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1

Hooper, P. R., B. A. Gillespie, and M. E. Ross. "The Eckler Mountain basalts and associated flows, Columbia River Basalt Group." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-035.

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Recent mapping of flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group between Lewiston and Pomeroy, southeast Washington, places the chemically distinctive Shumaker Creek flow as a new member between the Frenchman Springs and Roza members of the Wanapum Basalt. This leaves the Eckler Mountain Formation composed of only the Robinette Mountain and Dodge chemical types, with the Lookingglass flow forming the base of the overlying Wanapum Basalt. One Robinette Mountain flow and five separate flows of Dodge composition are recognized and traced across the Blue Mountains Anticline of southeast Washington and northeast Oregon. The aerial distribution of the flows is used to constrain the onset of deformation in the Blue Mountains area between the Hite and Limekiln faults. A series of open east–west folds formed during late Wanapum and Saddle Mountains time, cut by northeast-trending faults with left-lateral strain. Chemical variations between Eckler Mountain, Grande Ronde, and Wanapum Basalt flows require different source components. But between the Eckler Mountain flows the variation of most chemical parameters is consistent with fractional crystallization in the crust and can be modeled for major and trace elements. An exception is the behaviour of Cr and Zr/Y between the Robinette Mountain and Dodge flows, which suggests variable partial melting or possibly olivine accumulation.
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2

Johnson, R. C., Vicky J. Erickson, Nancy L. Mandel, J. Bradley St Clair, and Kenneth W. Vance-Borland. "Mapping genetic variation and seed zones for Bromus carinatus in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, USAIn this article, mention of companies or trade names does not constitute an endorsement of any product or procedure." Botany 88, no. 8 (August 2010): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-047.

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Seed transfer zones ensure that germplasm selected for restoration is suitable and sustainable in diverse environments. In this study, seed zones were developed for mountain brome ( Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.) in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon and adjoining Washington. Plants from 148 Blue Mountain seed source locations were evaluated in common-garden studies at two contrasting test sites. Data on phenology, morphology, and production were collected over two growing seasons. Plant traits varied significantly and were frequently correlated with annual precipitation and annual maximum temperature at seed source locations (P < 0.05). Plants from warmer locations generally had higher dry matter production, longer leaves, wider crowns, denser foliage, and greater plant height than those from cooler locations. Regression models of environmental variables with the first two principal components (PC 1 and PC 2) explained 46% and 40% of the total variation, respectively. Maps of PC 1 and PC 2 generally corresponded to elevation, temperature, and precipitation gradients. The regression models developed from PC 1 and PC 2 and environmental variables were used to map seed transfer zones. These maps will be useful in selecting mountain brome seed sources for habitat restoration in the Blue Mountains.
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3

Ahmed, Akbar S., and Kamil V. Zvelebil. "The Irulas of the Blue Mountains." Man 24, no. 1 (March 1989): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802581.

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4

Stockton, Eugene D. "An Archaeological Survey of the Blue Mountains." Mankind 7, no. 4 (February 10, 2009): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1970.tb00423.x.

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5

Cunningham, Chris, and Martin Thomas. "The Artificial Horizon: Imagining the Blue Mountains." Labour History, no. 87 (2004): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516018.

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6

Yu, Jaehyung, Hongxing Liu, Lei Wang, Kenneth C. Jezek, and Joonghyeok Heo. "Blue ice areas and their topographical properties in the Lambert glacier, Amery Iceshelf system using Landsat ETM+, ICESat laser altimetry and ASTER GDEM data." Antarctic Science 24, no. 1 (September 23, 2011): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102011000630.

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AbstractBlue ice extent and its geographical distribution during the three years from December 1999–January 2003 have been mapped together with rock exposure areas for the entire Lambert-Amery glacial basin at an unprecedented level of spatial detail using Landsat ETM+ images. Various geometric and shape attributes for each blue ice patch have been derived. The total area of blue ice is estimated to be 20 422 km2, accounting for 1.48% of the glacial basin. We also found that the image texture information is helpful for distinguishing different types of blue ice: rough blue ice, smooth blue ice, and level blue ice. Rough blue ice areas are mostly associated with glacial dynamics and located in relatively low elevation regions, smooth blue ice areas are often related to nunataks and mountains, steep slopes and wind blows, and level blue ice areas are formed by melt-induced lakes in the margin of the ice shelf and melt-induced ponds on the ice shelf in low elevations. The elevation and surface slope properties of different types of blue ice area are characterized through regional topographical analysis with ICESat laser altimetry data. The effect of mountain height on the blue ice extent is also examined with local topographic profile analysis based on the ASTER global digital elevation model. The wide variation of the ratio of blue ice area length to mountain height indicates that the factors controlling the formation and extent of blue ice are more complicated than we previously thought.
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7

Herring, Scott. "Tahoe Blue." Boom 1, no. 2 (2011): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2011.1.2.92.

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When confronted by the political controversies that frequently erupt over Lake Tahoe and the surrounding mountains, most observers believe these controversies to be “normal” environmental quarrels. This essay argues that, on the contrary, they arise from our expectations about the place. The greater Tahoe area was defined, early in its history, as a work of fine art; this act of definition is the most important factor in political brawls over the region. At the same time, greater Tahoe itself has a say in its own affairs, because natural forces in the area have a powerful influence over human reactions to the place.
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8

Gregg, Sara M. "Uncovering the Subsistence Economy in the Twentieth-Century South: Blue Ridge Mountain Farms." Agricultural History 78, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-78.4.417.

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Abstract The small upcountry farms of Southern Appalachia were slowly fading away during the early twentieth century, but pockets of self-sufficient farms remained in places like the northern Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. These farmers, responsive to the constraints of the mountain landscape that surrounded them, tended to rely on less invasive, century-old technologies to work their fields. Although contemporaries widely disparaged this way of life, the records of these communities reflect a long history of viability and suggest that the ecological basis of upcountry agriculture was strong. This article, which is part of a larger project that studies the transition from small farms to publicly owned forests in Appalachia, analyzes the agricultural patterns within five Blue Ridge Mountain hollows and the economics of subsistence farming in the early twentieth century.
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9

Cumming, R. "Medications and cataract The blue mountains eye study." Ophthalmology 105, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(98)99049-2.

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10

Zhang, Xin, Dong Chen E, and Chun Xia Zhou. "Monitoring of Blue-Ice Extent on Satellite Images of Grove Mountains, Antarctica." Key Engineering Materials 500 (January 2012): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.500.475.

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This report presents the finding of seasonal and interannual variations of blue-ice extent in the Grove Mountains, by using images from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomete (MODIS) and Landsat. The MODIS raw data were first treated by the pretreatment methods and the blue-ice pixels was separated by the blue-ice mapping algorithm. From the data over three summer seasons, the variation regularity of seasonal blue-ice exposure are summarized. The area grows rapidly from September to December and peaks to about 600km2 by the middle or late of next January, then it declines from February to April. The Landsat images were then processed by supervised classification combining with visual revision. According to the result images over 30 years, the margins of blue-ice feature were compared and the eastward trend of blue-ice extent can be concluded. Besides, the combination of MODIS and Landsat data indicates that the seasonal variation is more obvious than the interannual changes for the Grove blue ice, and the blue-ice areas are sensitive to the change of climate and shortwave radialization.
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11

Fowler, Cynthia T. "Emerging Environmental Ethics for Living with Novel Fire Regimes in the Blue Ridge Mountains." Ethnobiology Letters 9, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.9.1.2018.1049.

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This article focuses on anthropogenic fire as a form of disturbance that is having an unusually strong influence on landscapes in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. One series of significant disturbance incidents was the Blue Ridge Complex, which was a dense cluster of wildfires that occurred during the fall of 2016. This article contains ethnographic information that I collected when the Blue Ridge Complex fires were burning and thereafter through the use of participant observation at community gatherings, land management events, and recreational activities. I have also conducted one-on-one interviews with residents of the fire-affected region, land managers, and firefighters. In community gatherings and in conversations with others, people living in the Blue Ridge Complex zone produced a collective ethical assemblage for living in a burning and burned landscape. The spatial and temporal patterns of burning in the fall of 2016 were so distinct from previous years that they may have redefined the Blue Ridge bioregion’s fire regimes. The proliferation of wildfires during the fall of 2016 also generated occasions for people to formulate their values related to one another, to their nonhuman co-residents, to fire, and to the overall mountainous landscape.
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12

Imanberdieva, N. A. "BELT DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION IN THE BASIN OF THE AT-BASHI RIVER OF THE INNER TIEN-SHAN OF KYRGYZSTAN." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 29, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2019-29-2-171-180.

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Geobotanical characteristics of the main types, subtypes, formations and groups of vegetation associations in the section of the altitude profile are given. Kyrgyzstan is a high-mountainous country of Central Asia, which is located in the center of the mountain systems of Tien-Shan and Pamir-Alay. Up to 90% of its territory is raised to absolute heights of more than 1500 m. Vegetation cover of Kyrgyzstan is located in a system of vertical belts. Steppes and meadow-steppes are the most widespread in the At-Bashi river basin. Among them there are bunchgrass steppes and meadow-steppes, dry steppes and meadow-steppes with a significant share of wormwood and drought-resistant motley grasses, as well as mountain meadows. Among mountain meadows there are tall, medium and low grass meadows. High grass meadows, developed in low mountains and middle mountains, in the north and south differ in the species composition of plants. In the northern regions, the following species are of major importance: Dactylis glomerata, Bromus inermis, Elytrigia repens, Brachypodium pinnatum ; representatives of the genera: Poa, Vicia, Thalictrum . The largest share of the steppe vegetation is occupied by plants, which according to the requirements to heat and moisture occupy an intermediate position between desert plants and meadows. The basis of vegetation of steppes is formed by species of genera of turf cereals: Stipa, Festuca , Ptilagrostis with very characteristic hairy and blue-gray leaves. Steppes, unlike deserts and semi-deserts, are characterized by a greater richness of plant species and density of vegetation. Steppes serve as good pastures.
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13

Lewis, Emma. "Bamboo Plant (foreground), Sunrise over the Blue Mountains, Jamaica." Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.18733/cpi29551.

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14

Spicer, Richard C. "Recent Variations of Blue Glacier, Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A." Arctic and Alpine Research 21, no. 1 (February 1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551513.

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15

Zvelebil, K. V., and Paul Hockings. "Blue Mountains Revisited: Cultural Studies on the Nilgiri Hills." Journal of the American Oriental Society 120, no. 1 (January 2000): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604911.

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16

Dalling, J. W. "Vegetation Colonization of Landslides in the Blue Mountains, Jamaica." Biotropica 26, no. 4 (December 1994): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2389233.

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17

Ivers, R. Q., P. Mitchell, and R. G. Cumming. "Sensory impairment and driving: the Blue Mountains Eye Study." American Journal of Public Health 89, no. 1 (January 1999): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.1.85.

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18

Myers, Marshall. "Blue Mountains and Green Valleys by Boyd S. Ray." Appalachian Heritage 26, no. 1 (1998): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.1998.0053.

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19

Cumming, Robert G., Paul Mitchell, and Ridia Lim. "Iris color and cataract: The Blue Mountains Eye Study." American Journal of Ophthalmology 130, no. 2 (August 2000): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00479-7.

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20

Carroll, Rani, Jason K. Reynolds, and Ian A. Wright. "Geochemical signature of urbanisation in Blue Mountains Upland Swamps." Science of The Total Environment 699 (January 2020): 134393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134393.

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21

Leigh, David S. "Soil chronosequence of brasstown creek, Blue Ridge mountains, USA." CATENA 26, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(95)00040-2.

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22

Chua, Brian, Annette Kifley, Tien Y. Wong, and Paul Mitchell. "Homocysteine and Retinal Emboli: The Blue Mountains Eye Study." American Journal of Ophthalmology 142, no. 2 (August 2006): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2006.03.039.

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23

Van Putten, R., and L. B. McQueen. "Blue mountains sewage transfer scheme: a review of tunnelling." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 9, no. 2 (April 1994): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(94)90033-7.

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24

Falconer, Delia. "Passage Work." Cultural Studies Review 11, no. 2 (October 25, 2013): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v11i2.3671.

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25

Bryant, P. T. "The Height of Our Mountains: Nature Writing From Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains and Shenandoah Valley." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/6.1.153.

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26

Olson, Ted, Michael P. Branch, and Daniel J. Philippon. "The Height of Our Mountains: Nature Writing from Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains and Shenandoah Valley." South Atlantic Review 64, no. 2 (1999): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3202000.

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27

Springer, Gregory S., Heather Shroyer Dowdy, and L. Scott Eaton. "Sediment budgets for two mountainous basins affected by a catastrophic storm: Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia." Geomorphology 37, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(00)00066-0.

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28

Smith, Peter, and Judy Smith. "Influence of fire regime and other habitat factors on a eucalypt forest bird community in south-eastern Australia in the 1980s." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 5 (2016): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16053.

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We investigated bird habitat relationships in extensive eucalypt forest in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, in 1986–87, assessing the importance of fire regime variables compared with other habitat variables. Our study sites encompassed a wide range of postfire ages, fire frequencies and fire severity, but we found no major bird community differences corresponding to differences in fire regime. The more common forest bird species appeared well adapted to fire regime variation in the 1980s. Tree canopy height was a far greater influence, with more species and more birds in taller forests (interpreted as a result of higher soil fertility leading to higher productivity of bird foods and greater structural complexity in taller forests). Other trends were fewer birds where there was a rainforest understorey under the eucalypts (reflecting the general scarcity of rainforest birds in the Blue Mountains), and more birds where nectar-rich flowers were more abundant (reflecting the abundance of nectarivorous birds in the Blue Mountains, especially over winter). The climate has changed since the 1980s and fires threaten to become much more severe, extensive and frequent. How these changes will impact on forest birds, and what management responses are required, is a critical area for further study.
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29

Darling, Robert S., Jessica L. Gordon, and Ellis R. Loew. "Microscopic Blue Sapphire in Nelsonite from the Western Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA." Minerals 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100633.

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Microscopic, non-gem quality, grains of blue sapphire (corundum) have been identified in a small (1–2 cm wide), discontinuous, dike of nelsonite hosted by aluminous feldspathic gneiss. The gneiss was excavated during the construction of a hydroelectric plant on the Black River at Port Leyden, NY (western Adirondack Highlands). The sapphire location is 250 m NE of the Port Leyden nelsonite deposit. The small dike may represent a separate intrusion of nelsonite or one sheared from the main nelsonite orebody during Ottawan (circa 1050 Ma) deformation and metamorphism. The sapphires range in size from 0.1 to 2.0 mm, and commonly show parting, pleochroism, and hexagonal oscillatory zoning (from deep blue to clear). Electron microprobe analysis shows comparable levels of Fe in both clear (0.71–0.75 wt. %) and blue (0.38–0.77 wt. %) portions of grains, but clear sections have significantly lower TiO2 levels (0.002–0.011 wt.%) compared to blue sections (0.219–0.470 wt. %). Cr2O3 abundances range from 0.006 to 0.079 wt. % whereas V2O3 abundances range from 0.010 to 0.077 wt. % in blue sapphires. Small amounts of MgO were detected in one of the clear corundum grains (0.013 wt. %) and two of the six blue grains (0.001–0.015 wt. %), but the remaining five grains were below the limit of detection. Ga2O3, however, was detected in five out of six blue-colored grains (0.026–0.097 wt. %) but was below the limits of detection for clear grains. Optical spectroscopic data collected on the blue sapphire grains show broad absorbance in the yellow, orange, and red part of the spectrum (~565–740 nm) consistent with intervalence charge transfer between the next nearest neighbor Fe2+ and Ti4+. A magmatic origin of the sapphire grains is supported by petrologic and trace element data from the blue sapphires, but Cr abundances are inconsistent with this interpretation. Sapphire in a nelsonite host rock represents a new type of occurrence.
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30

Ivers, R. Q., R. G. Cumming, P. Mitchell, and A. J. Peduto. "Diabetes and Risk of Fracture: The Blue Mountains Eye Study." Diabetes Care 24, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.7.1198.

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31

Armstrong, E. Kate, and Christine L. Kern. "Demarketing manages visitor demand in the Blue Mountains National Park." Journal of Ecotourism 10, no. 1 (March 2011): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724040903427393.

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32

Blick, Raymond A. J., Andrew Fletcher, Peter D. Erskine, Nic B. McCaffrey, and Vanessa Glenn. "MonitoringEpacris muellerion unreachable cliffs in the Western Blue Mountains, Australia." Ecological Management & Restoration 14, no. 3 (September 2013): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12064.

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33

Wang, Jie Jin, Paul Mitchell, Robert G. Cumming, and Ridia Lim. "Cataract and age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study." Ophthalmic Epidemiology 6, no. 4 (January 1999): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/opep.6.4.317.4182.

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34

Kennedy, Linda. "Nineteenth-century sediment yields from the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains." Physical Geography 34, no. 4-05 (October 2013): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2013.846702.

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Rogers, James C., and David S. Leigh. "Modeling stream-bank erosion in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains." Physical Geography 34, no. 4-05 (October 2013): 354–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2013.846745.

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36

Erdman, Joan L., and Kamil V. Zvelebil. "The Irulas of the Blue Mountains: Foreign and Comparative Studies." Pacific Affairs 64, no. 4 (1991): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759897.

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37

Cumming, R. G., P. Mitchell, and W. Smith. "Dietary Sodium Intake and Cataract: The Blue Mountains Eye Study." American Journal of Epidemiology 151, no. 6 (March 15, 2000): 624–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010251.

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Guzowski, Magdalena, Elena Rochtchina, Jie Jin Wang, and Paul Mitchell. "Refractive changes following cataract surgery: the Blue Mountains Eye Study." Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 30, no. 3 (May 24, 2002): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9071.2002.00512.x.

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Wilson, M. A., R. Burt, R. J. Ottersberg, D. A. Lammers, T. D. Thorson, R. W. Langridge, and A. E. Kreger. "ISOTIC MINERALOGY: CRITERIA REVIEW AND APPLICATION IN BLUE MOUNTAINS, OREGON." Soil Science 167, no. 7 (July 2002): 465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200207000-00005.

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Panchapakesan, Jai, Fleur Hourihan, and Paul Mitchell. "Prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula: The Blue Mountains Eye Study." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 26 (May 1998): S2—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1998.tb01362.x.

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Liew, Gerald, Paul Mitchell, Tien Yin Wong, and Jie Jin Wang. "Retinal Vascular Caliber and Migraine: The Blue Mountains Eye Study." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 46, no. 6 (June 2006): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00364.x.

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Mitchell, Robert, Elena Rochtchina, Anne Lee, Jie Jin Wang, and Paul Mitchell. "Iris color and intraocular pressure: the Blue Mountains Eye Study." American Journal of Ophthalmology 135, no. 3 (March 2003): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01967-0.

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43

Bintanja, Richard, and Carleen H. Reijmer. "Meteorological conditions over Antarctic blue-ice areas and their influence on the local surface mass balance." Journal of Glaciology 47, no. 156 (2001): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756501781832557.

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AbstractThis paper addresses the causes of the prevailing meteorological conditions observed over an Antarctic blue-ice area and their effect on the surface mass balance. Over blue-ice areas, net accumulation is zero and ablation occurs mainly through sublimation. Sublimation rates are much higher than over adjacent snowfields. The meteorological conditions favourable for high sublimation rates (warm, dry and gusty) are due to the specific orographic setting of this blue-ice area, with usually a steep upwind mountainous slope causing strong adiabatic heating. Diabatic warming due to radiation, and entrainment of warm air from aloft into the boundary layer augment the warming. The prevailing warm, dry conditions explain roughly 50% of the difference in sublimation, and the different characteristics of blue ice (mainly its lower albedo) the other 50%. Most of the annual sublimation (∼70%) takes place during the short summer (mainly in daytime), with winter ablation being restricted to occasional warm, dry föhn-like events. The additional moisture is effectively removed by entrainment and horizontal advection, which are maximum over the blue-ice area. Low-frequency turbulent motions induced by the upwind mountains enhance the vertical turbulent transports. Strong gusts and high peak wind speeds over blue-ice areas cause high potential snowdrift transports, which can easily remove the total precipitation, thereby maintaining zero accumulation.
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Pringle, Patrick. "The Blues—A Diverse, Visually Appealing, and Thoughtfully Written Natural History of the Blue Mountains." Northwest Science 93, no. 3-4 (January 28, 2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3955/046.093.0308.

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45

Díaz-Avalos, Carlos, David L. Peterson, Ernesto Alvarado, Sue A. Ferguson, and Julian E. Besag. "Space–time modelling of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains, Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-089.

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Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to study the effect of vegetation cover, elevation, slope, and precipitation on the probability of ignition in the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and to estimate the probability of ignition occurrence at different locations in space and in time. Data on starting location of lightning-caused ignitions in the Blue Mountains between April 1986 and September 1993 constituted the base for the analysis. The study area was divided into a pixel–time array. For each pixel–time location we associated a value of 1 if at least one ignition occurred and 0 otherwise. Covariate information for each pixel was obtained using a geographic information system. The GLMMs were fitted in a Bayesian framework. Higher ignition probabilities were associated with the following cover types: subalpine herbaceous, alpine tundra, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.). Within each vegetation type, higher ignition probabilities occurred at lower elevations. Additionally, ignition probabilities are lower in the northern and southern extremes of the Blue Mountains. The GLMM procedure used here is suitable for analysing ignition occurrence in other forested regions where probabilities of ignition are highly variable because of a spatially complex biophysical environment.
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46

Xie, Wen-Dong, Jia Jia, Kai Song, Chang-Li Bu, Li-Ming Ma, Ge-Sang Wang-Jie, Quan-Liang Li, et al. "Comparative Habitat Divergence and Fragmentation Analysis of Two Sympatric Pheasants in the Qilian Mountains, China." Land 11, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122104.

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Habitat fragmentation is considered a major threat to biodiversity worldwide. Two endangered species, the blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus) and the blue eared pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum), co-exist in a fragmented forest in the Qilian Mountains. However, how their habitats react to the fragmenting landscape remains unclear. Therefore, we carried out a field survey in the core habitat of the two species in Qilian Mountains National Park and used the MaxEnt Model to predict their potential distribution and to assess the protection efficiency. Then, we utilized a modified within-patch fragmentation categorizing model to identify how their functional fragmentations differentiated. The results showed that the habitat utilization of the two pheasant species was significantly different, with a potential distribution area of 18,281 km2 for the blood pheasant and 43,223 km2 for the blue eared pheasant. The habitat of the blue eared pheasant is highly fragmented with 27.7% categorized as ‘Interior’ and 49.3% as ‘Edge’, while the habitat of the blood pheasant is more severe with 2.1% categorized as ‘Interior’ and 50.4% as ‘Edge’. Analysis shows that large areas of habitat for the two pheasants remain unprotected by the Qilian Mountains National Park. The intense grazing and human infrastructure may have a large effect on the currently highly fragmented landscape. Future measurements are needed to alleviate this conflict.
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47

PYRON, R. ALEXANDER, and DAVID A. BEAMER. "Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains." Zootaxa 5190, no. 2 (September 28, 2022): 207–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.2.3.

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The “mountain” dusky is a charismatic ecomorph of Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus): smaller (~20–50mm SVL), more terrestrial and montane woodland species, typically with round tails and extremely variable, often colorful patterns. Originally considered a single species (D. ochrophaeus), populations across the Appalachians are now divided into D. abditus, D. carolinensis, D. ochrophaeus, D. ocoee, and D. orestes, which do not form a clade but are instead scattered across the phylogeny of Desmognathus. A Coastal Plain species with a mountain dusky phenotype (D. apalachicolae) is also nested within a lineage related to D. ocoee. Within the current concept of D. ocoee, there are up to 8 genetically distinct geographic lineages which display significantly different but substantially overlapping morphologies. Recent studies have suggested that as many as six species could reasonably be delimited based on genetic data. We evaluate the strength of that evidence here and find support for five species in the D. apalachicolae + D. ocoee group. The first is D. apalachicolae in essentially its originally described form from the Coastal Plain. The second and third are D. adatsihi sp. nov. and D. balsameus sp. nov., endemic to the Great Smoky/Plott Balsam and Great Balsam Mountains, respectively. The fourth corresponds to the resurrected D. perlapsus for populations from the Alarka and Cowee Mountains in North Carolina, through the Chattahoochee River drainage to the Fall Line in the Piedmont of Georgia and Alabama. The fifth is D. ocoee, here restricted to populations in the Nantahala and Unicoi Mountains and southernmost Blue Ridge escarpment, along with previously recognized populations from the Cumberland Escarpment and Cumberland Plateau of south-central Tennessee and northeastern Alabama. This taxon concept of D. ocoee includes three deeply divergent geographic genetic segments that hybridize across two contact zones, while D. apalachicolae may be nested within some southern Blue Ridge populations of D. ocoee. The resurrected form of D. perlapsus also exhibits some admixture with the newly restricted D. ocoee. While this taxonomic arrangement is robust and stably derived from mitochondrial, morphological, and nuclear data, more sophisticated future analyses sampling additional populations and loci to estimate relationships may reach more subtle conclusions regarding the identity of some lineages within D. ocoee.
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Gold, Alexander, Daniel Ramp, and Shawn W. Laffan. "Potential lantana invasion of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area under climate change." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 1 (2011): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110054.

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Invasive weeds represent one of the greatest threats to ecosystem integrity worldwide, with climate change predicted to allow expansion of weed ranges in coming decades. One of Australia’s worst weeds is lantana (Lantana camara) which, given the potential for climatic change, is of increasing concern to those managing the mountainous regions in the country’s southeast. In order to identify potential additional threats lantana may pose for Australia’s valued biodiversity, this research develops a habitat suitability model for lantana in a portion of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area under current and simulated warmer conditions. Minimum temperature was found to be the most important predictor correlated with potential lantana establishment, explaining over 88% of the variation in lantana presence predicted by the model. Currently, 8% of the study area was found to be suitable for lantana, with this figure reaching 94% after a simulated 2°C rise in temperature anticipated by 2050. The sharp increase in suitable habitat highlights the importance of keeping the weed’s range restricted in the study area. The strong link between temperature and predicted lantana establishment confirms prior research and further stresses the threat this weed poses to the area’s biodiversity values as the climate warms. In addition, the model identified low-lying riparian areas as potential incursion pathways for the weed to travel further inland. Given the weed’s invasiveness, potential for adverse impacts, and high capacity for dispersal, these pathways should not be overlooked when monitoring potential invasion of mountainous regions by lantana and other tropical weeds.
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Reay, Lizz, and Penny Burns. "The Role of Primary Health Networks and General Practitioners in Disasters: Nepean Blue Mountains Primary Health Network’s Preparedness Guide." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001481.

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Introduction:Disasters are part of the Australian landscape. Bushfires, floods, cyclones, and drought reoccurring consistently across the continent. Primary Health Networks (PHNs) and general practitioners (GPs) are scattered across Australia and are inevitably involved when disasters strike their local communities. Limited guidance exists to guide their systematic involvement within the broader disaster response system. In October 2013, large bushfires swept through the NSW Blue Mountains. The response was unusual in its inclusion of NSW general practice networks within the response system, most crucially the local (now) Nepean Blue Mountains Primary Health Network (NBMPHN).Methods:The lessons learned by GPs and NBMPHN during the fires highlighted the need for GP preparedness to improve recovery outcomes. This led to the development of a living discussion document “Emergency management: the role of the GP,” created with input from the various GP groups. More recently, a PHN emergency preparedness guide aimed at strengthening communication and formalizing the role of the PHNs and GPs before, during, and after a natural disaster.Results:Clarity and implementation of a process for disaster preparedness have enabled a more proactive and coordinated approach to local emergency management with a distinct role for both the PHN and local GPs when responding to a natural disaster.Discussion:This presentation discusses lessons learned and the preparedness strategy now in place in the Nepean Blue Mountains PHN region, and launches the emergency preparedness guide that can be used and adapted by GPs and other PHNs across Australia.
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Li, Bo, Wei Ping Hu, and Na Sun. "The Past and Future of Phyllostachys nigra in Putuo Mountains." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 3677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3677.

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This article describes the characteristics of black bamboo, the culture origins of Goddess of Mercy in Putuo Mountain and the Connection between them; reviewed the cultural history of the black bamboo in Putuo Mountain that is currently crossing the stage of from the " having bamboo" to "excellent bamboo". Based on the analysis of the plant status about black bamboo in Putuo Mountain, we put forward the strategy and method for creating “the realm of black bamboo”. To create a Haitian Buddha describes the characteristics of the plant landscape operable prospects, and this also indicates an operable prospect of bringing about the plants landscape characterized by the blue sky, the blue sea and the Buddha land.
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