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1
Marsh, Professor J. S. "ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND POTATOES-THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE POTATO MARKETING BOARD IN GREAT BRITAIN." Journal of Agricultural Economics 36, no. 3 (September 1985): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1985.tb00181.x.
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Diamond, Marian. "Tea and Sympathy: Foundations of the Australia/China Trading Networks." Queensland Review 6, no. 2 (November 1999): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600001124.
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In 1824, a group of London businessmen established the Australian Agricultural Company (AAC), Australia's oldest chartered company. Their prospectus listed amongst their objectives, after the raising of sheep and cattle, the production ‘at a more distant time, of Wine, Olive-Oil, Hemp, Flax, Silk, Opium, &c. as articles of export to Great Britain’. In 1828, a local manager reported that he thought that ‘if the labour of the Blacks can be procured for the operative part the culture [of opium] would likely prove profitable to the Company.’ And in 1833, the Australian manager of the company sent the London Board a sample of the first opium grown on company lands in the Hunter River area. The board had it evaluated by a pharmacist, who reported that it was ‘of fair, merchantable quality, about equal to Egyptian Opium. — It contains two thirds of the quantity of Morphia usually found in the best Turkey Opium. In this market, when Turkey Opium is worth 15s./ p lb., we have no doubt that such Opium as your Sample would sell for 14s/ p Ib. On the basis of this disappointing assessment, the Australian Agricultural Company abandoned opium growing — and opium growing was abandoned in Australia for another hundred and fifty years.
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Popović, Goran, Ognjen Erić, and Jelena Bjelić. "Factor Analysis of Prices and Agricultural Production in the European Union." ECONOMICS 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2020-0001.
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AbstractCommon agricultural policy (CAP) is a factor of development and cohesion of the European Union (EU) agriculture. The fundamentals of CAP were defined in the 1950s, when the Union was formed. Since then, CAP has been reforming and adapting to new circumstances. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union defines the goals of CAP: stable (acceptable) prices of agricultural products, growth, productivity and technological progress in agriculture, growth in farmers’ income and supplying the common market. Factor analysis of the prices and production goals of CAP directly or indirectly involves the following variables: prices of agricultural and industrial products, indices of the prices of cereals, meat and milk, indices of the prices of agricultural products in France and Great Britain, agricultural GDP and EU GDP. The analysis results come down to 2 factors. The first – “internal factor” is a set of indicators homogenous in terms of greater impact of CAP on their trends (the prices of agricultural products in France, income from agriculture, the prices of agricultural products in EU and Great Britain and the milk price index). The second - “external factor” is made of general and global indicators (cereals prices, EU GDP and prices in industry). Factor analysis has confirmed high correlation of goals: production growth, productivity and technological progress in agriculture as well as “reasonable” prices in agriculture. The analysis shows high correlation between agricultural and industrial products, indices of the prices of cereals, meat and milk, indices of the prices of agricultural products in France and Great Britain, agriculture GDP and EU GDP (classified into internal and external factors). In general, the results of the factor analysis justify the existence of CAP, while the EU budget support brings wider social benefits.
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Paull, John, and Joan Harvey. "Marna Pease (1866-1947): Founder of Biodynamics for the English-Speaking World." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 10, no. 5 (June 3, 2023): 272–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.105.14747.
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Marna Pease (1866-1947) was the founder of Biodynamic farming in Britain. The ‘Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation’ (AAF) was inaugurated at the ‘World Conference on Spiritual Science and its Practical Applications’ (WCSS), London, July 1928, with Marna as the Honorary Secretary. Under the auspices of the AAF, Marna shepherded the fledgling Anglo Biodynamic (BD) movement through the turbulent times of the Great Depression (1929-1939), the Great Anthroposophy Purge (1935), and World War II (1939-1945). Marna stepped down in 1946. By that time there were reportedly over 400 members of the AAF. With Dr Carl Alexander Mirbt, she produced the first BD preparations in Britain at her home, Otterburn Tower, Northumberland. She took up the role of Honorary Secretary of both the AAF and the ‘Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners’. The AAF initially operated out of Otterburn (315 miles north of London, 74 miles south of Edinburgh). Marna was a member of the Executive Council of the Anthroposophical Society in Great Britain. She relocated to the Old Mill House at Bray-on-Thames (30 miles west of London) in 1930. Marna typed, bound, and despatched copies around the world, of the English translation of Rudolf Steiner’s ‘Agriculture Course’, to those who joined the Experimental Circle. She edited the first Biodynamics journal in English: ‘Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation Notes and Correspondence’. Marna provided members with the BD preparations and she published BD pamphlets. She established a showcase Biodynamic garden and apiary at Bray-on-Thames. She recruited members, hosted visitors, and maintained an international correspondence with enquirers and members. Marna hosted Carl Mirbt (aka Mier) and his family, first at Otterburn and then at Bray. She hosted Dr Eugen Kolisko, Lilly Kolisko, and their daughter at Bray. Lilly’s ‘Biologisches Institut am Goetheanum’ (Biological Institute at the Goetheanum) relocated from Stuttgart to Bray in 1935. Marna was fluent in German and she translated Steiner’s ‘Nine Lectures on Bees’ (published 1933) and Lilly’s ‘The Moon and the Growth of Plants’ (published 1938). Marna’s legacy continues with the Biodynamic Agricultural Association (BDAA) in Britain, and with BD agriculture in the Anglo-sphere presently accounting for 30% of global BD agriculture.
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Waterson, Patrick, Cara Pilcher, Siân Evans, and Jill Moore. "Developing Safety Signs for Children on Board Trains: Findings from Great Britain." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 54, no. 11 (September 2010): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193121005401111.
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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.
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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.
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Mukhamedova, T. O., Yu I. Zubtsova, and A. Yu Osinina. "AGRICULTURE OF UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN TODAY: CONSEQUENCES OF LEAVING THE EU AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 4 (April 2021): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/214-93.
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Komor, Agnieszka. "Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie produkcji biomasy rolniczej pochodzenia roślinnego w państwach UE w kontekście rozwoju biogospodarki." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.1.9.
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The aim of the article was to identify and assess the spatial diversity of agricultural biomass production of plant origin in EU countries as the basic raw material used to create bioproducts and bioenergy. The study uses statistical data obtained from EUROSTAT. The research period covered 2015. Descriptive and parametric statistics were used to interpret the study, and also the indicators of structure, density and intensity were used, as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient. The study found that in 2015 about 51,5% of plant biomass in agriculture produced in the EU were by-products - derived from crop residues, fodder crops and grazed biomass. The production of plant biomass was characterized by considerable spatial differentiation both in relation to biomass derived from arable crops (the leaders in this respect were: France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Poland) as well as to other biomass (Germany, France, Poland, Great Britain and Italy had the largest share). In 2015, nearly ¾ of the plant biomass produced in the EU was produced in seven countries (i.e. Germany, France, Poland, Great Britain, Spain, Italy and Romania). The analysis also included the dependences among the size of biomass production, the population potential of the country (measured by the share in the EU population) and the production potential of agriculture (measured in the share of agricultural land in the EU). This allowed the designation of four groups of countries.
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Schwartz, Robert, Ian Gregory, and Thomas Thévenin. "Spatial History: Railways, Uneven Development, and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 1850–1914." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 1 (June 2011): 53–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00205.
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A comparative spatial history combining historical narrative, geographical thinking, and spatial analysis of historical data offers new perspectives on railway expansion and its effects in France and Great Britain during the long nineteenth century. Accessible rail transport in the rural regions of both countries opened new economic opportunities in agriculture, extractive industries, and service trades, helping to revitalize rural communities and decrease their rates of out-migration. In France, long-standing economic disparities between the developed north and the less-productive south gradually reduced. These conclusions are based, in part, on the use of historical geographical information systems (hgis) and spatial statistics, illustrating a component of spatial history.
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Schwartz, R. M. "Rail Transport, Agrarian Crisis, and the Restructuring of Agriculture: France and Great Britain Confront Globalization, 1860-1900." Social Science History 34, no. 2 (April 21, 2010): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01455532-2009-026.
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Kurdyumov, Aleksander V., Lyudmila F. Shaybakova, and Veronica A. Meshcheryagina. "Analysis of experience of state measures to support small and medium-sized businesses of foreign countries." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 12 (2023): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2023-0-12-72-75.
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The article examines the experience of state measures to support economic entities of small and medium-sized businesses of foreign countries: USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Japan and China. The authors analyzed state measures to support small and medium-sized businesses of foreign countries in similar economic and political development conditions with the Russian Federation for the period 2021-2022. Particular attention is paid to the study of support in the field of agriculture. The conclusion was formulated about the impossibility of achieving positive dynamics of indicators of development of small and medium-sized businesses without state support.
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Abduev, Magomed, Murad Isaev, and Mahomet-Ali Tekeev. "Bioeconomics in solving environmental problems." BIO Web of Conferences 76 (2023): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237608001.
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Biotechnology is defined as any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or their derivatives to produce or modify products or processes for a specific use. The large-scale use of biotechnologies in industry, agriculture, as well as in many other types of economic activity is considered in many countries of the West (USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, etc.) and the East (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, etc.) as the most important condition for innovative and sustainable development. The progress achieved made it possible to consider the created biotechnologies as the basis of a new field of activity - bioeconomy.
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Muskhanova, Kheda. "General industrial and innovative approaches in bioeconomics." BIO Web of Conferences 76 (2023): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237608005.
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Biotechnology is defined as any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or their derivatives to produce or modify products or processes for a specific use. The large-scale use of biotechnologies in industry, agriculture, as well as in many other types of economic activity is considered in many countries of the West (USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, etc.) and the East (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, etc.) as the most important condition for innovative and sustainable development. The progress achieved made it possible to consider the created biotechnologies as the basis of a new field of activity - bioeconomy.
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Pakeman, R. J., M. G. Le Duc, and R. Marrs. "A review of current bracken control and associated vegetation strategies in Great Britain." Web Ecology 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-3-6-2002.
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Abstract. Bracken is a major problem for livestock-based, extensive agriculture in many parts of the world. It also causes problems for conservation, recreation, game management and forestry and is hence subject to management in order to control it. This paper reviews current bracken control strategies in Great Britain to assess whether they can be improved, and reviews recent work on combining bracken control with vegetation restoration to derive guidelines for maximising the cost-effectiveness of these measures to increase biodiversity. Bracken control in Great Britain is currently, mainly undertaken by aerial spraying of herbicide. A large-scale survey showed that only a small proportion (25%) of sites were likely to show long-term control, the developing vegetation was not that desired by the instigator of control, and there was a large geographic variation in success. The major conclusion was that large-scale treatment often exceeded the area that could be adequately treated by follow-up measures. Experimental studies demonstrate that to obtain “desirable” vegetation (usually Calluna vulgaris-dominated heath in Great Britain) a number of steps usually have to be followed. However, the steps that have to be taken may differ between sites. Deep litter sites, where stock numbers are low, need the litter disturbed in some way and seed of suitable species added. On sites with higher stock numbers, litter disturbance has in effect already been carried out, so that management must involve seed addition and the exclusion/reduction of stock. It is not yet known how long or to what level stock must be removed before the vegetation is able to withstand grazing. It should be noted that management to reverse succession could prove less cost-effective than management that accelerates succession to woodland or forestry. A set of points which highlight the considerations necessary at the commencement of an “integrated” bracken control programme are outlined. Targeting sites in western Britain or sites with residual vegetation present would provide the greatest gains for biodiversity in the short term. However, in many situations management for vegetation restoration must be seen as a key part of this strategy, not as something that will proceed unaided after bracken control has taken place.
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Kruse, M., H. M. ApSimon, and J. N. B. Bell. "Validity and uncertainty in the calculation of an emission inventory for ammonia arising from agriculture in Great Britain." Environmental Pollution 56, no. 3 (1989): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90040-7.
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Schwartz, Robert M. "The Transport Revolution on Land and Sea: Farming, Fishing, and Railways in Great Britain, 1840-1914." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 106–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2018-0005.
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Abstract The introduction and expansion of rapid rail transportation in Great Britain helped transform sea fishing and make fresh fish a new commodity of mass consumption. In agriculture the rail network greatly facilitated the shift from mixed cereal farming to dairy farming. To demonstrate the timing and extent of these changes in food production this article blends history and geography to create a spatial history of the subject. Using the computational tools of GIS and text mining, spatial history charts the expanding geography and size of the fresh fish industry and documents the growing concern among fishermen of over-fishing. In agricultural, huge flows of cheap wheat from the United states caused a crisis in British wheat farming, forcing many farmers to convert arable land to pasture for use in dairy farming. Given the growing demand for fresh milk in cities and increased availability of rapid rail transport in rural areas, dairy farming replaced wheat farming in outlying counties such as Wiltshire, the example examined here.
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Trofymenko, Mykola. "British Council as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy of Great Britain." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 35-36 (December 20, 2017): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2017.35-36.305-312.
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Public diplomacy of Great Britain is one of the most developed in the EU and in the world. The United Kingdom has developed an extremely efficient public diplomacy mechanism which includes BBC World Service (which due to its popularity boosts the reputation and the image of Great Britain), Chevening Scholarships (provides outstanding foreign students with opportunity to study in Great Britain and thus establishes long-lasting relations with public opinion leaders and foreign countries elite) and the British Council, which deals with international diplomatic ties in the field of culture. The British Council is a unique organization. Being technically independent, it actively and efficiently works on consolidating Great Britain’s interests in the world and contributes to the development of public diplomacy in Great Britain.
The author studies the efforts of the British Council as a unique public diplomacy tool of the United Kingdom. Special attention is paid to the role of British Council, which is independent of the governing board and at the same time finds itself under the influence of the latter due to the peculiarities of the appointment of Board’s officials, financing etc.
The author concludes that the British Council is a unique organization established in 1934, which is a non-departmental state body, charitable organization and public corporation, technically independent of the government. The British Council, thanks to its commercial activities covers the lack of public funding caused by the policy of economy conducted by the government. It has good practices in this field worth paying attention by other countries. It is also worth mentioning that the increment in profit was getting higher last year, however the issue of increasing the influence of the government on the activities of British Council is still disputable. Although the Foreign Minister officially reports to the parliament on the activities of the British Council, approves the appointment of the leaders of organizations, the British Council preserves its independence of the government, which makes it more popular abroad, and makes positive influence on the world image of Great Britain. The efficiency of the British Council efforts on fulfillment of targets of the United Kingdom public diplomacy is unquestionable, no matter how it calls its activities: whether it is a cultural relations establishment or a cultural diplomacy implementation.
Keywords: The British Council, public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, cultural relations, Foreign Office, Her Majesty’s Government, official assistance for development
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Lockwood, Rob. "PROFESSOR NORMAN SIMMONDS." Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702001096.
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Norman Simmonds was an outstanding member of the group of British Tropical Agriculturalists who served overseas with great distinction during and immediately after the Second World War. He was then equally successful and influential in British academia and as an internationally respected researcher. He will be remembered as a plant breeder, a geneticist, a teacher and author, and as incisive commentator on current affairs in tropical agriculture. Simmonds had a long association with Experimental Agriculture, serving on its Editorial Board from 1978 to 1998, and as a Book Review Editor from 1978 to 1987.
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Lancashire, Robert. "Jamaican Chemists in Early Global Communication." Chemistry International 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0202.
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Abstract Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) has been described as “one of the founding fathers of organic chemistry and a great teacher who transformed scientific education, medical practice, and agriculture in Great Britain” [1]. His research was generally initially published in German, although in some cases an English translation was released at the same time. William Brock identified a number of people associated with providing English translations. Most of these were former students, such as John Buddle Blyth (1814-1871), John Gardner (1804-1880), William Gregory (1803-1858), Samuel William Johnson (1830-1909), Benjamin Horatio Paul (1827-1917), Lyon Playfair (1818-1898), Thomas Richardson (1816-1867), Warren De La Rue (1815-1889), as well as Edward Turner (1796-1837) and his brother Wilton George Turner (1810-1855). In this article, the emphasis is on Edward Turner, Wilton George Turner, and John Buddle Blyth, who were all born on sugar plantations in Jamaica [2].
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Bechyně, P. "Some aspects of structural and regional policy of the European Union in relation to agriculture by example of Great Britain." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 11 (March 2, 2012): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5446-agricecon.
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Rogers, Edmund. "A ‘Small Free Trade Oasis’?: agriculture, tariff policy, and the Danish example in Great Britain and Ireland, c. 1885–1911." Scandinavian Journal of History 38, no. 1 (February 2013): 42–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2012.741532.
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Toon, Peter D. "Congratulations to the Department of Family Medicine of NWSMU named after I.I. Mechnikov for 25 years anniversary. Letter to the editorial board." Russian Family Doctor 25, no. 2 (July 19, 2021): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rfd64145.
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The letter briefly describes cooperation of the St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Studies and Royal college of general practitioners (Great Britain) with active participation of the author, aimed at improving the training of general practitioners in Russia and the contribution of the Department of Family Medicine of St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Studies (now North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov) in the implementation of joint international projects.
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King, Mary. "Innovative new vascular programme combines surgery and radiology." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363508x276440.
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2008 looks set to be a year of major challenges for vascular surgery. Vascular surgeons could soon be training alongside other medical professionals including radiologists if a new curriculum and training programme, devised by the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland, is accepted by the royal colleges and the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board. The programme will combine surgical experience with the interventional radiology needed to carry out endovascular procedures and aims to meet the increased demands of aneurysm screening.
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Chen, Yixin. "Cold War Competition and Food Production in China, 1957–1962." Agricultural History 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-83.1.51.
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Abstract This article examines how Mao’s grand strategy for Cold War competition inflicted a catastrophic agricultural failure in China and victimized tens of millions of Chinese peasants. It argues that Khrushchev’s 1957 boast about the Soviet Union surpassing the United States in key economic areas inspired Mao to launch an industrialization program that would push the People’s Republic past Great Britain in some production categories within fifteen years. Beginning in 1958 Mao imposed unrealistic targets on Chinese grain production to extract funds from agriculture for rapid industrial growth. Maoists placed relentless pressure on communist cadres for ruthless implementation of the Great Leap Forward. Contrary to Maoist plans, China’s grain output in 1959-1960 declined sharply from 1957 levels and rural per capita grain retention decreased dramatically. Throughout China, party cadres’ mismanagement of agricultural production was responsible for the decline in grain output, and the communist state’s excessive requisition of grain caused food shortages for the peasants. But the key factor determining the famine’s uneven impact on the peasantry in the provinces was the degree to which provincial leaders genuinely and energetically embraced Maoist programs. This is illustrated by a close examination of the Great Leap famine in Anhui Province.
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Triyogo, Agus. "The Impact of Napoleonic War toward Great Britain’s Condition as Reflected in William Thackeray’s Vanity Fair (Sociological Approach)." EDULIA: English Education, Linguistic and Art Journal 1, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/edulia.v1i1.1569.
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The purpose of this study is to describe the social conditions that occurred in England after the Napoleonic war. This type of method is library research. Data collection was carried out through observation and documentation. Data were analyzed using a sociological approach. The results showed that the condition of British society after the Napoleonic war was still good in its education system with modern and intellectual thinking. British society realizes that education is very important for everyone to be more responsible. In fact, social relations that were conducive to change become individuals during war. The Napoleonic war had a negative impact on the life of British society, especially on psychological conditions and economic development. In conclusion, Britain's socio-economic life was destroyed after the war. All economic sources such as industry, agriculture and factories are getting worse. People only think how to protect themselves from war.
Keywords: Great Britain, Impact, Napoleonic War, Sociological Approach, Vanity Fair
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Reid, Hubert. "Que signifient les mots « public », « corps public », « bureau public » et « corps politique » utilisés aux articles 33, 828, 838 et 844 du Code de procédure civile du Québec ?" Les Cahiers de droit 18, no. 2-3 (April 12, 2005): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042172ar.
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In the province of Quebec, as elsewhere in Canada, the legislator, authors and judges frequently use terms in a general sense which is always taken for granted. But when the exact meaning of such terms is sought, no useful definition can be found. « Public », « public body », « public board » and « body politic » are typical examples of such terms. The purpose of this paper is to search for the legal signification of these four terms, more particularly in the United States and in Great Britain where they have been analyzed.
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Martin, Simon. "The Gendarme Mission in Albania, 1925–38: A Move on the English Chess Board?" Contemporary European History 7, no. 2 (July 1998): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004847.
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Emerging from the Balkan wars and the London Conference of Ambassadors of 1913, the nation state of Albania frustrated the expansionist ambitions of Serbia and Greece which had planned to partition the area. Early indications suggested Albania would be, potentially, one of the most destabilising regions of the Balkans. This was primarily due to its geographical position vis à vis the Adriatic coast, and to the manner in which the Great Powers deemed Albanian independence an issue of international concern. For Britain, the proximity of the important military base of Malta and the existence of oil in Albania were further reasons why Italian domination had to be checked, and it is of little surprise that Albania quickly became the focus of attention for jealous and covetous eyes.
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Sukhodolov, Yakov. "Current State of Russo-Chinese Investment Cooperation." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(1).10-17.
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China is traditionally a leading foreign trade partner of Russia. And its share in the total volume of foreign trade has a positive dynamics. At the same time, the dynamics of the Russo-Chinese investment cooperation sufficiently lags behind the dynamics of development of the Russo-Chinese foreign trade relations. At present, China considerably lags behind France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy in regard to direct investments in Russia’ economy. The major part of direct investments from China falls upon the mining and petrochemical industries, the wood and paper complex, the agriculture, and the real estate sphere. At the same time, the Chinese investors also implement several investment projects in the machine-building sphere. The Russo-Chinese cooperation has good prospects, especially in the sphere of implementing joint transport-logistic and infrastructural projects, as well as the projects in processing industry.
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Kozar, Łukasz. "Rozwój zielonej gospodarki w sektorze rolnictwa w krajach Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce w kontekście koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.3.66.
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The paper presents the issues related to the green economy in the agricultural sector. In order to discuss it, an analysis of the subject literature was carried out and some selected statistical data describing the process of greening of agriculture were presented. The timeframe of the analysis covered the years 2010-2015. The GUS and Eurostat were the source of the used values. Studies have shown that almost all EU countries have increased the area of organic agricultural land in the surveyed period (except for Great Britain). In addition, the article presents the results of pilot studies conducted in the Lodz Region, aimed at diagnosing key barriers to the development of the green economy in rural areas. According to the research, the insufficient level of knowledge of farmers in this area is an important obstacle to building a green economy in rural areas.
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Thomson, Gerald. ""We Are Making Good under the Honor System": The Social Rehabilitation of Juvenile Males through Militarism, Moral Reform, and Enforced Work Routines at the British Columbia Boy's Industrial School, 1919–1934." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 17, no. 1 (January 2024): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2024.a916839.
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Abstract: Industrial schools were the dominant mechanisms for the social rehabilitation of wayward juveniles in North America from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth century. The research concerning such schools in shaping young lives is scattered within the historiography of youth. Girls were taught domestic skills and boys were trained in trades such as agriculture. Forced labor was not punishment but seen as moral uplift for troubled youth. This article studies the British Columbia Boy's Industrial School from 1919 to 1934 under David Blackwood Brankin, whose "honor system" combined discipline, strict work routines, regimented leisure, and a minimum of compulsory schooling. Brankin's court missionary work in Great Britain and military career shaped his vision of juvenile social rehabilitation until his retirement in 1934. His replacement was an educator trained in psychology and mental hygiene methods of youth reclamation.
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Avallone, Elson, Paulo Mioralli, Pablo Natividade, Paulo Palota, Costa da, Jonas Antonio, and Verdério Aparecido. "An inexpensive anemometer using Arduino board." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 32, no. 3 (2019): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1903359a.
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In all studies involving wind speed, such as meteorology, wind turbines and agriculture accurate speed information for decision making is required. There are several types of anemometers, with medium and high costs, such as cup, hot wire and pitot tubes, the hot wire being more sensitive and expensive than others. The device developed in this work is the cup anemometer, that is easy to build. The great advantage of this device is the low cost, with an approximate value of US$ 50.00, using simple materials that are easy to find in commercial stores. The Reed Switch sensor is also another advantage as it does not require a sophisticated programming, as well as the open platform Arduino. The use of theoretical aerodynamic drag coefficients and the presented calculations resulted in values very close to a commercial anemometer. The coefficient of determination between the cup Anemometer and the standard sensor of Meteorological Research Institute IPMet/Brazil is R2=0.9999, indicating strong correlation between the instruments. As the reference anemometer (IPMet) has high embedded technology and the prototype is low cost, we conclude that the project has an attractive cost benefit for possible development and production, reaching the objective of this work.
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Huang, Philip C. C. "Development or Involution in Eighteenth-Century Britain and China? A Review of Kenneth Pomeranz'sThe Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy." Journal of Asian Studies 61, no. 2 (May 2002): 501–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700299.
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Kenneth pomeranz argues that “the great divergence” between development and involution in Europe and China did not occur until after 1800. Until then, Europe and China were comparable in population history, agriculture, handicraft industry, income, and consumption. Europe before 1800, in other words, was much less developed than the last two decades of scholarship have led us to believe, while China before 1800 was much less involuted. To make his case, Pomeranz spotlights England, the most advanced part of Europe, and the Yangzi delta area, the most advanced part of China. They diverged only after 1800, mainly because of the lucky availability of coal resources for England, and also of other raw materials from the New World.
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Easton, Brian. "La Nouvelle-Zélande : Vers une nouvelle insertion dans le système alimentaire mondial." Études internationales 12, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701155ar.
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Agricultural products are the source of 75 % of 'New Zealand's export eanings. During the 1970 's, the decline in New Zealand's terms of trade (prices of exports of wool, meat and dairy products having risen more slowly than those of manufactured imports), the loss of access to the British market, the rise of protectionism (notably in the EEC of which Great Britain is a member) have posed serious adjustment problems for New Zealand agriculture. However, the "Marshallien entrepreneur" that is the New Zealand farmer, backed up by the State (which centralises control of exports and credit), has risen to the challenge : as a result, production is being diversified and this has facilitated a re-orientation of exports toward countries outside the OECD area. It is the view of the author that such a policy in conformity with the concept of free-trade, permits a more optimistic outlook for the 1980 's.
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Palmer, John. "SPACES AND PLACES: AN INTERVIEW WITH SIMON EMMERSON." Tempo 63, no. 247 (January 2009): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298209000023.
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Since November 2004 Simon Emmerson has been Professor of Music, Technology and Innovation at De Montfort University, Leicester, following 28 years as Director of the Electroacoustic Music studios at City University, London. As a composer he works mostly with live electronics; he has also completed purely electroacoustic commissions from the IMEB (Bourges) and the GRM (Paris). In addition to extensive writings on the subject, he was founder Secretary of EMAS (The Electroacoustic Music Association of Great Britain) in 1979, and served on the Board of Sonic Arts Network from its inception until 2004. He is a Trustee of its successor organisation ‘Sound and Music’. This interview took place in July 2008.
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Tassin de Montaigu, Cannelle, and Dave Goulson. "Identifying agricultural pesticides that may pose a risk for birds." PeerJ 8 (August 4, 2020): e9526. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9526.
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In this study, we analyze changing patterns of pesticide use in agriculture in Great Britain over the 1990–2016 period, with respect to the risk they pose to birds. The weight of pesticides applied decreased by 51% between 1990 and 2016, but the area treated increased by 63% over the same period. Over this period, there has been considerable turnover in the pesticides used. The European Union (including Great Britain until 2020) has restricted or banned many pesticides for agricultural use, including organophosphates and carbamates. However, new generations of active substances have been introduced, such as the neonicotinoids, some of which have since been banned. In this analysis, we estimate the annual ‘toxic load’ of agricultural pesticide use in Great Britain for birds, measured as the total number of LD50 doses for corn buntings, Emberiza calandra. We have previously performed similar analyses for bees, for which the total toxic load increased six-fold during this period. In contrast, for birds the total toxic load fell by 80.5%, although still correspond to 8.3e+11 corn bunting LD50 doses in 2016. The decrease in toxicity is largely due to declining use of highly toxic organophosphates in recent years. We identify the pesticides in current use that may pose the highest risk to birds, which include a mix of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, molluscicides, acaricides and plant growth regulators. The insecticide ethoprop was ranked highest in 2016, with a toxic load of 71 billion potential corn bunting kills. Some of the other chemicals presenting a high toxic load, such as the herbicide chlormequat, are not highly toxic to birds (in terms of LD50) but are used in very large quantities. However, it is important to stress that, in reality, only a tiny proportion of pesticides applied will be ingested by birds, and this will vary according to timing and method of application, persistence of the active substance and many other factors. We further note that impacts of pesticides on birds might often be indirect, for example via depleting their food supply, and that sublethal impacts may occur at much lower doses than the LD50, neither of which do we investigate here. Nonetheless, we suggest that this is a useful approach to highlight pesticides that might be worth closer study with regard to possible impacts.
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Martínez-Heredia, Juana M., Ana I. Gálvez, Francisco Colodro, José Luis Mora-Jiménez, and Ons E. Sassi. "Feasibility Study of Detection of Ochre Spot on Almonds Aimed at Very Low-Cost Cameras Onboard a Drone." Drones 7, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7030186.
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Drones can be very helpful in precision agriculture. Currently, most drone-based solutions for plant disease detection incorporate multispectral, hyperspectral, or thermal cameras, which are expensive. In addition, there is a trend nowadays to apply machine learning techniques to precision agriculture, which are computationally complex and intensive. In this work, we explore the feasibility of detecting ochre spot disease in almond plantations based on conventional techniques of computer vision and images from a very low-cost RGB camera that is placed on board a drone. Such an approach will allow the detection system to be simple and inexpensive. First, we made a study of color on the ochre spot disease. Second, we developed a specific algorithm that was capable of processing and analyzing limited-quality images from a very low-cost camera. In addition, it can estimate the percentage of healthy and unhealthy parts of the plant. Thanks to the GPS on board the drone, the system can provide the location of every sick almond tree. Third, we checked the operation of the algorithm with a variety of photographs of ochre spot disease in almonds. The study demonstrates that the efficiency of the algorithm depends to a great extent on environmental conditions, but, despite the limitations, the results obtained with the analyzed photographs show a maximum discrepancy of 10% between the estimated percentage and the ground truth percentage of the unhealthy area. This approach shows great potential for extension to other crops by making previous studies of color and adaptations.
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Brown, Antony G., Steven R. Davis, Jackie Hatton, Charlotte O’Brien, Fiona Reilly, Kate Taylor, K. Emer Dennehy, et al. "The Environmental Context and Function of Burnt-Mounds: New Studies of Irish Fulachtaí Fiadh." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82 (August 17, 2016): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2016.7.
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Burnt mounds, or fulachtaí fiadh as they are known in Ireland, are probably the most common prehistoric site type in Ireland and Britain. Typically Middle–Late Bronze Age in age (although both earlier and later examples are known), they are artefact-poor and rarely associated with settlements. The function of these sites has been much debated with the most commonly cited uses being for cooking, as steam baths or saunas, for brewing, tanning, or textile processing. A number of major infrastructural development schemes in Ireland in the years 2002–2007 revealed remarkable numbers of these mounds often associated with wood-lined troughs, many of which were extremely well-preserved. This afforded an opportunity to investigate them as landscape features using environmental techniques – specifically plant macrofossils and charcoal, pollen, beetles, and multi-element analyses. This paper summarises the results from eight sites from Ireland and compares them with burnt mound sites in Great Britain. The fulachtaí fiadh which are generally in clusters, are all groundwater-fed by springs, along floodplains and at the bases of slopes. The sites are associated with the clearance of wet woodland for fuel; most had evidence of nearby agriculture and all revealed low levels of grazing. Multi-element analysis at two sites revealed elevated heavy metal concentrations suggesting that off-site soil, ash or urine had been used in the trough. Overall the evidence suggests that the most likely function for these sites is textile production involving both cleaning and/or dyeing of wool and/or natural plant fibres and as a functionally related activity to hide cleaning and tanning. Whilst further research is clearly needed to confirm if fulachtaí fiadh are part of the ‘textile revolution’ we should also recognise their important role in the rapid deforestation of the wetter parts of primary woodland and the expansion of agriculture into marginal areas during the Irish and British Bronze Ages.
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Leventhal, F. M. "“A Tonic to the Nation”: The Festival of Britain, 1951." Albion 27, no. 3 (1995): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051737.
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No event of the post-Second World War decade in Britain is recalled as affectionately or enveloped in such an aura of nostalgia as the Festival of Britain, a five-month series of cultural events and exhibits, with its centerpiece at the South Bank in London. But the Festival dear to the recollections of those growing up during and after the war diverged sharply from the original conception of its progenitors.In 1943 the Royal Society of the Arts, partly responsible for the Great Exhibition of 1851, suggested to the government that an international exhibition along similar lines be staged in 1951 to commemorate the earlier event. To propose a celebratory occasion in 1943 was an act of faith that the war would not only end successfully, but that Britain would have recovered sufficiently by 1951 to warrant such a demonstration. In September 1945, with the war over and Labour in power, Gerald Barry, the editor of the News Chronicle, addressed an open letter to Stafford Cripps, then President of the Board of Trade, advocating a trade and cultural exhibition in London as a way of commemorating the centenary of the Crystal Palace. Such an exhibition would advertise British products and display British prowess in design and craftsmanship. He favored a site in the center of London, such as Hyde Park or Battersea, either of which would provide ample space for such an exhibition. What prompted these suggestions was the need to provide practical help to British commerce at a time when it was clearly under pressure shifting from wartime controls to peacetime competition.
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Bunget, Ovidiu-Constantin, Dorel Mateș, Alin-Constantin Dumitrescu, Oana Bogdan, and Valentin Burcă. "The Link between Board Structure, Audit, and Performance for Corporate Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 8408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208408.
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The economic and social transformations, the bankruptcies recorded, and the financial crisis affecting all economies have increased the interest for the corporate governance concept. Our intention in this paper was to study the impact of corporate governance attributes on performance given the information published by the entities listed on five stock exchanges from Europe, namely the main market from Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE) in Romania, the Athens Stock Exchange(ATHEX) main market in Greece, Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index (FTSE 100) from Great Britain, Spanish Stock Exchange 35 Index (IBEX 35) from Spain, and Warsaw Stock Exchange 20 Index (WIG 20) from Poland, between 2016–2018. Through mathematical modeling and multiple linear regression, we aimed to determine the extent to which corporate governance characteristics, firm characteristics, industry and stock market fixed effects, and random effects influence the performance of 226 entities included in our sample. The empirical findings revealed that CEO duality, the number of non-executive directors and women on board, audit committee, and audit opinion influenced performance measured by the Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) indicators. The ideas highlighted and the results obtained in this research contribute to the literature that analyzes the extent to which an effective governance determines the increase in performance, needed for a sustainable development.
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Rogach, Svitlana, Larysa Vdovenko, and Oleh Polishchuk. "AGRICULTURE OF UKRAINE UNDER THE JOINT POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-178-183.
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The purpose of this article is to study the experience of financial support of agriculture in the European Union in order to adapt it to the agricultural conditions of Ukraine. A decisive feature of European financial support to agriculture is the attitude towards it as one of the factors of development of the financial system of the European Union. Under the conditions when Ukraine tries to become a full member of the European Union, the author has proved that the modern system of financial support of agriculture in Ukraine is on the vector of formation and adaptation, therefore, the substantiation of theoretical and methodological principles and the development of practical recommendations for the improvement of existing and the introduction of progressive, recommended world practice levers and regulatory mechanisms become a determining factor in their further development. Methodology. In Ukraine, 2017 should only be expected to improve traditional forms of financial support. Among the positive points is the reduction of interest rates in UAH up to 15%, but with the preservation of monetary stability, one should not expect an increase in terms of lending, in the top, there will be loans up to one year, that is, within the product cycle. Results. Ukraine is trying to take over the experience of various European countries in relation to agriculture. It relies on the experience of Germany, France, Great Britain. Practical implications. The Government and the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food in the Budget for 2017 presented a state support reform that creates conditions for the development of small farms and stimulates the production of value-added products, and the main principles of state support should be targeting and transparency. Value/originality. In 2017, in support of the development of the livestock sector at the expense of the general fund of the state budget under the budget program “State Support of Livestock Sector”, expenditures are provided to ensure stabilization of livestock, increase its number, and stabilize production. In general, support for the agrarian sector is formal and insignificantly affecting the development of the agricultural sector, as a result of the economic and agricultural development vector declared in the 2017 Budget, in the light of economic instability, rising inflation and uncertainty.
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Tilesi, Francesca, Andrea Lombardi, and Andrea Mazzucato. "Scientometric and Methodological Analysis of the Recent Literature on the Health-Related Effects of Tomato and Tomato Products." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081905.
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The health benefits of tomato, a vegetable consumed daily in human diets, have received great attention in the scientific community, and a great deal of experiments have tested their utility against several diseases. Herein, we present a scientometric analysis of recent works aimed to estimate the biological effects of tomato, focusing on bibliographic metadata, type of testers, target systems, and methods of analysis. A remarkably variable array of strategies was reported, including testers obtained by standard and special tomatoes, and the use of in vitro and in vivo targets, both healthy and diseased. In vitro, 21 normal and 36 cancer human cell lines derived from 13 different organs were used. The highest cytotoxic effects were reported on cancer blood cells. In vivo, more experiments were carried out with murine than with human systems, addressing healthy individuals, as well as stressed and diseased patients. Multivariate analysis showed that publications in journals indexed in the agriculture category were associated with the use of fresh tomatoes; conversely, medicine and pharmacology journals were associated with the use of purified and formulate testers. Studies conducted in the United States of America preferentially adopted in vivo systems and formulates, combined with blood and tissue analysis. Researchers in Italy, China, India, and Great Britain mostly carried out in vitro research using fresh tomatoes. Gene expression and proteomic analyses were associated with China and India. The emerging scenario evidences the somewhat dichotomic approaches of plant geneticists and agronomists and that of cell biologists and medicine researchers. A higher integration between these two scientific communities would be desirable to foster the assessment of the benefits of tomatoes to human health.
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Yajie, Liu, Meng Qingxun, and Xuan Zhiwei. "Greenhouse Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Based on IoT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 9 (September 30, 2023): 1403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55859.
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Abstract: The popularization of greenhouse cultivation in agriculture is becoming more and more common, providing sufficient vegetables throughout the year. However, the traditional indoor temperature and humidity monitoring in greenhouses still requires manual measurement on a regular basis, which is inefficient and has poor accuracy. In order to solve the problem of greenhouse temperature and humidity monitoring, a time-sensitive, convenient, and easy-to-use remote monitoring system for greenhouse temperature and humidity is designed. The system collects data with an Arduino Uno control board and uploads and stores data on the ThingSpeak cloud platform with an ESP8266 control board. The DHT22 high-precision sensor is used as the temperature and humidity data acquisition module. And use the browser or smart phone to view remotely at any time. The analysis and test show that the system has high accuracy and low cost. low cost. It is a reliable monitoring system that has a great role in promoting greenhouse vegetable cultivation
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Schoof, Nicolas, Rainer Luick, Karin Jürgens, and Gwyn Jones. "Dairies in Germany: Key Factors for Grassland Conservation?" Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 4139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104139.
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Germany is the largest milk producer of the 28 EU Member States (statistically still including Great Britain) and dairying is the most important single sector in German agriculture. Dairies are of central importance in the value chain, but very little is known about their objectives and perspectives in relation to grassland management, feedstuffs deriving from grassland and towards resource conservation issues. This study gives an insight on the way German dairies think about and act in such topics by using a standardized survey method. The survey revealed little to no linkage between the size of dairies and their interest in conservation issues on grassland and very little consideration of extensive grasslands. Dairies are divided over questions of governance for a more sustainable milk market and on the nature of their relationships with farmers. There is evidence that the German dairy industry is willing to contribute to a more sustainable and more robust milk market, but the enterprises mostly regard other market actors as more important. According to this survey, consumers will tend to opt for more sustainable milk products in future and there are possibilities to raise the willingness to pay.
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Neima, Anna. "Dartington Hall and the Quest for ‘Life in its Completeness’, 1925–45." History Workshop Journal 88 (2019): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbz029.
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Abstract In the wake of the First World War, reformers across the Western world questioned laissez-faire liberalism, the self-oriented and market-driven ruling doctrine of the nineteenth century. This philosophy was blamed, variously, for the war, for industrialization and for urbanization; for a way of life shorn of any meaning beyond getting and keeping; for the too great faith in materialism and in science; and for the loss of a higher, transcendent meaning that gave a unifying purpose to individual existence and to society as a whole. For many, the cure to these ills lay in reforming the liberal social framework in ways that made it more fulfilling to the whole person and that strengthened ties between individuals. This article looks at Dartington Hall as an outstanding practical example of this impulse to promote holistic, integrated living – exploring the project as an interlinked constellation of experiments in education, the arts, agriculture and social organization; and also looking at how Dartington’s philosophy and trajectory matched those of other such enterprises begun in interwar Britain and further afield, making it a bellwether of changes in reformist thinking across the century.
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Voicu, Mălina, Alexandra Deliu, Simona Stănescu, and Elena Spiridon. "Repatrierea forței de muncă în contextul pandemiei COVID-19." Sociologie Romaneasca 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/sr.20.2.4.
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This article aims at providing information about Romanian emigrants in terms of destinations and integration on the labour market at the destination and, at the same time, at tackling with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mobility and eventual return of Romanian emigrants. For these explorations, we use quantitative data from various sources. The Repatriation of the Work Force is a research conducted in 2020, in which the local authorities from 3,181 administrative units in Romania were contacted and asked a series of questions regarding, among other topics, migration from and return migration to their locality. 742 answers were obtained, which were complemented with statistical information from Eurostat – Romanian citizens residing abroad, and the Romanian Border Police – traffic in an out Romanian borders since the beginning of the pandemic, compared to similar periods in 2019. The data provides an image of Romanian migrants abroad that is in line with what previous studies show, in terms of favourite destinations (Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain) and occupations at the destination (constructions, agriculture, housekeeping). Data from the Romanian Border Police show that return to Romania had some spikes in 2020, and suggests circularity and complex mobility trajectories.
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Carlsson, Moa. "Computing views, remodeling environments." Social Studies of Science 52, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063127211048943.
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This article traces the development and expansion of early computer systems for analyzing views at three state-owned agencies in the United States and Great Britain: the US Forest Service, the Central Electricity Generating Board of England and Wales, and the Greater London Authority. Following the technology over four decades, from 1968 to 2012, the article traces assumptions incorporated into initial programs and propagated through to the present. These programs were designed to address questions about visual environments and proximities by numerical calculations alone, without the need for field observations. Each historical episode provides unique insights into the role of abstraction and calculation in the production of landscapes and the built environment, and shows how computer-generated view data became an important currency in planning control, not primarily for aesthetic but for financial and political reasons.
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Moses, K. "The availability of coal." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 92, no. 1-2 (1987): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009490.
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SynopsisSince the assessment of coal reserves for the Royal Commission on the coal industry of Great Britain made nearly a century ago, up to assessments made by geologists of the National Coal Board, it has been evident that the coalfields of Scotland contain considerable quantities of coal. Throughout the past two decades the presence of hydrocarbons in the rocks beneath the North Sea, the general abundance of oil in various parts of the world, and the development of nuclear power, has meant that coal is only one of several sources of energy readily available to us. The coalfields of Scotland contain seams of varying quality and energy content and so can be compared with other fuels. Consequently it is the cost of the energy to the consumer that is often the controlling factor in the choice of which fuel to use. The very nature of coal as a bulky and not-too-easily-handled fuel has meant that only the generation of electricity offers the scope for substantial consumption of coal.The paper examines these factors and also the location of the coal reserves in Scotland, particularly in the light of the geological factors that affect the cost of the energy. The National Coal Board's deep mining exploration programme in Great Britain has sought opportunities for new ventures and developments, some of which have been in Scotland. The market for the coal and the competition for that market clearly indicates that the productivity of coal mining operations is paramount in determining the future size of the coal industry in Scotland. About half of the coal can be provided from low-cost opencast operations, with the other half obtained from the mines with the highest productivities—productivities that result in energy costs similar to those obtained from oil and nuclear power.
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Yauri, Ricardo, Einer Campos, Renzo Yalico, and Vanessa Gamero. "Development of an Electronic Bird Repellent System using Sound Emission." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 18 (May 19, 2023): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2023.18.14.
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Currently, the damages caused by the stalking of birds in industry and agriculture are of great consideration, because they adapt to city environments in search of food and lose their fear, creating threats and taking advantage of the human presence, benefiting from food and waste, causing diseases and great economic losses. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to design a repellent system that allows birds to keep away from the facilities of companies and homes. There are various methods to repel birds using traditional and technological methods, such as the use of temperature or distance sensors, microcontrollers, and sirens. Therefore, this paper describes the development of the device to keep birds away. The design of the printed circuit board, implementation of the control algorithm for the system, the evaluation of the system through simulation, and the design and development of the casing for its integration are shown. Finally, a functional prototype of the repelling device is shown, to detect the presence of the bird and immediately emit a sound that scares it away, using the algorithm integrated with the electronic system.
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Maksimov, M. V. "«Love Rejoices in Truth …»: to the 20th anniversary of the journal «Solovyov Studies»." Solov’evskie issledovaniya, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2076-9210.2021.4.006-024.
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This essay presents a description of the scholarly events commemorating the 20th anniversary of the journal “Solovyov Studies”. It gives an overview of the exhibition "20 years of the journal “Solovyov Studies”: 2001–2021," prepared by the editorial board of the journal together with the Library of the ISPU. It highlights a variety of the sections of the exposition and the materials presented, reflecting the development of the journal over two decades, the composition of its editorial board, including authoritative experts from Russia, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, the United States of America, Ukraine, and France. The reader’s attention is drawn to the information about the journal's position in various ratings schemes, both domestic and foreign, and citation indices, the share of publications by foreign authors and their geographical location, as well as the number of journal-views over the past five years. The article shows the role of scientific communications in the development of the journal, Information is given on the participation of the editorial board in international scientific events, on publications devoted to the journal and its presentations in Russian and foreign publications, universities and research centers. The article describes the Solovyov seminar’s cultural and student projects, which received substantial content and information support from “Solovyov Studies”. The level of interest of the scientific community in the journal is also noted.
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Jachertz, Ruth, and Alexander Nützenadel. "Coping with hunger? Visions of a global food system, 1930–1960." Journal of Global History 6, no. 1 (February 23, 2011): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022811000064.
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AbstractThe 1930s and 1940s saw the rise of a new model of global food politics. This model was strongly moulded by the experiences of the Great Depression and the two world wars, all of which had brought hunger and malnutrition back to Europe. Whereas until the nineteenth century famines and food shortages had commonly been interpreted as regional Malthusian crises, they were now attributed to global economic disturbances and imbalances. This article explores how the far-reaching plans of a World Food Board, advocated by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization under John Boyd Orr, were abandoned and supplanted by a new approach that focused on technical aid and the distribution of surpluses. Moreover, the problems of hunger and malnutrition were embedded in a larger discourse on world population and economic development.