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1
Roberts, Richard Gareth. "The Board of Trade, 1925-1939." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305232.
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Hong, Robert G. "An agency for the common weal, the Newfoundland Board of Trade, 1909-1915." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0014/MQ34187.pdf.
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Johansen, Mary Carroll. "The Relationship between the Board of Trade and Plantations and the Colonial Government of Virginia, 1696-1775." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625765.
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Browne, Brendan Mark. "Trade Boards in Northern Ireland, 1909-45." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335981.
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Kasecamp, Emily Hager PhD. "COMPANY, COLONY, AND CROWN: THE OHIO COMPANY OF VIRGINIA, EMPIRE BUILDING, AND THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR, 1747-1763." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1574777293217054.
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Albers, Thilo Nils Hendrik. "Trade frictions, trade policies, and the interwar business cycle." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3840/.
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This dissertation is composed of six chapters. Based on a comparison with other recessions throughout history, the first chapter motivates studying the Great Depression from a trade perspective. The second chapter sets the stage for such an endeavour. It introduces a new macroeconomic dataset for the interwar period and investigates the prelude and global impact of the Great Depression. Highlighting the variation of its severity along two dimensions, depth and duration, within and across countries, it conjectures that trade must have played an important role for the global extent of the crisis. The third chapter tests this conjecture by resurrecting the concept of the trade multiplier. Based on a causal estimate of the multiplier and auxiliary data, it demonstrates that the trade channel can explain significant proportions of the initial depth of the Depression in small open economies. If the fall of trade was important for propagating the Depression, analysing trade frictions is imperative. The fourth chapter thus turns to the analysis of retaliatory trade policies in response to currency devaluations. It shows that tariff retaliation was an important feature of interwar protectionism. Its effects on trade were large, which casts doubts on the unqualified favourable assessment of unilateral currency depreciations. Relating to the literature on the post-war distance puzzle, the fifth chapter assesses the relative importance of tariffs and transport costs during the interwar period. Not only were tariffs the dominant trade friction during this period, but their increase rendered distancerelated trade costs relatively less important. Finally, the sixth chapter draws implications for the academic and political discourse.
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Moore, Pete Watson. "Doing business with the state : explaining business lobbying in the Arab world." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0024/NQ50224.pdf.
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Hou, Liyan. "Explaining trade flows and determinants of bilaterial trade." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/719/.
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This thesis provides the empirical analyses for international trade flows and the determinants of bilateral trade. The main modelling framework used in this thesis is gravity model, so firstly, a detailed literature review for the gravity trade model is given. The three empirical studies analyze the role of main determinants of international trade flows in details, including cultural similarities, geographical factors and trade costs. Our findings are summarized as follows. First, the gravity model works well with aggregate data as well as disaggregated data. The core gravity factors and the cultural similarities are the major determinants of China’s bilateral trade. Moreover, China has great export potential with its neighbour countries in Asia, and considerable import potential with most of its trade partners. On the other hand, China’s export potential is still in the labour and resource intensive, low- and middle-level skill-intensive product groups. Second, we combine log-linear and non-linear estimation techniques, including Tobit estimation to analyze the role of geographical distance on trade. The findings indicate that the absolute value of the distance coefficient decreases over time, which give a reasonable explanation for “missing globalization puzzle”. Finally, by estimating a modified gravity equation of panel data for China, Japan and Korea over 16 years, we find that transport costs have a significant influence on regional trade flows in Northeast Asia.
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McLeish, Martyn. "Trade disputes, trade unions and the law : the legal politics of industrial relations in Britain, 1906-1927." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336259.
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Zwoinska, Martyna K. "Age-specific trade-offs in life-history evolution." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zooekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329035.
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Trade-offs prevent selection from driving all fitness-enhancing traits towards values that would maximize fitness. Life-history trade-offs, such as the one between survival and reproduction are well-studied, yet trade-offs can also involve behavioural or cognitive traits. Because males and females have different routes to successful reproduction, the optimal resolution of life-history trade-offs can differ between the sexes. However, shared genome can constrain the evolution of sex-specific adaptations. In this thesis, I explore the links between sex-specific life histories, cognition and behaviour. I start by linking sex differences in life histories to sex differences in learning performance in the outcrossing nematode Caenorhabditis remanei (Paper I). I report that age-related learning differs between the sexes and that it corresponds to sexual dimorphism in life history. Then, I use experimental evolution to select for learning performance to study the patterns of genetic correlations between learning and life-history traits in both sexes (Paper II). The results demonstrate the correlated evolution of sexual dimorphism in life history indicating sex-specific fitness costs and benefits of learning. In Paper III I use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to ask about the extent to which cognitive and demographic aging are independent. The results reveal that selection for late-life reproduction alone bears no effect on late-life learning and that joint selection on late-life learning and reproduction does not yield lifespan benefits. The selection might have affected, however, female age-specific reproductive effort. Motivated by the questions on aging I proceed to ask why a potent lifespan extending drug – rapamycin affects sexes differently (Paper IV). I take a closer look at the trade-off between growth, lifespan and reproduction and propose that the sex experiencing a stronger relationship between size and fitness pays a higher cost of lifespan extension. Finally, I focus on another sex-specific trait – dispersal (Paper V). I conduct experimental evolution to uncover a negative genetic correlation between dispersal and reproduction and show sex-specific genetic variation for dispersal. In summary, my thesis unravels the complex pattern of interdependence between life-history, behavioural and cognitive traits, where sex emerges as an important factor that can maintain genetic variation for trade-offs.
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Mauck, Robert A. "Life history trade-offs in long-lived animals /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487946776022849.
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Hugot, Jules. "A quantitative history of trade globalization : 1827-2012." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0055.
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Cette thèse s’appuie sur une base de données que j’ai constituée. Cette base de donnée regroupe des statistiques commerciales, des PIB, des taux des change et des tariffs douaniers, mais aussi des variables couramment utilisées dans les études basées sur le modèle de gravité : distance, liens coloniaux et linguistiques. Dans le chapitre 2, je montre que la mondialisation du dix-neuvième siècle avait déjà débuté vers 1840 en Europe, alors qu’elle a seulement commencé à la fin du siècle pour le reste du monde. Dans le chapitre 3, je montre que l’effet frontière a été réduit de moitié pendant la Première et pendant la Seconde mondialisation. Je montre aussi que l’effet de la distance a approximativement doublé dans le même temps. Dans le chapitre 4, je montre que l’élasticité du commerce aux couts de commerce (i.e. trade elasticity) n’a pas changé de manière significative entre le début et la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. Dans le chapitre 5, je montre que la Grande Bretagne a bénéficié de la plus grande part de l’effet de création de commerce du au canal de Suez, alors que la cote occidentale de l’Amérique Latine a bénéficié d’environ 40% de l’effet sur le commerce du canal de Panama. Je montre aussi que les estimations de l’élasticité de la distance dans la dimension temporelle rendent possible de réconcilier l’élasticité de la distance avec les estimations communes de ses composants : l’élasticité du commerce aux couts de commerce et l’élasticité des couts de commerce à la distance maritimeThis thesis relies on a data set that I put together. The data set gathers trade statistics, GDP, exchange rate and tariff data as well as gravity-related variables including distance, colonial and linguistic links. In chapter 2, I show that the globalization of the nineteenth century had already begun in the 1840s in Europe, while it only began in the late nineteenth century for the rest of the world. In chapter 3, I show that the border effect was halved over the course of both the First and the Second Globalization. I also find that the distance effect roughly doubled during both periods of globalization. In chapter 4, I show that the trade elasticity did not change significantly over the course of the First Globalization. In chapter 5, I show that Britain benefited from most of the trade creating effect of the Suez Canal, while the western coast of Latin America benefited from about 40% of the trade effect of the Panama Canal. I also show that time dimension estimates of the distance elasticity make it possible to reconcile the distance elasticity with the common estimates for its components: the trade elasticity and the elasticity of trade costs to shipping distance
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Wang, Jerry Liang-Shing. "Patterns and impacts of 'free trade' between unequal partners : a study of China's trade with Britain 1861-1913." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243918.
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White, Christine. "Prelude to trade : a re-assessment of Anglo-American trade and commercial relations with Soviet Russia, 1918-1924." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272363.
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Lee, Sai-chong Jack, and 李世莊. "China trade painting: 1750s to 1880s." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45015442.
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Passic, Laura Elizabeth. "The Drug Trade in Early North America." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626561.
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Newman, Susan Jennifer. "Russian foreign trade, 1680-1780 : the British contribution." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19190.
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This study aims to establish the development of foreign trade in the Muscovite lands, the Baltic provinces and in the areas which were newly settled in the mid eighteenth century with particular reference to the role of British merchants in these changes. This has required an analysis of the structure of trade through the 'Russian' Baltic and White Sea ports and an investigation of the changing patterns of commercial acitivity caused by fluctuations in the boundaries of their supply areas and of internal and external markets for the goods they handled. Detailed consideration has been given to the commodities handled in the import, export and re-export trades utilising data from the Sound Toll accounts together with British and Russian customs statistics. Having established a wide framework for the investigation of Russian foreign trade, detailed consideration has been given to the role of the British commercial community. In order to do so it has been necessary to reconstruct the methods used by British merchants in Russia in organising their commercial activities: this includes examining the structure of the British mercantile 'houses' in all the Russian ports, but especially in St. Petersburg; the patterns of recruitment of young men into the trade and their style of life in Russia; the network of contacts which they established among their compatriots, whether involved in commerce or other professions, with other foreign merchants and also with their aristocratic clients and their Russian counterparts involved in internal trade. Merchants in the Russia trade faced changing costs to their business for freight, insurance and customs duties and the fluctuations in these charges and their responses to them have been assessed. One of the most important aspects of their activities was the way in which they financed their trade. Decision-making in this matter was influenced by events throughout Europe as well as in Russia, for account had to be taken of the relative value in silver of the commodities which the Russia merchant handled in that country and elsewhere. Thus, during the late seventeenth century, they paid for Russian goods in specie whilst increasingly in the eighteenth century it made better economic sense to deal in imported commodities as far as the market allowed and finance the balance with trade surpluses accumulated elsewhere, thereby causing the emergence of a close co-operation between the British and Dutch communities in Russia in financing their trade, with the Dutch lending the proceeds of their import surplus to the British in return for bills of exchange on Amsterdam. The costs arising from the movement of the rate of exchange and interest rates within the financial network so formed, have been fully inves¬ tigated and their effect on the trade explored. The effects of these changes on Russia's overseas trade and the internal impact of the development of this external commercial sector to the Russian economy receives especial consideration with particular emphasis being placed on the response of the aristocracy in both their changing patterns of consumption of imported goods and in the development of their estates to provide raw materials for export or supplying Russian merchant and serf manufacturers who were at this time responding to growing overseas markets for their products.
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Mok, Kin-wai Patrick, and 莫健偉. "The British intra-Asian trade with China, 1800-1842." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014930.
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King, Helene. "The economic history of the Long-Bell Lumber Company." Lake Charles, La. : McNeese State University, Frazar Memorial Library, Dept. of Archives and Special Collections, 2008. http://library.mcneese.edu/depts/archive/FTBooks/king.htm.
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Hussein, Ahmad. "Swedish trade and trade policies towards Lebanon 1920-1965." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-41654.
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This licentiate thesis examines the development of Swedish–Lebanese trade relations and the changes of significance for Swedish trade towards Lebanon during the period 1920-1965. The aim of the study is to explore how Sweden as representing a small, open Western economy could develop its economic interests in the emerging Middle East market characterised both by promising economic outlooks, and a high degree of political instability during the age of decolonisation, Cold War logic, and intricate commercial and geo-political factors. The study shows that the Swedish trade with Lebanon was very small during the Interwar period. It was neither possible to find any formal Swedish-Lebanese trade agreements before 1945. In the Post-War period, the promotion of Swedish trade and trade policies towards Lebanon witnessed more interests from the both parties. Two categories of explanations were found for the periods of 1946-53 and 1954-65 respectively. In the first period the Swedish-Lebanese trade developed in a traditional direction with manufactured goods being exported from Sweden and agricultural products being exported from Lebanon. Furthermore, there were no trade agreements between the two countries. In the second period, several Lebanese attempts were made to conclude bilateral trade agreement with Sweden in hope to change the traditional trade direction, and to improve the Lebanese balance of trade. Sweden was, however, convinced that Lebanon could never achieve a balanced foreign trade at least not on a bilateral basis. To maintain a fair access to the Lebanese market, the Swedish authorities avoided to conclude any trade agreement with Lebanon. Despite the Lebanese concern on the big trade deficit between the two countries, Sweden managed in increasing the trade volumes to the region of Middle East through the transit link of Lebanon.
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Kueh, Joshua Eng Sin. "The Manila Chinese| Community, trade and empire, c. 1570 -- c. 1770." Thesis, Georgetown University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3636414.
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This study focuses on the Chinese community of Manila from 1570 to 1770, revealing that the community was not an insular, ethnic enclave unified in its efforts and aspirations but one made up of different groups with varying goals. Not all Chinese saw the Spanish presence as conducive to their livelihoods but certain sectors of the community did. I argue the collaboration of these elements within the Chinese community was essential in maintaining the Spanish presence in Manila. Those whose interests most closely aligned with Spanish aims included a small group of wealthy Chinese merchants involved in supplying the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade with merchandise (mainly silk), merchants and artisans in the Chinese quarter called the Parián and Chinese leaders who acted as middlemen linking the needs of the regime with Southern Fujianese workers to supply the city with services, food, and labor. In return, Spaniards provided New Spanish silver, government monopolies and recognition of the authority of Chinese elites over laborers. In that way, the Spanish empire in the Asia-Pacific region was a collaborative enterprise, constructed in the cooperation of various interest groups.
When the abuses of Spanish authorities threatened the lives of those they ruled, Chinese intermediaries could not maintain their claims of mitigating the demands of the regime on behalf of Chinese workers and lost control of those under their supervision. In 1603, 1639, and 1662, Chinese laborers raised the banner of revolt. These moments of violent rupture with the colonial order indicate that mediation was crucial to preserving the Spanish presence in Manila. Coercion could put down threats to control but on its own could not hold colonial society together.
The Chinese, with others, created the ties that bound colonial society together through kinship and credit networks for mutual aid. Compadrazgo (coparenthood), padrinazgo (godparenthood), and marriage connected Chinese to colonial society and provided a means of profit, protection and recruiting labor. These links persisted into the nineteenth century and helped the Chinese shape the ecology of Manila to their purposes, albeit within the confines of Spanish sovereignty.
Sources: baptismal records, notarial books (protocolos de Manila ), court cases.
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Cha, Myung Soo. "The international trade cycle, 1885-1896." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1988. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/98789/.
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This study, aiming to explain the synchronisation of the national trade cycles in pre-WWI years, begins with a review of trade cycle theories. The pattern of international trade cycles in 1870-1914 are then examined and their structures discussed: the US and German home investment and British overseas lending are found to form major initial cyclical shocks. The short term fluctuations in the US and German domestic capital formation in pre-1914 period are shown to be closely related to technological development such as railways and electricity; the shifts in both the push of British home investment and savings conditions and the pull of capital importing regions are held responsible for the cyclical variations in British foreign investment. Cyclical patterns identified in money stocks of various countries are argued to result mainly from procyclical shifts in demand for money. Focusing then our attention upon the course of one international trade cycle in 1885-1896 in the US, Germany, Britain and Argentina, we find that the international upswing in the latter half of the 1880s was initiated by the start of railway building boom in the US as a consequence of the improvement in railway profitability due to agricultural development around the railways built during the previous boom in western states such as Kansas and Nebraska; the termination of largely British-financed Argentine railway construction boom due to overbuilding played an important role in triggering the world-wide depression in the early 1890s. These initial disturbances seemed to be diffused throughout the world mainly via trade and psychological channels. In contrast, it is demonstrated that international gold flows were not translated into significant monetary shocks, since banking systems were able to vary in a flexible manner supply of deposits according to demand; nor did financial crises, tending to break out after the downturn in the level of activity, seem to constitute major channels of transmission of cyclical shocks. As to the relevance of various types of trade cycle theories to the explanation of the cyclical experiences in the ten-odd years concerned, it is therefore concluded that the fluctuations in cyclical origins, e.g. US and Argentina, can largely be understood in the context of Schumpeterian theory of innovation; that although the shifts in expectations were not so purely autonomous as Keynes thought, they played important parts in the transmission of cyclical shocks from the origins to Germany and Britain; that Hicksian full employment ceiling did not seem to develop in any of the four countries, which was probably to a great extent due to relatively free international trade and factor mobility; that weak multiplier- accelerator model kept alive by random shocks captures essential aspects of the pre-1914 British trade cycles; finally that monetary disturbances, such as gold flows and financial crises, did not appear important in either creating or transmitting cyclical forces.
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Bennison, Brian Robert. "The brewing trade in North East England 1869-1939." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/199.
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The thesis traces the evolution of the North East brewing trade from the introduction of restrictive licensing in 1869 through to the outbreak of the Second World War. Part One assesses the state of North East brewing c.1869 with respect to brewing practice and technology, the structure of the trade, the degree of public regulation and public concern, and the competitive environment, especially regional products and the role of imports from outside the North East. Part Two, covering 1870-1890, deals with two main issues : the organisation of production, including the structure of the trade and the size and arrangement of breweries, and competition in the context of attempts by brewers in the region to meet the competitive challenge from outside brewers through greater involvement in the retail sector and through the strengthening of management, improved products and marketing. Part Three, covering 1891-1914, looks at the changing structure of the trade as a result of concentration of ownership, incorporation, rationalisation, and further integration into retailing. The increasingly complex competitive environment, the more professional approach to management and financial performance are also discussed. Part Four, covering 1914-1920, considers the organisation of the trade, competition and performance in the particular circumstances of strict government regulation. Part Five, covering 1921-1939, deals in the first instance with structural change, both in production and the retail trade, against the background of overall contraction in the industry. Secondly, competition and performance during the period are discussed; the changing competitive environment with respect to counter—attractions and the brewers' response of improving public houses and advertising, and performance in the context of the difficult economic climate. Finally, some general conclusions are drawn about the overall pattern of structural change, developments in competitive and market behaviour, and performance; about the causal relationship between these factors; and about the determining influence of takeover and merger.
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Bakhala, Franklin. "Indian opium and Sino-Indian trade relations 1801-1858." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389672.
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al-Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad. "Power struggles and trade in the Gulf 1620-1820." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9521/.
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Between the death of Nadir Shah, in 1747, and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty in 1795 there were 48 years of Zand rule in Persia, during which time Gulf trade declined and European factories closed down in several ports. Historians have offered varied and insubstantial reasons for this decline. In this thesis an attempt has been made, through the detailed use of primary sources, to offer a more logical and more reasoned interpretation of these developments in place of the older, ill-founded arguments. In our view, the prime cause of the decline in trade and the withdrawal of the trading settlement from Bandar Abbas was the 'commotions', or power struggles in the region. On one hand was the struggle for overall control of Persia whose consequence was the ruin of trade. On the other, the commotion in the area of Bandar Abbas, brought about by MuUa Ali Shah, the Banu Ma in Shaikh, Shaikh Rashid and the Charak Arabs, which was the main cause of the withdrawal from that port. The cessation of trading at Bandar Riq and Khark island was caused by disturbances fomented by Mir Muhanna. According to the English, the main cause of the withdrawal of their settlement from Bandar Rlq was the conflict between Mir Muhanna and Karim Khan about Bandar Riq. But it was Mir Muhanna's suspicion that the English were his enemies and that they were the allies of Karim Khan which caused their expulsion. The Dutch, for their part, were expelled from Khark island after they had joined forces with Bushire in attacking Mir Muhanna on the orders of Karim Khan. In Bushire the case was different. Although the English acted neutrally in the conflicts they could not evade the dangers. They had suffered losses at Mir Muhanna's hands but Karim Khan believed that the English were refusing to help him against the Mir. The anger of Karim Khan, his determination not to receive the English in audience, and the fear that his brother, Zald Khan, would detain the English Agent in Bushire all motivated the withdrawal of the English settlement from there. At last, when the Qajar dynasty took control of all the Persian provinces at the beginning of the 19th century, the value of English trade with Persia increased enormously.
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Cradden, Terence Gerard. "Trade unionism and socialism in Northern Ireland : 1939 - 1953." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292573.
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Knight, Christina Anne. "Performing Passage: Contemporary Artists Stage the Slave Trade." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11178.
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My dissertation examines the work of George C. Wolfe, August Wilson, Lorna Simpson and Glenn Ligon, theater and visual artists working in the 1980s and 1990s who feature representations of the Middle Passage in their work. Despite their different mediums--Wolfe and Wilson created plays for the proscenium stage and Simpson and Ligon crafted art installations--all four critiqued the racialized social retrenchment of their historical moment by linking it to the slave trade, and each did so through an engagement with black performance traditions.African and African American Studies
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Harris, David. "Sierra Leone: A Political History." Hurst, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17555.
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NoSierra Leone came to world attention in the 1990s when a catastrophic civil war linked to the diamond trade was reported globally. This fleeting and particular interest, however, obscured two crucial processes in this small West African state. On the one hand, while the civil war was momentous and brutal, affecting all Sierra Leoneans, it was also just one element in the long and faltering attempt to build a nation and state, given the country’s immensely problematic pre-colonial and British colonial legacies. On the other, the aftermath of the war precipitated a huge international effort to construct a ‘liberal peace’, with mixed results, and interrupted by the devastating Ebola pandemic. This made Sierra Leone a laboratory for both post-conflict and health crisis interventions. Sierra Leone examines over 230 years of its history and sixty years of independence, placing state–society relations at the centre of an original and revealing investigation of those who have tried to rule or change Sierra Leone and its inhabitants, and the responses engendered. It interweaves the historical narrative with sketches of politicians, anecdotes, the landscape and environment and key turning-points, alongside theoretical and other comparisons with the rest of Africa. It is a new contribution to the debate for those who already know Sierra Leone and a solid point of entry for those who wish to.
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Finley, Alexandra Jolyn. "Blood Money: Sex, Family, and Finance in the Antebellum Slave Trade." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1499450046.
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This dissertation examines the economic contributions of enslaved and free women’s domestic and reproductive labor in the antebellum slave trade from 1820 to 1865. By looking for women’s work in unexpected places, such as the slave market, which historians have argued is a masculine space, this project highlights the various ways that feminine labor, including sewing, washing, and nursing, contributed to the economy of the slaveholding South. The nature of the slave market, with its cash valuation of human flesh and emphasis on the appearance and health of enslaved men and women, gives a brutal example of how domestic and reproductive labor is monetized. In order to make these connections tangible, the dissertation considers five case studies of women who labored in the domestic slave trade. their lives demonstrate how the household was connected to the marketplace, how domestic labor blurred the lines between public and private, and how women’s labor is the foundation of economic growth.
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FELLOWS, James. "The rhetoric of trade and decolonisation in Hong Kong, 1945-1984." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2016. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/his_etd/9.
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This thesis is an exploration of how, in the late colonial period, Hong Kong’s government and business groups sought to keep the colony’s channels of trade free from restriction, and the colonial regime sought to keep Hong Kong’s free port status intact. Hong Kong’s colonial history began with its founding as a free port in a period when Britain subscribed wholeheartedly to free trade ideals, and the colony would remain broadly committed to free trade even as the metropole’s own faith wavered. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, however, the Chinese communist government placed restrictions on certain imports from abroad. Further undermining Hong Kong’s re-export trade with China was a UN-imposed economic embargo on the PRC following their participation in the Korean War. Hong Kong’s subsequent reliance on light industry and textile exports was met with protectionist responses from Western governments – including the colony’s sovereign power – from the late 1950s onwards. Finally, the prospect of return to China put in doubt Hong Kong’s future status as a free port and an exemplar of free enterprise principles more widely.
As a colonial dependency with little economic leverage on the international stage, Hong Kong’s government and business elites relied on appeals to the metropole, public relations initiatives, and commercial diplomacy in attempts to reduce barriers to trade and maximise access to export markets. Arguments for the preservation of Hong Kong’s right to free trade involved a number of constructed narratives that led to certain conceptualised images of Hong Kong. These narratives included the fundamental importance of free trade to Hong Kong’s economic wellbeing and political stability, Hong Kong’s regional importance as a bastion of free enterprise and democratic principles at the edge of the Sino-Soviet communist bloc, the responsibility of imperial metropoles to their colonies and of developed nations to the developing, and a commitment to free trade as part of a wider belief in minimal government intervention as the basis of good governance.
These rhetorical strategies tell us much about how geopolitical changes and shifts in the nature of the international economy shaped the trajectory of Hong Kong’s late colonial history, and likewise, how the colony’s government and business elites conceived instrumentalist ideals of Hong Kong. As a period beginning with Britain’s commitment to re-establishing British rule in Hong Kong after Japanese occupation, and ending with an agreement that would transfer sovereignty to China, the implications of a gradual imperial withdrawal are a paramount consideration. On one hand, the endurance of colonial status into a post-colonial period had ramifications for Hong Kong’s capacity to defend its trading rights on the international stage, whilst on the other, as imperial ties began to dissolve, the colony’s emergence into an autonomous, global city with its own identity and ideals was realised. This thesis, therefore, through an investigation of Hong Kong’s defence of its access to free trade, provides new understandings of the postwar history of Hong Kong in imperial and international contexts, and therefore of British imperialism and its interaction with other global forces.
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Ball, Lucy. "Memory, myth and forgetting : the British transatlantic slave trade." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/memory-myth-and-forgetting(85412377-1e7b-42a6-9bce-c088d916158a).html.
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Based on Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory and Connerton’s notion of collective forgetting, this thesis contends that the history of the British transatlantic slave trade has been deliberately omitted from British collective remembrance, replaced by a stylised image of the campaign for its abolition, in the interests of maintaining a consistent national identity built around notions of humanitarian and philanthropic concern. This thesis examines the way that this collective amnesia was addressed during the bicentenary of the passage of the Slave Trade Act in 2007 in museological display and the media, alongside its interrogation in novels published during the last seventeen years. The exploration of the bicentennial commemoration provided a unique opportunity to examine the way in which the nation presented its own history to the British public and the international community, and the divergent perspectives at play. Analysis of the artefacts and panel text featured at the International Slavery Museum, the Uncomfortable Truths exhibition at the Victoria & Albert Museum and the Chasing Freedom exhibition at the Royal Naval Museum reveals an emerging desire amongst curators to reduce attention garnered on the previously-lionised British abolitionists in favour of an increased representation of the experiences of the enslaved, including instances of their resistance and rebellion. Examination of neo-slave narratives scrutinises the way that postcolonial novelists draw attention to the process by which eighteenth-century slave narratives came to be published, demonstrating their unsuitability to be considered historical texts. S. I. Martin’s Incomparable World (1996), David Dabydeen’s A Harlot’s Progress (2000), Lawrence Hill’s The Book of Negroes (2009), Bernadine Evaristo’s Blonde Roots (2009) and Andrea Levy’s The Long Song (2010) re-write the slave experience and the process of writing, reframing abolitionist motivations around self-interest and political necessity rather than humanitarian concern. Media engagement was analysed through newspaper articles reporting on the bicentenary, the output of the BBC’s Abolition Season, and the representation of slavery in film, revealing a surface-level engagement with the subject, furthering the original abolitionist imagery, with any revisionist output needing to be specifically sought-out by the consumer. The thesis concludes that a revisionist approach to the history of the slave trade is becoming more apparent in challenges to collective memory occasioned by the bicentenary of its abolition; novelists make this challenge unavoidably clear to their readers, whilst those visiting museums are presented with an opportunity to reassess their understanding of this history by engaging with exhibits; the media, however, provides this revisionism but only in small ways, and has to be sought out by audiences keen to engage with it.
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Thompstone, Stuart Ross. "The organisation and financing of Russian foreign trade before 1914." Thesis, University of London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320313.
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By focussing on the role of individual trading companies active in Russia's pre-1914 foreign commerce, this thesis deals with an aspect of Russia's economic history that is relatively unexplored. It also makes a contribution to the debate on the relative importance of government action in Russia's process of economic modernisat ion. As the world of international commerce became increasingly globalised the major turning points in the conduct of Russia's foreign trade were decided beyond her frontiers with the result that the periodisation of Russia's trading history put forward in this study differs fundamentally from that traditionally used by economic historians. Through stressing the international dimension to this process of change and the pivotal position of the City of London in financing Russia's trade, an opportunity is presented to test some of the recent speculations on 19th century international mercantile enterprise. Important in this respect are: the nature of the expatriate trading community in Russia and the extent to which it became a cosmopolitan bourgeoisie; and the contribution of expatriate mercantile enterprise both to the development of Russia's commercial infrastructure and to its manufacturing sector. The material on capital growth and profitability for some of the leading mercantile firms active in Russia refutes some of the unfounded assertions on trading profits that sometimes appear in Soviet works. Additionally such data enables the pacemakers in Russia's international trade to be judged in an international perspective. This study also considers the alleged entrepreneurial failure of Russian merchants. It modifies the traditional stereotype of the Russian merchant and argues that in the field of international trade they acted in an economically rational manner. And in those areas of international commerce where they might be expected to participate, they were becoming increasingly well represented by the late 19th century.
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Feather, John P. "Studies in the history of books and the book trade." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1985. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32889.
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The books and papers offered in this submission are concerned with the history of books and the book trade. Three papers (nos. 1, 2, 3) offer a theoretical and conceptual framework for historical studies of the book. In essence, it is argued that since the book is a societal object it can only be understood in a societal context. Consequently historical studies of books are concerned with far more than physical bibliography, important as that is. The writing, publishing and reading of books are activities which develop out of, and influence the further development of, political and economic systems. The political context of publishing and its legal status is of central concern to the book historian (nos. 12, 14, 15); so too are the mechanisms of sale and distribution (nos. 9, 10, 11, 16) and the relationships between the author who is the primary producer, and the publisher who provides his commercial link with the reader (no. 13). More specifically, the central group of works is concerned with the provincial book trade in 18th-century England. The general study (no. 8) is a wide-ranging survey, largely based on primary sources, of the development and operation of the complex systems which allowed the printed word to permeate English society at every level and in every part of the country between 1700 and 1800. Shorter studies consider some more detailed aspects of the same subject (nos. 4, 6, 7) and survey previous work in the field (no. 5 ).
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Hinks, John. "The history of the book trade in Leicester to c1850." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6818.
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A study of the history of the book trade (printing, bookselling, stationery and publishing) in Leicester, from the medieval beginnings of the trade (parchment making etc. ) up to cl 850. The development of the book trade is examined in its local, regional and national contexts, including cultural, social and economic aspects, with the aim of contributing to the growing corpus of historical study of the provincial book trade in England, which has developed considerably over the last thirty years. Extensive use has been made of primary source material, not least the Borough Records of Leicester including the registers of freemen and apprentices, newspaper advertisements, extant locally-printed books and other material. More than three hundred book-trade individuals have been identified. The activities of the leading practitioners are explored, including the stock and services they provided, the economics of their trading activity, their standing in the town (many held civic office), and their interaction within the business community. The impact of the book trade and the printed word in Leicester are discussed, as are other significant aspects of the trade such as the importance of family businesses, the role of women, and the handing on of trade skills from master to apprentice. In the last decade of the eighteenth century and the first part of the nineteenth, the striking contrast between the conservatism of the old Corporation and the strident radicalism, and religious dissent, of many Leicester people provides a vibrant setting for the activities of booksellers, printers and newspaper publishers. Many of the town's leading book-trade practitioners were politically radical - an interesting and historically important dimension to the later development of the book trade in Leicester, to a degree seldom found elsewhere.
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Dawes, Walter J. C. "A history of Australia-Japan trade: A Western Australian perspective." Thesis, Dawes, Walter J. C. (1997) A history of Australia-Japan trade: A Western Australian perspective. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1997. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51492/.
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This thesis is an intellectual and personal journey, written not so much to prove a particular point about the relationship between Australia and Japan, but so that I might understand changes which have taken place in my lifetime.
As a schoolboy voluntary worker at a military hospital, my earliest impressions of Japan were coloured by meeting victims of the Japanese invasions of Indonesia and New Guinea and the bombing of Darwin. My heroes included members of Sparrow Force, which fought on behind the Japanese lines in Timor, and Julius Tahija, winner of the Orange Cross for a valiant rearguard action in which hundreds of Japanese were killed. By the time I graduated from university my hatred of Japan, like that of most of my generation, had softened as memories of the war faded and Australia entered a period of full employment and rapid growth. Then, while working with a trading house in Indonesia in the late 1950s, I started to relate to Japanese as fellow human beings, as business competitors - and as members of the same golf club. It was not until the 1960s, working in a variety of industries as a management consultant, that I became aware of how much Japan could influence Australia's future: on the one hand as the dominant customer for our wool; and on the other as the maker of such things as synthetic rope which would put Australian rope and twine makers out of business. Upon joining the mining industry, the profitability of my company and my own income were inextricably linked with the success of Japanese industry.
And yet my colleagues and I knew little about the country and the people upon whom we were so dependent. The desire to learn more about the strange symbiotic relationship between Japan and Australia was the genesis of this thesis. Its objective is very simple: to trace the history of Australia's relationship with Japan and to identify the role played by governments, the bureaucracy and private individuals as Australia responded to changes in the Japanese economy. It will show that the complementary relationship is dynamic, calling for constant change and adaptation…
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Wong, John. "Global Positioning: Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10283.
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This study unearths the lost world of early-nineteenth-century Canton. Known today as Guangzhou, this Chinese city witnessed the economic dynamism of global commerce until the demise of the Canton System in 1842. Records of its commercial vitality and global interactions faded only because we have allowed our image of old Canton to be clouded by China's weakness beginning in the mid-1800s. By reviving this story of economic vibrancy, I restore the historical contingency at the juncture at which global commercial equilibrium unraveled with the collapse of the Canton system, and reshape our understanding of China's subsequent economic experience. I explore this story of the China trade that helped shape the modern world through the lens of a single prominent merchant house and its leading figure, Wu Bingjian, known to the West by his trading name of Houqua. I demonstrate that a large measure of Houqua's success stemmed from his ability to maintain an intricate balance between his commercial interests and those of his Western counterparts, all in an era of transnationalism before the imposition of the Western world order. The story of Houqua is at once local, regional, and global. Houqua’s business success certainly amplified the economic vitality in Canton. However, this analysis of his business success is less an examination of the Canton system than a study of the impact of an exceptional operator within this system who, through his personal business endeavors, set in motion changes that had ramifications for China’s development and the global system at large. His success in global business illustrates the construction of networks of trust for the purpose of facilitating economic exchange in the advent of an enforceable, unified international system of arbitration. The experience of his successors tells the story of the diverging economic fortunes of global traders operating formerly on equal footing. This is a story not only of an exceptional individual but also of the dynamic setting of transnational business when regional networks negotiated their connections in the emerging modern world.History
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Puk, Wing Kin. "Salt trade in sixteenth-seventeenth century China." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670133.
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Lindey, Laurie. "The London furniture trade, 1640-1720." Thesis, Institute of Historical Research (University of London), 2016. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6901/.
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This thesis examines the London furniture trade in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a period which witnessed dramatic transformations in the designs, styles and construction of English furniture. While this topic has been addressed in detail in terms of object-based analyses, it has never been examined in depth from a social, economic and cultural perspective. Although the relationship between many London livery companies and the trades they represented had greatly diminished by the middle years of the seventeenth century, the fact that the majority of Joiners’ Company members were furniture tradesmen (as has been determined by this thesis) means that its archives provide valuable empirical evidence of the people who populated the industry. This documentation in combination with other primary sources, such as parish and tax records, sheds light on the socio- economic profile of London’s furniture tradesmen, their specialised occupations, the way their industry was organised and regulated, and how it was affected by the turbulent political and social upheavals of the seventeenth century, as well as the Fire that ravaged London in 1666. The thesis begins with a discussion of the evolution of decorative design in England in the early modern period and the effects of burgeoning consumerism. It also defines the parameters and aims of this study. The second chapter introduces the tradesmen who supplied materials to the industry, the specialised artisans and craftsmen who produced new forms and styles of furniture, and the ways in which the chain of production was structured. The following two chapters discuss the relationship between the Joiners’ Company and the furniture trade. The third chapter assesses the extent to which the guild regulated the industry, protected and promoted the livelihoods of its tradesmen, and monitored the quality and standard of manufacture and training through apprenticeship. Chapter Four examines the role of apprenticeship in the furniture industry, analysing in detail patterns of recruitment and the social and geographical origins of apprentices. The fifth chapter identifies the geographical location of the trade in the City of London (focusing on the 1690s and 1721), and its spread into the fashionable West End between 1660 and 1720. The final chapter examines manufacturing networks through the case studies of two cabinetmakers and a cane chair maker. Finally, the conclusion draws together the themes discussed throughout and queries whether the standard practice of attributing particular pieces of furniture to specific makers or workshops, usually on stylistic grounds, needs to be reconsidered.
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Constable, Lynne. "An industry in transition : the British domestic furniture trade 1914-1939." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323714.
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Jackson, P. W. "Industrial paternalism in the Welsh tinplate trade in the nineteenth century." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373592.
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Kinloch, Janet. "Scottish east coast trade with particular reference to Leith, 1685-1770." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263088.
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Wykes, David L. "Religious dissent and the trade and industry of Leicester, 1660-1720." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369166.
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Switaj, Kevin A. "Power in forgetting memory and the slave trade in Victorian Britain /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3358946.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Feb. 8, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-05, Section: A, page: 1756. Adviser: Dror Wahrman.
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Thomas, Matthew F. "Pacific Trade Winds: Towards a Global History of the Manila Galleon." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539272208.
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Sinclair, Diane M. "Women and trade unionism : the effect of gender on propensity to unionise and participation in trade union activity." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1993. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2470/.
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Women workers, typically, are disadvantaged in the workplace and in the trade union movement. In an attempt to explain the relationship of female employees to the unions, this thesis investigates the significance of gender for an employee's involvement in trade unionism. The importance of the sex variable for both the individual's union membership choice and rate of participation in trade union activity is explored. The aim of the study is to reach a much better understanding of the most important influences on women's position in the unions, and thereby provide some insight into the apparent failure of the trade union movement to gain equality for women with men in the employment sphere. Chapters two and three depict women's situation in the workplace and in the trade unions, in order to illustrate the importance of the study. Chapters four and five present a theoretical framework for the empirical analyses, discussed in chapters six to nine, concerning influences on the employee's propensity to unionise and union participation. Both crosstabulations and discriminant analyses are employed to establish the most important determinants of these two variables. Influences on the worker's attitudes to trade unionism are also discussed. Chapters ten and eleven present the results of a survey of nine large trade unions, conducted in an attempt to account for the inadequacies of the independent variables used in the quantitative analyses to explain fully the relationships explored. The thesis concludes that the lower level of involvement of women workers in trade unionism may be explained mainly in terms of differences between the sexes in hours worked, earnings and industrial relations traditions in male and female-dominated work. Also, however, significantly lower favourability to trade unions expressed by the women workers is found to contribute to the male/female union membership and union participation differentials. The thesis argues, in chapter twelve, that this apparent difference in satisfaction with trade unions between the men and women studied is, most probably, a result of traditional union culture, particularly the male-domination of the unions, and the unequal position of women in the trade union movement.
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Snyders, Hendrik. ""Stinky and smelly - but profitable" : the Cape guano trade, c.1843 - 1910." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17800.
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Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Soil infertility and concomitant low levels of food security under conditions of population pressure and land scarcity have been, and still remain, one of society’s most daunting challenges. Over time, societies have tried to maximize the yield from the available land through the use of various fertilisers. In the 19th century in the midst of an environment infertility crisis, guano (bird dung) from the Peruvian coastal islands became, through a combination of factors, the international fertilizer of choice for most commercial farmers. As a result, a combination of natural factors, monopoly control and price manipulation contributed to the relative scarcity of the product. Nevertheless, strategic manoeuvring between the major players prevented any significant change in the supply regime. News of discoveries along the African coasts in the 1840s, some inside the territorial waters of the Cape Colony, introduced a new dimension to the trade. Both established merchant houses and new contenders strategised in an attempt to gain monopoly control. These events created new policy crises for the Cape Colony, the closest legal authority, and led to new policy and other initiatives in the absence of imperial precedents. The trade in guano also impacted on constitutional, political and scientific developments in the colony. Key amongst these was the struggle for monopoly control over both the Cape- and Ichaboe-based supply, which pitted individuals, family members and businesses against each other. The process became intertwined with political developments such as the transfer of political control from the Imperial authorities to the colonies. In addition, a coercive labour system developed under the colonial administration and colonial farmers struggled for fair access to the fertiliser, which added another dimension to the trade.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is ‘n noue verband tussen bevolkingsgetalle, oesopbrengs, voedselsekuriteiten die beskikbaarheid van voldoende bewerkbare landbougrond. Waar samelewings probleme ervaar met die gehalte van hul landbougrond, is daar heel dikwels ook lae vlakke van voedselsekuriteit en word daar gewoonlik ook ‘n onsekere van-die-hand-tot–die-mond bestaan gevoer. As ‘n teenvoeter vir hongersnood as gevolg van lae oesopbrengs, het uiteenlopende samelewings met verloop van tyd en na gelang van hulle natuurlike omstandighede, bepaalde bemestingstradisies ontwikkel in ‘n poging om ‘n volhoubare opbrengs te verseker. Gedurende die 19de eeu, het ghwanobemesting te midde van ‘n wêreldwye grondgehalte krisis, ongekende gewildheid onder winsgedrewe landbouers bereik en voorts ook daarin geslaag om ander vorme van bemesting soos beenmeel en kraalmis as voorkeur produkte te vervang. As gevolg van ‘n kombinasie van natuurlike faktore, monopoliebeheer oor die eiland-gebaseerde ghwanobron en prysmanipulasie, was die produk wataanvanklik net vanaf Peru in Suid Amerika ingevoer is, dus nie vrylik beskikbaar nie en moes belangstellende boere hoë pryse daarvoor betaal. Vanselfsprekend het dit tot groot frustrasie en ontsteltenis in die geledere van diegene wat ‘n belegging in kommersiële landbou wou maak, gelei. Die onderlinge politieke intriges, knoeiery en pogings van plaaslike en oorsese sakemanne om mekaar te uitoorlê in die soeke na alleenbeheer oor die beskikbare ghwanobronne, het sake nie juis verbeter nie. Inteendeel, die situasie het net vererger toe alternatiewe ghwano bronne langs die wes- en ooskus van Afrika sowel as op ‘n reeks ander eilande in die Atlantiese Oseaan ontdek is. Die ontdekking van ghwano binne die Kaapse gebeidswaters in die 19de eeu, het die owerhede met ’n beleidsdilemma waarvoor daar nie enige presedente in die Britse Ryk bestaan het nie gelaat. Daarbenewens was die kolonie te midde van heelparty konstitusionele en ander kwessies en het die toevoeging van die ghwanohandel die maatskaplike en politieke lewe van die kolonie wesenlik beïnvloed.
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Dennis, David Brandon. "Mariners and Masculinities: Gendering Work, Leisure, and Nation in the German-Atlantic Trade, 1884-1914." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306856204.
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Evenson, Sara Christine. "Consuming Trade in Mid-Eighteenth Century Albany." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71668.
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An analysis of mid-eighteenth century trading centers reveals a distinct pattern different from that of earlier seventeenth century trading communities. Consumable items comprised the majority of internal and external commerce for many of these trading port cities. Albany, New York, a hinterland trading center, mirrored these changes and can act as a case study for many of the global transitions of the eighteenth century. Taken within the broader framework and understanding of the consumer revolution, it becomes clear that Albanian culture and society became crystallized around its food items and their trade, much as the coastal communities commonly studied. Due to the emphasis placed on it by Albanians, food and its trade became the culturally, socially, and economically homogenizing factor that began shaping the modern city as it transitioned from its seventeenth century roots. By the middle of the eighteenth century, Albanians had become active consumers and experienced traders in a global marketplace and had experienced marked cultural hybridization as seen via its food trade and consumption.Master of Arts
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Friedman, Jeanne Lynn. "Free trade and independence : the Banda Oriental in the world- system, 1806-1830 /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487841548273259.
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Christensen, Louise Lund. "Oxidative stress and life-history trade-offs in a wild mammal." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231438.
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Recently, oxidative stress has been highlighted as a potential mediator underlying life-history trade-offs in animals. However, despite growing interest in the role of oxidative stress as a mechanistic explanation of trade-offs, the importance of oxidative stress in wild populations remain poorly understood. In this thesis, I use four commonly applied markers of oxidative stress. I apply two markers of oxidative damage, protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde, and two markers of antioxidant protection, superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity. These were applied to samples collected in 2010-2013 and 2015 from the wild population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries), St Kilda, Scotland. I investigate correlations among different markers of oxidative stress, and their within individual repeatability over time. In addition, I examine the role played by oxidative stress in mediating life-history traits at different life-stages; specifically, I test for associations between oxidative stress, growth and survival in Soay sheep lambs. I also investigate the oxidative costs of reproduction in adult Soay sheep females and I test whether any such costs vary with age. My findings reveal, firstly, that plasma markers of oxidative stress vary dramatically among years, and that the different markers of oxidative damage and antioxidant protection applied throughout this thesis, are uncorrelated with each other (Chapter 2). This indicates that oxidative stress is a multifaceted process, where each oxidative stress marker may reflect different and potentially uncoupled biochemical processes (Chapter 2). Second, faster lamb growth shows a weak, positive association with malondialdehyde. However, growth is not associated with variation in the other three markers (Chapter 3). In addition, lamb survival also shows marker dependent associations; lambs with higher superoxide dismutase activity are more likely to survive their first winter, as are male but not female lambs with lower protein carbonyl content. Survival does not vary with malondialdehyde or antioxidant capacity. Thus, different markers of oxidative stress capture different aspects of the complex relationships between individual oxidative state, physiology and fitness (Chapter 3). Third, protein carbonyl content and superoxide dismutase activity measured at birth and at four month old in the lambs, show no within individual repeatability, although there is a significant difference in mean marker values over time (Chapter 4). This indicates that these markers of oxidative stress might reflect transient, rather than general, physiological states. Finally, I find some evidence for an oxidative cost of reproduction and for age-related variation in oxidative stress (Chapter 5). However, once again, effect are highly marker and year dependent, and I find no consistent patterns of variation across the two oxidative damage markers or across the two antioxidant protection markers, as they all show different responses to both breeding and age (Chapter 5). Together, my results provide some support for the association between oxidative stress and life-histories, but the effects are both marker and year dependent. Furthermore, the lack of correlation among different markers and the lack of within individual repeatability of oxidative stress markers highlight the need for careful selection and interpretation of plasma oxidative stress markers in the wild.