Journal articles on the topic 'BODIPY (colorants)'
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1
Renita, A. Annam, Tejal K. Gajaria, S. Sathish, J. Aravind Kumar, D. Shanthana Lakshmi, Joanna Kujawa, and Wojciech Kujawski. "Progress and Prospective of the Industrial Development and Applications of Eco-Friendly Colorants: An Insight into Environmental Impact and Sustainability Issues." Foods 12, no. 7 (April 3, 2023): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12071521.
Abstract:
Color is the prime feature directly associated with the consumer’s attraction and choice of their food. The flavor, safety, and nutritional value of any food product are directly associated with the food color. Natural and synthetic colorants (dyes and pigments) have diversified applications in various sectors such as food, feed, pharmaceutical, textiles, cosmetics, and others. Concerning the food industry, different types of natural and synthetic colorants are available in the market. Synthetic food colorants have gained popularity as they are highly stable and cheaply available. Consumers worldwide prefer delightful foodstuffs but are more concerned about the safety of the food. After its disposal, the colloidal particles present in the synthetic colorants do not allow sunlight to penetrate aquatic bodies. This causes a foul smell and turbidity formation and gives a bad appearance. Furthermore, different studies carried out previously have presented the toxicological, carcinogenic effects, hypersensitivity reactions, and behavioral changes linked to the usage of synthetic colorants. Natural food colorings, however, have nutraceutical qualities that are valuable to human health such as curcumin extracted from turmeric and beta-carotene extracted from carrots. In addition, natural colorants have beneficial properties such as excellent antioxidant properties, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, and antiarthritic effects. This review summarizes the sources of natural and synthetic colorants, their production rate, demand, extraction, and characterization of food colorants, their industrial applications, environmental impact, challenges in the sustainable utilization of natural colorants, and their prospects.
2
Herrala, Mikko, Johanna Yli-Öyrä, Anjaína Fernandes de Albuquerque, Natália Oliveira de Farias, Daniel Alexandre Morales, Riikka Räisänen, Harold S. Freeman, Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro, and Jaana Rysä. "Waterless Dyeing and In Vitro Toxicological Properties of Biocolorants from Cortinarius sanguineus." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8111129.
Abstract:
As a part of an ongoing interest in identifying environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes and in using liquid CO2 as a waterless medium for applying the resulting colorants to textiles, our attention turned to yellow-to-red biocolorants produced by Cortinarius sanguineus fungus. The three principal target anthraquinone colorants (emodin, dermocybin, and dermorubin) were isolated from the fungal bodies using a liquid–liquid separation method and characterized using 700 MHz NMR and high-resolution mass spectral analyses. Following structure confirmations, the three colorants were examined for dyeing synthetic polyester (PET) textile fibers in supercritical CO2. We found that all three biocolorants were suitable for dyeing PET fibers using this technology, and our attention then turned to determining their toxicological properties. As emodin has shown mutagenic potential in previous studies, we concentrated our present toxicity studies on dermocybin and dermorubin. Both colorants were non-mutagenic, presented low cellular toxicity, and did not induce skin sensitization. Taken together, our results indicate that dermocybin and dermorubin possess the technical and toxicological properties needed for consideration as synthetic dye alternatives under conditions that are free of wastewater production.
3
Srivatsav, Prithvi, Bhaskar Sriharsha Bhargav, Vignesh Shanmugasundaram, Jayaseelan Arun, Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath, and Amit Bhatnagar. "Biochar as an Eco-Friendly and Economical Adsorbent for the Removal of Colorants (Dyes) from Aqueous Environment: A Review." Water 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123561.
Abstract:
Dyes (colorants) are used in many industrial applications, and effluents of several industries contain toxic dyes. Dyes exhibit toxicity to humans, aquatic organisms, and the environment. Therefore, dyes containing wastewater must be properly treated before discharging to the surrounding water bodies. Among several water treatment technologies, adsorption is the most preferred technique to sequester dyes from water bodies. Many studies have reported the removal of dyes from wastewater using biochar produced from different biomass, e.g., algae and plant biomass, forest, and domestic residues, animal waste, sewage sludge, etc. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the application of biochar as an eco-friendly and economical adsorbent to remove toxic colorants (dyes) from the aqueous environment. This review highlights the routes of biochar production, such as hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction. Biochar as an adsorbent possesses numerous advantages, such as being eco-friendly, low-cost, and easy to use; various precursors are available in abundance to be converted into biochar, it also has recyclability potential and higher adsorption capacity than other conventional adsorbents. From the literature review, it is clear that biochar is a vital candidate for removal of dyes from wastewater with adsorption capacity of above 80%.
4
Alsukaibi, Abdulmohsen K. D. "Various Approaches for the Detoxification of Toxic Dyes in Wastewater." Processes 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10101968.
Abstract:
Use of dyes as well as colorants in industrial processes has extensively increased. Effluents from various industries such as textile, paint, food, etc. are reported to have a diverse range of colorants. The effluents from these industries are often released into natural water bodies, causing serious water and environmental pollution, to which humans and other species are constantly exposed. Continued changes in climate have also affected water availability for people around the world. Thus, advanced treatments and removal of harmful contaminants from municipal and industrial wastewater are becoming increasingly important. Removal of dyes and colorants from wastewater can be done in a variety of ways, including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. These technologies, however, differ in terms of efficiency, cost, and environmental effect. There are many technological and economic challenges for the wastewater treatment methods currently available. The search for the most suitable strategy for successful degradation or removal of dyes from effluents is an urgent requirement. Previously published research suggests that the use of enzymes for dye removal is a more economic and effective strategy as compared to traditional techniques. Nanoparticles, with their exceptional physicochemical features, have the potential to tackle the problem of wastewater purification in a less energy-intensive way. However, extensive standardization would be a necessity for the use of different nanoparticles. Therefore, intense research in the use of enzymes and nanoparticle-based technologies may provide much needed technological solution for the remediation of a diverse range of dyes from wastewater.
5
Peña Cabrera, Eduardo. "Versatilidad química del 8-metiltioBODIPY: Bloque de construcción para la síntesis de nuevos colorantes BODIPY." Quimiofilia 2, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56604/qfla20232157.
6
Santi Malnis, Paula, Carina E. Colombi, Luis Martin Rothis, and Oscar Alcober. "Fluvial architecture and paleoenvironmental evolution of the Los Colorados Formation (Norian): Postrift stage of the Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin, NW Argentina." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1436–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.65.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT The last stage of activity of the Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Rift Basin in west-central Argentina is represented by the 1100-m-thick fluvial red-beds of the Los Colorados Formation (Norian). Facies and architectural-element analysis were applied and vertical stacking patterns evaluated in the Los Colorados Formation to develop a depositional model for the postrift stage of basin fill. The Los Colorados Formation is subdivided into eleven stratigraphic intervals, generally characterized by multistory and multilateral channelized bodies interspersed with thick floodplain deposits developed under seasonal semihumid to semiarid climate conditions. The evolution of the fluvial architectural style shows changes in the location of channel facies concentration, in paleocurrents, and sediment provenance from the sixth stratigraphic interval toward the upper part of the Los Colorados Formation. The fluvial architecture observed in the upper part exhibits a drift in paleocurrents from a SE to a NE mean direction, together with a radial pattern in paleocurrent directional data. Thus, the paleoenvironmental evolution of the Los Colorados Formation is interpreted in terms of axial vs. transverse drainage system fluvial architecture under ongoing postrift conditions. While the fluvial architecture of the lower part responds to an axial fluvial system, the upper part is compatible with the entrance of a fluvial transverse drainage system. The role of axial vs. transverse drainage systems is discussed in the Los Colorados Formation paleoenvironmental evolution. Despite the axial system being considered the main sediment feeder of the basin fill in most interpretations of the rock record, our results indicate that transverse drainage systems can play a central role in postrift basin filling, as is proposed in modern examples.
7
Czeczuga, Bazyli, and Anna Godlewska. "Chitinophilic zoosporic fungi in various types of water bodies." Acta Mycologica 33, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1998.004.
Abstract:
Chitinophilic fungi in various types of water bodies (slough, pond, beach pool, two lakes and two rivers) were studied. Samples of water were collected every other month for hydrochemical analysis and once a month ( 1992 - 1994) in order to determine the fungus content. The wings of dragonfly and flies, carapaces of crayfish and potato beetle and the fructification of two mushrooms were used as bait. Thirty species of chitinophilic fungi were found in various types of water bodiss. <i>Cytriomyces annulatus, Entophlyctis crenata, Obelidium megarrhizum, Rhopalophlyctis sareoptoides, Achlya colorata, A. megasperma</i> and <i>Dictyuchus monosporus</i> represent new records as chitinophilic fungi. However, <i>Entophlyctis crenata, Obelidium megarrhizum</i> and <i>Podochytrium chitinophilum</i> reported for the first time from Poland.
8
Upadhyay, Divya, Tanu Jindal, Ashutosh Tripathi, K. D. Joshi, and Kartikeya Shukla. "Impact of Synthetic Food Colouring Agents on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, no. 13 (July 4, 2023): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i133542.
Abstract:
Colour is an important factor to enhance the consumer acceptance and appetizing value towards food and beverages. Foods are coloured with both natural and artificial/ synthetic food dyes. Instead of natural food colours, synthetic food colours are now widely employed by the food industry because of its superior features (cheap cost, enhanced look, greater colour intensity, increased colour stability, and consistency). Life of synthetic colorants is quite long as they are highly soluble in water and oil. Based on their solubility, synthetic colorants are classified into fat soluble synthetic colours, lake colours, water soluble synthetic colours. Colouring agents have spread across the water and soil ecosystem, this is because they are mass-produced and wider application. Samples of water, suspended particles, sediment, and wild fish have all tested positive for food dyes. As a result, they are regarded as micropollutants in aquatic systems. Cancers, mutations, neurotoxic effects, decreased haemoglobin concentrations, allergic reactions, food hypersensitivity, abdominal pain, worsened asthmatic symptoms, vomiting, and diarrhoea are just some of the potential dangers to one's health, which can result from using synthetic colours that aren't allowed or using them in excess. This review critically evaluates the effect of synthetic food colouring agents on aquatic environment and human health. We found that there is a definite unfavourable effect of synthetic organic additives on aquatic life and human health. Some synthetic colouring dyes have toxicological qualities and pharmacological action, thus it's important to keep an eye on water bodies. Synthetic organic food colour in water ecosystems may constitute a harmful effect on animals or human health’s, it is urgent need to evaluate the hazard potential of these substances. For this reason, it is strongly suggested that both consumers and manufacturers of food colours should be aware about the rules and regulations regarding food colours.
GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
9
Suman, Siti Norhashimah, Rusmadiah Anwar, Nor Nazida Awang, and Salwa Ayob. "Composition of Various Percentages of Terracotta Clay as Colourant Glaze." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 8, SI16 (November 25, 2023): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v8isi16.5228.
Abstract:
Terracotta is valuable for its mineral content, which produces pigments for coloring ceramic bodies and glazes. Unlike commercial colors, terracotta's natural minerals make it unique. This study explores the potential use of local terracotta clay in transparent glaze formulations. Methods like clay powder percentages, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence tests, electron scanning, and microscope analysis (SEM) are used to examine the clay elements' morphology and structure. The addition of terracotta clay powder in proportions (20-50%) rendered the glaze translucent. Samples were applied on porcelain and fired at gloss temperatures (1200°C). The result colors were glossy, smooth, and creamy, with no defects. Keywords: Terracotta, colorant, glaze, percentage
10
León Peraza, P. A., J. L. Rodríguez Cruz, J. F. Parra Rodriguez, and J. M. Perdomo Cabrejo. "Extracción colorante a partir de flor de jamaica (hibiscus sabdariffa) para uso en la industria textil." Cuadernos de Semilleros de investigación 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33133/csi-1-2015-11.
Abstract:
Textile production currently used chemicals that have a significant environmental impact and adverse effects on consumer health that sometimes extends through the supply chain affecting all links involved (consumer health, water bodies, etc. ). The technically viable solution is progressive elimination of chemicals through the implementation of substances with less environmental impact such as natural dyes substances. Jamaican flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a native plant from India and Malaysia. It is appreciated by chalices fleshy flowers, large, red, and a refreshing sour taste. (Green, 2007). Given the difficulties of polluting textile industry today, the present study objective is to obtain a dye from Jamaican flower evaluating two types of mordant in order to reduce the environmental impact.
11
Bergmann, Pia, Christina Frank, Olena Reinhardt, Meike Takenberg, Anett Werner, Ralf G. Berger, Franziska Ersoy, and Marlen Zschätzsch. "Pilot-Scale Production of the Natural Colorant Laetiporic Acid, Its Stability and Potential Applications." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120684.
Abstract:
Laetiporus sulphureus, a wood-decaying basidiomycete, produces yellow-orange pigments in fruiting bodies and, as was recently shown, in submerged cultivated mycelia. Out of four strains, the most potent laetiporic acid producer was identified and its yield compared in different media. The complex Moser b medium was replaced by potato dextrose broth, achieving higher yields at a lower cost. Cultivation was then scaled up from shake flask to a 7 L stirred tank bioreactor. Optimization of parameters led to increased product concentrations up to 1 g L−1, the highest yield reported so far. An in situ product recovery strategy with a biphasic system was established, increasing the yield by 19% on the shake flask scale. A crude ethanolic extract of the biomass was examined for color stability and application trials. In contrast to what has been suggested in the past, the pigment showed limited long-term stability to oxygen and light, but was stable under storage in the dark at 4 °C under nitrogen. The orange extract was successfully incorporated into different matrices like foods, cosmetics and textiles. Laetiporic acid can potentially replace petrochemical based synthetic dyes, and can thus support the development of a circular bioeconomy.
12
Abubakar, Abdussamad, Salihu Ibrahim, and Mustapha Abba. "Mathematical Modelling of Azo Blue Dye Degradation by Streptomyces DJP15." Bulletin of Environmental Science and Sustainable Management (e-ISSN 2716-5353) 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/bessm.v5i1.588.
Abstract:
Azo dyes are the most well-known synthetic dyes. They have been widely utilized as colorants in various sectors, including textiles, photography/printing, food, medicines, etc. This industry has produced a massive quantity of solid waste, soil slurry, and effluents which are mostly passed into the water bodies or the environments. These dyes tend to compromises the physical, chemical and biological nature of the environments. More so, they have significant health risks on the aquatic life, livestock and the whole environmental biodiversity. Furthermore, they are known to be carcinogenic. In this research, seven (7) different kinetics models, Huang, modified Richards, modified Logistics, modified Gompertz, Buchanan-3-phase, Baranyi-Roberts and von Bertalanffy, were utilized in modeling the growth of Streptomyces DJP15 growth in the degradation of azo blue dye. While all the models show good curve fitting, the von Bertalanffy model was found to be the best model with the lowest RMSE (0.410), AICc (0.58) and has the highest adjR2 (0.983). Thus, this study indicated that the growth of Streptomyces DJP15 on azo blue dye could be described mathematically. Notably, the parameters obtained can be utilized to predict the bioremediation of azo blue dye in the future.
13
Fahriani, Elviza, Tri Adi Mylano, and Johnson Hutapea. "Different Effects of Hylocecarus Polyrhizus and Hylocecarus Undatus Extract on Reducing Total Cholesterol of Male Rattus Norvegicus Wistar Strain." Journal La Medihealtico 5, no. 2 (May 3, 2024): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamedihealtico.v5i2.1100.
Abstract:
A chronic ailment that is caused by excessive food consumption and a lack of physical activity, obesity is a condition that may be prevented. The tropical dragon fruit can control cholesterol levels, support the immune system, and give a natural colorant for culinary applications. In a true experimental research, sample with rats were fed red and white dragon fruit extracts to determine the amounts of cholesterol in their bodies. Spectrophotometry was used to determine the rats' blood lipid profiles, cholesterol levels, and body weight after they were fed a meal that was high in fat and contained duck egg yolk. For this study, extracts from red and white dragon fruits were administered to male Wistar rats to determine their effects on cholesterol levels. After fourteen days, both groups had a reduction in high cholesterol levels, with group 4 exhibiting the most significant drop in cholesterol levels. Additionally, the extracts decreased the levels of MDA while simultaneously increasing the levels of SOD. The most significant rise was seen in group 4, given white dragon fruit extract at 140 mg/200 gr BW daily. SPSS was utilized to analyze the effects of dragon fruit on blood cholesterol levels in experimental animals, employing the LSD technique and one-way ANOVA.
14
Hayat, Mazhar, Afzal Shah, Jan Nisar, Iltaf Shah, Abdul Haleem, and Muhammad Naeem Ashiq. "A Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Sensitive Detection and Degradation Monitoring of Methylene Blue." Catalysts 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12030306.
Abstract:
Methylene blue is a toxic dye that is extensively used as a colorant in textile industries. Industrial effluent containing methylene blue, when drained into water bodies without proper treatment, poses a serious threat to aquatic and human lives. In order to protect the biocycle, various methods have been established to detect and remove hazardous dyes from aqueous systems. Electrochemical methods are preferred, owing to their characteristic features of simplicity, portability, potential selectivity, cost effectiveness, and rapid responsiveness. Based on these considerations, an electrochemical sensor consisting of amino-group-functionalized, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-fMWCNTs) immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed for the sensitive detection of methylene blue in aqueous solutions. The performance of the designed sensor was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and square wave voltammetry. The developed sensing tool demonstrated promising features of sensitivity, selectivity, stability, fast responsiveness, and the ability to work with a very small volume of the analyte, i.e., in microliters, for analysis. Amino groups rich in electrons provide a negative charge to multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which significantly enhances the electrocatalytic activity of NH2-fMWCNTs for cationic dyes such as methylene blue. Using the designed sensing platform, a linear calibration plot with a limit of detection of 0.21 nM was obtained for methylene blue under optimized conditions. The designed sensor was also employed to monitor the extent and kinetics of the degradation of methylene blue. Titania nanoparticles were used for photocatalytic degradation, and the kinetics of degradation was monitored by both UV-Visible spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. The results revealed more than 95% removal of methylene blue in a time span of just 30 min.
15
Al-Gethami, Wafa, Noha Al-Qasmi, Sameh H. Ismail, and Ahmed H. Sadek. "QCM-Based MgFe2O4@CaAlg Nanocomposite as a Fast Response Nanosensor for Real-Time Detection of Methylene Blue Dye." Nanomaterials 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13010097.
Abstract:
Methylene blue (MB) dye is a common colorant used in numerous industries, particularly the textile industry. When methylene blue is discharged into water bodies without being properly treated, it may seriously damage aquatic and human life. As a result, a variety of methods have been established to remove dyes from aqueous systems. Thanks to their distinguishing features e.g., rapid responsiveness, cost-effectiveness, potential selectivity, portability, and simplicity, the electrochemical methods provided promising techniques. Considering these aspects, a novel quartz crystal microbalance nanosensors based on green synthesized magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (QCM-Based MgFe2O4 NPs) and magnesium ferrite nanoparticles coated alginate hydrogel nanocomposite (QCM-Based MgFe2O4@CaAlg NCs) were designed for real-time detection of high concentrations of MB dye in the aqueous streams at different temperatures. The characterization results of MgFe2O4 NPs and MgFe2O4@CaAlg NCs showed that the MgFe2O4 NPs have synthesized in good crystallinity, spherical shape, and successfully coated by the alginate hydrogel. The performance of the designed QCM-Based MgFe2O4 NPs and MgFe2O4@CaAlg NCs nanosensors were examined by the QCM technique, where the developed nanosensors showed great potential for dealing with continuous feed, very small volumes, high concentrations of MB, and providing an instantaneous response. In addition, the alginate coating offered more significant attributes to MgFe2O4 NPs and enhanced the sensor work toward MB monitoring. The sensitivity of designed nanosensors was evaluated at different MB concentrations (100 mg/L, 400 mg/L, and 800 mg/L), and temperatures (25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C). Where a real-time detection of 400 mg/L MB was achieved using the developed sensing platforms at different temperatures within an effective time of about 5 min. The results revealed that increasing the temperature from 25 °C to 45 °C has improved the detection of MB using the MgFe2O4@CaAlg NCs nanosensor and the MgFe2O4@CaAlg NCs nanosensor exhibited high sensitivity for different MB concentrations with more efficiency than the MgFe2O4 NPs nanosensor.
16
Rogers, Raymond R., Catherine A. Forster, Cathleen L. May, Alfredo Monetta, and Paul C. Sereno. "Paleoenvironment and taphonomy of the dinosaur-bearing Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic, Argentina)." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008091.
Abstract:
The oldest-known dinosaurs (Herrerasaurus, Pisanosaurus) occur within the Ischigualasto Formation. Recent work in the formation has brought to light significant new material, including the complete skeleton of a new primitive dinosaur. We sketch below the paleoenvironment and faunal succession during the range of these early dinosaurs, and review some of the taphonomic factors that shaped their fossil record.The Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian?) is included within the Agua de la Peña Group, a series of continental Triassic deposits exposed in the Ischigualasto-Ville Union Basin of northwest Argentina. Ischigualasto sediments rest unconformably upon the carbonaceous fluvial/lacustrine Los Rastros Formation; this contact is characterized locally by marked angular discordance. The upper contact is gradational into red-beds of the Los Colorados Formation. Medium- to coarse-grained conglomeratic sandstones, siltstones, and silty mudstones dominate the section. Sand bodies are characterized by medium- to large-scale trough cross-stratification and broad lenticular/narrow sheet geometries, and are interpreted as deposits of shallow, low-sinuosity streams. Siltstones and mudstones show pervasive evidence of soil development, including root traces, nodular caliche horizons, and pedogenic slickensides. Deposits attributable to lacustrine/paludal sedimentation are scarce, and freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates are extremely rare. These data suggest an upland depositional setting on a low-relief alluvial plain with seasonal climate.The Ischigualasto vertebrate fauna includes archosaurs, rhynchosaurs, traversodontid and carnivorous cynodonts, and temnospondyl amphibians. Rhynchosaurs dominate (relative specimen abundance) in the lower half of the section, but are absent from the upper half. Traversodontid cynodonts occur throughout the formation, but are much more abundant up-section. Archosaurs, carnivorous cynodonts, and particularly temnospondyls are rare throughout, with dinosaurs limited to the lower half. No major stratigraphic or sedimentologic changes occur up-section, and there is no evidence for significant shifts in physical or chemical taphonomic processes. Thus, trends in relative taxon abundance likely record a true biotic signal (e.g., local extinction, immigration) rather than a taphonomically-driven preservational bias.Fossils are preserved as isolated carcasses or disarticulated elements, most often in fine-grained overbank facies. Bone beds and microsites are conspicuously absent. Temnospondyl remains were found within a local carbonaceous lens developed upon a sand body, suggesting autochthonous burial in an abandoned-channel setting. Isolated skulls, particularly those of the traversodontid Exaeretodon, are extremely common. Fifteen isolated crania of this cynodont were mapped in a single stratum with limited areal exposure. Abundant preservation of isolated therapsid crania has also been reported in the Beaufort Series (Permo-Triassic) of the Karoo Basin, South Africa (Smith, 1980). Post-disarticulation hydrodynamic sorting (enhanced by scavenging?) of an areally dispersed mass-mortality assemblage may explain this unusual occurrence.
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Frame, Lesley, Donna Bright DeSordao, Yuan-Chi Chiang, and Pamela Vandiver. "Methods of Faience Manufacture in Antiquity: Investigation of Colorants and Technological Processes." MRS Proceedings 1319 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.927.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTFaience production methods include efflorescence, direct glaze application, and cementation glazing. However, similar processing has been used with a variety of other materials, such as glazed monolithic quartz, ground and re-fired faience, and steatite bodies. Furthermore, faience technology has been linked by similar processing to glass, synthetic pigment and glazing technologies. Here we reinforce these cross-craft relationships by comparing the range of similar functioning chemical elements in faience and glazed artifacts from a variety of archaeological sites that range from the Indus Valley to the Mediterranean. This broad comparative method based primarily on x-ray fluorescence analysis reveals trends in faience production, relationships with metallurgical technologies, and aspects of processing that provide areas of study that may be considered more closely in the future.
18
Yameen, Muhammad, Fariha Asghar, Shahid Adeel, Muhammad Zulqurnain Haider, Meral Özomay, Muhammad Aftab, and Rony Mia. "Enhancing wool dyeing with clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) based natural dye via microwave treatment using a central composite design." Science Progress 106, no. 4 (October 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504231215593.
Abstract:
This research investigates the viability of using Syzygium aromaticum (clove) as a natural dye for wool yarn through the application of microwave treatment and optimization using central composite design (CCD). As concerns grow over the environmental impact of synthetic dyes and their detrimental disposal in water bodies, the search for eco-friendly alternatives becomes imperative to revolutionize the textile industry. Microwave-assisted extraction of the colorant from clove powder is explored as an efficient and sustainable method, minimizing solvent usage and energy consumption compared to conventional techniques. To enhance colorfastness properties while eliminating the need for toxic mordants, green alternatives such as Al, Fe, and tannic acid, combined with plant phenolics from red sumac, pomegranate rind, and weld, are employed. According to the analysis of CCD, the higher color strength value 18.1653 was achieved using pH = 3, time = 50 min, temperature = 70 °C, and salt concentration = 1.5 g/100 mL. The optimized dyeing conditions also showed a maximum level of colorfastness properties of 5 for light, 5 for wash, 5 for dry rubbing, and 4 for wet rubbing. The findings from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses provide valuable insights into the chemical and morphological changes induced by microwave treatment and dyeing with clove extract. The results affirm the presence of eugenol as a potential active molecule responsible for the captivating color of clove flower buds, validating its suitability as a natural dye source for wool. This study highlights the promising potential of microwave-assisted extraction and plant-based biomolecules as innovative and environmentally friendly approaches in natural dyeing, paving the way for a more sustainable future in the textile industry. Embracing these eco-friendly practices allows the textile sector to reduce its ecological footprint and contribute to a cleaner and greener environment. Further research and implementation of these techniques can foster a more harmonious coexistence with nature, ensuring a healthier ecosystem for all.