliga högskola, Institutionen för dans, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uniarts:diva-911.
Full textThis master work includes both a performing and a written part.
Kahrs, Juliana L. "Exercise Stage of Change, Body Dissatisfaction, and Self-Esteem: Changes in First Year Students Across the First Semester." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1407079647.
Full textPoirier, Martin. "The Effect of Progressive Heat Acclimation on Change in Body Heat Content." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26219.
Full textMcGrath, Kelly Ann. "Dietary Patterns Associated with Weight Change in College Students." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31128.
Full textMaster of Science
Tsang, Chi-chung, and 曾志聰. "Secular change in BMI from 1974 to 2000 in Swedish children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39849077.
Full textReid, Nicola. "Women's experience of coping with body image change following mastectomy : a Q methodology." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527250.
Full textLeakey, Louise Nicol. "Body weight estimation of Bovidae and Plio-Pleistocene faunal change, Turkana Basin, Kenya." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249743.
Full textBurton, Paul F. "An active and united body : change in the Society of Friends in Scotland." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417428.
Full textSchuster, Elizabeth B. "Easing the teasing the effects of appearance-related feedback on body image disturbance, eating pathology, body change behaviors, and self-objectification." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4571.
Full textID: 029051091; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-71).
M.S.
Masters
Department of Clinical Psychology
Sciences
Schuster, Elizabeth. "The Effects of Viewing Sexually Explicit Materials on Men's Body Image Satisfaction, Interest in Pursuing Cosmetic Surgery, and Body Change Behaviors." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6359.
Full textPh.D.
Doctorate
Psychology
Sciences
Psychology; Clinical Psychology
Brown, Nicola. "Comparison of change in obesity parameters and the relationship between changes in body composition and physiological and psychological health status." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516873.
Full textHerbozo, Sylvia. "The effects of ambiguous appearance-related feedback on body image, mood states, and intentions to use body change strategies in college women." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002487.
Full textGarzke, Jessica [Verfasser]. "Global change effects on zooplankton body size : a range of experimental approaches / Jessica Garzke." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1062536045/34.
Full textJennings, Karen Marlene. "Patterns of Change in Body Weight Among Individuals During Inpatient Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:105067.
Full textDespite the chronicity and less than optimal outcomes of inpatient treatment (IPT) for anorexia nervosa (AN), treatment guidelines continue to reflect the common notion of one-size-fits-all and the process of weight restoration continues to be poorly understood. Weight restoration, a primary goal of IPT for AN, does not occur in isolation but rather reflects an adaptation process within internal and external environments. It is unknown whether or not there are unique patterns of change in body weight that are associated with factors identified in the existing literature as being predictors of weight gain. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which patterns of change in body weight existed among individuals during IPT for AN, and the relationship with factors identified in the existing literature as being predictors of weight gain (i.e., age at time of admission, admission caloric intake, percent of ideal body weight [IBW] at time of admission, body weight at time of discharge, body mass index [BMI] at time of discharge). Individuals who were diagnosed with AN and admitted to the inpatient unit of an eating disorder treatment facility in the Northeast between January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015 were included in this retrospective, exploratory study (N = 500). Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was used to identify distinct trajectories of change in body weight, and to determine the risk of being in a particular trajectory. Four distinct trajectories were identified: weight gain (n = 197), weight loss (n = 177), weight plateau (n = 82), and weight fluctuate (n = 44) groups. Significant predictors of trajectories were age, history of prior IPT for AN, admission caloric intake, body weight at time of admission and discharge, and length of stay. Results from this study suggest that a further understanding of patterns of change in body weight among individuals with AN, will help guide assessment and treatment interventions and consequently influence outcomes. Additionally, there is an opportunity to update treatment guidelines and recommendations for AN
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing
Discipline: Nursing
Marks, Penelope June. "Direct and correlated responses to selection to change the shape of the growth curve in mice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15266.
Full textMahon-Daly, Patricia Mary. "Blood, society and the gift : an ethnography of change in the gift relationship." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7028.
Full textHuntley, John Warren. "Trends in Eukaryote Body Size in an Ecological and Evolutionary Context." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26647.
Full textPh. D.
Christensen, Stephanie V. "Weight and Body Composition Change During the First Year of College: A Study of Traditional Residence Hall Freshmen." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/209.
Full textLeone, Ryan J. "Patterns and Composition of Weight Change in College Freshmen." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1428668895.
Full textOrolowitz, Matthew. "Life on the edge: do body size and drinking dependency influence how birds deal with the heat in South Africa's most extreme desert?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32497.
Full textBackman, Rebecca. "“I don’t need to change my body to feel like a boy” : En tematisk transanalys av transrepresentation i Chilling Adventures of Sabrina." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för etnologi, religionshistoria och genusvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182593.
Full textWanigatunga, Amal A., Sandrine S. Sourdet, Michael J. LaMonte, Molly E. Waring, Rami Nassir, Lorena Garcia, Jennifer W. Bea, et al. "Physical impairment and body weight history in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative." CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626012.
Full textMcLaren, Rosemary. "Rethinking the body-spaces for change : a qualitative analysis of textual and visual representations of menopause." Curtin University of Technology, School of Art, 1999. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=9940.
Full textThe stories also demonstrate how this type of research is done, and how the meaning-making processes of collaborative research draw out resonances towards real and imagined, and internal and external sites of personal and political significance.Accompanying the stories is a fourth chapter entitled Menopause Perspecta X 5. In writing this section, I adopt a different narrational approach and voice as I move from the realm of storyteller to that of art curator presenting a series of visual images and the poetic writings of five women. As well as portraying different voices speaking at different levels, each presentation continues the task of opening spaces for translation between word and image.The thesis concludes with a reflective overview of the menopausal body, image and text. In the coda, Notes Towards A Work In Progress, I express my thoughts on creating alternative spatial practices, and tell another story. Through its poetic and lyrical content, I attempt to offer possibilities for restoring a sense of menopausal self, love, hope, and a meaningful relationship with the world.
Johnston, Carrie Lynn. "Change in diet and body composition between training and competitive phases of female long distance runners." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/MQ33235.pdf.
Full textPetten, Irene. "From rock stars to soccer moms : emergence, growth, continuity and change in the body modification field." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553085.
Full textLarson, Jessyka Nicholle. "Assessing the Effects of the Holidays on Body Composition and Weight Change Using Air Displacement Plethysmography." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/283.
Full textWilliams, Kristen Cecilia. "A Biobehavioral Intervention for Breast Cancer Patients: Sexuality and Body Image Outcomes and Mediators of Change." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461148663.
Full textLee, Ilknur. "Beyond body an analysis of diachronic changes of societal beliefs and attitudes /." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000007.
Full textSakita, Saori. "Development and Use of a Physiologically Based Mathematical Model Describing the Relationships and Contributions of Macronutrients to Weight and Body Composition Changes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2552.
Full textMyszka, David H. "KINEMATIC SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE PLANAR RIGID-BODY GUIDANCE." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1250023410.
Full textRollins, Hilary Byrne. "Ecological Effects of Climate Change on Amphibians." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1559915081386624.
Full textCzamanski-Cohen, J., and K. L. Weihs. "The Bodymind Model: A platform for studying the mechanisms of change induced by art therapy." Elsevier, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621993.
Full textHedderson, Monique Marie. "Relationship between pre-pregnancy rate of weight change and hormonal contraceptive use and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10892.
Full textChaplow, Zachary Lewis. "Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention on Change in Body Composition in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523462399213986.
Full textOrcutt, John D. "Climate and Ecological Change in Oligo-Miocene Mammals." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12110.
Full textWhether or not a causal relationship exists between climate and mammal body size is one of the longest-standing and most intractable questions in ecology. The classic model of body size evolution (Bergmann's Rule) holds that body size is driven by temperature, but more recent hypotheses have suggested that other climatic variables or biotic interactions may play a more important role. The use of paleoecological data to address this question allows variables that are tightly correlated in modern ecosystems to be teased apart and allows body size patterns to be observed through time, adding an extra dimension to analyses. This dissertation details the findings of two paleoecological tests of Bergmann's Rule in the Oligo-Miocene (30-5 Ma), one tracking body size and climate through time in the northwestern United States and another tracking geographic body size trends through time along the west coast of North America. In both cases, body size was analyzed in three representative families of mammals: equids, canids, and sciurids. Such large-scale analyses are dependent on fossils that can be placed in a reliable taxonomic, geologic, and temporal context, and this dissertation also focuses on a reevaluation of the canid fauna of Oregon's Juntura Formation that places a critically important Late Miocene carnivore fauna in just such a context. Two genera of canids - Epicyon and Carpocyon - are described from the fauna for the first time, with important implications for regional biostratigraphy. The body size analyses show no consistent relationship between body size and any climatic variable. Further, body size patterns vary widely between taxa at several levels, suggesting that one universal driver of body size evolution does not exist. Not only is there no evidence for Bergmann's Rule in Oligo-Miocene mammals, but comparative analyses of geographic body size patterns in the modern genera Odocoileus, Canis, and Spermophilus fail to show the latitudinal gradients upon which Bergmann's Rule is predicated. The apparent existence of such trends in some taxa may be the result of anthropogenic extirpation at low latitudes, further underscoring the importance of including paleontological data when formulating models predicting the response of biotic variables to environmental change.
Committee in charge: Dr. Samantha Hopkins, Chair; Dr. Gregory Retallack, Member; Dr. Rebecca Dorsey, Member; Dr. Stephen Frost, Outside Member
Coetzee, Bernard Walter Thomas. "Species assembly patterns and protected area effectiveness in times of change : a focus on African avifauna." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79804.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The challenge of conserving biodiversity is daunting. Despite some local conservation gains, most indicators of the condition of global biodiversity show declines since the 1970’s, while indicators of the threats to biodiversity all show increases. Humanity has in part responded to the global biodiversity extinction crisis by establishing protected areas (PA) and they are widely considered cornerstones of conservation. However, their efficacy in maintaining biodiversity is much debated. Previous studies have been unable to provide a general answer because of their typically restricted geographic and/or taxonomic focus, or qualitative approach. Using a global meta-analysis with 861 pairwise comparisons inside and outside PAs from 86 studies across five major taxon groups, I tested the hypothesis that PAs achieve significant conservation outcomes measured as higher biodiversity values compared with alternative land covers. I found that globally, PAs typically contain higher abundances of individual species, higher assemblage abundances and higher species richness. Variation in effect sizes among taxa nonetheless underscores that PA efficacy can be context specific. To examine factors driving the context specific nature of PA efficacy, an exact distance, timed point count methodology was used to assess PAs ecological effectiveness in terms of bird assemblages of the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, in the Phalaborwa section. Bird assemblages inside the KNP were compared to matched sites in rural and urban land cover, as well as the connecting habitat matrix outside the KNP. Species richness and abundance were significantly lower inside the KNP compared to other land covers. However, the species assemblages are markedly different. The artificial addition of resources in an otherwise resources poor area, mainly in terms of gardening, provide suitable habitat for a range of species, consistent with the more individuals hypothesis. Large-bodied and ground nesting species are virtually absent outside the KNP. Thus species richness and abundance differences between land cover regions mask insidious changes in species traits. Nonetheless, not formally protected land can contribute positively to the regional biodiversity portfolio. Since an understanding of the mechanisms that structure species assemblages can aid in the consequences of anthropogenic drivers disentangling them, I describe and analyse the body size frequency distributions (BSFDs) of avian assemblages at several spatial scales in the Afrotropical biogeographic realm. I found that the African avifaunal continental BSFD is unimodal and right-skewed. African avifaunal BSFDs are quantitatively dissimilar to the African mammal BSFDs, which are bimodal at all spatial scales. Much of the change in median body size with spatial scale can be captured by a range-weighted null model, suggesting that differential turnover between smaller- and larger-bodied species might explain the shift in the central tendency of the BSFD. My results for the first time quantitatively demonstrate that PAs are a vital component of a global biodiversity conservation strategy. However, I also show that PA ecological effectiveness can be context specific, and understanding which species traits are at risk outside of PAs is critical to predicting their efficacy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is ‘n uitnemende uitdaging om biodiversiteit te bewaar. Ten spyte van sommige sukses op ‘n lokale skaal, dui die meeste indikators aan dat die toestand van globale biodiveristeit afgeneem het vanaf die 1970’s, terwyl bedreigings daartoe toegeneem het. Die mensdom het gedeeltelik reageer op die biodiversiteits uitsterfings krisis deur die uiteensetting en instandhouding van bewaringsgebiede (BG). Hierdie metodiek word wêreldwyd geag as ‘n hoeksteen van bewaring. Die ekologiese doeltreffendheid van BG word egter baie debateer. Vorige studies was geografies beperk of het net op sekere takson groepe gefokus. Vorige studies is ook tipies statisties kwalitatief van aard. As gevolg daarvan het ek ‘n globale meta-analiese gebruik, wat bestaan het uit 861 gepaarde meetings vanaf 86 studies, oor vyf verskillende taksonomiese groepe. Ek het die hipotese getoets dat BG statisties beduidende bewaring laat gekiet in terme van hoër biodiveristeits waardes binnekant hul grense, in kontras met areas buite BG. Ek het gevind dat BG juis hoër waardes van hoër indivuduele spesies hoeveelhede, gemeenskaps hoeveelhede en spesiesrykheid bevat. Tog dui die variasie in effek grootte onder takson groepe aan dat BG effektiwiteit konteks spesifiek is. Aangesien BG effektiwiteit konteks spesifiek is, het ek verder ‘n tydstip, eksakte-afstand punttelling metodiek gevolg om die Kruger Nationale Park (KNP) in Suid Afrika, se ekologiese doeltreffendheid te bepaal. Ek het voëlgemeenskappe binne KNP vergelyk met voëlgemeenskappe buite KNP. Metings is buite die KNP gedoen in tuislande, die stadsgebied van Phalaborwa, asook in die habitat matriks wat die areas verbind. Beide spesiesrykheid en hoeveelheid is hoër buite KNP, maar die voëlgemeenskap struktuur tussen gebiede verskil noemenswaardig. Die uitbreiding van bronne ten opstigte van nesmaak en voeding (meestal deur tuinmaak), bied vir voëls goeie habitat in die stadsgebied, soos verwag kan word uit die meer individue hipotese. Hierdie veranderinge in spesiesrykheid tussen die verskillende areas versteek veranderinge in die spesies einskappe. Voëls met groot liggaamsmassa, veral die wat op die grond nes maak, kom in baie minder getalle voor buite KNP. Tog bied onbewaarde areas ‘n positiewe inpak tot die omgewing se biodiversiteit. ‘n Holistiese begrip van die meganismes wat spesies gemeenskappe struktureer kan help om die menslike invloed daarop uit te lig. Daarvolgens beskryf ek die liggaamsmassa frekwensie verspreiding (LMFV) oor verkillende skale in die Afrotropies biografiese streek. Ek het bevind dat Afrika se voëlgemeenskappe op die kontinentale skaal unimodaal en regs-geskewe is. Afrika se voël LMFV is beduidend verskillend van Afrika soogdier LMFV, wat bimodaal is op verskeie skale. Baie van die verandering in mediaan liggaams massa oor verskillende skale kan verduidelik word met ‘n verspreidings-aangepaste nul-model, wat voorstel dat die verskille in omset van voëls met of klein, of groot liggaamsmassa in die landskap die veranderings in LMFV verduidelik. My studie is die eerste van sy soort wat kwantitatief bepaal dat die gebruik van BG krities is tot ‘n globale bewaringsstrategie. Verder het ek bewys dat BG se ekologiese doeltreffendheid afhang van die kontkes op ‘n lokale skaal, en dat spesies eienskappe geïnkorporeer moet word om BG se doeltreffendheid te bepaal.
Shim, Sang Wan. "Technical change and labour in the automobile industry : case study of four robotised body shops in Britain and Korea." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360502.
Full textNishida, Makoto Marcio. "Two-Year Weight Loss but Not Body Mass Index Predicts Mortality and Disability in an Older Japanese Community-Dwelling Population." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253225.
Full textTreasure, Anne M. (Anne Margaret). "Climate change and invasion impacts in the sub-Antarctic." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20010.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Climate change and biological invasions are major threats to biodiversity. In particular, these threats are predicted to influence terrestrial systems in the sub-Antarctic, where significant ecosystem responses to both have already been seen. In this thesis, the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Island group is used as a model system in which to investigate key questions relating to climate change and invasive species impacts. The island group comprises two islands, Marion (MI) and Prince Edward (PEI), both of which are experiencing rapid warming, yet have different invasive assemblages and in consequence are experiencing different impacts. Variation in the patterns of invasive species richness and abundance and their underlying causes are matters of considerable ecological and conservation significance. While an increase in thermal energy availability typically results in an increase in species richness, the mechanisms underlying these patterns are poorly understood. In Chapter 2 of this thesis, these relationships are explored for springtails, an important component of the soil fauna on Marion Island. Energy explains a large amount of the spatial variation in indigenous and invasive springtail species richness. Disturbance thresholds and stressful temperatures are more important than increased population sizes in determining this variation in species richness. As both indigenous and invasive springtail species richness and abundance are strongly related to temperature, a warming climate could have far-reaching consequences for these organisms. In particular, invasive species are predicted to be at an advantage relative to indigenous species under warming conditions. One species where this seems especially likely, given its physiological responses to experimental warming and drying, is the large invasive tomocerid, Pogonognathellus flavescens. Determining whether this will be the case depends on understanding the factors underlying its range limits and abundance structure. Moreover, few studies have sought to distinguish the causal basis of abundance structure and range limits, particularly for invasive species. Thus, in Chapter 3, local microclimate variables and physiological tolerances of the invasive springtail, P. flavescens (a habitat generalist), are examined. The results suggest that the species should be widely distributed across a range of habitats on MI. However, the springtail is restricted to indigenous Poa cookii tussock grassland habitats in the southeast. The current range limits are set by dispersal limitation (i.e. contingent absences) whilst abundance structure is a function of variation in soil substrate quality. However, over time, the widening distribution of P. cookii, as a consequence of a major management intervention (the eradication of feral cats), may enable P. flavescens to colonise all suitable areas. In Chapter 4, the focus changes to what has been considered the third major response to climate change, along with range and phenological responses - changing animal body sizes. Body size is one of the most significant and obvious features of animals and is of considerable ecological and physiological importance. A prediction of the temperature-size rule (TSR) is that with warming, body size of the weevil species on both MI and PEI should decline. However, predation by mice of the weevils on MI should fundamentally affect the pattern of such change, causing it to differ from neighbouring PEI, indicating synergistic impacts between climate change and invasions. Analysis of a 24-year data set indicates a decline in the body size of all weevil species on PEI with increasing temperature. However, on MI, a negative relationship between mean annual temperature and body size is found only for Palirhoeus eatoni, a species not eaten by mice. A possible explanation for the positive relationships found for the other species could be due to higher metabolic demands imposed on mice in colder years than in warmer ones. Any increase in predation coupled with a preference for larger sizes, which the mice clearly show, would lead to a decline in the mean size of the weevil species. Due to the relationship between body size and metabolic rate and the importance of the weevils in the islands’ food webs, changes to the body size of these organisms could have significant consequences for the island ecosystems’ functioning. The thermal environment experienced by organisms also has a direct effect on survival, growth and reproduction. The physiological response of organisms to rapidly changing climates is therefore a primary concern. Organisms may respond to variable environmental conditions through phenotypic plasticity as well as behaviour. Chapter 5 of this thesis shows that of the weevil species and populations investigated on MI, most display phenotypic plasticity, the form of which is in keeping with the ‘Hotter is Better’ hypothesis. This could be due to rare extreme temperature events and the advantage for the performance curves to incorporate high temperatures experienced in the environment. Mismatches between thermal optima and preferred temperatures displayed by all species could mean that these weevils are well equipped to cope with warming conditions on MI unless the prediction of an increase of rare extreme events such as extreme temperatures is realised. Rapidly changing climates and an increase in the introduction of non-indigenous species are issues of major conservation concern. This has increased the significance of studies on the impacts of these threats. However, this thesis shows that to understand such processes, it is essential that an integration of disciplines be undertaken. This thesis thus adopts a multidisciplinary approach and highlights key issues associated with both climate change and biological invasions. The patterns and predictions of species and community responses to these environmental changes are complex. Moreover, predicting such responses is likely to be problematic, especially as multiple factors will change concurrently and how these factors might change is unclear. This highlights the importance of long-term records for understanding organism responses to such changes. Furthermore, impacts on indigenous species are likely to be exacerbated by the predicted increase in the rate of introductions with climate change. This makes the case for preventing the dispersal of invasive species to new areas all the more important.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klimaatsverandering en indringer spesies is belangrike bedreigings vir biodiversiteit. In besonder word voorspel dat hierdie bedreigings terrestriële sisteme in die sub-Antarktiese sal beïnvloed, waar beduidende ekosisteem reaksie aan beide reeds gesien is. In hierdie tesis word die sub-Antarktiese Prince Edward eiland groep as a model sisteem gebruik om belangrike vrae met betrekking tot klimaatsverandering en die impak van indringer spesies te ondersoek. Die eiland groep bestaan uit twee eilande, Marion (ME) en Prince Edward (PEE), wat beide versnellende verwarming ervaar, maar tog verskillende indringer samestellings het en vervolgens verskillende impakte ervaar. Variasie in die patrone van indringerspesierykheid en vollopheid en hulle onderliggende oorsake is van aansienlike omgewings en bewarings betekenis. Terwyl 'n toename in die beskikbaarheid van energie tipies lei tot 'n toename in spesierykheid, word die onderliggend meganismes van hierdie patrone swak verstaan. In Hoofstuk 2 van hierdie tesis, word hierdie verhoudings vir springsterte ondersoek, 'n belangrike komponent van die grond fauna op ME. Energie verduidelik 'n groot hoeveelheid van die ruimtelike variasie in inheemse en indringende springstert spesierykheid. Versteuringsdrempels en stressvolle temperature is meer belangrik as die toename in bevolking groottes in die bepaling van hierdie variasie in spesierykheid. Aangesien beide inheemse en indringende springstert spesierykheid en vollopheid sterk verwant is aan temperatuur, kan 'n verwarmende klimaat verreikende gevolge vir hierdie organismes hê. In die besonder word voorspel dat indringerspesies bevoordeeld sal wees relatief tot inheemse spesies onder verwarmende toestande. Een spesie waar dit veral blyk om geneig te wees, gegewe sy fisiologiese reaksie tot eksperimentele verhitting en uitdroging, is die groot indringer tomocerid, Pogonognathellus flavescens. Om te bepaal of dit die geval sal wees, hang af van die begrip van die onderliggende faktore van sy voorkomsgrense en vollopheidstruktuur. Daarbenewens is daar min studies wat gepoog het om te onderskei tussen die veroorsakende basis van vollopheidstruktuur en voorkomsgrense, veral vir indringerspesies. Dus, in Hoofstuk 3, word plaaslike mikroklimaat veranderlikes en fisiologiese toleransies van die indringer springstert, P. flavescens ('n habitat generalis), ondersoek. Die resultate stel voor dat die spesie wyd verspreid moet wees oor 'n verskeidenheid van habitatte op ME. Maar, die springstert is beperk tot inheemse Poa cookii polle grasveldhabitatte in die suidooste. Die huidige voorkomsgrense word daar gestel deur verspreidingsbeperking (dws voorwaardelike afwesighede), terwyl vollopheidstruktuur 'n funksie is van die variasie in die grond substraat kwaliteit. Maar, die uitbreidende verspreiding van P. cookii as gevolg van 'n groot bestuursingryping (die uitwissing van wilde huiskatte), kan P. flavescens in staat stel om alle geskikte gebiede te koloniseer met verloop van tyd. In Hoofstuk 4 verander die fokus na wat as die derde groot reaksie op klimaatsverandering beskou word, saam met voorkoms en fenologiese reaksies - veranderende diere liggaamsgroottes. Liggaamsgrootte is een van die beduidendste en mees voor die hand liggende eienskappe van diere en is van aansienlike ekologiese en fisiologiese belang. 'n Voorspelling van die temperatuur-grootte-reël (TGR) is dat met verwarming, liggaamsgrootte van die snuitkewerspesies op beide ME en PEE sal afneem. Hoe ookal, predasie deur muise van die snuitkewers op ME moet fundamenteel die patroon van sodanige verandering op PEE beïnvloed, wat sinergistiese impakte tussen klimaatsverandering en indringings aandui. Die ontleding van 'n 24-jarige datastel dui aan op 'n afname in die liggaamsgrootte van alle snuitkewer spesies op PEI met ‘n toename in temperatuur. Maar, op ME is 'n negatiewe verhouding tussen die gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur en liggaamsgrootte net gevind vir Palirhoeus eatoni, 'n spesie wat nie deur die muise geëet word nie. 'n Moontlike verduideliking vir hierdie positiewe verhoudings wat gevind is vir die ander spesies kan wees as gevolg van hoër metaboliese eise op die muise in kouer jare as in warmer jare. Enige toename in predasie, tesame met 'n voorkeur vir groter mates, wat die muise duidelik wys, sou lei tot 'n afname in die gemiddelde grootte van die snuitkewer spesies. As gevolg van die verhouding tussen liggaamsgrootte en metaboliese tempo, sowel as die belangrikheid van die snuitkewers in die eilande se voedselwebbe, kan veranderinge in die liggaamsgrootte van hierdie organismes beduidende gevolge op die eiland ekosisteme se funksionering hê. Die termiese omgewing wat deur organismes ervaar word het ook 'n direkte invloed op oorlewing, groei en voortplanting. Die fisiologiese reaksie van organismes op vinnig veranderende klimate is dus 'n primêre bron van kommer. Organismes kan reageer op veranderlike omgewingstoestande deur fenotipiese plastisiteit sowel as gedrag. Hoofstuk 5 van hierdie tesis toon dat van die snuitkewerspesies en bevolkings wat ondersoek is op ME, die meeste fenotipiese plastisiteit vertoon, die vorm wat in ooreenstemming is met die ‘Warmer is Beter’ hipotese. Dit kan wees as gevolg van seldsame uiterste temperatuur gebeure en die voordeel vir die prestasie kurwes om hoë temperature wat ervaar word in die omgewing in te sluit. Mismatches tussen termiese optima en voorkeur temperature vertoon deur alle spesies kan beteken dat hierdie snuitkewers goed toegerus is om die verhitting op ME te hanteer, tensy die voorspelling van 'n toename van seldsame uiterste gebeure soos uiterste temperature gerealiseer word. Vinnig veranderende klimate en 'n toename in die bekendstelling van nie-inheemse spesies is kwessies van groot bewarings kommer. Dit het die betekenis van studies oor die impak van hierdie bedreigings verhoog. Hierdie tesis toon egter dat om sulke prosesse te verstaan, dit noodsaaklik is dat 'n integrasie van die dissiplines onderneem word. Hierdie tesis aanvaar dus 'n multi-dissiplinêre benadering en beklemtoon die belangrike kwessies wat verband hou met beide klimaatverandering en biologiese indringing. Die patrone en voorspellings van spesies en die gemeenskapsreaksies op hierdie omgewingsveranderinge is kompleks. Verder, die voorspelling van sodanige reaksies sal waarskynlik problematies wees, veral omdat verskeie faktore gelyktydig sal verander en hoe hierdie faktore kan verander is onduidelik. Dit beklemtoon die belangrikheid van lang termyn rekords vir die begrip van organisme reaksies op sulke veranderinge. Verder, die impak van inheemse spesies is geneig om te vererger deur die voorspelde toename in die tempo van bekendstellings met klimaatsverandering. Dit maak die taak vir die bestuur van die voorkoming dat indringerspesies nuwe gebiede bereik al hoe meer belangrik.
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