Relevant bibliographies by topics / Board structure

Academic literature on the topic 'Board structure'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Board structure"

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Dato, Muluneh Hideto, Roy Mersland, and Neema Mori. "Board committees and performance in microfinance institutions." International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 2 (April 16, 2018): 350–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-08-2016-0216.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically relate subordinate board structures with improved financial and social performance in microfinance institutions (MFIs). Design/methodology/approach The research question is analyzed using a panel data from 23 MFIs in Ethiopia over a period of 2006-2011. Random effects panel data estimation is applied to analyze the link between board committees and MFI’s performance. Findings In MFIs with larger than average boards, the findings demonstrate significant ties between financial and outreach performance and how their boards are structured. The structure of board committees moderates the relation between board size and financial and outreach performance measures. Importantly, board committee benefits MFIs through better operational self-sufficiency, lower operating expenses, greater outreach to customers, and outreach to poorer customers using average loan size as the proxy. Practical implications Practitioners within microfinance sector, and those operating in advisory and regulatory roles to the sector could benefit from the argument advanced in the paper in that normative recommendation to restructure boards or establish committees requires reevaluating the board characteristics vis-à-vis the optimal monitoring, controlling, and advising needs of the institution. Originality/value Prior literature focuses on who sits on boards, how large are the boards, and how independent are they. This paper advances the understanding of the structure of board committees and how this may affect the performance of MFI. This approach provides better representation of director’s role and is thereby a good test of board effectiveness.
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Berezinets, Irina, Yulia Ilina, and Anna Cherkasskaya. "Board structure, board committees and corporate performance in Russia." Managerial Finance 43, no. 10 (October 9, 2017): 1073–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-11-2015-0308.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between board structure and performance of public companies in Russia – an emerging market with unique institutional background and a variability of corporate governance (CG) practices across its companies. Design/methodology/approach Panel data analysis was applied on a sample of 207 Russian companies that frequently traded in the Russian Trading System during the period 2007-2011, in order to test hypotheses on the relationships between board size, board independence, gender diversity, presence of board committees and financial performance, as measured by Tobin’s Q. Findings The results show a positive relationship between Tobin’s Q and the board’s gender diversity. The analysis demonstrates that smaller and bigger boards are associated with a greater Tobin’s Q value. Originality/value The findings provide additional evidence of how board structure is related to its effectiveness and corporate performance in countries with concentrated ownership, highly variable CG practices and a lack of proper implementation of corporate law and governance codes. The paper contributes to the existing empirical evidence on the advantages of small and large-sized boards and on gender diversity, and is the first investigating the relationship between Russian companies’ board committees and market-based performance. The results regarding board independence and committees suggest that these mechanisms are still not widely recognized for their role in CG and company performance in Russia.
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Egbunike, Chinedu Francis, and Augustine N. Odum. "Board leadership structure and earnings quality." Asian Journal of Accounting Research 3, no. 1 (August 6, 2018): 82–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajar-05-2018-0002.

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Purpose One main concern and issue affecting earnings quality is the extent to which managers manipulate earnings to mislead stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of the company or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers. This study builds on prior research and examines empirically the relationship between board leadership structure and earnings quality of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to specifically focus on four board structure characteristics: board size, composition, proportion of non-executive directors and CEO duality. Design/methodology/approach Data used for this investigation were collected from secondary sources, i.e. annual reports and accounts. The study used the Pooled OLS regression model to examine the effect of the board structure on earnings management for a sample of 45 non-financial listed Nigerian companies (conglomerates, consumer goods and industrial goods firms) for the years 2011 to 2016. Findings Based on the analysis, board size and board composition were positive and significant. However, proportion of non-executive directors was negative and significant; while, CEO duality was positive and statistically significant. It was consequently recommended that audit firms should review their audit business model and become more circumspect of their client, e.g. provide fraud assessment and checks for earnings quality. Boards should not just reflect size but rather the skills and expertise of individuals appointed to the board. Furtherance to this, the effectiveness of boards can be improved by committees and sub-committees allocation of duties. Originality/value Few studies have addressed this area in the country.
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Jiraporn, Pornsit, Ali Uyar, Cemil Kuzey, and Merve Kilic. "What drives board committee structure? Evidence from an emerging market." Managerial Auditing Journal 35, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 373–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-11-2018-2079.

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Purpose Board committees enable boards to function effectively, as committees improve the quality of corporate governance by fulfilling specific, assigned tasks. This study aims to explore how board structure, CEO duality and audit quality are associated with board committee structure in the context of an emerging market, namely, Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The sample consisted of 122 firms listed on the Industrial Index of Borsa Istanbul for the years between 2012 and 2014, inclusive, and this yielded 366 firm-year observations. To test the hypotheses, the panel data analysis method was used, which enabled the elimination of certain problems, such as multicollinearity and estimation bias, as well as specification of the time-variant association between the predictor variables and the output variable. Findings Board size, board independence and firm size had a positive association with the number and size of board committees, whereas CEO duality had a negative association with the number and size of board committees. Moreover, the appointment of female members on audit and corporate governance committees was more frequent in firms that had a high proportion of women on their boards. Finally, audit quality was positively associated with the existence of risk committee, the overall diversity of board committees and the diversity of corporate governance committees. Research limitations/implications The study is not free from limitations. It covers the time span between 2012 and 2014; thus, readers should be cautious about generalizing these results longitudinally, as a different time periods could possibly yield different results. The second limitation concerns the fact that only industrial firms were sampled; thus, these findings may not be valid in other sectors. Practical implications The paper shifts the attention of researchers from overall board structure to board committee structure. The results of the study provide insights for policymakers, boards and shareholders. Policymakers can formulate boards and committees by considering these findings. Boards can benefit from the conclusions of this study in shaping their own structure and sub-committee structures. Current and potential shareholders may find the results of the study instructive in making investment decisions. Originality/value This study investigates the factors associated with the structure of overall and specific board committees. Additionally, while most prior research on board committees has sampled firms that are domiciled in developed countries, this study examines the subject in an emerging country context, namely Turkey. Moreover, this study adds to the literature by examining the association between audit quality and board committee structure, which has been largely neglected in prior literature.
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Sheard, David John, Gregory Clydesdale, and Gillis Maclean. "Governance structure and public health provision." Journal of Health Organization and Management 33, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 426–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-11-2018-0336.

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Purpose A key question in the provision of public health concerns how that provision is governed. The purpose of this paper is to examine the governance structure of a public health board and its perceived impact on the efficacy of clinical operations. Design/methodology/approach Structural issues examined the level of centralisation and public participation, and whether governance should occur through elected boards or appointed managers. These issues were examined through multiple lenses. First was the intention of the structure, examining the issues identified by parliament when the new structure was created. Second, the activities of the board were examined through an analysis of board meetings. Finally, hospital clinicians were surveyed through semi-structured interviews with both quantitative and qualitative questioning. Findings A contradiction was revealed between intention, perception and actual activities. This raises concerns over whether the public are significantly informed to elect the best-skilled appointees to governance positions. Practical implications This research holds implications for selecting governance structures of public health providers. Originality/value Few studies have looked at the role of a publicly elected healthcare governance structure from the perspective of the clinicians. Hence, this study contributes to the literature on healthcare structure and its impact on clinical operations, by including a clinician’s perspective. However, this paper goes beyond the survey and also considers the intention of the structure as proposed by parliament, and board activities or what the board actually does. This enables a comparison of intention with outcomes and perception of those outcomes.
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Eklund, Johan, Johanna Palmberg, and Daniel Wiberg. "Ownership structure, board composition and investment performance." Corporate Ownership and Control 7, no. 1 (2009): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv7i1p11.

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This paper explores the relation between ownership structure, board composition and firm performance among Swedish listed firms. The descriptive statistics show that Swedish board of directors has become more diversified in terms of gender. The analysis shows that board size has a significant negative effect on investment performance. Gender diversity has a small but negative effect on investment performance, and the same holds for CEO being on the board. When incorporating all the explanatory variables into the same equation the negative effect of larger boards dilutes the effect of gender diversity and having the CEO on the board.
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Lee, Kin-Wai, and Cheng-Few Lee. "Cash Holdings, Corporate Governance Structure and Firm Valuation." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 12, no. 03 (September 2009): 475–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021909150900171x.

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Firms with higher board independence, smaller boards, and lower expected managerial entrenchment, have lower cash holdings. We find that the positive association between cash holdings and managerial entrenchment is mitigated by stronger board structures. Specifically, in firms with higher expected managerial entrenchment, those with higher proportion of outside director on the board and smaller board size have lower cash holdings. We also find that firm value is negatively associated with cash levels. The negative association between firm value and cash holdings is more pronounced in firms with (i) lower proportion of outside directors, (ii) larger boards and (iii) higher expected managerial entrenchment. For firms with both high cash holdings and high expected managerial entrenchment, investors additionally discount the valuation of firms with lower proportion of outside directors and those with larger boards.
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Tregoning, Susan. "Hospital board structure:changing form and changing issues." Australian Health Review 23, no. 3 (2000): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah000028.

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Economic and social pressures are compelling many hospitals to consider their current board structure in an effort toposition their hospital to meet changing demands. A national profile of the structures of hospital boards has beencompiled from a questionnaire completed by hospital board representatives from both government and non-governmentsectors.Results show that hospital board structures are a hybrid of both philanthropic and corporate models. New structuresmay be required to meet future challenges. In developing new structures, consideration should be given to identifyingthe skills and processes required to undertake board business.
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Mynhardt, Ronald H. "Universal corporate governance standards: recommendations for the composition of a board of directors." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 1 (2014): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i1c2p2.

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In the study reported here, suggestions that the global financial crisis revealed shortcomings in current board of director structures were researched. It was found that the current boards of directors do not have much of a chance of playing a constructive role in the success of any company, giving in to pressure from shareholders to exceed prior results, and failing to monitor the business and to assess its risk profile. In order to enhance board of director efficiency in companies around the world, a new board of director structure called the “management council” is proposed. The structure was discussed with industry experts who agreed that the implementation of the council structure could solve the problems experienced with current board of director structures
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Kim, Jootae, and Jai S. Kang. "Board Structure, Board Activity and Firm Performance: The Case of Korea." Journal of International Business and Economy 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2015.2.3.

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In agency theory, it is asserted that boards with a high ratio of outside directors can monitor management effectively, but empirical results from past studies are not consistent. We suggest the “process perspective” as an alternative approach, arguing that the board activity, rather than the board structure, impacts the firm’s financial performance; and apply this perspective to Korean companies. We test the impact of board structure on both board activity and profitability, and then the impact of board activity on firm profitability. The test results were: the board structure [measured by the ratio of outside directors in the board membership] does not have positive influence on either board activity or profitability [measured by ROA] in Korean firms; however, the board activity, measured by the rate of outside directors’ participation in board meetings, has a positive relationship with a firm’s profitability. We explain this as a decoupling, based on institution theory, which occurred in the process of forced Korean governance reform of 1998.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Board structure"

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Warren, Robert G. "Citizens' perception of the relationship between school board operating structure and board planning, board goals and board behavior." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1993. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/998.

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Very little research has been done on the dynamics of school boards. This study was undertaken to examine perceptions of school board behavior. Also the study attempted to determine the relationship of board behavior, board planning and board goals. Sources of data for the study included questionnaire, formal and informal conversation. The subjects were graduate students enrolled in Clark Atlanta University Education department; other subjects were nongraduate (citizens). Statistical procedures used was the Pearson correlation analysis. Some findings emerged from data analysis. When respondents see the school board as planning and cooperative in terms of the clients' needs, they also see the board as reaching its student goal. Respondents see dominated and fragmented boards as negative for student achievement goal, cooperative behavior and system planning, while they see 1 positive relationship for board consensus and passive board with cooperation and planning. However, there is no significant relationship among board consensus, passive board and board goals. The general perception is that school boards should improve public relations. The recommendations were the school board should improve the citizen perception or improve their performance.
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Kolosov, Pavel, and Shageldi Soltanmammedov. "Board Structure in Swedish Mutual Funds Industry." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-45164.

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Mutual funds attracted great attention of both shareholders and academics in last few decades. Mutual funds provide benefits like diversification, professional managements and reduced costs for individual shareholders. Shareholders invest their assets into mutual funds managed by professionals. Managers may have an incentive to use those assets to satisfy their own interests. They can achieve this by charging excessive fees or spending more on the perquisites. These unmatched interests of shareholders and managers create so called principal-agent conflicts. Some researchers argue that market competition in mutual funds industry is strong enough to align interests of both shareholders and managers, thus mitigating principal-agent conflicts. Others believe there is need for internal governance to monitor managers‟ behaviors. Board of directors as an internal governance mechanism is responsible for aligning shareholders and managers interests.We collected data on board characteristics to find if they are related to funds attributes. Our sample of funds consists of 68 fund management companies with total of 603 mutual funds managed by those companies. Board characteristics include board size, age and gender of board members, and presence of CEO on the board. Fund attributes are total expense ratio, rate of return and management fees used as a measure of board effectiveness. We analyzed relationship of board characteristics and fund attributes separately on the company level and fund level.On the company level we found no relationship between board size and board age with expense ratio and rate of returns. We found significant positive relationship between board gender and presence of CEO with expense ratio. These results indicate that with the increase of male members on the board and the presence of CEO on the board there is an increase in total expense ratio. On the fund level analysis we found different relations with various types of funds. This may indicate that depending on the type of the fund the structure of the board that is effective changes.
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ZHOU, Ying. "Ownership structure, board characteristics, and tax aggressiveness." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2011. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/acct_etd/3.

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Tax aggressiveness, as commonly proxied by the effective tax rate (ETR), measures a firm’s effort spent on minimizing its tax payments. It is suggested that more tax aggressive firms have greater incentives to allocate resources to minimize taxes and thus have lower ETRs. Corporate governance has been continuously receiving attention in literature across different fields and can affect a firm’s tax strategy through its control mechanism. This thesis investigates how corporate governance influences a firm’s tax aggressiveness. The main hypothesis of this thesis is whether firms with good corporate governance will have less incentives and opportunities to manage tax aggressively. Specifically, I take advantages of the distinct institutional settings in China to study whether the Chinese firm’s tax aggressiveness is affected by ownership structure and the characteristics of board of directors. Using all non-financial listed companies in the Chinese A-share market during 2003 and 2009 period, I find that firms with state-controlled nature and lower proportion of controlling shares pursue less aggressive tax strategies and maintain higher ETRs. In addition, my finding is consistent with prior literature that a higher percentage of the boards’ shareholdings and dual service duties performed by the board chairman result in lower ETRs. However, I do not find a significant relationship between the percentage of independent directors and tax aggressiveness which may suggest the ineffective role of independent directors in China.
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Lahlou, Ismail. "Corporate board of directors : structure and efficiency." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G022.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’apporter une contribution à la littérature concernant la structure et l’efficacité du conseil d’administration (CA). Elle s’articule autour de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre est une revue de la littérature, tandis que les trois autres portent sur des questions de recherche distinctes. La première étude présentée dans le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier les déterminants de la taille du CA, de l'indépendance de ses membres et de la dualité des fonctions de direction et de présidence du CA. Les principaux apports de cette étude peuvent être résumés comme suit : tout d'abord, nos résultats sont fondés sur l'analyse d'un des plus grands échantillons utilisés dans ce domaine, avec à peu près 16000 observations (entreprises-années) pour près de 2300 entreprises américaines observées de 1997 à 2010. De plus, sur le plan méthodologique, une batterie de tests statistiques a été réalisée afin de vérifier la robustesse de nos résultats, notamment des tests tenant compte des biais d'hétérogénéité et de simultanéité. Enfin, cette étude est probablement la première à démontrer que le passage de la loi SOX a limité la capacité des dirigeants à influencer la composition du CA. La deuxième étude s’attache à analyser les deux principales fonctions du CA, qui sont le conseil au chef d'entreprise et le contrôle de ses activités. Ainsi, comprendre la capacité du CA à remplir ces fonctions est une question fondamentale que nous nous proposons d’approfondir. Cette étude vient enrichir la littérature émergente sur la fonction consultative du CA en fournissant de nouveaux éléments de preuves sur l'importance de cette fonction dans la création de valeur de l'entreprise. Ces résultats apportent également des éclairages sur le conflit potentiel existant entre les deux principales fonctions du CA. Enfin, cette étude s'inscrit dans le courant de pensée qui cherche à évaluer l'impact des caractéristiques des entreprises sur l'efficacité de leurs structures de gouvernance. Le principal objectif de la troisième étude présentée dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèse est de déterminer si la rémunération à base d’actions des administrateurs peut affecter les décisions futures en matière d'acquisition, et le cas échéant, comment. Les résultats de cette étude apportent un nouvel éclairage concernant la rémunération des administrateurs. Cette étude met en exergue l'importance des pratiques de rémunération incitative sous forme d’actions et d’options pour les membres du CA. Par ailleurs, bien que de nombreuses études aient été réalisées afin d'analyser la relation existante entre les mesures incitatives à destination des administrateurs et la performance de l'entreprise, notre étude est l'une des premières à explorer les mécanismes à travers lesquels ces mesures peuvent influencer la valeur de l'entreprise
This thesis aims at providing contributions to the existing literature on the structure and effectiveness of corporate boards. It comprises three essays that address distinct research questions. The first study examines the trends and determinants of corporate board structure using a panel data sample. This study extends the existing literature on the determinants of board structure in three important ways. First, our results are based on one of the largest samples used in this area, with almost 16,000 firm-year observations for nearly 2,300 firms observed from 1997 to 2010. Second, in terms of methodology, a set of statistical tests was performed in order to check the robustness of our findings, including tests that account for heterogeneity and simultaneity. Finally, this is probably the first study to show that the enactment of SOX has reduced the ability of CEOs in influencing board composition. Specifically, while SOX does not fundamentally alter the economic determinants of board structure, our results show that the documented negative impact of well performing CEOs on board independence in the pre-SOX era is no longer significant post-SOX. In the second study, the principal objective is to investigate the effects of advisory directors' presence on the board and monitoring intensity on the board's overall effectiveness in value creation. This study makes some significant contributions to the literature. First, it complements and extends the growing literature on the board's advisory function by providing strong new evidence on the importance of this board function in value creation. Second, it also provides some evidence on the potential conflict between the two primary functions of corporate boards. Finally, this study adds to the literature that attempts to assess the impact of firm and industry characteristics on the effectiveness of specific governance structures. The last study has as main objective to examine the relation between director compensation structure and shareholder interests in the context of acquisitions. This study contributes to the literature in several ways. First, we add to the recent but burgeoning literature that deals with the determinants of director compensation. Guided by theoretical work in this area, we show that director compensation is mainly consistent with firm's needs for monitoring and advising. Second, we extend the body of research that highlights the importance of equity-based compensation by providing evidence that the use of incentive-based compensation schemes to reward directors also matters. Finally, although many studies have examined the relation between directors' incentives and firm performance, this work is one of the first to examine the channels through which directors' equity-based pay affects shareholders' value
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Rogers, Meredith Australian Graduate School of Management Australian School of Business UNSW. "Contingent corporate governance: a challenge to universal theories of board structure." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Australian Graduate School of Management, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23024.

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Agency theory proposes that the role of the board of directors is to control management (Fama & Jensen 1983). A structurally independent board, one with a high percentage of non-executive directors and a chairperson who is not the CEO, has been used as a proxy for the control role. Therefore, agency theory predicts a positive relationship between independent board structure and firm performance. These predictions have not been confirmed by meta-analytic reviews (Dalton, Daily, Ellstrand, & Johnson 1998; Rhoades, Rechner, & Sundaramurthy 2000). This thesis applies structural contingency theory to provide an alternative explanation for the relationship between board structure and firm performance. Structural contingency theory (Donaldson 2001) proposes that the relationship between an organization???s structure and its performance is moderated by contingencies. In this study the contingency is the salience of the board???s control role. I argue that structural independence of the board has a beneficial effect on performance only if it is in fit with control salience. For example, a firm with an independently structured board that gives high prominence to the control role will perform well. On the other hand, another firm with a less independently structured board that does not see its main role as controlling management will also prosper. Survey data were analyzed to measure the control salience for 98 Australian listed companies. Archival data provided measures of board structure and firm performance. Consistent with the meta-analytic reviews, there was no association between independent board structure and firm performance. There was some evidence that high control salience resulted in high performance, but this effect was evident chiefly when performance was measured by total shareholder returns. This may indicate that the share market was responding to the symbolism of high control salience. In contrast to the symbolic main effect of control salience, the fit between the control salience and the independent structure of the board caused increased return on equity. This reflects the board???s objective effect on profit when its structure is in fit with control salience.
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Bazzi, Rami. "Board structure and market reaction to corporate divestiture decisions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ39961.pdf.

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Chen, Huirong. "Board characteristics, ownership structure and executive remuneration in China." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54091/.

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This thesis not only contributes to the literature on corporate governance, but also has important implications and recommendations for policy makers and corporate practitioners in transitional economic and political contexts.
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Shivdasani, Anil. "The board of directors, ownership structure, and hostile takeovers." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259096201.

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Allam, Bahaaeldin Samir Ismail G. "Board characteristics, ownership structure and agency costs : UK evidence." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11154/.

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The term “Corporate Governance” always proliferates after large accounting scandals and crises; practitioners claim that governance mechanisms are the cause of these failures, and worldwide reforms take place after each failure; however, these reforms did not succeed in preventing the subsequent falls down. Although corporate governance mechanisms are introduced to monitor and control the managerial opportunistic behaviour in order to reduce the agency costs; most of the prior studies were directed towards investigating the role of governance mechanisms in enhancing firm performance as an indirect proxy of lower agency conflicts, and hence, lower agency costs. This study adds to the debate around the usefulness and the effectiveness of the corporate governance mechanisms in controlling the managerial opportunistic behaviour and reducing agency costs. This study contributes to the governance literature by investigating and comparing the impact of a comprehensive set of governance mechanisms reflecting a wide spectrum of board characteristics and ownership structure on agency costs over the period 2005-2011; in addition to providing a comparison of before and after the financial crisis periods using a large sample of firms listed in FTSE All-Share index. In doing so, two different agency costs proxies are utilised; asset utilisation which reflects the managerial efficiency; and the interaction of free cash flow with growth opportunities which reflects investment decisions agency costs. This comparative analysis extends the governance literature that investigated the pre and during the crisis periods by adding the pre and post the 2008 financial crisis comparison. Lastly, this study considers more than one theoretical paradigm; the empirical evidence lends the support to the agency and resource dependence perspectives and provides partial support to the stewardship view. The results clearly show that not all governance mechanisms lead to lower agency costs; thus, one prescribed structure does not fit all. Moreover, the efficiency of the governance mechanisms is directly affected by surrounding economic conditions (e.g., steady and abnormal conditions); in other words, governance mechanisms which help in reducing agency costs during the normal economic condition could turn out to be useless, inefficient and in some cases detrimental to the managerial effectiveness after the financial crisis. Moreover, the reported results support the claim that interrelation between the different governance mechanisms should be considered in future governance studies.
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Alresheedi, Adel Dhaher Alresheedi. "The perception of stakeholders about the relationship between corporate governance and sustainability: Evidence from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211245/1/Adel%20Dhaher%20A_Alresheedi_Thesis.pdf.

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This research focused on recent significant changes introduced by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’ 2030 Vision, with respect to creating a larger role for the private sector in the economy and placing a new emphasis on social and environmental issues. Particularly this thesis assessed the perception of various corporate stakeholders to the new corporate governance framework as part of the KSA 2030 Vision for publicly listed companies on the three dimensions of sustainability (economy, society, and environment). The findings support the arguments in the literature that board structure and board characteristics have positive impacts on the three dimensions of sustainability.
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Books on the topic "Board structure"

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Institute, London, ed. Academic Board committee structure and standing orders. London: The London Institute, 2001.

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Institute, London. Academic Board committee structure and standing orders. London: The London Institute, 1991.

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Sundaramurthy, Chamu. Board structure, antitakeover provisions, and stockholder wealth. Champaign: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1993.

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Associates, Coopers and Lybrand. Fife Health Board: Proposed structure of units. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1986.

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Blake, Allan. Dynamic directors: Aligning board structure for business success. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1999.

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Financial Accounting Foundation. Committee to Review Structure for Financial Accounting Standards. Structure for Establishing Financial Accounting Standards: Report of the Committee to Review Structure for Financial Accounting Standards. Norwalk, CT: FAF, 1989.

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Analysis, Maryland General Assembly Dept of Legislative Services Office of Policy. Study of pension systems' benefit structure and retirement board proposal. Annapolis, Md. (90 State Circle, Annapolis 21401): Dept. of Legislative Services, Office of Policy Analysis, 1998.

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Boyle, A. J. Draft fifth directive: Implications for directors' duties, board structure andemployee participation. London: Longman, 1992.

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Goldstein, Elliott. Counseling the board of directors on its structure, functions, and compensation. New York, N.Y. (235 E. 45th St., New York 10017): M. Bender, 1985.

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Stilpon, Nestor, and Risser David, eds. Board profile, structure and practice in large European banks: A comparative corporate governance study. London: Nestor Advisors, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Board structure"

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Tricker, Bob. "Board Structure and Board Members." In The Practice of Corporate Governance, 9–16. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003321132-2.

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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann, and Cornelia Amstutz. "Boards and Governance." In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship, 47–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_5.

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AbstractCompany boards play a big role in the governance of SMEs and different models were traced from family boards to foundations, as well as the impact of dual board structures frequently adopted. Covering governing arrangements, the chapter reports how SMEs dealt with board roles at public, family-owned, and foundation-owned companies. Discussion of the emergence of dual board structures and the structure of boards at investor-driven companies. The chapter ends with comments on the evolution of boards at SMEs.
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Hendrikse, George WJ, and Jerker Nilsson. "Board Structure Variety in Cooperatives." In Networks in International Business, 13–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18134-4_2.

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Desch, H. E., and J. M. Dinwoodie. "Machining of Wood and Board Materials." In Timber Structure, Properties, Conversion and Use, 159–63. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13427-4_14.

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Van Clieaf, Mark. "Designing Performance for Long-Term Value :Aligning Business Strategy, Management Structure, and Incentive Design." In The Handbook of Board Governance, 514–35. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119245445.ch26.

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Muttakin, Mohammad Badrul, Arifur Khan, and Nava Subramaniam. "Do Families Shape Corporate Board Structure in Emerging Economies?" In CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance, 109–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-44955-0_5.

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Hamdan, Hamdino, Mutalib Anifowose, and Hairul Azlan Annuar. "Effective Board Governance Structure for a University Endowment Fund." In Islamic Development Management, 3–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7584-2_1.

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Passmore, Graham, Amanda Turner, and Julie Prescott. "Introduction: ISA and Its Application Across a Faculty of Education or School Board." In Identity Structure Analysis and Teacher Mentorship, 1–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32082-9_1.

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Lee, Kin-Wai. "Earnings Quality and Board Structure: Evidence from South East Asia." In Handbook of Financial Econometrics and Statistics, 1169–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7750-1_42.

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Adachi, Haruka, and Mikito Toda. "A Network Structure of Emotional Interactions in an Electronic Bulletin Board." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Modeling and Simulation, plus Econophysics Colloquium 2014, 311–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20591-5_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Board structure"

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null. "ISO structure and related activities." In IEE Communication Standards for European On-Board-Diagnostics Seminar. IEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19980484.

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Hsu, Shou-Jen, and Chin C. Lee. "A monolithic aluminum circuit board structure." In 2013 IEEE 63rd Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2013.6575748.

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Yusuf, Muhamad Ronald, and Liyu Adhi Kasari Sulung. "Experience, Board Size, and Firm Capital Structure." In Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-Pacific Research in Social Sciences and Humanities Universitas Indonesia Conference (APRISH 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aprish-18.2019.29.

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Md Kassim, Aza Azlina, Zuaini Ishak, and Nor Aziah Abdul Manaf. "Board Process and Capital Structure Decisions in Malaysian Companies." In Annual International Conference on Accounting and Finance. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/978-981-08-8957-9_af-012.

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Plaks, Toomas P. "Parallel k-mismatching of strings using daughter-board structure." In Information Technologies 2000, edited by John Schewel, Peter M. Athanas, Chris H. Dick, and John T. McHenry. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.402514.

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Fan, Wentao. "Internal Control, Board Structure and Executive Compensation - Performance Sensitivity." In 2019 International Conference on Economic Management and Model Engineering (ICEMME). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemme49371.2019.00137.

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Jingyi, Gan, and Huang Minghe. "The research on capital structure factors of small board." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5882496.

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Liu, Fengwei. "Empirical Research on Board Structure and Corporate Performance Stability." In 2016 International Conference on Social Science, Humanities and Modern Education (SSHME 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sshme-16.2016.5.

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Gao, Tianlong. "Modal Analysis and Structure Optimization of Composite Circuit Board." In 2021 7th Annual International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers (ICNISC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnisc54316.2021.00071.

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Xie, Dongji, David Geiger, Dongkai Shangguan, Daniel T. Rooney, and Louis J. Gullo. "Characterization of Fine Pitch CSP Solder Joints Under Board-Level Free Fall Drop (BFFD)." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73484.

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This paper presented a board-level free fall drop (BFFD) to simulate product free fall drop (PFFD). In BFFD, the board structure is very close to the actual cellular phone boards with similar size. The board edges were reinforced by metal frame and screws similar to the cellular phone housing. The drop test was performed to characterize the solder joints of 0.4mm pitch chip scale package (CSP) packages. To charaterize the stress level, the acceleration was measured and the free drop test was performed for more than 140 boards with different CSP structures. The plastic strain of solder joints in different location was calculated using finite element analysis (FEA). It was found that the strain level is both location and component dependent. This strain level will determine the probability of drop test failure in terms of number of drops to failure. The impact of component type, body size and component location was investigated by both experimentally and FEA. Through drop test, the number of drop before failure (MDBF) were recorded and compared across various CSPs. Failure analysis was also performed to confirm the failure modes.
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Reports on the topic "Board structure"

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Bodnenko, Dmytro M., Halyna A. Kuchakovska, Volodymyr V. Proshkin, and Oksana S. Lytvyn. Using a virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4419.

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The article substantiates the importance of using a virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning in the conditions of distance education, incl. social distance (for the quarantine period 2020). The main advantages of using a virtual digital board are outlined and their functions for the organization of cooperative education are compared. An analysis of the benefits of using virtual digital boards and a survey of experts made it possible to identify the most popular virtual digital boards: Wiki-Wall, Glogster, PadLet, Linoit, Twidla, Trello, Realtimeboard (Miro), Rizzoma. The comparison of the functions of virtual digital boards outlines their ability to organize students’ cooperative learning. The structure of the module E-Learning “Creating education content with tools of virtual digital board Padlet” is presented in the system LMS Moodle. The results of the experiment are presented, which show the effectiveness of the use of instruments of the virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning. Perspectives of researches in developing methods of using a virtual digital board by students of natural-mathematical specialties are determined.
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Kerber, Steve, and Robin Zevotek. Fire Service Summary Report: Study of Residential Attic Fire Mitigation Tactics and Exterior Fire Spread Hazards on Firefighter Safety. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/pxtq2256.

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Attic fires pose many hazards for the fire service. When a fire occurs in an attic, it is common it goes unnoticed/reported until smoke or flames are visible from the outside of the structure. Because they take longer to detect, attic fires are more dangerous for firefighters and residents. In a fire situation, the attic ventilation system, which is designed to reduce moisture accumulation by drawing fresh air low from the eaves and exhausting moisture laden warm air near the peak, create an optimal fire growth and spread situation by supplying oxygen to the fire and exhausting hot gases. An estimated 10,000 residential attic fires are reported to U.S. fire departments each year and cause an estimated 30 civilian deaths, 125 civilian injuries and $477 million in property loss. The location of the attic creates several difficulties for the fire service. Firefighters must decide whether to fight the fire from inside the structure, from the outside or a combination of the two. This the decision is complicated by the constant hazard of ceiling collapse, which has the potential to rapidly deteriorate conditions in the living spaces. A piece of gypsum board may fall or be pulled from the ceiling making the relatively clear and cool conditions in the living space change very quickly endangering firefighters executing a search and rescue operation as part of their life safety mission. Further complicating the decision are the hazards associated with roof structure collapse, creating deadly conditions for firefighters operating on and under the roof. Structural collapse accounted for 180 firefighter deaths between 1979 and 2002 of which one-third occurred in residential structures . Many of these incidents involved a roof falling on firefighters or firefighters falling through the roof during firefighting operations on attic fires. The purpose of this study is to increase firefighter safety by providing the fire service with scientific knowledge on the dynamics of attic and exterior fires and the influence of coordinated fire mitigation tactics from full-scale fire testing in realistic residential structures.
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Kerber, Steve, and Robin Zevotek. Study of Residential Attic Fire Mitigation Tactics and Exterior Fire Spread Hazards on Firefighter Safety Released. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/lihb1439.

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Attic fires pose many hazards for the fire service. When a fire occurs in an attic, it is common it goes unnoticed/reported until smoke or flames are visible from the outside of the structure. Because they take longer to detect, attic fires are more dangerous for firefighters and residents. In a fire situation, the attic ventilation system, which is designed to reduce moisture accumulation by drawing fresh air low from the eaves and exhausting moisture laden warm air near the peak, create an optimal fire growth and spread situation by supplying oxygen to the fire and exhausting hot gases. An estimated 10,000 residential attic fires are reported to U.S. fire departments each year and cause an estimated 30 civilian deaths, 125 civilian injuries and $477 million in property loss. The location of the attic creates several difficulties for the fire service. Firefighters must decide whether to fight the fire from inside the structure, from the outside or a combination of the two. This the decision is complicated by the constant hazard of ceiling collapse, which has the potential to rapidly deteriorate conditions in the living spaces. A piece of gypsum board may fall or be pulled from the ceiling making the relatively clear and cool conditions in the living space change very quickly endangering firefighters executing a search and rescue operation as part of their life safety mission. Further complicating the decision are the hazards associated with roof structure collapse, creating deadly conditions for firefighters operating on and under the roof. Structural collapse accounted for 180 firefighter deaths between 1979 and 2002 of which one-third occurred in residential structures . Many of these incidents involved a roof falling on firefighters or firefighters falling through the roof during firefighting operations on attic fires. The purpose of this study is to increase firefighter safety by providing the fire service with scientific knowledge on the dynamics of attic and exterior fires and the influence of coordinated fire mitigation tactics from full-scale fire testing in realistic residential structures.
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Melnyk, Yuriy. Academic Journal Website Model. KRPOCH, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26697/preprint.melnyk.1.2018.

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Background: The tens of thousands of academic journal websites that are on the Internet today often do not have a clear organizational structure for their website. If most of them are convenient enough for readers (if the journal is open access), then many have problems informing authors about the conditions, the process of submitting and reviewing the manuscript. The Editorial Offices empirically populate the journal's website with content that can change dramatically (both in terms of website design and content) as the journal develops. Aim of Study: To develop a website model for an academic journal that takes into account the basic requirements for the preparation, publication, and archiving of high quality scientific manuscripts. Material and Methods: The academic journal website model is based on a structural-functional approach. The website content consists of text and integrated applications. This model takes into account the basic requirements for the preparation, publication, and archiving of high-quality open access scientific manuscripts, as well as the indexing of journal articles by leading indexing agencies. Results: The academic journal website model is structured with the following menu and submenu elements: 1. HOME: 1.1. Journal information; 1.2. From the editorial office; 1.3. Databases, Indexing; 2. EDITORIAL BOARD: 2.1. Editorial board; 2.2. Reviewers; 2.3. Editing and reviewing process; 3. EDITORIAL POLICIES: 3.1. Editorial policies; 3.2. Plagiarism policy; 3.3. Open access policy; 3.4. The ethics codex of scientific publications; 3.5. Disclaimer; 3.6. License terms; 3.7. Terms of publications (fee); 4. ARCHIV: 4.1. Previous issues; 4.2. Current issue; 4.3. Articles online first; 5. INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS: 5.1. General recommendations; 5.2. Manuscript templates; 5.3. Supplemental materials; 6. STATISTICS: 6.1. Publications; 6.2. Authors; 6.3. Readers; 7. CONTACTS: 7.1. Contact; 7.2. Subscriptions; 7.3. Search. Conclusions: This academic journal website model was implemented for the International Journal of Science Annals (IJSA). Authors and readers of IJSA noted the advantages of the model proposed by the author, including: a convenient and understandable website interface, the availability of the necessary hyperlinks to the pages of the journal's website and external media (sites of indexed agencies, library archives, etc.), convenient search for information on the website and published in the journal articles (by author, publication, text of the article), availability of integrated applications (online submission of manuscripts, filing appeals against the decision of reviewers and complaints about published articles, viewing the interactive printed version of the journal, etc.), availability of templates (for authors, reviewers), availability of multiple formats for archiving articles (PDF, DOAJ, XML, TXT), the ability to choose the style of citing the article and the website language (English, Ukrainian), etc. Keywords: journal, model, website, academic, indexing
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Stakes, Keith, and Joseph Willi. Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety, Fidelity, and Exposure -- Acquired Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ceci9490.

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Previous FSRI led research projects have focused on examining the fire environment with regards to current building construction methods, synthetic fuel loading, and best-practices in firefighting strategies and tactics. More than 50 experiments have been previously conducted utilizing furniture to produce vent-limited fire conditions, replicating the residential fire environment, and studying the methods of horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack. Tactical considerations generated from the research are intended to provide fire departments with information to evaluate their standard operating procedures and make improvements, if necessary, to increase the safety and effectiveness of firefighting crews. Unfortunately, there still exists a long standing disconnect between live-fire training and the fireground as evident by continued line of duty injury and death investigations that point directly to a lack of realistic yet safe training, which highlights a continued misunderstanding of fire dynamics within structures. The main objective of the Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety, Fidelity, and Exposure is to evaluate training methods and fuel packages in several different structures commonly used across the fire service to provide and highlight considerations to increase both safety and fidelity. This report is focused on the evaluation of live-fire training in acquired structures. A full scale structure was constructed using a similar floor plan as in the research projects for horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack to provide a comparison between the modern fire environment and the training ground. The structure was instrumented which allowed for the quantification of fire behavior, the impact of various ventilation tactics, and provided the ability to directly compare these experiments with the previous research. Twelve full scale fire experiments were conducted within the test structure using two common training fuel packages: 1) pallets, and 2) pallets and oriented strand board (OSB). To compare the training fuels to modern furnishings, the experiments conducted were designed to replicate both fire and ventilation location as well as event timing to the previous research. Horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack methods were tested, examining the proximity of the vent location to the fire (near vs. far). Each ventilation configuration in this series was tested twice with one of the two training fuel loads. The quantification of the differences between modern furnishings and wood-based training fuel loads and the impact of different ventilation tactics is documented through a detailed comparison to the tactical fireground considerations from the previous research studies. The experiments were compared to identify how the type of fuel used in acquired structures impacts the safety and fidelity of live-fire training. The comparisons in this report characterized initial fire growth, the propensity for the fire to become ventilation limited, the fires response to ventilation, and peak thermal exposure to students and instructors. Comparisons examined components of both functional and physical fidelity. Video footage was used to assess the visual cues, a component of the fire environment that is often difficult to replicate in training due to fuel load restrictions. The thermal environment within the structure was compared between fuel packages with regards to the potential tenability for both students and instructors.
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McKinnon, Mark B., and Daniel Madrzykowski. Four Firefighters Burned in Residential House Fire - Georgia. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gekk4148.

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On September 3, 2018, two career Fire Lieutenants and two career Firefighters suffered burn injuries as a result of a residential structure fire. On September 10, 2018, personnel representing several other fire departments in the area, including a member of the Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) Advisory Board visited the fire scene to document the incident and collect material samples from the structure. The narrative and analysis presented in this report rely on the photographs and evidence collected on September 10, 2018, dispatch transcript [5] and videos recorded at the time of the incident, and interviews conducted by a local investigator between September 3, 2018 and September 7, 2018 with fire service personnel involved in the incident and the resident of the structure [6]. The LaGrange Fire Department invited FSRI to study this incident as part of FSRI’s Near-Miss Project which is supported by a DHS/FEMA Assistance to Firefighters Grant. The goal of this project is to enhance the safety and situational awareness of the fire service by applying fire dynamics research results to near-miss or line of duty injury fire incidents. By identifying factors that contributed to the incident, perhaps future incidents may be prevented. FSRI’s analysis of this incident will apply research results and utilize fire research tools, such as computer fire models, to examine key fire phenomena and tactical outcomes. This report will explain the incident, what occurred, why it occurred, and what can be done differently in the future to result in a more favorable outcome
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Martino, W., J. Kassen, K. Omercajic, and L. Dare. Supporting transgender and gender diverse students in Ontario schools: Educators’ responses. University of Western Ontario, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/qxvt8368.

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This report details the findings of an Ontario-wide survey of 1194 school educators which is part of a larger study funded by funded by the Social Sciences Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). The survey was developed in consultation with trans educators, school board officials, and community members and included a mix of qualitative and quantitative questions. The report is structured according to educators’ responses to questions about trans-inclusive policies, self-rated knowledge, and understanding of trans inclusion and gender diversity, training received, use of resources and the barriers to fostering gender diversity in schools. Educators’ recommendations and advice on improving education about trans inclusivity in schools are also reported. Key findings revealed that there continue to be systemic and structural impediments to supporting trans inclusion and gender diversity in schools, in terms of both the failure to enact policy and to provide adequate support, education, and resourcing for educators. Recommendations are outlined which relate to the need for further development of policies that identify the allocation of resources for both professional development and curriculum development as central to the necessary provision of support for trans students and creating gender-affirming schools. The report also stipulates the necessity for sustained accountability measures to be established by governing bodies, such as the Ontario Ministry of Education, for supporting gender diversity and trans inclusion with the explicit objective of supporting school boards fiscally in the provision of professional development and development of resources. Teacher Education faculties also need to be committed to ensuring that teacher candidates are provided with the knowledge and understanding of trans inclusion and what trans affirmative education entails.
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Brodie, Katherine, Brittany Bruder, Richard Slocum, and Nicholas Spore. Simultaneous mapping of coastal topography and bathymetry from a lightweight multicamera UAS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41440.

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A low-cost multicamera Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) is used to simultaneously estimate open-coast topography and bathymetry from a single longitudinal coastal flight. The UAS combines nadir and oblique imagery to create a wide field of view (FOV), which enables collection of mobile, long dwell timeseries of the littoral zone suitable for structure-from motion (SfM), and wave speed inversion algorithms. Resultant digital surface models (DSMs) compare well with terrestrial topographic lidar and bathymetric survey data at Duck, NC, USA, with root-mean-square error (RMSE)/bias of 0.26/–0.05 and 0.34/–0.05 m, respectively. Bathymetric data from another flight at Virginia Beach, VA, USA, demonstrates successful comparison (RMSE/bias of 0.17/0.06 m) in a secondary environment. UAS-derived engineering data products, total volume profiles and shoreline position, were congruent with those calculated from traditional topo-bathymetric surveys at Duck. Capturing both topography and bathymetry within a single flight, the presented multicamera system is more efficient than data acquisition with a single camera UAS; this advantage grows for longer stretches of coastline (10 km). Efficiency increases further with an on-board Global Navigation Satellite System–Inertial Navigation System (GNSS-INS) to eliminate ground control point (GCP) placement. The Appendix reprocesses the Virginia Beach flight with the GNSS–INS input and no GCPs.
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Gwinn, Kenneth West, James Michael Redmond, and Gerald William Wellman. Peer review of the National Transportation Safety Board structural analysis of the I-35W bridge collapse. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/947858.

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Hendricks, Kasey. Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption. University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/wdyvftwo4u.

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At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax burden. The selected timeline overlaps with the formation of five of six constitutions adopted in the State of Alabama, including 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, and 1901. Having these years as the focal point makes for an especially meaningful case study, given how much these constitutional formations made the state a site for much political debate. These data contain 5,121 pages of periodicals from newspapers throughout the state, including: Alabama Sentinel, Alabama State Intelligencer, Alabama State Journal, Athens Herald, Daily Alabama Journal, Daily Confederation, Elyton Herald, Mobile Daily Tribune, Mobile Tribune, Mobile Weekly Tribune, Morning Herald, Nationalist, New Era, Observer, Tuscaloosa Observer, Tuskegee News, Universalist Herald, and Wilcox News and Pacificator. The contemporary relevance of these historical debates manifests in Alabama’s current constitution which was adopted in 1901. This constitution departs from well-established conventions of treating the document as a legal framework that specifies a general role of governance but is firm enough to protect the civil rights and liberties of the population. Instead, it stands more as a legislative document, or procedural straightjacket, that preempts through statutory material what regulatory action is possible by the state. These barriers included a refusal to establish a state board of education and enact a tax structure for local education in addition to debt and tax limitations that constrained government capacity more broadly. Prohibitive features like these are among the reasons that, by 2020, the 1901 Constitution has been amended nearly 1,000 times since its adoption. However, similar procedural barriers have been duplicated across the U.S. since (e.g., California’s Proposition 13 of 1978). Reference: Schumpeter, Joseph. [1918] 1991. “The Crisis of the Tax State.” Pp. 99-140 in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, edited by Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press.
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