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Journal articles on the topic 'Bluff body stabilized flame'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Huang, R. F., and C. L. Lin. "Velocity Fields of Nonpremixed Bluff-Body Stabilized Flames." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 122, no. 2 (March 2, 2000): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483166.

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The velocity fields of nonpremixed circular-disk stabilized flames are measured by a two-component laser Doppler velocimeter. The results are presented in different flow regimes: prepenetration, penetration, and large shear flow. The velocity-vector fields, streamline patterns, corresponding flame appearances, and axial length of recirculation bubble in different flow regimes are illustrated and compared. Mean velocity and turbulent stresses along the central axis are presented and discussed. The combustion characteristics in different characteristic flow regimes are presented through the discussion of entrainment, diffusion, mixing capabilities, flow patterns, and turbulence properties. The detached flames, particularly operating in the transition flow regime, offer a relatively efficient combustion situation. Operating the concentric-jets burner in the regime of high shear flow do not benefit mixing and flame stability through the bluff-body effect. [S0195-0738(00)00102-3]

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2

Vance, Faizan Habib, Yuriy Shoshin, Philip de Goey, and Jeroen van Oijen. "Flame Stabilization and Blow-Off of Ultra-Lean H2-Air Premixed Flames." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071977.

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The manner in which an ultra-lean hydrogen flame stabilizes and blows off is crucial for the understanding and design of safe and efficient combustion devices. In this study, we use experiments and numerical simulations for pure H2-air flames stabilized behind a cylindrical bluff body to reveal the underlying physics that make such flames stable and eventually blow-off. Results from CFD simulations are used to investigate the role of stretch and preferential diffusion after a qualitative validation with experiments. It is found that the flame displacement speed of flames stabilized beyond the lean flammability limit of a flat stretchless flame (ϕ=0.3) can be scaled with a relevant tubular flame displacement speed. This result is crucial as no scaling reference is available for such flames. We also confirm our previous hypothesis regarding lean limit blow-off for flames with a neck formation that such flames are quenched due to excessive local stretching. After extinction at the flame neck, flames with closed flame fronts are found to be stabilized inside a recirculation zone.

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3

Boopathi, S., P. Maran, V. Caleb Eugene, and S. Prabhu. "Analysis of Lift off Height and Blow-Off Mechanism of Turbulent Flame by V-Gutter Bluff Body." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.727.

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The experimental investigation has been carried out to study the stabilization and blowout mechanisms of turbulent flame stabilized by V-gutter bluff body in a square duct at reactive and non-reactive conditions. V-shaped bluff bodies made of stainless steel having 1.6 mm thicknessare used for stabilization of the flame.Experiments have been conducted at selective velocities of commercially available methane and oxygen with 60 degree V-gutter as flame holder. It is observed that at stoichiometric conditions, the V-gutter is dominated by shear layer stabilized flames. The flame stability is influenced by bluff body dimensions and mass flow rate which play a major role in combustion instabilities mixing of air fuel ratio and blow off. The lift off decreases at higher blockage ratios.A strong recirculation zone is found in this test rig immediately downstream of the V-Gutter which gradually subsides and disappears far downstream.The lift off height is not much affected by the velocity of the fuel-air mixture.

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4

Chang, Liuyong, Zhang Cao, Bo Fu, Yuzhen Lin, and Lijun Xu. "Lean blowout detection for bluff-body stabilized flame." Fuel 266 (April 2020): 117008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117008.

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5

Hossain, M., and W. Malalasekera. "A combustion model sensitivity study for CH4/H2 bluff-body stabilized flame." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes336.

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The objective of the current work is to assess the performance of different combustion models in predicting turbulent non-premixed combustion in conjunction with the k-∊ turbulence model. The laminar flamelet, equilibrium chemistry, constrained equilibrium chemistry, and flame sheet models are applied to simulate combustion in a CH4/H2 bluff-body flame experimentally studied by the University of Sydney. The computational results are compared to experimental values of mixture fraction, temperature, and constituent mass fractions. The comparison shows that the laminar flamelet model performs better than other combustion models and mimics most of the significant features of the bluff-body flame.

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6

Emerson, Benjamin, Jacqueline O’Connor, Matthew Juniper, and Tim Lieuwen. "Density ratio effects on reacting bluff-body flow field characteristics." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 706 (July 11, 2012): 219–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.248.

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AbstractThe wake characteristics of bluff-body-stabilized flames are a strong function of the density ratio across the flame and the relative offset between the flame and shear layer. This paper describes systematic experimental measurements and stability calculations of the dependence of the flow field characteristics and flame sheet dynamics upon flame density ratio,${\rho }_{u} / {\rho }_{b} $, over the Reynolds number range of 1000–3300. We show that two fundamentally different flame/flow behaviours are observed at high and low${\rho }_{u} / {\rho }_{b} $values: a stable, noise-driven fixed point and limit-cycle oscillations, respectively. These results are interpreted as a transition from convective to global instability and are captured well by stability calculations that used the measured velocity and density profiles as inputs. However, in this high-Reynolds-number flow, the measurements show that no abrupt bifurcation in flow/flame behaviour occurs at a given${\rho }_{u} / {\rho }_{b} $value. Rather, the flow field is highly intermittent in a transitional${\rho }_{u} / {\rho }_{b} $range, with the relative fraction of the two different flow/flame behaviours monotonically varying with${\rho }_{u} / {\rho }_{b} $. This intermittent behaviour is a result of parametric excitation of the global mode growth rate in the vicinity of a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. It is shown that this parametric excitation is due to random fluctuations in relative locations of the flame and shear layer.

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7

Shanbhogue, Santosh J., Michael Seelhorst, and Tim Lieuwen. "Vortex Phase-Jitter in Acoustically Excited Bluff Body Flames." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 1, no. 3 (September 2009): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/175682709789141528.

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This paper describes an experimental study of the effect of acoustic excitation on bluff body stabilized flames, specifically on the flow field characteristics. The Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability of the shear layer is excited due to the incident acoustics. In turn, the KH instability imposes a convecting, harmonic excitation on the flame, which leads to spatially periodic flame wrinkling and heat-release oscillations. Understanding the factors influencing these heat release oscillations requires an understanding of the generation, convection, and dissipation of these vortical disturbances. Phase locked particle image velocimetry was carried out over a range of conditions to characterize the vortical dynamics. It was found that the vortex core location exhibits “phase jitter”, manifested as cycle-to-cycle variation in flame and vorticity field at the same excitation phase. Phase jitter is shown to be a function of separation point dynamics, downstream convection time, and amplitude of acoustic excitation. It leads to fairly significant differences between instantaneous and ensemble averaged flow fields and, in particular, the decay rate of the vorticity in the axial direction.

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8

Shin, Dong-Hyuk, Dmitriy V. Plaks, Tim Lieuwen, Ulises M. Mondragon, Christopher T. Brown, and Vincent G. McDonell. "Dynamics of a Longitudinally Forced, Bluff Body Stabilized Flame." Journal of Propulsion and Power 27, no. 1 (January 2011): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.48056.

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9

Nair, Suraj, and Tim Lieuwen. "Near-Blowoff Dynamics of a Bluff-Body Stabilized Flame." Journal of Propulsion and Power 23, no. 2 (March 2007): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.24650.

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10

Muradoglu, M. "PDF modeling of a bluff-body stabilized turbulent flame." Combustion and Flame 132, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(02)00430-3.

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11

Correa, S. M., and A. Gulati. "Measurements and modeling of a bluff body stabilized flame." Combustion and Flame 89, no. 2 (May 1992): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(92)90028-n.

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12

Munteanu, Nelu, and Shokri M. Amzaini. "Prediction of Pollutant Emissions from Bluff-Body Stabilised Nonpremixed Flames." Journal of Combustion 2018 (September 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8924370.

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Construction of a stable flame is one of the critical design requirements in developing practical combustion systems. Flames stabilised by a bluff-body are extensively used in certain types of combustors. The design promotes mixing of cold reactants and hot products on the flame surface to improve the flame stability. In this study, bluff-body stabilised methane-hydrogen flames are computed using the steady laminar flamelet combustion method in conjunction with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. These flames are known as Sandia jet flames and have different jet mean velocities. The turbulence is modelled using the standard k-ϵ model and the chemical kinetics are modelled using the GRI-mechanism with 325 chemical reactions and 53 species. The computed mean reactive scalars of interest are compared with the experimental measurements at different axial locations in the flame. The computed values are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. Although some underpredictions are observed mainly for NO and CO at downstream locations in the flame, these results are consistent with earlier reported studies using more complex combustion models. The reason for these discrepancies is that the flamelet model is not adequate to capture the finite-rate chemistry effects and shear turbulence specifically, for species with a slow time scale such as nitrogen oxides.

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13

Kim, Yu Jeong, Bok Jik Lee, and Hong G. Im. "Dynamics of lean premixed flames stabilized on a meso-scale bluff-body in an unconfined flow field." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 13, no. 6 (2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2018051.

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Two-dimensional direct numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the dynamics of lean premixed flames stabilized on a meso-scale bluff-body in hydrogen-air and syngas-air mixtures. To eliminate the flow confinement effect due to the narrow channel, a larger domain size at twenty times the bluff-body dimension was used in the new simulations. Flame/flow dynamics were examined as the mean inflow velocity is incrementally raised until blow-off occurs. As the mean inflow velocity is increased, several distinct modes in the flame shape and fluctuation patterns were observed. In contrast to our previous study with a narrow channel, the onset of local extinction was observed during the asymmetric vortex shedding mode. Consequently, the flame stabilization and blow-off behavior was found to be dictated by the combined effects of the hot product gas pocket entrained into the extinction zone and the ability to auto-ignite the mixture within the given residence time corresponding to the lateral flame fluctuations. A proper time scale analysis is attempted to characterize the flame blow-off mechanism, which turns out to be consistent with the classic theory of Zukoski and Marble.

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14

Andreini, A., C. Bianchini, and A. Innocenti. "Large Eddy Simulation of a Bluff Body Stabilized Lean Premixed Flame." Journal of Combustion 2014 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/710254.

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The present study is devoted to verify current capabilities of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology in the modeling of lean premixed flames in the typical turbulent combustion regime of Dry LowNOxgas turbine combustors. A relatively simple reactive test case, presenting all main aspects of turbulent combustion interaction and flame stabilization of gas turbine lean premixed combustors, was chosen as an affordable test to evaluate the feasibility of the technique also in more complex test cases. A comparison between LES and RANS modeling approach is performed in order to discuss modeling requirements, possible gains, and computational overloads associated with the former. Such comparison comprehends a sensitivity study to mesh refinement and combustion model characteristic constants, computational costs, and robustness of the approach. In order to expand the overview on different methods simulations were performed with both commercial and open-source codes switching from quasi-2D to fully 3D computations.

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15

Shanbhogue, Santosh, Dong-Hyuk Shin, Santosh Hemchandra, Dmitriy Plaks, and Tim Lieuwen. "Flame sheet dynamics of bluff-body stabilized flames during longitudinal acoustic forcing." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32, no. 2 (2009): 1787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.034.

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16

Morales, Anthony J., Ian M. Lasky, Marissa K. Geikie, Christian A. Engelmann, and Kareem A. Ahmed. "Mechanisms of flame extinction and lean blowout of bluff body stabilized flames." Combustion and Flame 203 (May 2019): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.02.002.

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17

Geikie, Marissa K., Zakery R. Carr, Kareem A. Ahmed, and David J. Forliti. "On the Flame-generated Vorticity Dynamics of Bluff-body-stabilized Premixed Flames." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 99, no. 2 (June 6, 2017): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-017-9822-1.

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18

Kendrick, D. W., T. J. Anderson, W. A. Sowa, and T. S. Snyder. "Acoustic Sensitivities of Lean-Premixed Fuel Injectors in a Single Nozzle Rig." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818491.

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An experimental and numerical investigation into the attenuation of combustion induced pressure oscillations in a single nozzle rig was undertaken at the United Technologies Research Center. Results from these investigations indicated a high combustor exit Mach number, similar to that used in a gas turbine engine, was required to correctly simulate the combustor dynamics and evaluate acoustic characteristics of lean premixed fuel injectors. Comparisons made between aerodynamically stabilized and bluff-body stabilized nozzles and the use of premixed and diffusion pilots showed that small levels of diffusion piloting behind a bluff-body yielded the best acoustic/emission performance. Their success is due to increased flame stabilization (superior anchoring ability), which reduced flame motion and thermal/acoustic coupling. For cases where diffusion piloting was not present, both designs exhibited similar dynamical behavior. Increases in the combustor exit Mach number and reductions in the inlet air temperature were shown to degrade acoustic performance of both nozzle designs. The bluff-body configuration with small levels of diffusion piloting, however, was found to be less sensitive to these changes when compared to its aerodynamic counterpart.

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19

Tayyab, M., S. Zhao, and P. Boivin. "Lattice-Boltzmann modeling of a turbulent bluff-body stabilized flame." Physics of Fluids 33, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 031701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0038089.

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20

Salvador, Nicolas M. Cruz, Márcio Texeira de Mendonça, and Wladimyr Mattos da Costa Dourado. "Large Eddy Simulation of Bluff Body Stabilized Turbulent Premixed Flame." Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v5i2.245.

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21

Schefer, R. W., M. Namazian, and J. Kelly. "Velocity Measurements in a Turbulent Nonpremixed Bluff-Body Stabilized Flame." Combustion Science and Technology 56, no. 4-6 (December 1987): 101–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208708947084.

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22

Fugger, Christopher A., Timothy P. Gallagher, Joshua P. Sykes, and Andrew W. Caswell. "Spanwise recirculation zone structure of a bluff body stabilized flame." Combustion and Flame 216 (June 2020): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.02.002.

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23

Kempf, A., R. P. Lindstedt, and J. Janicka. "Large-eddy simulation of a bluff-body stabilized nonpremixed flame." Combustion and Flame 144, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.07.006.

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24

Lee, Chang Eon, and Yoshiaki Onuma. "Experimental Study of Turbulent Diffusion Flames Stabilized on a Bluff Body. (Flame Structure)." JSME International Journal Series B 37, no. 1 (1994): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.37.165.

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25

Khalil, Mohammad, Guilhem Lacaze, Joseph C. Oefelein, and Habib N. Najm. "Uncertainty quantification in LES of a turbulent bluff-body stabilized flame." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35, no. 2 (2015): 1147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.030.

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26

Kedia, Kushal S., and Ahmed F. Ghoniem. "The anchoring mechanism of a bluff-body stabilized laminar premixed flame." Combustion and Flame 161, no. 9 (September 2014): 2327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.02.005.

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27

Hossain, M., and W. Malalasekera. "Numerical study of bluff-body non-premixed flame structures using laminar flamelet model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 219, no. 5 (August 1, 2005): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765005x28616.

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A laminar flamelet model is applied for bluff-body stabilized flames to study the flow field, mixing pattern, and the flame structure at two different velocities. The k - ɛ turbulence model is applied for accounting the turbulence fluctuations. It is found that the recirculation zone dominates the near field, while the far field structure is similar to the jet flow. The intermediate neck zone is the intense mixing region. The computation shows that the fuel jet velocity has significant effect on the structure of the flow field, which in turn has significant effect on the combustion characteristics. The laminar flamelet model is found to be adequate for simulating the temperature and the flame composition inside the recirculation zone. The flamelet model has, however, failed to account for the local extinction in the neck zone. Possible limitation of the laminar flamelet model to predict the local extinction is discussed.

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28

Kuan, T. S., and R. P. Lindstedt. "Transported probability density function modeling of a bluff body stabilized turbulent flame." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30, no. 1 (January 2005): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.079.

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29

Fu, Xiao, Fujiang Yang, and Zhihui Guo. "Combustion instability of pilot flame in a pilot bluff body stabilized combustor." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 28, no. 6 (December 2015): 1606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2015.08.018.

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30

Kedia, Kushal S., and Ahmed F. Ghoniem. "The blow-off mechanism of a bluff-body stabilized laminar premixed flame." Combustion and Flame 162, no. 4 (April 2015): 1304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.10.017.

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31

Kumar, P., and D. P. Mishra. "Characterization of bluff-body stabilized LPG jet diffusion flame with N2 dilution." Energy Conversion and Management 49, no. 10 (October 2008): 2698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.04.007.

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32

INAGE, Shin-ichi, and Nariyoshi KOBAYASHI. "A Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Premixed Flame Stabilized by a Pilot Flame and Bluff Body." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 63, no. 615 (1997): 3758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.63.3758.

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33

LEE, Chang Eon, and Yoshiaki ONUMA. "Experimental Study of Turbulent Diffusion Flames Stabilized on a Bluff Body. 1st Report. Flame Structure." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 57, no. 544 (1991): 4266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.57.4266.

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34

CHEN, Jing, Hua ZHOU, and Zhuyin REN. "A numerical study on flame and large-scale flow structures in bluff-body stabilized flames." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 32, no. 7 (July 2019): 1646–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2019.02.012.

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35

Fureby, C., and C. Löfström. "Large-eddy simulations of bluff body stabilized flames." Symposium (International) on Combustion 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80766-6.

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36

Paterakis, G., K. Souflas, E. Dogkas, and P. Koutmos. "A Comparison of the Characteristics of Planar and Axisymmetric Bluff-Body Combustors Operated under Stratified Inlet Mixture Conditions." Journal of Combustion 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/860508.

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The work presents comparisons of the flame stabilization characteristics of axisymmetric disk and 2D slender bluff-body burner configurations, operating with inlet mixture stratification, under ultralean conditions. A double cavity propane air premixer formed along three concentric disks, supplied with a radial equivalence ratio gradient the afterbody disk recirculation, where the first flame configuration is stabilized. Planar fuel injection along the center plane of theleading faceof a slender square cylinder against the approach cross-flow results in a stratified flame configuration stabilized alongside the wake formation region in the second setup. Measurements of velocities, temperatures,OH∗andCH∗chemiluminescence, local extinction criteria, and large-eddy simulations are employed to examine a range of ultralean and close to extinction flame conditions. The variations of the reacting front disposition within these diverse reacting wake topologies, the effect of the successive suppression of heat release on the near flame region characteristics, and the reemergence of large-scale vortical activity on approach to lean blowoff (LBO) are investigated. The cross-correlation of the performance of these two popular flame holders that are at the opposite ends of current applications might offer helpful insights into more effective control measures for expanding the operational margin of a wider range of stabilization configurations.

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37

Khelladi, Fatma Zohra, Mounir Alliche, Redha Rebhi, Giulio Lorenzini, Hijaz Ahmad, and Younes Menni. "The Effect of Bluff Body Shape on Flame Stability in a Non-Premixed Hydrogen-Methan-Air Mixture Combustion." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 45, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.450504.

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The goal of this study, which focuses on the effect of the bluff-body form on the flame’s stability, is to contribute to the study of the stability of a CH4-H2-Air diffusion flame. It is, in fact, a numerical simulation of a diffusion flame CH4-H2-Air stabilized by a bluff body in three different shapes: cylindrical, semi-spherical and conical. The equations governing turbulent reactive flow are solved using the Ansys CFX program (Navier Stokes equations averaged in sense of Favre). The k-ε model simulates turbulence. For combustion, a mixed EDM/FRC (Finite Rate Combustion) model is utilized. The results of the analysis of temperature profiles, CO2 concentrations, and velocity in axial sections very close to the injector are satisfactory: they meet the criteria of stability, high temperature at a lower speed, and more stable in the case of a cylindrical shape than in the other two cases.

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38

Chang, Liuyong, Zhang Cao, and Lijun Xu. "Dynamic flashback induced by sound wave in a premixed bluff-body stabilized flame." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 546 (August 12, 2020): 042019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/546/4/042019.

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39

Kumar, P., and D. P. Mishra. "Experimental study of N2 dilution on bluff-body stabilized LPG jet diffusion flame." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 45, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-009-0001-0.

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40

NISHIMURA, TATSUO, HIDEO KAWAHARA, and KENICHI MORIO. "Vortex Structure and Temperature Field in Transitional Diffusion Flame Stabilized on Bluff-Body." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 26, no. 5 (2000): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.26.711.

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41

Zhang, Weijie, Jinhua Wang, Wenjun Lin, Shilong Guo, Meng Zhang, Guohua Li, Jingfeng Ye, and Zuohua Huang. "Measurements on flame structure of bluff body and swirl stabilized premixed flames close to blow-off." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 104 (June 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2019.02.010.

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42

Kim, S. H., T. Liu, and K. Y. Huh. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONDITIONAL MOMENT CLOSURE MODEL TO A TURBULENT NONPREMIXED H2/CO-AIR FLAME STABILIZED ON A BLUFF BODY." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 3-4 (September 1999): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1999-0028.

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A turbulent nonpremixed flame of H2/CO-air stabilized on a bluff-body is simulated by the conditional moment closure (CMC) model. Full spatial variation of the conditional quantities is taken into account for an elliptic recirculating flow field. Comparison has shown reasonable agreement for the conditional and Favre mean temperature and mass fractions of CO and H20 between calculation and experiment. Overprediction of the peak OH mass fraction is attributed to inaccurate modelling of the conditional scalar dissipation rate. The CMC model is capable of predicting major features of a turbulent diffusion flame characterized by finite chemical reaction rates.

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43

Schau, Kyle A., and Timothy P. Gallagher. "Sensitivity to Modeling Parameters in Bluff Body Stabilized Flames." AIAA Journal 58, no. 4 (April 2020): 1715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j058509.

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44

Pan, J. C., M. D. Vangsness, and D. R. Ballal. "Aerodynamics of Bluff-Body Stabilized Confined Turbulent Premixed Flames." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906657.

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Detailed information on the influence of geometric and flow parameters on the structure and properties of recirculation zone in confined combusting flows is not available. In this paper, recirculation zone structure and turbulence properties of methane-air mixtures downstream of several conical flameholders were measured using LDA. These tests employed different blockage ratios (13 and 25 percent), cone angles (30, 45, 60, and 90 deg), equivalence ratios (0.56, 0.65, 0.8, and 0.9), mean annular velocities (10, 15, and 20 m/s), and approach turbulence levels (2, 17, and 22 percent). It was found that increasing the blockage ratio and cone angle affected the recirculation zone size and shape only slightly. Also, these parameters increased the shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) moderately. Increasing the equivalence ratio or approach turbulence intensity produced a recirculation zone shape very similar to that found in the cold flow. TKE decreased due to turbulent dilatation produced by increased heat release. These observations are discussed from the viewpoint of their importance to practical design and combustion modeling.

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45

SCHEFER, R. W., M. NAMAZIAN, and J. KELLY. "Comparison of Turbulent-Jet and Bluff-Body Stabilized Flames." Combustion Science and Technology 67, no. 4-6 (October 1986): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208908924064.

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CHEN, RUEY-HUNG, JAMES F. DRISCOLL, J. KELLY, M. NAMAZIAN, and R. W. SCHEFER. "A Comparison of Bluff-Body and Swirl-Stabilized Flames." Combustion Science and Technology 71, no. 4-6 (June 1990): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209008951632.

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Chaudhuri, Swetaprovo, Stanislav Kostka, Michael W. Renfro, and Baki M. Cetegen. "Blowoff dynamics of bluff body stabilized turbulent premixed flames." Combustion and Flame 157, no. 4 (April 2010): 790–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.10.020.

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Mishra, D. P., and D. Y. Kiran. "Experimental studies of bluff-body stabilized LPG diffusion flames." Fuel 88, no. 3 (March 2009): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.09.027.

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Hamed, A. M., M. M. Kamal, M. Abd ElHameed, W. Aboelsoud, and A. E. Hussin. "Hollow bluff body-stabilized natural gas-air premixed flames." Fuel 334 (February 2023): 126717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126717.

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Paterakis, G., and P. Koutmos. "Effect of Modulation of the Inlet Velocity and Equivalence Ratio Gradients on the Stabilization of Stratified Axisymmetric Bluff-Body Flames." Journal of Combustion 2018 (August 9, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6581345.

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Abstract:

An investigation of ultralean stratified, disk stabilized, propane flames operated with acoustic modulation of the inlet velocity and fuel-air mixture profiles is presented. Transverse acoustic forcing was applied to the air, upstream of a double-cavity premixer section, formed along three concentric disks, which fueled the stabilization region with a radial mixture gradient. Measurements and supporting Large Eddy Simulations with a nine-step mechanism for propane combustion were performed to evaluate variations in the ultralean flame characteristics under forced and unforced conditions. The effects of forcing on the heat release profiles and on the interaction of the toroidal flame with the recirculation region are examined and discussed. The impact of the acoustic excitation of inlet conditions on the local extinction behavior is, also, assessed by monitoring a local stability criterion and by analyzing phase-resolved chemiluminescence images.

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