Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'BNR'

The removal of nutrients from the wastewaters through biological processes is a cost effective and environmentally sound alternative to chemical treatment. The primary driver for the success of the biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes is the availability of suitable carbon sources in the influent wastewater. Unfortunately, in the UK the wastewaters considered being weak for the BNR carbon limited processes and hence many methods have been examined in the past for the enhancement of BNR. In this project an internal carbon source was proposed and examined. The carbon was produced from the disintegration of activated sludge by a mechanical process, which was explored and its impact on the BNR carbon limited processes was evaluated. The equipment used in this study for mechanical sludge disintegration was a deflaker, which was able to cause significant increase in chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the soluble phase of sludge. Laboratory scale tests revealed that this carbon source can improve the phosphorus release and denitrification process and hence the phosphorus and nitrogen removal. These results led us to investigate the carbon source produced from disintegration in pilot scale and two BNR reactors were used for this purpose. The mechanical disintegration of 5.8% of return activated sludge was able to increase the concentration of VFA in the influent wastewater by 2.5-7 mg l-1 and successfully replace the equivalent amount of acetic acid, which is normally considered to be the best carbon source for biological phosphorus removal. The performance of the test reactor in terms of nitrogen, suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand was also unaffected. In addition, the sludge disintegration affected the bacteria growth yield, which combined with the longer sludge age by 6 days compared to the control reactor caused a 20-26% reduction in sludge production. In order to examine whether this process could be used by the water utilities a cost analysis took place, which revealed that the operational cost of the specific disintegration process and under the conditions examined in this study outweighs the savings from the produced carbon source and reduced amount of sludge.

The Chesapeake Bay watershed has seen an increase in population, nutrient loading, and stringent effluent limits; therefore, cost-effective technologies must be explored and implemented to intensify the treatment of regional wastewater. This work describes the bioaugmentation and retention of anammox (AMX) granules in a continuous adsorption/bio-oxidation (A/B) mainstream deammonification pilot-scale process treating domestic wastewater. The AMX granules were collected from the underflow of a sidestream DEMON® process. The bioaugmentation rate was based on several factors including full-scale sidestream DEMON® wasting rate and sidestream vs mainstream AMX activity. The retention of bioaugmented AMX granules required a novel settling column at the end of the deammonification step. The settling column was designed to provide a surface overflow rate (SOR) that allowed dense AMX granules to settle into the underflow and less dense floccular biomass to outselect into the overflow. B-Stage was operated to out-select nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) by maintaining an ammonia residual (>2 mg NH4-N/L), a relatively high dissolved oxygen (DO) (>1.5 mg O2/L) concentration, an aggressive solids retention time (SRT) for NOB washout, and intermittent aeration for transient anoxia. AMX activity was not detected in the mainstream at any time. The settling column AMX retention quantification suggested but did not confirm AMX were maintained in the mainstream. NOB were not suppressed during this study and no nitrite accumulation was present in the mainstream process. It was theorized that AMX granules were successfully settled into the settling column underflow and accumulated in the intermittently mixed sidestream biological phosphorus reactor (SBPR) where they disintegrated. This work also describes optimization of carbon addition to an anoxic partial denitrification anammox (PdN/A) moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) testing glycerol, acetate, and methanol as carbon sources to maximize total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal through the anammox pathway and to minimize effluent TIN. A carbon feeding strategy was developed and was evaluated by the extent of partial denitrification vs full denitrification (partial denitrification efficiency, PdN efficiency). All three carbon sources were capable of high TIN removal, low effluent TIN, and moderate to high PdN efficiency. Average TIN removal for glycerol was 10.0 ± 3.6 mg TIN/L, for acetate it was 8.7 ± 2.9 mg TIN/L, and for methanol it was 11.5 ± 5.6 mg TIN/L. Average effluent TIN for glycerol was 6.0 ± 4.0 mg TIN/L, for acetate it was 5.0 ± 1.1 mg TIN/L, and for methanol it was 4.3 ± 1.5 mg TIN/L. Average PdN efficiency for glycerol was 91.0 ± 9.0%, for acetate it was 88.0 ± 7.7%, and for methanol it was 74.0 ± 8.5%. When PdN efficiency was factored into the cost of each carbon source, methanol was 5.83% cheaper than glycerol per mass TIN removed and 59.0% cheaper than acetate per mass TIN-N removed.
Master of Science

Includes bibliographical references.
Wastewater treatment technologies have developed out of the need to protect receiving water bodies from the increasingly concentrated municipal and industrial waste streams generated through human activity. Of the methods available to clean wastewaters, biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge (AS) is applied throughout South Africa and internationally as it has many advantages, notably it is cheaper to operate, does not introduce salinity into the water and is a simple and robust process. One of the key steps in the BNR AS process is the separation of biomass from the water. This is traditionally achieved by means of secondary settling tanks (SSTs), however recently the use of membranes for solid-liquid separation has gained popularity for the following reasons: Membranes are able to retain all solids and thus are insensitive to the settling characteristics of sludges, • they can be run at high concentrations and hence smaller reactor volumes are required, • membranes can produce a guaranteed high quality effluent free of pathogens and in some cases viruses too. • Additionally smaller reactor volumes and the obviation of SSTs allow a substantial wastewater treatment plant footprint reduction. Hence the combination of membranes in BNR AS is being increasingly applied. where much research has been conducted on the performance of membranes. The majority of the research has focused on the physical membrane performance, investigating the mechanisms of fouling, or on the membrane biological reactor (MBR) performance in removing organic compounds or nitrogen compounds from wastewater. There are however few case studies investigating BNR using membranes despite speculation that the inclusion of membranes may indeed affect the nature of the activated sludge biomass (Witzig et al., 2002).

The performance of Captor media integration into the aerobic zone of an activated sludge wastewater treatment system operated at low MCRTs was evaluated using a pilot scale Virginia Initiative Project (VIP) process. Two separate trains were operated, one with Captor media incorporated into the aerobic zone of the system, referred to as an Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IF AS) system, and the other as a control system, i.e., with no media in the aerobic reactors. The wastewater used for this research was pumped from a main municipal sewer of the Blacksburg-VPI Sanitation Authority Collection System. The TKN of the wastewater was supplemented by the addition of urea to maintain the influent ammonia concentration around 55 mg/L as nitrogen. Sodium acetate was added to maintain the influent COD around 450 mg/L and Sodium bicarbonate was added to maintain the pH in the aerobic zone around 7. The system was operated at MCRTs of 1.7, 1.0 and 0.3 days with the operating temperature around 12 C.
Master of Science

One of the major water quality issues affecting waterways is eutrophication. Controlling the input of nutrients from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WTP’s) is a significant step in reducing eutrophication. Tertiary wastewater treatment for water quality improvement in particular Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) is often expensive to construct with high maintenance costs. Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer an alternative wastewater treatment and have been used successfully worldwide to treat various types of wastewater. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Oxley Creek horizontal subsurface flow (SSF) CW for tertiary municipal wastewater treatment and the suitability of four native macrophyte species, Baumea articulata, Carex fascicularis, Philydrum lanuginosum and Schoenoplectus mucronatus. The investigation consisted of four main components: 1) Plants: monitoring plant establishment, growth, impact of cropping, gravel size, nutrient content and storage for the four macrophyte species trialed; 2) Water quality - effluent treatment: monitoring water quality and quantity entering and leaving the wetland to determine wastewater treatment; 3) Organic matter: accumulation of organic carbon within the wetland cells for the different gravel sizes (5mm and 20mm) and 4) Mass balance: combining nutrient storage by macrophytes with wastewater nutrient removal to determine proportion of nutrient removal by plant uptake. The Oxley horizontal SSF CW is situated at the Oxley Creek WTP in Brisbane (South- East), Queensland, Australia which has a sub-tropical climate. The experimental design involved four different substrate treatments: Cell A new 5mm gravel, Cells B and C old 20mm gravel and Cell D old 5mm gravel. Cells B, C and D had been operational since 1995 whereas Cell A had been in use since 2000. The wetland received secondary treated effluent direct from the Oxley Creek WTP at an average flow rate of 8L/min with a median hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 0.12m/day and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 to 3 days. Each cell consisted of three gravel sections (Section 1 to 3) separated by 1m wide open water sections. Gravel Sections 2 and 3 were planted out with the four macrophyte species in October 2000, Section 1 remained unplanted. Plant health and leaf height was monitored to assess plant establishment and growth. Investigations into plant establishment and growth demonstrated that Carex was most suitable. Carex achieved the highest maximum leaf height and was not affected by pests and disease unlike Schoenoplectus and Philydrum. Above ground biomass was cropped in May and August 2001, with biomass of cropped material measured on both occasions. Plant health and re-growth following cropping of above ground biomass in May and August 2001 demonstrated that cropping retarded regrowth of Schoenoplectus and Philydrum. Carex and Baumea recovered quickest following cropping, with Carex achieving leaf height prior to cropping within 6 months. Proportion of biomass contained above and below ground was measured by collecting biomass samples three times over 9 months and dividing into plant components (roots, rhizomes, leaves, flowers and stems). Investigations into the proportion of above and below ground components indicated that >80% of biomass is contained above ground. Therefore cropping above ground biomass would potentially remove a significant proportion of nutrient storage from the CW. The results indicated that the ideal time for cropping was in spring/summer when plants are flowering particularly for Philydrum, whose flowering stems comprised 40% of total plant biomass. Flowering stems of Philydrum could potentially have a commercial use as a cut flower. Nutrient content of the four species in each cell was measured for individual plant components when first planted and after three (summer) and six (autumn) months growth. This was combined with biomass data to quantify nutrient bioaccumulation (nitrogen and phosphorus) by the four species in each cell. In terms of ability to bioaccumulate nitrogen and phosphorus, measurements of nutrient content and storage indicated that all four species were suitable. Nutrient storage was highest for Baumea and Carex. However high nutrient content may make the macrophytes more susceptible to pest and disease attack as found in this study for Philydrum and Schoenoplectus. Nutrient storage was highest in Cell A (new 5mm gravel) as a result of higher biomass achieved in this cell. The cropping and nutrient storage experiments indicated that Carex was the most suitable species for use in SSF CWs. Carex achieved the highest nutrient storage and had the fastest regrowth following cropping. Organic carbon accumulation between gravel particles measured as the proportion of material lost at 500oC was determined for gravel samples collected from each section for all four cells at 10cm depth increments (0-10cm, 10-20cm and 20-30cm). Investigations into organic carbon accumulation within the gravel substrate showed that organic accumulation was higher in the planted sections particularly for cells that had previously been planted with Phragmites australis. Organic accumulation was highest in the top 20cm of the gravel, which can be attributed to litter fall and root material. The effect of gravel size on plant growth, biomass, root depth and organic accumulation was assessed throughout the study. Investigations indicated that gravel size did not appear to affect biomass, maximum root penetration, re-growth following cropping and organic accumulation. Water quality from the inlet and outlet of each cell was measured fortnightly over 12 months (May 2001 to May 2002). Water quantity (HLR) was measured weekly using tipping buckets located at the inlet and outlet of each cell. Water quality and quantity were combined to investigate the nutrient removal efficiency of the wetland. The Oxley wetland was highly effective in reduction of TSS (<2mg/L) and COD (<30mg/L). Principal TSS and COD removal mechanism was physical with the first gravel section acting as a filter removing the majority of particulate material. Average loading rates to the wetland were 7.1 kg/ha/d PO4-P, 14 kg/ha/d NH4-N and 5.4 kg/ha/d NOx-N. Average daily mass removal rates ranged from 7.3 kg/ha NH4-N in Cell D to 4.6 kg/ha in Cell C (i.e. 37%-22% removal efficiency respectively); 5.2 kg/ha NOx-N in Cell C to 1.3 kg/ha in Cell A (i.e. 75%-22% removal efficiency) and 0.8 kg/ha PO4-P in Cell A to 0.1 kg/ha in Cell C (i.e. 10%-1% removal efficiency). Removal efficiency was calculated on a loads basis. Insufficient retention times (2-3 days based on tracer study) and anaerobic conditions (<1mg/L) limited further nitrogen removal. Negligible phosphorus removal for all cells was attributed to short retention time and likelihood of phosphorus adsorption being close to capacity. Investigation into the proportion of nutrient removal attributed to plant uptake demonstrated that nutrient uptake and storage in plant biomass accounted for <12% TN and <5% TP. This research project has provided several useful outcomes that can assist in future guidelines for designing effective SSF CWs in the subtropics/tropics. Outcomes include the importance of maintaining an adequate water level during the initial establishment phase. Maximising effluent treatment by pre-treatment of wastewater prior to entering SSF CWs to enable ammonia to be converted to nitrate and ensuring adequate hydraulic retention time. Carex fascicularis was the most suitable species particularly where harvesting regimes are employed. Philydrum flowering stems could be used as a cut flower in the florist trade.

One of the major water quality issues affecting waterways is eutrophication. Controlling the input of nutrients from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WTP’s) is a significant step in reducing eutrophication. Tertiary wastewater treatment for water quality improvement in particular Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) is often expensive to construct with high maintenance costs. Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer an alternative wastewater treatment and have been used successfully worldwide to treat various types of wastewater. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Oxley Creek horizontal subsurface flow (SSF) CW for tertiary municipal wastewater treatment and the suitability of four native macrophyte species, Baumea articulata, Carex fascicularis, Philydrum lanuginosum and Schoenoplectus mucronatus. The investigation consisted of four main components: 1) Plants: monitoring plant establishment, growth, impact of cropping, gravel size, nutrient content and storage for the four macrophyte species trialed; 2) Water quality - effluent treatment: monitoring water quality and quantity entering and leaving the wetland to determine wastewater treatment; 3) Organic matter: accumulation of organic carbon within the wetland cells for the different gravel sizes (5mm and 20mm) and 4) Mass balance: combining nutrient storage by macrophytes with wastewater nutrient removal to determine proportion of nutrient removal by plant uptake. The Oxley horizontal SSF CW is situated at the Oxley Creek WTP in Brisbane (South- East), Queensland, Australia which has a sub-tropical climate. The experimental design involved four different substrate treatments: Cell A new 5mm gravel, Cells B and C old 20mm gravel and Cell D old 5mm gravel. Cells B, C and D had been operational since 1995 whereas Cell A had been in use since 2000. The wetland received secondary treated effluent direct from the Oxley Creek WTP at an average flow rate of 8L/min with a median hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 0.12m/day and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 to 3 days. Each cell consisted of three gravel sections (Section 1 to 3) separated by 1m wide open water sections. Gravel Sections 2 and 3 were planted out with the four macrophyte species in October 2000, Section 1 remained unplanted. Plant health and leaf height was monitored to assess plant establishment and growth. Investigations into plant establishment and growth demonstrated that Carex was most suitable. Carex achieved the highest maximum leaf height and was not affected by pests and disease unlike Schoenoplectus and Philydrum. Above ground biomass was cropped in May and August 2001, with biomass of cropped material measured on both occasions. Plant health and re-growth following cropping of above ground biomass in May and August 2001 demonstrated that cropping retarded regrowth of Schoenoplectus and Philydrum. Carex and Baumea recovered quickest following cropping, with Carex achieving leaf height prior to cropping within 6 months. Proportion of biomass contained above and below ground was measured by collecting biomass samples three times over 9 months and dividing into plant components (roots, rhizomes, leaves, flowers and stems). Investigations into the proportion of above and below ground components indicated that >80% of biomass is contained above ground. Therefore cropping above ground biomass would potentially remove a significant proportion of nutrient storage from the CW. The results indicated that the ideal time for cropping was in spring/summer when plants are flowering particularly for Philydrum, whose flowering stems comprised 40% of total plant biomass. Flowering stems of Philydrum could potentially have a commercial use as a cut flower. Nutrient content of the four species in each cell was measured for individual plant components when first planted and after three (summer) and six (autumn) months growth. This was combined with biomass data to quantify nutrient bioaccumulation (nitrogen and phosphorus) by the four species in each cell. In terms of ability to bioaccumulate nitrogen and phosphorus, measurements of nutrient content and storage indicated that all four species were suitable. Nutrient storage was highest for Baumea and Carex. However high nutrient content may make the macrophytes more susceptible to pest and disease attack as found in this study for Philydrum and Schoenoplectus. Nutrient storage was highest in Cell A (new 5mm gravel) as a result of higher biomass achieved in this cell. The cropping and nutrient storage experiments indicated that Carex was the most suitable species for use in SSF CWs. Carex achieved the highest nutrient storage and had the fastest regrowth following cropping. Organic carbon accumulation between gravel particles measured as the proportion of material lost at 500oC was determined for gravel samples collected from each section for all four cells at 10cm depth increments (0-10cm, 10-20cm and 20-30cm). Investigations into organic carbon accumulation within the gravel substrate showed that organic accumulation was higher in the planted sections particularly for cells that had previously been planted with Phragmites australis. Organic accumulation was highest in the top 20cm of the gravel, which can be attributed to litter fall and root material. The effect of gravel size on plant growth, biomass, root depth and organic accumulation was assessed throughout the study. Investigations indicated that gravel size did not appear to affect biomass, maximum root penetration, re-growth following cropping and organic accumulation. Water quality from the inlet and outlet of each cell was measured fortnightly over 12 months (May 2001 to May 2002). Water quantity (HLR) was measured weekly using tipping buckets located at the inlet and outlet of each cell. Water quality and quantity were combined to investigate the nutrient removal efficiency of the wetland. The Oxley wetland was highly effective in reduction of TSS (<2mg/L) and COD (<30mg/L). Principal TSS and COD removal mechanism was physical with the first gravel section acting as a filter removing the majority of particulate material. Average loading rates to the wetland were 7.1 kg/ha/d PO4-P, 14 kg/ha/d NH4-N and 5.4 kg/ha/d NOx-N. Average daily mass removal rates ranged from 7.3 kg/ha NH4-N in Cell D to 4.6 kg/ha in Cell C (i.e. 37%-22% removal efficiency respectively); 5.2 kg/ha NOx-N in Cell C to 1.3 kg/ha in Cell A (i.e. 75%-22% removal efficiency) and 0.8 kg/ha PO4-P in Cell A to 0.1 kg/ha in Cell C (i.e. 10%-1% removal efficiency). Removal efficiency was calculated on a loads basis. Insufficient retention times (2-3 days based on tracer study) and anaerobic conditions (<1mg/L) limited further nitrogen removal. Negligible phosphorus removal for all cells was attributed to short retention time and likelihood of phosphorus adsorption being close to capacity. Investigation into the proportion of nutrient removal attributed to plant uptake demonstrated that nutrient uptake and storage in plant biomass accounted for <12% TN and <5% TP. This research project has provided several useful outcomes that can assist in future guidelines for designing effective SSF CWs in the subtropics/tropics. Outcomes include the importance of maintaining an adequate water level during the initial establishment phase. Maximising effluent treatment by pre-treatment of wastewater prior to entering SSF CWs to enable ammonia to be converted to nitrate and ensuring adequate hydraulic retention time. Carex fascicularis was the most suitable species particularly where harvesting regimes are employed. Philydrum flowering stems could be used as a cut flower in the florist trade.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Environmental Engineering
Full Text

Research was performed at a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant operating an adsorption/bio-oxidation (A/B) process at 20C. The study compared B-Stage performance under DO Control, Ammonia Based Aeration Control (ABAC), and Ammonia vs. NOx (AvN) control. AvN in 1) fully-intermittent and 2) intermittently-aerated MLE configurations was compared to DO Control and ABAC, each with continuous aeration, in an MLE configuration. The study also examined operation of each aeration strategy with two different feed types: A-Stage effluent (ASE) and primary clarifier effluent (PCE). Operating modes were compared on the basis of nitrogen removal performance, COD utilization efficiency for denitrification, and alkalinity consumption. AvN was found to provide comparable nitrogen removal performance to DO Control and ABAC. The highest nitrogen removal performance was seen when operating DO Control (81.4 ± 1.2%) and ABAC (81.1 ± 1.2%) with PCE. High nitrogen removal efficiency (77.5 ± 6.1%) was seen when fully-intermittent AvN operation was fed ASE containing a high particulate COD fraction. A high effluent nitrite accumulation ratio (NAR = NO2-/(NO2-+NO3-)) was seen during this period (46 ± 15%) accompanied by the out-selection of Nitrospira. Feeding effluent from AvN control to an Anammox MBBR improved removal efficiency. Increased soluble COD loading resulted in greater nitrogen removal with strategies operating in an MLE configuration while particulate COD was found to be important for processes where removal was designed to occur in downstream reactors. Efficiency of COD for denitrification was found to vary based on the amount and type of influent COD; however AvN in an MLE configuration was found to use COD more efficiently than fully-intermittent AvN. In either configuration, AvN required less alkalinity addition than DO Control or ABAC. High sCOD concentrations in PCE led to increased nutrient removal as compared to ASE but increased heterotrophic growth and mixed liquor concentrations in the B-Stage making the A-Stage an attractive option for its ability to control the C/N ratio fed to BNR processes.
Master of Science

Esta dissertação pretendeu demonstrar a actual importância do desenvolvimento de betões de alta resistência na execução das mais variadas construções que vão surgindo com o avanço conjunto da tecnologia ao longo do tempo, atendendo não só a parâmetros relacionados com a resistência destes betões mas também a um dos factores que se tem vindo a tornar muito relevante na actualidade, o ambiente. Este trabalho envolve um caso de estudo que compreendeu numa primeira fase, a concepção de um betão de elevada resistência tendo por base a utilização dos princípios da pesquisa mencionados anteriormente. Seguidamente foram determinadas a propriedades mecânicas desse betão, sendo elas a resistência à compressão, módulo de elasticidade e fluência, em ensaios realizados ao longo de quatro meses. Conjuntamente com estes ensaios foram fabricadas, vigas de perfil em “I” de 1,10m de comprimento, 10cm de largura, 10cm de altura, 2 cm de espessura de alma e com 2cm ou 2,4cm de espessura de banzo submetidas à rotura semanalmente e mensalmente de forma a obter a solução mais eficaz entre armadura e betão. Concluiu-se que: É possível a concepção de um betão de elevada resistência utilizando os constituintes correntes na indústria da construção. O betão desenvolvido adequa-se à execução do tipo de vigas mencionadas ao longo do trabalho, apresentando estas, um grande potencial de desenvolvimento dado que têm elevadas resistências com pesos moderados. A metodologia de cálculo para o dimensionamento deste tipo de vigas é idêntica à utilizada no dimensionamento de peças normais; ### Abstract: High Strength Concrete for Very Slender Elements The main goal is to demonstrate the current importance of developing high-strength concrete. With the technology’s development, high-strength concrete has become very important in several constructions not only by the characteristics related to the concrete´s strength, but also in one of the factors that proved to be very relevant nowadays, the environment. Initially, it was made a case study in designing a high-strength concrete based on the use of research principles outlined above. In trials conducted over four months, we determine the mechanical properties of concrete which are compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and fluency. In order to obtain the most effective solution between armor and concrete, were fabricated beams in a "I" of 1.10 m long, 10 cm wide, 10 cm high, 2 cm web thickness with 2cm or 2.4 cm flange thickness weekly and monthly subjected to disruption. With the goal in mind it is possible to design a high-strength concrete using the current constituents in the construction industry. The concrete is suitable for implementing this type of beams mentioned throughout the work, have enormous potential because they have high resistance with only moderate weights. The calculation methodology for the design of such beams is identical to the design of normal pieces.

Las acciones de entretenimiento que ahora existen en Lima como paseo a los Karaokes, bares temáticos para hombres y mujeres, lugares donde ofrecen espectáculos exclusivos para despedidas de solteras han pasado a la lista de lugares frecuentes. Por ello, se eligió Inferno Bar porque consideramos que es un proyecto innovador, actualmente en el Perú no contamos con un bar para mujeres; acompañados de los mejores tragos moleculares y piqueos para complementar la experiencia. Su centro de diversión Inferno Bar estará localizado en el distrito de Miraflores ha instalado un ambiente atractivo y novedoso. El publico objetivo de este negocio va dirigido a mujeres de los segmentos B y C. Las clientas serán atendidas por mozos atractivos y con el torso descubierto, estos jóvenes harán una demostración de coreografías. Los probables clientes pertenecen a los sectores de la zona 7 de Lima. Se ofrece un servicio formal y competente, ofreciendo al cliente la información necesaria para que disfrute de momentos inolvidables, realicen sus solicitudes y reservas. Nosotros ofrecemos como ventaja competitiva un ambiente atractivo y novedoso donde puedan disfrutar y compartir momentos agradables junto a amistades. La excelencia competitiva esta en el agrado del servicio, espacios cómodos y productos innovadores, los mismos que son de calidad. Se requiere una inversión de S/. 166.864.00. Es un plan productivo e interesante a inversionistas. El plan tiene un planteamiento de valía consistente con servicios y productos distintivos, alta productividad y un equipo comprometido que cierran el atado ideal.
The entertainment actions that now exist in Lima such as a walk to the Karaokes, themed bars for men and women, places where they offer exclusive shows for bachelorette parties have moved to the list of frequent places. For this reason, Inferno Bar was chosen because we consider it to be an innovative project, currently in Peru we do not have a bar for women; accompanied by the best molecular drinks and snacks to complement the experience. Inferno Bar amusement center will be located in the Miraflores district and has installed an attractive and novel environment. The target audience of this business is aimed at women from segments B and C. The clients will be attended by attractive and bare-chested young men, these young people will perform a choreography demonstration. The probable clients belong to the sectors of zone 7 of Lima. A formal and competent service is offered, offering the client the necessary information to enjoy unforgettable moments, make your requests and reservations. We offer as a competitive advantage an attractive and innovative environment where you can enjoy and share pleasant moments with friends. Competitive excellence is in the pleasure of the service, comfortable spaces and innovative products, the same that are of quality. An investment of S /. 166.864.00. It is a productive and interesting plan for investors. The plan has a consistent value approach with distinctive services and products, high productivity and a committed team that complete the ideal bundle.
Trabajo de investigación

La Boucle Locale Radio (BLR) ou Wireless Local Loop (WLL) est un système qui connecte les abonnés du réseau téléphonique commuté public (PSTN) grâce à une liaison radio. La BLR doit offrir les services suivants: la voix téléphonique, les données dans la bande du son et les services numériques. En France, les bandes de fréquence allouées à la BLR sont autour de 26 et 3,5 GHz. Les caractéristiques de la BLR à 26 GHz sont définies par la norme IEEE 802.16c. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une boucle constituée de deux émetteurs/récepteurs fonctionnant dans la bande de 26 GHz a été étudiée. Le système était constitué dans un premier temps de composants disponibles commercialement. Il a été simulé avec le logiciel ADS de Agilent Technologies, et ensuite mis en œuvre au laboratoire RFM. Les récepteurs employés dans cette plate-forme étaient des récepteurs hétérodynes. Leur structure était donc complexe et la transmission altérée par les non-appariements en gain et en phase entre les voies I et Q des démodulateurs en quadrature. Afin de réduire sa complexité tout en gardant les mêmes performances du système, nous avons choisi de proposer une architecture homodyne du récepteur en introduisant le réflectomètre "cinq-port". Le réflectomètre cinq-port est un circuit passif linéaire ayant deux entrées et trois sorties. Il est constitué d'un circuit interféromètrique à cinq accès et de trois détecteurs de puissance. Un démodulateur cinq-port en technologie coaxiale a donc été introduit dans le système de transmission à 26 GHz. La démodulation étant validée avec ce circuit, un démodulateur cinq-port en technologie MHIC était réalisé. Afin de régénérer les signaux I et Q à partir des tensions de sortie du démodulateur cinq-port, un algorithme numérique particulier traite ces trois signaux. Ce traitement effectue simultanément la synchronisation trame et symbole ainsi que la synchronisation porteuse sur chaque trame de donnée transmise. Il inclut aussi une procédure adaptative d'auto-calibrage qui permet de régénérer les signaux I et Q tout en corrigeant tous les défauts de la chaîne de transmission contenant le cinq-port. Ce même traitement permet de corriger les non-appariements entre les deux voies d'un démodulateur classique en quadrature. Le système de transmission complet a été validé en réalisant la démodulation de signaux modulés en QPSK et en 16QAM avec des débits binaires atteignant 40 Mbit/s. Les diagrammes de constellation de phase obtenus étaient bien normalisés et les taux d'erreurs binaires étaient très proches que ceux définis par la norme de la BLR.

Projektet inleddes med en omfattande marknadsundersökning där syftet var att ta reda på vad primär- och sekundäranvändare av höga barnstolar har för åsikter om dessa och samtidigt undersöka det befintliga utbudet av höga barnstolar. På den undersökta marknaden hittades ingen barnstol som var ergonomisk för både barnet och föräldrarna. Det fanns inte heller någon som riktade sig till kunder med behov av en stol till barbordshöjd eller köksö. Då svenska kök i allt större utsträckning har antingen barbord eller köksö, upptäcktes här ett behov.

Ett skelett som växer är extra känsligt för snedbelastningar. Dessutom är kroppen inte gjord för att sitta i en traditionell nittiogradig sittställning. Alarmerande siffror på antalet ungdomar med ryggproblem gjorde det därför till ett självklart val att utveckla en stol som skulle vara ergonomisk för både barnet och föräldrarna. Projektgruppen arbetade fram tre koncept, för att senare besluta sig för att jobba vidare med ett sadelkoncept.

Med Svan AB, tillverkare av barnmöbler, som en extern mentor har projektet bedrivits i egen regi. För att komma fram till ett bra resultat har projektgruppen använt sig av en rad olika metoder. Bland annat så har en fokusgrupp varit engagerad under hela utvecklingsprocessen.

Projektgruppen har tagit fram tre modeller i naturlig storlek. Vid tillverkning av den första modellen så halverades måtten på en sadelsits för vuxna. Därefter har en mängd förändringar gjorts, mycket tack vare de användartester som utförts på barn både från Grottans föskola och BVC Nyhem. Sitsen tillverkades till slut i plåt och testades igen på olika barn från sex månader till sju år. Projektgruppen har hela tiden anpassat former och lösningar efter de mycket hårda standarderna som finns för höga barnstolar. Efter en rekommendation från Kjell Hagström som är VD på Svan AB så har projektgruppen följt både EU-standarderna och USA-standarderna. Den tredje modellen testades på många barn innan den slutgiltiga prototypen tillverkades.

Resultatet blev en barnstol med sadelsits som med hjälp av ett ben med gasfjäder går att höja upp till barbordshöjd. Sitsen är tillverkad i plåt som sedan har klätts med vaddering och konstläder. Bygel och ryggstöd är tillverkade i böjträ som betsats i en nyans som kallas för ”espresso”. Även fotstödet är tillverkat i trä som sedan har betsats. Bygel och ryggstöd går att justera i djupled medan fotstödet går att justera i höjdled.

Projektgruppen är mycket nöjd över resultatet, som efter ett slutgiltigt användartest bevisligen uppfyller både syftet och målet.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Administración
Cuadros Castillo, Olga Carolina [Parte I], Araya Saavedra, Raúl Andrés [Parte II]
El proyecto tiene como objetivo principal determinar la factibilidad de la creación de Wagyu Burger Bar, restaurante bar innovador con servicios personalizados y especializados en la ciudad de Antofagasta. Wagyu Burger Bar, busca satisfacer las necesidades de un nicho de mercado selecto y exclusivo, ubicado específicamente en la costanera sur de la ciudad de Antofagasta, en donde se busca ofrecer un espacio de distracción y esparcimiento, es decir, un sitio innovador con los más altos estándares de calidad en sus servicios y productos entregados. La forma de alimentarse ha variado con el correr de los tiempos, ya que cada día las personas piensan más en su salud y su bienestar y por ende la selección de los alimentos se basa en éste concepto. Es por esto que se está comenzando a desarrollar un nuevo estilo de consumo basado en la comida gourmet, cada vez fabricada con productos premium más frescos y orgánicos. En el mundo moderno las personas buscan más aquello que les place y les produce goce, como la buena comida. Salir a comer o almorzar se volvió cotidiano, dejó de ser algo para celebrar. En las grandes ciudades del país, la gente trabaja lejos de sus casas y encuentra en el restaurante un espacio para socializar y hacer negocios. Wagyu Burger Bar gracias al estilo original y único de su decoración, será reconocido y apreciado por los clientes como una marca de tradición que busca posicionarse como una receta original que mezcla el servicio, el ambiente acogedor y la buena mesa. No nos dirigimos al cliente habitual que consume una hamburguesa corriente, sino a un ambiente donde la calidad del producto, el servicio de sus empleado, el Wifi, la música y el deporte lo hace todo para que se pueda compartir y agruparse. Esto ha resultado en un concepto casero y único, cuyo compromiso es satisfacer los gustos, expectativas y necesidades de los clientes con una excelente calidad buscando así un modelo consolidado en la ciudad. Wgayu Burger Bar los invita a degustar, preferirnos y aceptar la inquietante tentación de explorar una carta menú que se inspira en los sabores de la buena vida.

El presente proyecto de negocios fue desarrollado con el fin de proponer la fabricación y venta de una innovadora presentación para el lavado del cabello como lo es Ecoglacé shampoo en barra. Este producto promueve la practicidad en el día a día, ya que es fácil de trasportar y guardar. Además, está hecho con productos naturales, libre de fosfatos, parabenos y sales; los cuales causan daño al cuero cabelludo y al medio ambiente. Asimismo, se entregará en un elegante empaque ecológico y de fácil reciclaje. Las metodologías empleadas para el plan de negocios fueron la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. La primera fue basada en entrevistas a profundidad a mujeres entre los 25 y 50 años residentes en la ciudad de Lima, las cuales nos relataron sus necesidades en el uso diario de shampoo. La segunda fue apoyada por datos las cuales nos ratifica nuevas conductas de consumo y la rentabilidad de este tipo de producto. Finalmente, se concluye que es una oportunidad redituable, ya que el periodo de recuperación de la inversión (PRI) es menor a 3 años y el índice de rentabilidad (IR) se encuentra en 3.30. Además, la creciente intención por usar artículos eco friendly se encuentra en tendencia ascendente como se comprobará en el presente estudio de investigación.
This business project was developed with the goal of proposing the manufacturing and sales of an innovative idea for hair washing called Ecoglacé, which is a shampoo in bar form. This product has strong daily practicality, in that it is easy to transport and store. Further, it is made with natural ingredients and is free of phosphates, parabens, and salts - all of which cause damage to both the scalp and environment. It is also sold in an elegant package that is ecological and easy to recycle. The methods used for the business plan were both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data was gained via deep interviews conducted with women between 25 and 50 years old who resided in Lima and communicated their needs in daily shampoo use. Quantitative data confirmed new consumer behavior and profitability of this product type. Finally, it is concluded that the product is a profitable opportunity to take advantage of the rising tendency for eco-friendly products, as its payback period is less than 3 years, and its profitability index is 3.30.
Trabajo de investigación

Some years ago I stumbled upon and straight into the bliss of the tropical paradise when setting foot in a Tiki bar for the first time. The story behind this enchanting pop cultural institution unfolded a history built upon colonial power, cultural appropriation and hegemonies. This paper investigates the western construction of the tropical paradise and the power relations that it is built upon. The work revolves around processing my own attraction towards the tropical paradise and adressing how eurocentric narratives have been depicting Oceanic cultures, people and environments in Western popular culture. I approach this attraction by both researching the colonial history of Europeans presence in Oceania and how those events intertwine with our ideas of the paradise on earth today, as well as making objects, scenes and performances that alludes to the topic. At the end of this phase of the project, the colonial gaze that constructed the tropical paradise is turned towards the West itself in the making of the installation Civilization Bar.

In Siedewasserreaktoren ist ein Boreinspeisesystem diversitär wirkend zur Reaktorschnellabschaltung installiert. Dieses System garantiert, dass der Reaktor beim Versagen des Schnellabschaltesystems in einen unterkritischen Zustand überführt werden kann. Der aufgrund der Nachzerfallsleistung entweichende Dampf trägt jedoch ständig einen Teil des eingespeisten Bors in Form von Borsäure mit sich. Da dieser Prozess bisher nicht quantifiziert wurde, ist somit das Eintreten einer Rekrititkalität während der Transiente ohne weitere Untersuchungen nicht auszuschließen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgt die Erstellung einer fundierten Datenbasis zur Quantifizierung des Borverlusts an verschiedenen Betriebspunkten. Dazu stehen nach vorheriger Konstruktion und Inbetriebnahme zwei Versuchsanlagen zur Verfügung, ein Versuchsautoklav und der Siedewasserreaktor-Simulator BORAN. Das in diesen Versuchsanlagen enthaltene und als Kühlmedium genutzte entionisierte Wasser wird wie bei einem Siedewasserreaktor mit einer hochkonzentrierten Lösung der Borverbindung Dinatrium-Pentaborat-Dekahydrat versetzt. Für weiterführende Untersuchungen findet auch Borsäure Verwendung. Die Bestimmung des Borgehalts der Kondensate des entwichenen Dampfes erfolgt mit Massenspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP-MS). Die durch Variation von Borkonzentration, Temperatur, pH-Wert und Volumendampfgehalt erzeugten Messdaten fließen in einem Flüchtigkeitsmodell in Form einer empirischen Gleichung zusammen, welches in den Thermohydraulikcode ATHLET implementiert wird. Experimente am SWR-Simulator BORAN und entsprechende Rechnungen mit dem modifizierten Code ATHLET von Langzeit-Deborierungstransienten bei unterschiedlichen Randbedingungen bestätigen das Flüchtigkeitsmodell. Gleichzeitig erfolgt mittels dieser Experimente die Validierung des Modells im ATHLET mit hinreichender Genauigkeit. Mit den Ergebnissen aus Rechnungen und Experimenten wird das Boreinspeisesystem in seiner aktuellen Konfiguration bewertet und mit zukünftigen Konzepten verglichen. Schlussendlich erfolgt der Nachweis, dass die Funktionalität des Boreinspeisesystem aus dem Blickwinkel der durchgeführten Analysen, trotz der nachgewiesenen Borflüchtigkeit, die Forderungen der KTA 3103 erfüllt und aufgrund der nachgewiesenen Borflüchtigkeit binnen der ersten beiden Stunden der Transiente keine Rekritikalität verursacht wird
In boiling water reactors a boron injection system as an alternative system is installed to guarantee that the reactor shut down in case of a total or partial ATWS accident. Because of the heat generated by the fission products after shutting down a part of the injected boron is evaporated as boron acid. This process is not characterized quantitatively yet. This is the reason that the incidence of recriticality during a transient cannot be excluded without further research. In the following studies a funded database quantifying the loss of boron is established. The volatility of the boron solution was measured by experiments in a small autoclave and in a boiling water reactor simulator called BORAN after construction. The deionised water used as coolant in the facilities will be enriched with boron by a high concentrated solution of Disodium-Pentaborate-Decahydrate. The measurement of the boron concentration in the condensates of the exhausted vapour is carried out by inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). For additional analysis boron acid is also used. The boron concentration in the vapour mainly depends on the temperature and void fraction of the two-phase-flow. This volatility model in form of an empiric equation is implemented in the thermo hydraulic ATHLET-code. Furthermore the reason of the volatility of the analysed solutions will be discussed within a chemical and physical background. Experiments at the BORAN facility and corresponding calculation with the modified ATHLET-code of long time deboration transients with different boundary conditions prove the volatility model. Thereby the code will be validated with sufficient accuracy. The modified code with an adapted Input-Dataset provides the possibility to calculate transients with the loss of boron. With the consideration of the volatility the demand of the KTA-rule 3103 on the Boron injection system is also grantable

Denne avhandlinga handlar om forflytting og bruk av managementkonseptet Business Process reengineering (BPR), også kalla prosessorganisering, og korleis dette konseptet har vandra på si reise frå USA til Noreg og inn i norske bedrifter. Avhandlinga handlar ikkje like mykje om heile reisa og alle stoppa undervegs. Først og fremst handlar denne avhandlinga om den praktiske bruken av mangementkonseptet Business Process Reengineering, m.a.o. hovudvekt på siste del av reisa; konseptet i møte med ei norsk bedrift. I avhandlinga er vi òg innom første del av reisa, litteraturen om konseptet BPR, i tillegg eit av stoppa undervegs, konsulentbransjen.

Når det gjeld studie av managementkonsept er det ein del litteratur på spreiing av mangementkonsept. Ein analogi til denne litteraturen har vi i teknologi- og innovasjonsstudiar der innføring av ny teknologi vert sett på som eit spørsmål om diffusjon eller spreiing av innovasjonar som allereie er gjort. Diffusjon er ein metafor lånt frå fysikk og kjemi der det er snakk om forflytting av partiklar i tid og rom. Ein mykje nytta modell knytt til diffusjon av innovasjonar er den såkalla sentrum-periferi modellen (Schön 1973 i Sørensen 1987:10). Den byggjer på ein føresetnad om at innovasjonen som skal spreiast, er ferdig utvikla før spreiinga tek til. Diffusjon er korleis innovasjonen flyttar seg frå senteret til den endelege brukar, og dirigert diffusjon er ein sentralt styrt prosess av spreiing, opplæring og framskaffing av ressursar og incitament. Den prototypiske ”spreiaren” er ein seljar av t.d. nye legemiddel. Det finst dessutan to variantar av sentrum-periferimodellen: i den eine består sentrum av ein slags emissær som dreg rundt på kryss og tvers i sitt område og spreier ”den gode bodskap”. Vi kan lett sjå for oss mangementkonsulenten eller ”gurukonsulenten” i ei slik rolle når det gjeld managementkonsept. Og i den andre er det snakk om eit magnetisk sentrum som trekkjer potensielle diffusjonsagentar frå periferien til seg, slik t.d. universitet har gjort i lang tid. Denne sentrum-periferimodellen kan utviklast og nyanserast til ein sentrum-satelittsentrum-periferimodell.

Ein kan lett lese historia om BPR ut frå eit slikt perspektiv, om eit mangementkonsept som har blitt utvikla til eit ferdig produkt i Boston og som har blitt selt inn av konsulentar og regionale "gurukonsulentar”, og når sluttbrukaren i form av ei implentering av konseptet. Det er då ei typisk ovanfrå og ned innføring. Dette perspektivet handlar først og fremst om ei kvantitativ forflytting av eit konsept med eit ferdig innhald som ikkje endrar seg undervegs. Spreiinga sitt forløp vert gjerne presentert i form av S- og Gauss-kurver. Til eit visst punkt kan denne førestillinga ha noko for seg i form av at det er noko med BPR som vert forflytta. Alle perspektiv løfter fram noko og gjer andre ting usynleg, men kva som vert forflytta og korleis denne forflyttinga skjer, seier perspektivet ikkje noko om.

Utgangspunktet for denne avhandlinga er at denne førestillinga er mangelfull når det gjeld managementkonsept, på same måten som ho er mangelfull eller feilaktig for teknologiske innovasjonar. Sørensen (1987:3) peikar på at ved innføring av ny teknologi krevst eit minimum av tekniske såvel som organisatorisk tilpasning, og at det difor er rimeleg å sjå på innføring av ny teknologi som ein innovasjon. Han kallar dette innovasjon ”nedanfrå”. Dette skil seg frå innovasjonar ”ovanfrå” ved å legge vekt på dei meir kreative aspekta i innføring, og legg avstand til den litt mekanistiske forståinga av teknologioverføring eller forflytting som ofte følgjer av eit slikt ”ovanfrå” perspektiv.

For å analysere mitt empiriske materiale har eg nytta konstruktivistiske teknologi- og vitskapssttudiar (Science and Technology Studies, STS) for å forstå forflyttinga og bruken av managementkonseptet Business Process Reengineering (BPR). Dette er teoriar som er utvikla spesielt for å forstså spreiing av teknologi. Like fullt er det òg spesifikk kritikk av å sjå teknologisk spreiing som ein lineær diffusjonsmodell som nemt ovanfor. Meir spesifikt gjer eg bruk av aktørnettverksteori (ANT). Her ser ein på teknologioverføring som ein kontinuerleg nyskapingsprosess. Latour (1986) ser utbreiinga av ein innovasjon som ein forhandlingsorientert transformasjon, eller for å nytte hans eige omgrep, ein translasjonsprosess. Innanfor dette perspektivet vert ein innovasjon utbreidd etter kvart som fleire vert overtalte til å nytte han, men gjennom desse overtalingane/forhandlingane vert innovasjonen transformert, slik at han i aukande grad kan framstå som attraktiv for fleire brukarar. ”Spreiing”, eller for å nytte ein annan term, forflyttinga eller utbreiinga handlar dermed om mobilisering og samankjeding av interesser. På denne måten vert innovasjonen nytta av stadig fleire. Forflyttinga eller utbreiinga handlar òg om tilpasing av innovasjonen til nye interesser, slik at han kan nyttast som grunnlag for ei slik samankjeding av interesser, og dermed bruk av stadig fleire. Oppsummert kan ein seie at innovasjonar ikkje er konstante. Dei er under stadig utvikling og omdanning. Av mangel på denne innsikta har ein i diffusjonsstudiar ofte hatt korrelasjonsstudiar som har studert eigenskapar ved individ, organisasjonar eller produkt som påverkar spreiingshastigheita (Sørensen 1987:21). Diffusjonsforskinga er og harmoniorientert ved ikkje å sjå kva konfliktar, strategiar, interessemobiliseringhar å seie for korleis innovasjonar utviklar seg og vert brukte, med unntak av ”irrasjonelle” innslag som motstand mot endring som ein må overvinne. I sum kan ein seie at dei prosessuelle aspekta ved innovasjon/utbreiing/ibruktaking ikkje vert forstått innan ein diffusjonsmodell. I denne avhandlinga vil vi legge vekt på dei prosessuelle aspekta.

Denna studie har som mål att studera om det finns ett positivt samband mellan utbildning och BNP tillväxt. För att komma fram till ett resultat används en regression. Det är en tvärsnittsanalys som används för att mäta hur utbildning påverkar BNP tillväxt under en 5 års period mellan 2010 och 2005. Vidare används first difference estimator. 47 länder är med i undersökningen och alla länder har över 8 år som antal års utbildning detta antas ha stor påverkan på resultatet. Resultatet är att antal års utbildning korrelerar kraftigt med BNP tillväxt mellan åren 2010 och 2005. Detta resultat ska tolkas försiktigt då nästan alla länder som är med i studien har antals års utbildning som är över 8 år och det ska enligt teorin ha stor effekt på BNP tillväxten.

Boverkets Byggregler, BBR, reglerar hur byggnader får utformas. Regelverket uppdateras med jämna mellanrum för att fortsatt hållas modernt i det förändrande landskapet inom byggindustrin. Rapporten fokuserar på denna förbättringsaspekt och har närmare studerat två regler inom BBR. Dessa är paragraferna 5:561 som innefattar de kriterier som följs vid brandsektionering och 5:61 vilket handlar om att motverka brandspridning mellan byggnader igenom att byggnader kan byggas på 8 meters avstånd. Urvalet av regler gjordes via intervjustudier med sakkunniga inom brandingenjörsverksamheter samt genom litteraturstudier av framförallt Syfteshandboken.  För att få en förståelse av styrkor och svagheter inom BBR utfördes litteraturstudier av Modernare byggregler samt Framtidens byggregler. Genom analys av dessa publikationer visades det hur analytisk dimensionering är en positiv och önskvärd metod att bevara, det finns väldigt många olika typer av tillämpare med skilda kunskapsnivåer gällande brandreglerna, samt att det fanns en del missledande passager i BBR som gör det förvirrande för tillämpare att urskilja mellan föreskrift och allmänna råd. Tillämpare som saknar specifik utbildningen eller information gällande byggreglerna har nästintill inga andra alternativ än att hänvisa till experter inom branschen för att tillämpa analytisk dimensionering. Då det vid många tillfällen inte finns möjligheter att följa de allmänna råden och förstå vilka aspekter av föreskriften som ska täckas igenom att tillämpa dem för specifika byggen. Fokus i detta arbete därför varit att undersöka möjlighet till analytisk dimensionering för de utvalda reglerna och sedan ge förslag på förtydliganden och utökade möjligheter för att förenkla för tillämpare av regelverket.  Från undersökningen framkom det att föreskrifterna för 5:561 och 5:61 främjar användningen av analytisk dimensionering då de inte innehöll detaljlösningar men det fanns vissa aspekter av de allmänna råden som kunde förbättras. Genom att undersöka historiken gällande reglerna och identifiera anledningarna till tidigare revideringar och syftena bakom dessa revideringar, kunde nya välgrundade förändringsförslag tas fram. Ett av dessa förslag är att öka förståelsen för tillämpare genom att introducera fler förklarande exempel som kan presenteras som en lista till paragraf 5:61 för att lättare förstå vilka gränser och möjligheter som kan appliceras för att upprätthålla lämpligt brandskydd mellan byggnader. För paragraf 5:561 har det vid många tidigare utgåvor av byggreglerna funnits en större tabell med fler val av brandtekniska installationer för att upprätthålla lämpligt brandskydd, medan dagens allmänna råd har en mindre lista med färre valmöjligheter. Detta innebär en reduktion av angivna alternativ och variationer av tillgängliga brandtekniska installationer. Det rekommenderas att återinföra en mer utförlig lista för att utöka valmöjligheter och förståelse för tillgängliga brandtekniska installationer.  Rekommendationerna som anges måste testas för att påvisa konsekvenserna och fördelarna ifall dessa träder i kraft. Speciellt gäller detta värmestrålningsberäkningar för listan inom 5:61 sedan brandgasventilering för paragraf 5:561.
The focus and goal of the thesis were to establish how and what in the current regulations, BBR, of Boverket (The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning) should be revised in order to increase understanding or give more choices to the person trying to apply the rules. BBR is today the set of rules used when designing a building. These rules are repeatedly revised in order to be kept up to date with modern building standards.  The report applied literature and interview studies in order to identify some of the many different rules in BBR, which was interesting to research further. The chosen rules were 5:561 and 5:61, and by mapping previously made changes and compare today's iterations of the rules to the previous ones, some stark differences between the rules could be noted. In order to know what to be revised in the chosen rules, specific aspects must be identified as beneficial or hampering. For specified aspects to be identified as beneficial and as such being kept for future editions of BBR, also finding what are the adverse aspects of the rules in order to change them. To do this, an analysis of the publications “Modernare byggregler” and “Framtida byggregler” was made. The outcome of this analysis resulted in the strong support for an aspect of the rules called “analytisk dimensionering” (performance-based design). This aspect is the ability for someone trying to apply the rules to be able to make alternative solutions instead of following the given examples.  In conclusion, the report found both rules 5:561 and 5:61 to have flaws that could mainly be solved by making the rules easier to follow without opting for “analytisk dimensionering”. This could be achieved with the inclusions of more examples and extending the available options a user of the rules would have. For these changes to be applied correctly more research must be done in these specific applications, in order to reassure what the consequences would be.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es justificar y sustentar la viabilidad de la realización del proyecto “Bar para mujeres FRAU”, el cual es temático (entre el cielo y el infierno), con temáticas de música por días, excelente experiencia de consumo, variedad e tragos y piqueos. Además de proporcionar un porcentaje de las ventas para la Liga Contra el Cáncer. Este estará ubicado en el distrito de Miraflores en Lima. Para ello, se hará un análisis general del negocio. También, se elaborará en planeamiento estratégico. Además, se realizará una investigación para la validación del mercado. Adicionalmente, se elaborará un plan de marketing, plan de operaciones, estructura organizacional y recursos humanos, y el plan económico financiero. Finalmente se elaborarán conclusiones y sugerencias las cuales corroborarán la viabilidad del proyecto a realizar.
The objective of this work is to justify and sustain the viability of the project "Bar for women FRAU", which is thematic (between heaven and hell), the theme of music for days, excellent consumer experience, variety e Drinks and snacks. In addition to providing a percentage of sales for the League Against Cancer. This will be located in the district of Miraflores in Lima. For this, a general analysis of the business will be made. Also, it will be elaborated in strategic planning. In addition, an investigation will be conducted to validate the market. In addition, a marketing plan, operations plan, organizational structure and human resources, and the financial economic plan will be prepared. Finally, conclusions and suggestions are drawn up to corroborate the feasibility of the project to be carried out.
Trabajo de investigación

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Administración
Pinochet Cancino, Eduardo A. [Parte I] Analisis estratégico y de mercado, Sepúlveda Escobar, Eduardo A. [Parte II] Análisis organizativo - financiero.
El presente plan de negocios tiene por objetivo principal facilitar y proveer de información relevante para la implementación de un bar restaurante temático basado en el mundo tuercas, ambientado primordialmente en base a autos y motos, antiguos o modernos, de competencia o simplemente hobby, cuyo elemento central tenga una relación emocional con los consumidores y que al mismo tiempo, busquen la mejor experiencia que combine, sabor, historia y diversión. Bar restaurante mundo tuerca más que un lugar de buenos platos y perfectamente ambientado, propone y asegura a sus consumidores, una experiencia única, de historia y sabor, logrando transformar a dichos consumidores como los principales promotores del negocio. A pesar que durante el último tiempo la economía chilena ha crecido a tasas por debajo de lo presupuestado, el país se caracteriza por propiciar una de las mejores condiciones para el desarrollo de negocios, pudiendo convertirse en una alternativa altamente atractiva, la implementación de un proyecto gastronómico, adicionalmente la explosión turística e interés por visitar nuestro país, complementado con proponer un bar restaurante con sello "temático", asegura en gran medida el éxito del proyecto. El proyecto si bien se caracteriza por una inversión significativa para la puesta en marcha, los flujos pronosticados a los 5 años de operación del bar restaurante, aseguran una rentabilidad acorde al riesgo estimado para el negocio, los datos más relevantes para el proyecto puro son:  Inversión Inicial, MM$ 168,4.  Valor Actual Neto (VAN), MM$ 194,9.  Tasa de Descuento (Td), 12,53 %.  Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR), 40 %.  Periodo de Recuperación (Pay Back), 2,62 Años. El aspecto más relevante para asegurar el éxito del negocio, se condiciona a como se integrarán los diversos recursos y capacidades, generando con ello la experiencia única que permita a bar restaurante mundo tuerca diferenciarse de sus competidores en la industria gastronómica inherente a restaurantes temáticos.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to build a business plan to establish a restaurant and verify the reality of this project. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is aimed at a general practice, how to create a business plan. Filling the second part is itself a business plan restaurant bar fit with the analysis of the market environment, financial plan, marketing plan and product description provided services.

Reinforced concrete columns might fail because of buckling of the longitudinal reinforcing bar when exposed to earthquake motions. Depending on the hoop stiffness and the length-over-diameter ratio, the instability can be local (in between two subsequent hoops) or global (the buckling length comprises several hoop spacings). To get insight into the topic, an extensive literary research of 19 existing models has been carried out including different approaches and assumptions which yield different results. Finite element fiberanalysis was carried out to study the local buckling behavior with varying length-over-diameter and initial imperfection-over-diameter ratios. The comparison of the analytical results with some experimental results shows good agreement before the post buckling behavior undergoes large deformation. Furthermore, different global buckling analysis cases were run considering the influence of different parameters; for certain hoop stiffnesses and length-over-diameter ratios local buckling was encountered. A parametric study yields an adimensional critical stress in function of a stiffness ratio characterized by the reinforcement configuration. Colonne in cemento armato possono collassare per via dell’instabilità dell’armatura longitudinale se sottoposte all’azione di un sisma. In funzione della rigidezza dei ferri trasversali e del rapporto lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro, l’instabilità può essere locale (fra due staffe adiacenti) o globale (la lunghezza d’instabilità comprende alcune staffe). Per introdurre alla materia, è proposta un’esauriente ricerca bibliografica di 19 modelli esistenti che include approcci e ipotesi differenti che portano a risultati distinti. Tramite un’analisi a fibre e elementi finiti si è studiata l’instabilità locale con vari rapporti lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro e imperfezione iniziale-diametro. Il confronto dei risultati analitici con quelli sperimentali mostra una buona coincidenza fino al raggiungimento di grandi spostamenti. Inoltre, il caso d’instabilità globale è stato simulato valutando l’influenza di vari parametri; per certe configurazioni di rigidezza delle staffe e lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro si hanno ottenuto casi di instabilità locale. Uno studio parametrico ha permesso di ottenere un carico critico adimensionale in funzione del rapporto di rigidezza dato dalle caratteristiche dell’armatura.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo evaluar la viabilidad y desarrollar el negocio de delivery de licores en Lima Metropolitana. Para este fin, el trabajo fue estructurado de la siguiente forma: El primer capítulo, se describe la idea de negocio y los aspectos generales de la propuesta del proyecto, además se describe al equipo de trabajo. El segundo capítulo, se realiza el planteamiento Estratégico, el análisis de los factores internos y externos, además que se define misión, visión, objetivos y estrategias. El tercer capítulo, se diseña y desarrolla la investigación del mercado de mercado y se comunican los resultados y el informe final. El cuarto capítulo, se aborda el Plan de Marketing, se elaboran las estrategia de marketing mix, el plan de venta y su proyección anual. El quinto capítulo, se desarrolla el plan de operaciones, así como se describe el diseño de las instalaciones, las especificaciones técnicas y el planeamiento de la producción. El sexto capítulo, se diseña la estructura organizacional, las políticas del área, el proceso de gestión humana y se elabora el presupuesto de recursos humanos. El séptimo capítulo, se elabora el plan económico y financiero, sus flujos de caja, se conoce el total de la inversión y se analiza sus ratios de rentabilidad. Por último, en el octavo capítulo se mencionan las conclusiones finales del proyecto.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the feasibility and develop the liquor delivery business in Metropolitan Lima. For this, the work was structured as follows: The first chapter describes the business idea and the general aspects of the project proposal, and also describes the work team. The second chapter is the strategic approach, the analysis of internal and external factors, in addition to defining mission, vision, objectives and strategies. In the third chapter, market research is designed and developed and the results and the final report are communicated. The fourth chapter, the marketing plan is addressed, the marketing mix strategy, the sales plan and its annual projection are elaborated. In the fifth chapter, the operations plan is developed, the design of the facilities, the technical specifications and the planning of the production are described. The sixth chapter, the organizational structure, the policies of the area, the human management process and the human resources budget are elaborated. The seventh chapter, the economic and financial plan, its cash flows, the total investment is known and its profitability ratios are analyzed. Finally, the eighth chapter mentions the final conclusions of the project.
Trabajo de investigación

This thesis is concerned with the manuscript of the memoirs of Dov Ber Birkenthal, Ber of Bolechow. The memoirs describe Jewish existence in eighteenth century Poland and provide valuable information regarding economic, social and cultural matters of that era. Uncovered in 1912, the manuscript was edited and published in Hebrew and translated into English by Dr. M. Vishnitzer.
By primary supposition of the present thesis is that Dr. Vishnitzer's transcription of the manuscript is inaccurate, and for this reason, a re-working of the memoirs has been undertaken. In addition to providing an authentic transcription of the manuscript, this thesis also contains a description of Birkenthal's life, an analysis of the uniqueness of this somewhat exceptional person and an account of how the memoirs have been used in the literature. Moreover, the historical value of the memoirs has been assessed, and an indepth analysis of the flaws contained in Vishniter's transcription has been provided.

Generalizing an idea of I. Vekua [1] who, in order to construct theory of plates and shells, fields of displacements, strains and stresses of threedimensional theory of linear elasticity expands into the orthogonal Fourier-series by Legendre Polynomials with respect to the variable along thickness, and then leaves only first N + 1, N = 0, 1, ..., terms, in the bar model under consideration all above quantities have been expanded into orthogonal double Fourier-series by Legendre Polynomials with respect to the variables along thickness, and width of the bar, and then first (Nsub(3) + 1)(Nsub(2) + 1), Nsub(3), Nsub(2) = 0, 1,..., terms have been left. This case will be called (Nsub(3), Nsub(2)) approximation. Both in general (Nsub(3), Nsub(2)) and in particular (0,0) (1,0) cases of approximation, the question of wellposedness of initial and boundary value problems, existence and uniqueness of solutions have been investigated. The cases when variable cross-section turns into segments of straight line, and points have been also considered. Such bars will be called cusped bars (see also [2]).

Este trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa etnográfica a respeito da construção social de identidade masculina em classes populares. O universo escolhido são os bares localizados no bairro Cidade Baixa em Porto Alegre, os quais são denominados como butecos, locais onde a freqüência é predominantemente masculina. Em um bairro ocupado por diferentes grupos sociais, estes homens encontram-se auto-segregados. São locais onde investem grande parte de seu tempo lúdico, nos intervalos do trabalho ou antes do retorno ao espaço doméstico. A partir de suas diferentes falas, busco compreender os dilemas e atitudes constituidores de sua identidade de gênero.

Der Beitrag ist eingebettet in das Vorhaben „BNE-Implementierung“ zur Verankerung einer Bildung als nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE) in das Curriculum eines interdisziplinären Lehramtsstudiengangs am Beispiel des Fachs Wirtschaft-Technik-Haushalt / Soziales (WTH) an der Universität Leipzig. Der erste Meilenstein des Vorhabens ist die Bestandserhebung, welche aufzeigt, inwiefern BNE bereits im Studiengang umgesetzt wird (Dokumentenanalyse und Befragung Lehrender). Vorgehen und Ergebnisse der Bestandserhebung werden dargestellt.

In Sweden there are currently two separate guidelines you may use when

performing calculations on frameworks, BKR and the Eurocodes. Although at the

end of 2010 you are not allowed to use BKR any longer and only the Eurocodes

will be viable.

 

The aim of this thesis is to explain how the Eurocodes and EKS work and also

how they compare to the current guideline BKR. Similarities and differences

between these guidelines are also discussed so that the reader will get a better

understanding of how the Eurocodes are applied. The areas discussed are as

follows:

• Principles and advice
• Safety Classes
• Symbols and Indexes
• Lifespan
• Loads and partial coefficient

The thesis also deals with the impact that this transition into a new guideline will

have on corporations, guideline costs, education and computer software. As an

example a rough estimate on what costs this transition will create on a company

with 20 employees is also included.

 

Calculations have been performed in order to investigate how the design values

differ between the two guidelines, the Eurocodes and BKR. The calculations in

this thesis include wind load, snow load, a steel column, a concrete beam, a

glulam beam and finally a concrete slab. The results show that regardless of which

one of the guidelines that was used the resulting design values are often very

similar.

I dagsläget är det i Sverige tillåtet att välja vilket av regelverken BKR och

Eurokodsystemet man vill använda sig av. Dock enligt dagens planer kommer

Eurokoderna att bli gällande och BKR kommer att avvecklas i sin nuvarande form

vid utgången av 2010.

 

I detta examensarbete ges en övergripande förklaring av vad Eurokoder och EKS

är samt att de ställs emot det i dagsläget gällande regelverket BKR. I detta arbete

tas även en del skillnader och likheter upp mellan de två regelverken så att läsaren ska få bättre kännedom om det nya regelverket. De skillnader och förklaringar

som tas upp är:

• Principer och råd
• Säkerhetsklasser
• Beteckningar och index
• Livslängder

Laster och partialkoefficientmetoden

Rapporten innehåller även en konsekvensbeskrivning gällande övergången till det

nya regelverket. Där inverkan på företag och kostnader för Eurokoder,

utbildningar samt datorprogram tas upp. En överslagsberäkning har även gjorts

där kostnaden gällande övergången för ett företag med 20 anställda ligger som

underlag för prisexemplet.

 

Beräkningar har gjorts för att undersöka hur dimensioneringsvärdena för

Eurokodsystemet förhåller sig mot BKR. Beräkningar har gjorts på vind- och

snölast samt enklare konstruktionselement såsom stålpelare, betongbalk,

limträbalk och betongplatta. Resultaten för beräkningarna presenteras sedan

separat så att läsaren enkelt kan överskåda dem. Beräkningsresultaten visar att

dimensioneringsvärden är ungefär samma oavsett vilket regelverk som används.