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1
Bloomfield, Elizabeth. "Boards of Trade and Canadian Urban Development." Research Notes 12, no. 2 (October 23, 2013): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018959ar.
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Boards of trade or chambers of commerce were formed in over 600 Canadian communities between the 1840s and 1950. The key role of these associations of businessmen has been demonstrated or suggested in many studies of particular urban centres. This paper offers a more general overview, summarizing the federal legislation and the patterns of incorporation across Canada and outlining the significance of boards of trade as city-building agencies.
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Seltzer, Andrew J., and Jeff Borland. "The Impact of the 1896 Factory and Shops Act on the Labor Market of Victoria, Australia." Journal of Economic History 78, no. 3 (September 2018): 785–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000359.
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This article examines the effects of the Victorian Factory and Shops Act, the first minimum wage law in Australia. The Act differed from modern minimum wage laws in that it established Special Boards, which set trade-specific minimum wage schedules. We use trade-level data on average wages and employment by gender and age to examine the effects of minimum wages. Although the minimum wages were binding, we find that the effects on employment were modest, at best. We speculate that this was because the Special Boards, which were comprised of industry insiders, closely matched the labor market for their trades.
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Blackburn, Sheila. "Ideology and Social Policy: the Origins of the Trade Boards Act." Historical Journal 34, no. 1 (March 1991): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013923.
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The issue of sweated labour formed one of the most intractable social problems of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Numerous remedies to solve sweating, such as the restriction of female and child labour, the abolition of domestic workshops, consumers' leagues, and co-operative production were variously advanced but subsequently found to be wanting. Eventually, and bowing to the inevitable, Edwardians finally sanctioned one cautious measure which they thought would curb sweating at its root – that is the legal control of low pay in the form of the 1909 Trade Boards Act. Initially, the act applied to domestic chain-making, ready-made and wholesale bespoke tailoring, paper-box making, and the machine-made lace and finishing trade. In these four industries in which wages were deemed unduly low, boards were established consisting of equal numbers of employers' and workers' representatives, plus independent members nominated by the state. In effect, the boards were thus a form of compulsory arbitration on pay.
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Coates, Chris. "Union History Online: Digitization Projects in the Trades Union Congress Library Collections." International Labor and Working-Class History 76, no. 1 (2009): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790999007x.
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Since its foundation as a central body for British trade unions in 1868, the Trades Union Congress (TUC) has been involved in the creation of the welfare state and public health, education and social services. It has helped to ensure legal rights in employment and an end to discrimination. The Labour Party was established by the TUC so that working people could have their own representatives in Parliament. The TUC has played an important role in international affairs, and union representatives have sat on public bodies and government advisory boards at national and international level.
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Gomez, Pierre-Yves, and Peter Wirtz. "Successfully mobilizing for employee board representation." Journal of Management History 24, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 262–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-08-2017-0039.
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PurposeThe equal representation of employees on codetermined supervisory boards is one of the distinctive features of the German corporate governance system. This study aims to examine the relevance of the frequent assumption according to which this system is rooted in a typically “German culture”.Design/methodology/approachThis research applies Davis and Thompson’s (1994) mobilization theory as an interpretive grid to historical sources to reveal the determinants of the institutionalization of equal board representation in post-war Germany.FindingsThe present contribution reveals that the supposedly “German tradition” of board representation is a myth. The specific regime of codetermined supervisory boards is instead the outcome of the dramatic political and institutional circumstances of the late 1940s, which saw fierce struggles and the mobilization of various actors ranging from politicians and industrialists to trade unionists.Originality/valueThe German Catholic Church is shown to have played a significant, albeit seldom recognized, role in this search for institutional consensus. It acted as a broad-based “supporting institution”, positively influencing mobilization efforts in favor of board codetermination and ultimately enabling an agreement to be reached.
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Lupanova, Ye M. "FORMATION OF THE MARKET FOR SAW BOARDS IN RUSSIA XVIII CENTURY." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 01, no. 05 (March 25, 2021): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2021-05-01-90-101.
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The article is devoted to the history of sawn timber dispensing in Russia. The new kind of material appeared for the satisfaction of needs, which had not existed earlier. Then other ways of usage were performed. At last the outlet was partly affectedly formed to encourage the new technology. The usage of sawn timber from one side was determined, from the other side determined the development of Russian trade, water- and land-transport, house-building and everyday life.
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TOMLINSON, JIM. "CHURCHILL'S DEFEAT IN DUNDEE, 1922, AND THE DECLINE OF LIBERAL POLITICAL ECONOMY." Historical Journal 63, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 980–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000475.
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AbstractThis article uses Churchill's defeat in Dundee in 1922 to examine the challenges to liberal political economy in Britain posed by the First World War. In particular, the focus is on the impact of the war on reshaping the global division of labour and the difficulties in responding to the domestic consequences of this reshaping. Dundee provides an ideal basis for examining the links between local politics and global economic changes in this period because of the traumatic effects of the war on the city. Dundee depended to an extraordinary extent on one, extremely ‘globalized’, industry – jute – for its employment. All raw jute brought to Dundee came from Bengal, and the markets for its product were scattered all over the world. Moreover, the main competitive threat to the industry came from a much poorer economy (India), so that jute manufacturing was the first major British industry to be significantly affected by low-wage competition. Before 1914, the Liberals combined advocacy of free trade with a significant set of interventions in the labour market and in social welfare, including trade boards. The Dundee case allows us to examine in detail the responses to post-war challenges to these Liberal orthodoxies.
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Blackburn, Sheila. "Working-Class Attitudes to Social Reform: Black Country Chainmakers and Anti-Sweating Legislation, 1880–1930." International Review of Social History 33, no. 1 (April 1988): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008634.
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SummaryHistorians have recently paid serious attention to the roles of working-class groups in the creation of British social policy, but have largely ignored involvement by sweated workers. This article reveals among chainmakers long-run campaigns against sweating – successively demanding state action to abolish domestic workshops, regulate hours, restrict female work, fix rates for the job, and institute co-operative production. Failure in these campaigns led, with major initiatives from female workers, to advocacy of a statutory minimum wage. The Trade Boards Act (1909) reflected such pressures for state aid, though the form the legislation took brought only limited benefits.
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McVay, Pamela. "Private Trade and Elite Privilege. The Trial of Nicolaas Schaghen, Director of Bengal." Itinerario 20, no. 3 (November 1996): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003971.
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It is common wisdom among the historians of the Dutch East Indies that everyone in the Dutch East India Company engaged in private trade. That is, ‘everyone’ traded in goods supposedly monopolized by the Company and ‘everyone’ abused his or her position to squeeze graft from the Company's trade. It was, supposedly, to get their hands on the private trade and graft that people joined the Dutch East India Company (VOC: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) in the first place. But back in the Netherlands the VOC's Board of Directors (the Heeren XVII) objected vociferously to private trade, which drained Company profits and shareholder revenue. To appease the Heeren XVII back at home, the various Governors-General and Councillors of the Indies (Raad van Indië), who represented the Heeren XVII in Asia, issued annual placards forbidding private trade while the High Court (Raad van Justitie) carried out infrequent desultory trials for private trade. But these prosecutions were inevitably doomed to failure, so the story goes, because everyone engaged in private trade would ‘cover’ for everyone else.
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Ludvigsen, Peter. "History of the Workers' Museum in Denmark." International Labor and Working-Class History 76, no. 1 (2009): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547909990068.
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The Workers' Museum in Copenhagen was formally inaugurated on April 12, 1982, at a meeting held at the historic Workers' Assembly Hall at Rømersgade in Copenhagen, the prime location near the Royal Gardens and Rosenborg Palace where the museum is located. At that time the museum had a governing board with representatives of The National Museum, The Museum of Copenhagen, The Library and Archives of the Danish Labour Movement, The University of Copenhagen, the National College of the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO), the Friends of the Workers' Museum, and the General Council of the Federation of Trade Unions.
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Vo, Tuyet Thi Anh, and Hop Vinh Dao. "The horizontal lacquered boards and couplet tablets at Trung Hoa Huiguans in Hoian, Quangnam." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i4.738.
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During the 17th-18th centuries, Hoian gradually became an urban centre and a prosperous trade-port. At that time, the Hoa people settled in Hoian and built five huiguans consisting of Phuc Kien Huiguan, Trung Hoa Huiguan, Quang Dong Huiguan, Quynh Phu Huiguan and Quang Trieu Huiguan. The Huiguans are extremely special buildings with high historic and cultural values. It marks the notable stages of the Hoa’s immigrating and settling in Hoian and reflects the up-and-down stages of this land. Horizontal lacquered boards and couplet tablets are special items in these Huiquans. It conveys to us the message from history, the value of handicrafts in such aspects as archaeology, Han-Nom, society, culture, chirography, literature, etc. They also express Hoianese’s spirit life, offerers’ and skilled workers’ concept and art standards handed on to future generations. Trung Hoa Huiguan is that of the Five Bangs (one type of congregations the Hoa people in Vietnam) in Hoian. This Huiguan was built in the early 18th century and took an important role in the Hoa’s history of settling in Hoian. At present, in the most formal spaces of the Huiguan, many horizontal lacquered boards and couplet tablets are hanged up for display and worship. The Huiguan’s special tradition and uniquities needs to be conserved and researched since it provides materials for full research works on the Hoa people and on the history of Hoian in general.
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Murdoch, Steve, and Alexia Grosjean. "Royal Supplications of the Swedish Boards of Trade and Mines on Behalf of Denis O'Brien (1723-26) and John O'Kelly (1725-28)." Archivium Hibernicum 60 (2006): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30243099.
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Heidingsfelder, Markus, and Arqam Khan. "‘Precolonial Studies’: Emily Erikson on the English East India Company, the Advantages of Network Theory and the Rise of Populism in Contemporary United States." Society and Culture in South Asia 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2017): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393861717730631.
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This interview with network theorist Emily Erikson took place in March 2017 when she visited Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan, for a lecture on the English East India Company. She talks about the advantages of network theory, the challenges of Twitter research and the reasons for the success of the English East India Company, which—according to Erikson—cannot be successfully explained by using a European cultures versus South Asian cultures framework. It also touches upon the critique of corporations in general and the possible links between globalisation and the rise of populism in the United States. Emily Erikson teaches sociology at Yale University and works on social networks and the development of institutions of capitalism and democracy. Her award-winning book Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company (Princeton University Press, 2014) shows how an informal social network linking autonomous employees fostered the company’s long-term success, shedding light on the processes underpinning the emergence of early multinational firms and the structure of early modern global trade. Her forthcoming book New Knowledge: The Rise of Economics and Development of the Public Sphere identifies the causes stimulating the development of pre-classical economic thought in the seventeenth century. Erikson serves on the council for economic sociology of the American Sociological Association and on the executive council of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics. In addition, she serves on the editorial boards of Social Science History, Relational Sociology Series (Palgrave MacMillan), and is a founding member of the advisory board for the Journal of Historical Network Research.
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Bloomfield, Elizabeth. "Economy, Necessity, Political Realitry: Two Planning Efforts in Kitchener-Waterloo, 1912-1925." Urban History Review 9, no. 1 (November 8, 2013): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019348ar.
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Between 1912 and 1925, the Ontario communities of Kitchener and Waterloo experienced two distinct phases of city planning ideas and proposals. The second phase, in which Thomas Adams and Horace Seymour were the professional planners, led to the adoption of Canada's first urban zoning by-law. Stages in the planning process have been reconstructed, mainly from research in records of the municipal councils and boards of trade and from the daily newspapers. The emphasis is on local perceptions of planning, planning as an issue in local politics and the interaction between outside planners and the local community. Themes include the significance of key individuals and the press in leading public opinion, the reluctance of municipal councils to antagonize the voters, and recurrent suspicions of the motives of those who advocated planning. The case-study also illustrates the diffusion of ideas about planning, as of other aspects of urban reform, from large metropolitan centres to smaller cities, and the transition in these derived concepts from "City Beautiful" ideals to political realistic type of plan.
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Bailkin, Jordanna. "Color Problems: Work, Pathology, and Perception in Modern Britain." International Labor and Working-Class History 68 (October 2005): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547905000219.
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This article explores the historical relationship between scientific research and labor management by investigating the state supervision of color perception in British workers (1870s-1920s). Whereas eighteenth-century scientific writers had described color blindness as an individual idiosyncrasy, color blindness was interpreted in the late nineteenth century as a social contaminant. As multiple sites of labor and industry were saturated with color—for example, through the deployment of flashing red and green lights on ships and railways—the color vision of workers became an increasingly significant medical and legal concern. Starting in the 1890s, the Board of Trade developed new efforts to legislate the admittedly subjective realm of color perception. But British workers also publicly opposed the Board's efforts to regulate their perception and objected to the “modernist” palette that was commonly used in color vision tests. I trace the emergence of color blindness as a class-specific pathology and consider both the denigration and the valorization of workers' perceptions in modern British industrial society.
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Pivovar, Efim I. "THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC COMMISSION: FROM THE BEGINNINGS ORIGINS TO THE PRESENT." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 2 (2022): 12–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2022-2-12-45.
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The article is concerned with the background and history of the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Commission in the post-Soviet space. It considers the activities of its predecessor, the Customs Union Commission, which operated until November 2011, when, on the basis of the treaty “On the Eurasian Economic Commission”, its powers were transferred to the supranational body of the Eurasian Economic Community – the Eurasian Economic Commission. The Commission of the Customs Union was designed to facilitate the completion of the formation of the legal framework for the Customs Union of the Commonwealth of Independent States members, including the Customs Code of the Customs Union. The article traces the main activities of the Eurasian Economic Commission from the moment of its creation to the present time, describes the main stages of the work of the Eurasian Economic Commission of all three convocations of its Boards, the relationship of that supranational body of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Eurasian Economic Union with foreign partners. A particular attention is paid to the conclusion of agreements on free trade zones with a number of states and regional associations, as well as achievements and challenges faced by integrative processes in the in the Eurasian area in the field of trade, customs procedures, technical regulations, industrial cooperation, digitalization in all spheres of activity, etc.
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Dunagin, Amy. "A Nova Scotia Scheme and the Imperial Politics of Ulster Emigration." Journal of British Studies 58, no. 3 (July 2019): 519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.5.
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AbstractEarly in 1761, a land promoter of Ulster origin named Alexander McNutt brought before the British Board of Trade a proposal to settle several thousand Ulster Scots in Nova Scotia. The board enthusiastically approved, but when McNutt returned the following year with promising news, the board forbade him from continuing the scheme, citing fears of losing Protestants in Ireland. This episode has generally been explained as evidence of the British government's ambivalence about Ulster emigration. However, rather than expressing merely a tension between two equally desirable but conflicting goals—peopling the American colonies with Irish Protestants and protecting the Ascendancy by preventing their emigration—the board's change of mind reflected the changing political environment. The board that approved McNutt's scheme strongly favored settling Nova Scotia quickly; the board that shut it down a year later included new members who viewed settling Nova Scotia as a waste of precious funds. The case of Alexander McNutt demonstrates the profound ramifications of party politics for Ulster migration during the imperial crisis of the 1760s and 1770s. It further affirms that studies of Ulster migration must be imperial in scope.
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Absell, Christopher David, and Antonio Tena-Junguito. "THE RECONSTRUCTION OF BRAZIL’S FOREIGN TRADE SERIES, 1821-1913." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 36, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000143.
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AbstractTo date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the 19th century has relied on official foreign trade statistics, the accuracy of which has repeatedly been put into question. This paper provides insights into the accuracy of the official series by examining the accuracy of the export and import series for Brazil during the 19th century. We re-estimate the official import series using trading partner sources, and find that the official series was marginally under-valued during certain periods of the 19th century. Furthermore, we provide new upper- and lower-bound estimates of the export series by testing different assumptions regarding the size of the cost, insurance and freight to free on board factor adjustments. Finally, we introduce a new import price index for the period 1827-1913.
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Black, Alistair, and Christopher Murphy. "Information, Intelligence, and Trade: The Library and the Commercial Intelligence Branch of the British Board of Trade, 1834–1914." Library & Information History 28, no. 3 (September 2012): 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1758348912z.00000000015.
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Sokolov, Alexander. "Anglo-Soviet Trade Relations on the Eve of the Severance of Diplomatic Relations in 1927." ISTORIYA 13, no. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022008-7.
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During the 1920s, the USSR tried to establish both trade and diplomatic relations with England. In the conditions of the growing economic crisis of 1925, representatives of British business circles were interested in creating favorable conditions for the development of mutually beneficial trade and economic ties with Soviet Russia. The foreign trade turnover between the two countries was actively developing. At the same time, the trade balance was in favor of the UK. Meanwhile, the Conservative cabinet was clearly moving towards a break with the USSR. Soviet financial assistance to striking miners in 1926, as well as material support for the national revolutionary movement in China, contributed to the deterioration of Soviet-British relations. Representatives of some of the British commercial and industrial circles were extremely interested in trade with Russia. They rightly believed that England would suffer more damage from the rupture than the Soviets. One of the steps towards easing tensions and creating favorable conditions for the development of trade and economic relations was the conclusion in May 1927 of an agreement between the delegation of the USSR and the board of Midland Bank on crediting Soviet orders of British goods. However, the subsequent police raid on the premises of the joint stock company “Arkos Limited” led to the termination of diplomatic relations with the USSR. As a result of the breakdown of relations, English firms suffered heavy losses. Orders were lost for the amount of the loan, on the provision of which an agreement was reached with Midland Bank. The termination of relations with the USSR had negative consequences for the British economy. The volume of Soviet-British trade has significantly decreased. The gradual improvement of Soviet-British relations led to the restoration of lost trade and economic relations. However, the issue of granting large loans, including from Midland Bank, remained unresolved.
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Eltis, David. "Fluctuations in Mortality in the Last Half Century of the Transatlantic Slave Trade." Social Science History 13, no. 3 (1989): 315–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016424.
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The slave trade, death, and misery were inseparable long before abolitionist writers took up the slave trade as a subject in the late eighteenth century. Throughout the historiography there has been widespread recognition that Africans entering the trade died not only during the middle passage but during the process of enslavement and travel in the interior, on the African littoral awaiting shipment, and after arrival in the Americas. Europeans directly involved in the traffic were at risk in the last three of these four phases of transition between life in Africa and life in the Americas, and tended to die at rates comparable to their human cargoes. In the shipboard phase, and probably also in other stages of the journey, mortality in the slave trade normally exceeded that in other long-distance population movements. In the nineteenth century this differential widened as rates on other long-distance routes fell (Cohn, 1984; Eltis, 1984; Grubb, 1987; Klein, 1978; McDonald and Shlomowitz, 1989, forthcoming). To date, most explanations have focused on morbidity and mortality on board ship; data on the preembarkation phases are no more available to us today than to the abolitionists 150 years ago. For shipboard mortality, overcrowding on the ship, psychic shock, and violence have not fared well as explanations in the work of the last two decades, although the interplay between the first two and resistance to disease suggests further consideration. The present study focuses on shipboard mortality, but it is based on a large and complex dataset. It begins with a discussion and preliminary analysis of the nineteenth-century data. This is followed by a review of the various hypotheses on mortality in the slave trade.
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Cabrelli, David. "Addressing the Falling Labour Share in the UK and Beyond: Labour Law's Call to Arms." Edinburgh Law Review 27, no. 1 (January 2023): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2023.0808.
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Economic studies jointly carried out by the ILO and the OECD, as well as the work of the economist Thomas Piketty has heightened public attention to the fact that the share of GDP in G20 (and other developed and developing) countries paid out as earned income has dropped since the early 1980s, with a corresponding increase in the share going to capital. To what extent can Labour Law contribute to the reversal of this decline in the labour share? Some commentators argue that reforms designed to strengthen trade unions and encourage broader collective bargaining coverage in the working population will lead to a correction. Others have recommended corporate governance reforms that prioritise more worker representational participation on the boards of corporations to promote the interests of labour. This paper will consider both of these suggestions, alongside others, and advance the proposition that inventive modes of regulatory thinking and new labour law solutions are required, which are tailored to the economic and social exigencies of the prevailing system of liberal meritocratic capitalist market exchange. The claim is that careful analysis of the current incarnation of capitalism (liberal meritocratic) can help us to identify the appropriate nature, scope and content of any labour law reforms that are motivated by a desire to resist the labour share decline. This paper will provide a preliminary basic sketch of how those adaptations of the rules of labour law should be configured.
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Delis, Apostolos. "Seafaring Lives at the crossroads of Mediterranean maritime history." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 2 (May 2020): 464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420924240.
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This paper is about Seafaring Lives in Transition, Mediterranean Maritime Labour and Shipping, 1850s–1920s (SeaLiT), an international research project funded by the ERC Starting Grant 2016. SeaLiT started in February 2017 and has a duration of five years. The project explores the transition from sail to steam navigation and its effects on seafaring populations in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea between the 1850s and the 1920s. In the core of the project lie the effects of technological innovation on seafaring people and maritime communities, whose lives were drastically altered by the advent of steam. The project addresses the changes through the actors, seafarers, shipowners and their families, focusing on the adjustment of seafaring lives to a novel socio-economic reality. It investigates the maritime labour market, the evolving relations among shipowner, captain, crew and their local societies, life on board and ashore, as well as the development of new business strategies, trade routes and navigation patterns. The project offers a comparative perspective, investigating both collectivities and individuals, on board the ships and on shore in a number of big and small ports from Barcelona up to Odessa, in the Black Sea.
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Temby, Owen, and Joshua MacFadyen. "Urban Elites, Energy, and Smoke Policy in Montreal during the Interwar Period." Articles 45, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042294ar.
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During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Montreal’s air was blackened by smoke from coal-burning homes, factories, and the locomotives and lake freighters connecting its growing economy to the rest of Canada. Lacking regulatory tools suited to the task of abating this nuisance, the municipal government passed the country’s first modern smoke bylaw, consisting of an objective emissions standard, a smoke control bureau, and requirements for the installation and utilization of technology to lessen emissions. In providing an account of the process through which Montreal’s smoke nuisance was addressed, this article describes the role of the city’s most influential local growth coalition, the Montreal Board of Trade, in introducing the issue on the city’s policy agenda, participating in the formulation of a policy response, and monitoring the implementation of the resulting bylaw. The Board of Trade sought a resolution to the problem because it damaged the city’s reputation and business climate. Consistent with other documented examples of smoke abatement in large urban areas, the response promoted by this elite growth coalition consisted largely of technology-based measures that managed the problem while eschewing recourse to measures that would dampen economic activity.
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Munton, Don, and Owen Temby. "Smelter Fumes, Local Interests, and Political Contestation in Sudbury, Ontario, during the 1910s." Urban History Review 44, no. 1-2 (August 10, 2016): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037234ar.
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During the second half of the 1910s the problem of sulphur smoke in Sudbury, Ontario, pitted farmers against the mining-smelting industry that comprised the dominant sector of the local economy. Increased demand for nickel from World War I had resulted in expanded activities in the nearby Copper Cliff and O’Donnell roast yards, which in turn produced more smoke and destroyed crops. Local business leaders, represented by the Sudbury Board of Trade, sought to balance the needs of the agriculture and mining-smelting sectors and facilitate their coexistence in the region. Among the measures pursued, farmers and some Board of Trade members turned to nuisance litigation, with the objective of obtaining monetary awards and injunctions affecting the operation of the roast yards. While the amounts of the awards were disappointing for the farmers, the spectre of an injunction was sufficient to convince the provincial government to ban civil litigation in favour of an arbitration process accommodating industry. This article provides an account of the political activism over Sudbury’s smoke nuisance that failed to bring about emission controls, highlighting the contextual factors contributing to this failure.
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Horwitz, Henry, and James Oldham. "John Locke, Lord Mansfield, and Arbitration During the Eighteenth Century." Historical Journal 36, no. 1 (March 1993): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00016149.
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ABSTRACTAn exploration of the origins of the Arbitration Act of 1698 and an analysis of court-related arbitration during the next century. Principal conclusions: (1) that the act originated at the board of trade, with John Locke drafting and drawing upon judicial practice of the later 1600s; (2) that use of the act's provisions was limited before the 1770s even though extra-judicial arbitration was proliferating; (3) that thereafter, with the Court of King's Bench under Lord Mansfield taking the lead, rules of court under the act multiplied; and (4) that arbitration under the act was increasingly ‘legalized’ in procedure and in the qualifications of the arbitrators.
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Hulsebosch, Daniel J. "Imperia in Imperio:The Multiple Constitutions of Empire in New York, 1750–1777." Law and History Review 16, no. 2 (1998): 319–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744104.
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At least once during his tenure, the royal governor of colonial New York received a list of questions from London. The Board of Trade, which recommended colonial policy to the king's Privy Council, sought information about the province's geography, population, trade, and legal regime. This last question often came first: “What is the constitution of the Government?” The responses, from the first British governor in 1669 to the last before the Revolution, described the imperial arrangement as a hierarchy of power flowing directly from the Crown. In 1738, for example, the lieutenant governor wrote that “The constitution is such as his Majesty by his commission to his Governour directs, whereby the Governour with the Council and assembly are empowered to pass laws not repugnant to the laws of England.” A decade later, Governor George Clinton replied more insightfully, with the help of his closest advisor, Cadwallader Colden: “The constitution of this Government is founded on His Majesty's Commission & Instructions to his Governor. But the assembly have made such Encroachments on his Majesty's Prerogative by their having the power of the purse that they in effect assume the whole executive powers into their own hands.”
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Steger, Debra P. "Commentary on the Doha Round: Institutional Issues." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850065. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1152.
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Commentary on Robert Howse's article "WTO Governance and the Doha Round." Debra Steger is Executive in Residence at the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law where she is working to establish a new institute for international law, economy and security in Canada. Previously, she was Senior Counsel with Thomas & Partners, a law firm specializing in international trade and investment matters. From 1995-2001, she served as the founding Director of the Appellate Body Secretariat of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, during which time she helped to establish the Appellate Body as the first appellate tribunal in international trade. She is Chair of the Trade and Customs Law Committee of the International Bar Association, and has been on the executive of the Trade Committee of the International Law Association for the past 10 years. She is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Journal for International Economic Law. She participates on the Advisory Council of the UNCTAD Project on Building Capacity through Training in Dispute Settlement in International Trade Investment and Intellectual Property as well as the Governing Council of the World Trade Law Association. During the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, she was the Senior Negotiator for Canada on Dispute Settlement and the Establishment of the World Trade Organization as well as the Principal Legal Counsel to the Government of Canada for all of the Uruguay Round agreements. From 1991—1995, she was General Counsel of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal in Ottawa, the agency responsible for administering the antidumping, countervail, safeguards, and government procurement legislation in Canada. Her most recent book is entitled: “Peace Through Trade: Building the WTO” which was published by Cameron May International Legal Publishers in 2004. Steger holds an LL.M. from the University of Michigan Law School, an LL.B. from the University of Victoria Faculty of Law, and a B.A. (Honours) in History from the University of British Columbia.
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Knight, G. Roger, and William Woods. "Ancestral Voices, Highland Homecomings and High Society: The Lochbuie Family of Mull, c. 1855–1920." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 42, no. 2 (November 2022): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2022.0355.
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No history of the Scottish diaspora in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries would be complete without taking account of the provenance and disposal of repatriated wealth. A case study is the family saga of the Maclaines of Lochbuie, whose estates lay on the island of Mull in the Inner Hebrides. Our account begins with Donald Maclaine (1816–1863), the twenty-second laird, who, as a partner in the Batavia (Jakarta) mercantile business of Maclaine Watson, made his fortune from the trade in sugar cultivated by forced peasant labour in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). It was the profits from this trade that he used to repurchase the family’s ancestral lands that had been forfeited to their creditors a decade earlier. Donald Maclaine’s enthusiasm for the Highlands was inherited by his Indies-born son, Murdoch Gillian Maclaine (1845–1909), the twenty-third laird, whose life and times, together with those of his wife, Marianne Schwabe-Maclaine (1850–1934), form the main focus of this paper. That enthusiasm extended to the patronage of Gaelic culture and to Highland revivalism in general, but it was also under his stewardship that his family’s cosmopolitan lifestyle revived the less welcome tradition of the ‘luxury trap’, wherein expenditures incurred in London high society also had to contend with declining rentals during a prolonged agricultural depression. Financial pressures of this kind appear to have compelled the twenty-third laird to redevelop Lochbuie in accordance with a late Victorian reimagining of the Highlands as a sporting estate. This was not a gamble that paid off, however, and a once-off infusion of colonial wealth proved inadequate to sustain Lochbuie, which was irretrievably lost to the family during the (brief) tenure of Kenneth Maclaine (1880–1935), the twenty-fourth laird, despite his somewhat unconventional efforts to bolster the family fortunes by taking to the boards in New York and the UK.
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Radburn, Nicholas, and David Eltis. "Visualizing the Middle Passage: The Brooks and the Reality of Ship Crowding in the Transatlantic Slave Trade." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, no. 4 (March 2019): 533–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01337.
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Crowding on slave ships was much more severe than historians have recognized, worsening in the nineteenth century during the illegal phase of the traffic. An analysis of numerous illustrations of slave vessels created by then-contemporary artists, in conjunction with new data, demonstrates that the 1789 diagram of the British slave ship Brooks—the most iconic of these illustrations—fails to capture the degree to which enslaved people were crowded on the Brooks, as well as on most other British slaving vessels of the eighteenth century. Five other images of slave ships sailing under different national colors in different eras further reveal the realities of ship crowding in different periods. The most accurate representation of ship-board conditions in the eighteenth-century slave trade is in the paintings of the French slave ship Marie-Séraphique.
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Spraakman, Gary. "INTERNAL AUDIT AT THE HISTORICAL HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY: A CHALLENGE TO ACCEPTED HISTORY." Accounting Historians Journal 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2001): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.28.1.19.
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The accepted history of managerial internal audit is that its origins are in financial and compliance auditing. Managerial was added after firms started to expand geographically or into other businesses. That expansion increased complexity and created problems for managers which the internal auditor assisted in solving with managerial audits. Contrary to that two stage development, something comparable to managerial internal audit was being practiced by the Hudson's Bay Company in the form of inspections as early as 1871. Rather than in financial and compliance auditing, these inspections had their geneses in the desire of the senior manager and the committee (board of directors) for additional information on the fur trade and retail operations. This paper will describe the inspection function at the historical Hudson's Bay Company, the circumstances leading to the development of this function, and how it complemented other controls.
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Siddique, Asheesh Kapur. "Governance through Documents: The Board of Trade, Its Archive, and the Imperial Constitution of the Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 2 (April 2020): 264–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.281.
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AbstractThis article examines the role of documents, their circulation, and their archivization in the enactment of the imperial constitution of the British Empire in the Atlantic world during the long eighteenth century. It focuses on the Board of Trade's dispatch of “Instructions” and “Queries” to governors in the American colonies, arguing that it was through the circulation of these documents and the use of archives that the board sought to enforce constitutional norms of bureaucratic conduct and the authority of central institutions of imperial administration. In the absence of a singular, codified written constitution, the British state relied upon a variety of different kinds of documents to forge the imperial Atlantic into a governed space. The article concludes by pointing to the continuing centrality of documents and archives to the bureaucratic manifestation of the imperial constitution in the immediate aftermath of the American Revolution.
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Baker, Melvin. "William Gilbert Gosling and the Establishment of Commission Government in St. John's, Newfoundland, 1914." Urban History Review 9, no. 3 (November 6, 2013): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019298ar.
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The St. John's commercial community took little interest in the administration of the Municipal Council from the city's incorporation in 1888 to 1913. Most prominent merchants were pressed for time because of their businesses; they preferred either to sit in the prestigious Legislative Council or, occasionally, to seek election to the House of Assembly. Under the terms of the 1888 Municipal Act, membership in these legislative bodies gave the merchants considerable control over the city's finances and management. The Municipal Council constantly experienced financial difficulties because of insufficient revenue for improvements. The aim of the civic reform movement organized in December, 1913, by William Gilbert Gosling, the President of the Board of Trade, was to devise means of obtaining additional revenue for municipal improvements. In effect, this meant increasing the property tax, a prospect the city's merchants were forced to accept to achieve an improved water supply for greater fire protection. The additional revenue was to be used also to provide better housing for the poor and to improve public health and sanitary conditions. Early in 1914 the Board of Trade was successful in having the elective council replaced by an appointed commission of businessmen. This commission was intended to administer the city for one year from July 1, 1914, re-organize the various municipal departments, and draft a new municipal charter that would give the council the revenue it required. Gosling's initiative set in motion the events that led to the charter of 1921, the basis of present-day municipal government in St. John's.
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EUNCAN, R. "The Australian Beef Export Trade and the Orgins of the Australian Meat Board." Australian Journal of Politics & History 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1959.tb01194.x.
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Burton, Jim. "Robert FitzRoy and the Early History of the Meteorological Office." British Journal for the History of Science 19, no. 2 (July 1986): 147–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400022949.
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Historians of science have shown little interest in meteorology and, in Britain at least, have almost totally ignored the development of meteorological institutions. The Meteorological Office itself has found some mention at times such as its supposed centenary in 1955, but even then the interest has come mainly from meteorologists writing for the delectation of their fellows. This neglect is surprising because the story of the Office contains much to reward the historian. Its very formation as a governmental scientific institution in 1854 supports arguments against the popular concept of mid-nineteenth century Britain as a cauldron of unbridledlaissez-faire; the role it adopted in developing practical usages for science brought it into conflict with members of the academic scientific establishment; its later transition from an inaugural period as a department of the Board of Trade to a second phase under the control of a committee appointed by the Royal Society, with consequent changes in the methods of financing and administration, gives useful insights into the contemporary attitudes of government officials towards public expenditure on science; and its first head, Robert FitzRoy, was himself a man of such remarkable interest and complexity as to render the subject worthy of investigation on that count alone.
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Dirks, Patricia. "Dr. Philippe Hamel and the Public Power Movement in Quebec City, 1929-1934: The Failure of a Crusade." Urban History Review 10, no. 1 (October 30, 2013): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019153ar.
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The fight over municipalization of electrical services in Quebec City waged between 1929 and 1934 grew out of the determination of a prominent dentist, Dr. Philippe Hamel, to rescue his fellow citizens from the grip of the electricity trust. Initially Hamel's attack on the Quebec Power Company, in a monopoly position in Quebec City after 1923, received support from local businessmen's associations with the notable exception of the Board of Trade. Quebec Power's co-operation in the board's schemes to attract new big business ventures to Quebec City and Hamel's favourable disposition toward government-run electrical utilities combined to produce a bitter confrontation when the city administration appeared to be responding positively to his campaign. Ultimately divisions within the business community, personality clashes, and political rivalries contributed to the success of Quebec Power's carefully orchestrated defence of its interests carried out at the provincial as well as the municipal level of government. Hamel's involvement in the French-Canadian nationalist movement and his association with L'École Sociale Populaire during the 1930s added a unique dimension to the attack he led against the electricity trust in Quebec City. The crusading nature of his drive to secure government-run competition in the electricity field proved to be an effective weapon in the hands of Quebec Power and its allies and thus contributed to the failure of the public power movement spearheaded by Hamel in Quebec City in these years.
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Wang, Vivian F. "Whose Responsibility? The Waverley System, Past and Present." International Journal of Cultural Property 15, no. 3 (August 2008): 227–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739108080211.
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AbstractThis article explores the history and present operation of the Waverley system, the United Kingdom's art export policy established in 1952. A key component of the article is its attempt to illuminate the little-known story surrounding the birth of the system, which has been pieced together using treasury and Board of Trade papers held in the National Archives. The article then examines, both qualitatively and quantitatively, how responsibility for the system has evolved. The main pattern that emerges is the progressive detachment of the treasury: Although it spearheaded the formation of the Waverley system in 1952, today it is much more removed, in terms of administration and attitude, from the system.
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BAKER, MAE, and MICHAEL COLLINS. "The asset portfolio composition of British life insurance firms, 1900–1965." Financial History Review 10, no. 2 (October 2003): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565003000131.
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This article examines the investment practices of life assurance firms within the United Kingdom, through an analysis of the asset holdings of the sector over the period 1900 to 1965. The data are drawn from the detailed annual returns to the Board of Trade. Aggregate, sectional and individual company data are used in the study. Major trends in investment practice are identified and analysed; and cross-sectional comparisons are made. The main emphasis is on the contribution of the life assurance sector towards provision of financial support to the British industrial sector. From the beginning of the period a significant proportion of life firms' investments was held in corporate securities, although over time the composition moved away from fixed-interest stock towards share holdings. The study highlights the great variation in investment practice across individual life assurance firms, with no strong evidence of convergence over time excepting investments in equity holdings.
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Cyna, Esther. "Equalizing Resources vs. Retaining Black Political Power: Paradoxes of an Urban-Suburban School District Merger in Durham, North Carolina, 1958–1996." History of Education Quarterly 59, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2018.50.
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Two separate school districts—a city one and a county one—operated independently in Durham, North Carolina, until the early 1990s. The two districts merged relatively late compared to other North Carolina cities, such as Raleigh and Charlotte. In Durham, residents in both the county and city systems vehemently opposed the merger until the county commissioners ultimately bypassed a popular vote. African American advocates in the city school district, in particular, faced an impossible trade-off: city schools increasingly struggled financially because of an inequitable funding structure, but a merger would significantly threaten fair racial representation on the consolidated school board. This article explores this core tension in historical context by looking at several failed merger attempts from 1958 to 1988, as well as the 1991 merger implementation, against the backdrop of desegregation, economic transition, profound metropolitan changes, and protracted political battles in Durham.
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ANTIĆ, DEJAN D., and IVAN M. BECIĆ. "THE NIŠ COOPERATIVE: 1921‒1947." ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no. 32 (December 3, 2021): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2021.32.191-205.
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Numerous local monetary bureaus owned by shareholders were established in the Kingdom of Serbia in the late nineteenth century. Many of these institutions, such as the Niš Cooperative, not only engaged in banking services but also owned industrial and trade companies. Economic circumstances changed so significantly after World War I that bank managements often were unable to cope with them. The Niš Cooperative was an example of a stable yet not particularly powerful monetary bureau whose reputation depended on the leading members of its Board of Directors. Unlike most other monetary bureaus, the Niš Cooperative continued operating after World War II up until privately-owned monetary bureaus were closed by the socialist Yugoslav government.
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Svalesen, Leif. "The Slave Ship Fredensborg: History, Shipwreck, and Find." History in Africa 22 (January 1995): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171928.
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During a violent storm the Danish-Norwegian frigate Fredensborg was wrecked on 1 December 1768, at Tromøy, an island outside Arendal in southern Norway. The long journey in the triangular route was nearly completed when the crew of 29 men, three passengers, and two slaves managed to save their lives under very dramatic conditions. The Captain, Johan Frantzen Ferents, and the Supercargo, Christian Hoffman, saved the ship's logbook and other journals. These, together with other documents which are in the national archives in Denmark and Norway, make it possible for us to follow the course of the frigate from day to day, both during the journey and after the wreck.The Fredensborg was built in 1752-53 by the Danish West India-Guinea Company in Copenhagen. On its first journey in the triangular trade, and during five subsequent journeys to the West Indies, it sailed under the name of Cron Prins Christian. In 1765, when the Guinea Company replaced the West India-Guinea Company, taking over the forts on the Gold Coast and all trading rights and ships, the name was changed to Fredensborg, after the Danish-Norwegian fort at Ningo. At that time Denmark-Norway owned the islands of St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix in the West Indies and their need for slaves was growing.They weighed anchor in Copenhagen on 24 June 1767 with 40 men on board, and anchored in the road at their main fort Christiansborg on the Gold Coast 100 days later, on 1 October 1767. Because of an inadequate supply of slaves, the Fredensborg remained in the road for 205 days. This had a very adverse effect on the health of the crew, with 11 deaths, including that of the Captain, Espen Kiønig. One of the deceased had drowned.
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KUMEKAWA, IAN. "MEAT AND ECONOMIC EXPERTISE IN THE BRITISH IMPERIAL STATE DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR." Historical Journal 62, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000462.
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AbstractDuring the First World War, the British imperial state deployed economic expertise on a new scale. This article examines how such expertise was involved in the management of the supply and distribution of red meat, a key commodity because of its caloric and symbolic value. Meat was managed not through a centralized bureaucracy, but through the often contradictory policies and initiatives of several government departments. These departments, particularly the Board of Trade and the Ministry of Food, had vastly different ideological commitments about the proper economic role of the state and the importance of market liberalism. They also had highly distinct bureaucratic agendas related to the war. But all departments shared an interest in deploying economic expertise to pursue better their policy and political goals. Economics thus became both a real and a rhetorical tool. This article explores how economic information on meat was collected, analysed, and deployed by Whitehall offices during the First World War. In so doing, it contends that the variegation and ideological divergence of the departments helped integrate economic expertise into the fabric of the administrative state, thereby increasing the power both of the economic discipline and the state itself.
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Mangla, Inayat, Jamshed Uppal, and Mohsin Ijaz. "Does History (Financial) Repeat Itself? An Evaluation of Price Manipulation and Volatility in Two Emerging Markets in Asia." Journal of Finance Issues 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v4i2.2451.
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This abstract was created post-production by the JFI Editorial Board. In this study we describe the interplay of regulatory adaptation and market forces in two emerging markets in South Asia, namely, India and Pakistan, which lend themselves especially for comparative analysis due to commonalities in institutional structures and traditional financial instruments and practices. The two markets share a common genesis, a common civil code, and similar cultural and regulatory environment. In recent times the two markets have had their own cycles of boom and bust, periods of superlative growth as well as of sharp decline and volatility. We draw comparisons between the regulatory response to financial scandals, speculation and volatility and its effectiveness in achieving declared objectives regarding market. We study episodes of speculative market behavior and regulatory response in India and Pakistan; two episodes in the former and one in the later. In these periods allegations of massive speculation, manipulation and scandals led to political pressures on the regulators to phase out a traditional institution common to the two countries, that is, of "badla" or Carry-Over-Trade (COT) financing.
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Panwar, Mamta, and L. N. Arya. "AN ASSESSMENT OF GLOBALIZATION IMPACT OF THE INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET: A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 10 (October 31, 2016): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i10.2016.2498.
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The forward and in reverse advancement of general capital since the nineteenth century exhibits the reiterating burdens, furthermore elective points of view from which policymakers have attempted to oppose them. This paper is centered around reporting these movements quantitatively and clarifying them. Cash related hypothesis and fiscal history together can give gainful experiences into occasions of the past and pass on associated lessons for the present. We battle that theories of how across the board capital flexibility has made must be comprehended inside the structure of the key method tritoma obliging an open economy's decision of money related association. Different stunning practices won in the major market to draw in retail cash related experts and the high cost of new issues. In spite of the fact that reliably, number of affiliations had developed, offering arranged sorts of associations as for the novel issues of capital, their exercises were not controlled by any administrative power. The issues were widely more exceptional in the optional market. The general working of the stock trade was not sufficient. The trades were controlled by their inner bye laws and managed by the addressing bodies, which were overwhelmed by picked part administrators. Exchanging individuals did not have enough progress.
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Mesquida, Juan O. "Pious Funds across the Pacific (1668–1823):Charitable Bequests or Credit Source?" Americas 75, no. 4 (October 2018): 661–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2018.37.
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“Mercy,” preached Fray Casimiro Díaz, “is the legitimate daughter of compassion. And the indigent exclaims, the widows, orphans, and destitute women broadcast, even the religious communities acclaim, that mercy is the distinctive virtue of this Holy Board, for your pious gifts reach all of them.” The Augustinian friar was addressing the guardians and members of Manila's Hermandad de la Misericordia (Confraternity of Mercy) in a mass that commemorated the anniversary of its foundation in mid September of 1743. At first glance, the occasion would not deserve much attention, another sermon praising the alms-giving labor of a confraternity. Spanish America swelled with similar institutions devoted to administering alms and endowments to sponsor prayers and charity. Yet, the Manila Misericordia was different. Church corporations in the Americas invested donations in low-interest annuities in perpetuity attached to property. Charity donors in Manila had found a better way to maximize pious gifts: by creating legacies to be invested in maritime trade loans at high interests.
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Caturegli, Patrizio, Edward F. McCarthy, J. Brooks Jackson, and Ralph H. Hruban. "The Pathology Residency Program of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: A Model of Its Kind." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 139, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2013-0629-hp.
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Context The Department of Pathology of the Johns Hopkins University pioneered in the late 19th century the application of the scientific method to the study of medicine and fostered the development of residency training programs. Objective To trace the history of the Johns Hopkins Pathology Residency Program and assess with quantifiable outcomes the performance of former residents. Design We reviewed archival and departmental records from September 1899 to June 2014 to create a database of pathology residents. We then analyzed resident in-service examinations, American Board of Pathology examinations, and career paths. Results In 115 years the department trained 555 residents who came from 133 medical schools located in 23 countries. Residents performed well on the in-service examinations, obtaining mean scaled total scores that were significantly better (P = .02) than those of the national peer groups. Residents (371 of 396, 94%) passed their boards typically at the first attempt, a percentage pass that was higher than the national average for both anatomic (P < .001) and clinical (P = .002) pathology. Approximately half of the residents went into private practice, whereas a third followed an academic career. Of the latter group, 124 (75%) became professors of pathology, 31 (19%) chairs of pathology departments, 10 (6%) deans of medical schools, 5 (3%) were elected into the National Academy of Sciences, and 1 won the Nobel prize. Conclusions While maintaining its original core values, the Johns Hopkins Pathology Residency Program has trained physicians to be outstanding researchers, diagnosticians, and leaders in pathology.
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Remmelink, W. "VI. Expansion Without Design. The Snare of Javanese Politics." Itinerario 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530002338x.
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That territorial expansion was not necessarily good business had been succinctly stated by Governor-General Jacob Mossel eight years before Hartingh: ‘What the lord spends, the merchant has to pay.’ In fact, concern about the price of territorial expansion had been voiced almost from the beginning, especially in the Board of Directors in Holland, witness Coenraad van Beuningen's analysis of the dual nature of the Company in 1684, in which he decried the territorial role of the Company as detrimental to its true function as a trading company. Also the underlying cause for the eventuel decline of the Company has by contemporaries as well as later observers often been blamed on this almost congenital defect of mixing trade and government in one body.
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Miranti, Paul J. "Associationalism, Statism, and Professional Regulation: Public Accountants and the Reform of the Financial Markets, 1896-1940." Business History Review 60, no. 3 (1986): 438–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115885.
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In this article Projessor Miranti contrasts the differing reactions of leaders in the public accounting profession to the structure of national economic regulation that emerged in America during the first decades of the twentieth century. Specifically, he focuses on the actions taken by two national professional organizations, the American Association of Public Accountants and its successor, the American Institute of Accountants, at two important junctures in the history of financial reform: the establishment of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Trade Commission and the organization of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In assessing these experiences, his article concentrates on identifying the changing circumstances and political contexts that gave rise first to an associationalist response and then to a statist response to the problem of ordering the nation's financial markets.
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Dupree, Marguerite W. "Struggling with Destiny: The Cotton Industry, Overseas Trade Policy and the Cotton Board, 1940–1959." Business History 32, no. 4 (October 1990): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076799000000146.
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Alanshori, M. Zainuddin. "Perkembangan, Tantangan, Dan Peluang Bank Syariah." JES (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah) 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2016): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jes.v1i1.9.
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Financial institutions have not been known clearly in the history of Islam. But the principles of exchange and borrowing occur at the time of the Prophet, even earlier. It is undeniable that progress of economic development and trade has influenced the birth of institutions that play a role in financial traffic. History and development of finance and financial institutions from time to time is rapidly increasing, many changes and improvements from various sides. Both of the systems used, development of institution role and other. History has recorded it, ranging from ancient economic experts later developed further by his followers until the economic experts in modern times. Individuals have been carrying out banking functions at the time of the Prophet Muhammad even though these individuals did not conduct all banking functions. There is prophet’s friends who carry out the function of receiving deposits treasure, there are companions who carry out the functions of money borrowing, there is who performing the function of remittances, and some are providing working capital. Islamic banks are affected by five factors, both internal and external. The fifth factor is management, owner, customers, public, competitor, regulator, supervisor, and infrastructure. Manager and owner are required to have integrity and competence, adherence to Islamic principles, and compliance with precautionary principle. Customer or community with integrity, competence, and loyalty. Competitors or substitution consist of conventional banks and other financial institutions. Regulator, supervisor, and other bodies consist of BI, Licensing, Regulation and Supervision, National Shariah Board (DSN); fatwa on business activities from Shariah Supervisor Board (DPS), IAI, IAS, PAPSI, Audit Guidelines, the Arbitration Board and others, and infrastructure that consists of macro-economic conditions, the real , monetary , fiscal and foreign sector.