Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bloomer'

The Broadway musical Bloomer Girl (1944) with score by composer Harold Arlen (1905–1986) and lyricist E.Y. Harburg (1896–1981) was the first book musical to follow in the footsteps of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! The obvious parallels between Oklahoma! and Bloomer Girl led critics and scholars to compare the musicals at the expense of overlooking the contributions the latter made to the genre. This thesis moves Bloomer Girl out from the shadow cast by Oklahoma! and situates it within a richer historical context. It begins with a brief history of Bloomer Girl. It then focuses specifically on both the dramatic and musical representation of women in the work. Using a comparative methodology, this study examines how the women in Bloomer Girl deviate from the model for the Golden Age musical to create a controversial political commentary about the United States in the World War II era.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University
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This paper assesses the legacy of Allan Bloom. Particular focus is given to Bloom's book The Closing of the American Mind, published in 1987. Chapter One discusses the scholarly and commercial appeal of The Closing of the American Mind. The chapter also raises the question that this paper attempts to answer-Is The Closing of the American Mind nothing more than a publishing success and what Sidney Hook described as a "noble failure," or is it a work of lasting significance that has implications for higher-education policy and reform? Chapter Two describes the climate of the University of Chicago that Bloom entered in the mid-1940s. The longtime president of the University, Robert Maynard Hutchins, and his colleague Mortimer Adler are profiled. The chapter also provides profiles of Bloom's mentor, Leo Strauss, and Strauss's disciples, the socalled "Straussians." Some works from Strauss and the Straussians are reviewed. Chapter Three provides an in-depth examination of four axial terms: 1) Reason, 2) Nature, 3) Eros, and 4) Soul. In this chapter, much of Plato's teaching and Bloom's analysis of Plato's teachings are discussed. Chapter Four is a thematic analysis of Bloom's book. Bloom's views on philosophy, poetry, and the permanent questions are examined. This chapter also delves into Bloom's arguments about education and character, and his views on democracy and its homogenizing effects. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Bloom's position on whether educational change is more a proposition of general reform or individual example. Chapter Five presents favorable and unfavorable reviews of The Closing of the American Mind. Key arguments are categorized under 12 sections that serve as indicators of higher-education disputes in America. Chapter Six is the conclusion, and it assesses the strength of Bloom's educational legacy. The study concludes that Bloom's arguments are still valuable, but attempts at educational initiatives will probably fail if they are perceived as "turning back the clock," rather than a movement toward shared core beliefs from which many contemporary educational initiatives have drifted.
2031-01-01

The aim of this study was to work out whether bloomery activities might have left a geochemical imprint in two mires close to a known bloomery and identify differences between the geochemical signals in the mires. Therefore two peat profiles (140 cm deep) and a series of bulk samples (composite of 10-60 cm) were taken near the remains of a bloomery close to Ängersjö, Hälsingland, which has one documented radiocarbon date of AD 1300-1435. One profile was taken in the fen closest to the bloomery, the other profile was taken close to a nearby lake. Geochemical analysis of the peat samples was performed with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The results were combined with previously taken data from a sediment profile from the lake ~120 m away and a pollen profile close to the bloomery. The results showed that the activities of the bloomery were visible in the geochemical signals of the peat core closest to the bloomery with two peaks in Pb and Zn, which coincide with the previous reported times of operation (1. AD 1030-1060; 2. AD 1300-1435), which also fits with the pollen record from the nearby peat record. The mire close to the lake, which is hydrologically not connected with the area where the bloomery was, did not show these increases in elements associated with iron processing and only a small peak of Pb was visible. Furthermore, the geochemistry of the bulk samples showed that a disturbance of the mire surrounding the lake was responsible for the geochemical changes observed in the lake,particularly as a source of increases in inferred biogenic Si observed in the sediment record (as increased Si/Al ratios) in association with human-related disturbance in the sediment record during AD 800-1200. Si concentrations in the bulk peat samples in the fen adjoining the lake range as high as 14% (≤23% as SiO2).

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
Se explica cómo mejorar el flujo de aprendizaje de la terminal en las universidades, los flujos de información en los equipos de trabajo, y las bases de datos de índices. Finalmente, se presentan ejemplos y casos y se interpretaron algunos gráficos. Ponente: Javier Rojas, responsable por las operaciones de Bloomberg en Perú.

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
Se presentan los siguientes temas: patrones, tendencias, análisis de múltiples activos, fuerza relativa, indicadores técnicos y estudios personalizados, y optimización. Ponente: André Lapponi, especialista senior en portafolios y análisis técnico - Bloomberg.

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
Se analizan los commodities o materias primas, la determinación de sus precios, las fuerzas de la oferta y la demanda, y el mercado invertido, sobre la base de los mercados energéticos, mineros y de hidrocarburos. / Ponente: Julio Aparecido, especialista de Commodities en América Latina.

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
Se explica el análisis de las últimas crisis en USA, la estrategia de Warren Buffet, la selección de acciones y portafolio. Ponente: André Lapponi, especialista senior en portafolios y análisis técnico – Bloomberg.

Le syndrome de Bloom (BS) est une maladie génétique rare caractérisée par une forte augmentation du taux d’échanges entre chromatides soeurs, des anomalies de ségrégation des chromosomes et une prédisposition au développement de tous types de cancers. Ce syndrome est la conséquence de mutations dans les deux copies du gène BLM, codant pour une 3’-5’ ADN hélicase de type RecQ. La ou les fonctions de la protéine BLM sont encore mal définies mais les données de la littérature convergent vers un rôle de BLM dans des mécanismes de surveillance et/ou maintien de l’intégrité du génome. La protéine BLM serait impliquée dans le redémarrage de fourches de réplication bloquées pendant la phase S et serait nécessaire à la résolution de ponts anaphasiques en mitose, notamment de ponts particuliers appelées « UltraFine anaphase Bridges » (UFBs). Ces UFBs, qui relient les chromatides soeurs entre elles, ne sont pas détectables par les colorants classiques et leur présence ne peut-être révélée que par la détection des protéines PICH (Plk1-Interacting Checkpoint Helicase) ou BLM. A l’état basal, ces UFBs sont essentiellement d’origine centromérique (cUFBs).Tout l’enjeu de mon projet était de déterminer si BLM était également impliquée dans la prévention de la formation de ces cUFBs et donc si BLM jouait un rôle avant l’anaphase. Nous avons montré que BLM est recrutée aux centromères de la phase G2 jusqu’en mitose. BLM, en coopération avec la protéine PICH, est nécessaire (1) à l’organisation structurale de l’ADN centromérique, (2) à la disjonction complète des centromères, indépendamment de la voie des cohésines, suggérant une implication de ces protéines dans le processus de décaténation des centromères et (3) au recrutement de la topoisomérase IIa (Topo IIa) active aux centromères.Nos résultats révèlent ainsi une nouvelle localisation et une nouvelle fonction de la protéine BLM aux centromères et montrent pour la première fois l’implication des protéines BLM et PICH dans la décaténation centromérique avant l’anaphase. Nous proposons que BLM et PICH, par leurs activités respectives hélicase et de remodelage de la chromatine, modifient la structure des centromères pendant la pré-métaphase, rendant ainsi certaines caténations accessibles à la Topo IIa avant l’anaphase. La défaillance de ce mécanisme entraînerait la persistance de caténations centromériques non résolues avant l’anaphase. Ainsi, dans les cellules BS, la fréquence élevée de cUFBs aurait deux origines différentes : une partie correspondrait à des cUFBs formés du fait d’une décaténation défaillante des centromères avant l’anaphase, et l’autre partie correspondrait à des cUFBs « physiologiques » non résolus en anaphase. Afin de distinguer l’origine des cUFBs, nous avons appelé ceux issus de caténations non résolues avant l’anaphase les UFBs centromériques surnuméraires (SC-UFBs pour Supernumerary Centromeric UFBs)
Bloom syndrome (BS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a sharp increase in the rate of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosome segregation abnormailities and a predisposition to the development of all types of cancers. This syndrome is caused by mutations in both copies of the BLM gene, which encodes BLM, a RecQ 3'-5 DNA helicase. The specific function(s) of BLM remain unclear, but the data from the literature converge towards a role for BLM in mechanisms monitoring and / or maintaining genome integrity. The BLM protein may be involved in restarting stalled replication forks during S phase and necessary to resolve anaphase bridges in mitosis, including particular bridges called "Ultrafine Anaphase Bridges" (UFBs). These UFBs, which link sister chromatids together, are not detectable by conventional stains and their presence can only be revealed by the detection of the proteins PICH (PLK1-interacting checkpoint helicase) or BLM. In untreated cells, UFBs originate mostly from centromeres (cUFBs).The challenge of my project was to determine whether BLM was also involved in preventing the formation of cUFBs and so, if it played a role before anaphase.We showed that BLM is recruited at centromeres from G2 phase to mitosis. BLM, in cooperation with PICH, is required for (1) structural organization of centromeric DNA, (2) completion of centromere disjunction, independently of the cohesin pathway, suggesting an involvement of these proteins in centromere decatenation process, and (3) recruitment of active topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) to centromeres. Thus, we report a new localization and a new function of BLM at centromeres, revealing for the first time a new role for BLM and PICH in a previously unknown centromeric decatenation mechanism, crucial for complete centromere disjunction.We propose that the combined action of BLM and PICH promotes, through their helicase and chromatin remodelling activities, respectively, the organization of centromeric chromatin, thereby rendering some centromeric catenates accessible to Topo IIa before the onset of anaphase. The failure of this mechanism may lead to the persistence of some centromeric catenations not resolved before anaphase. Thus, the increase in the frequency of centromeric UFBs in BLMdeficient cells has two different origins: cUFBs arising from catenations not resolved before anaphase and physiological cUFBs not processed at anaphase onset. Two distinguish the two cUFB origins, we defined the former as supernumerary centromeric UFBs (SC-UFBs)

In the spring term of 2013, national tests were conducted in social sciences for the first time in the Swedish sixth grade. The tests fell under criticism from various outlets associated with education which eventually resulted in the removal of these new national tests. However, as of 2016 it has been decided that the same institutions responsible for the national tests are to develop voluntary assessment support material in these subjects, which will be available nationwide in 2017, essentially replacing the tests.    The idea for this essay was born out of a need to investigate to what extent the different types of knowledge and abilities of Lgr 11, the Swedish curriculum, correspond to the new national tests, since such research has yet to be done for the sixth grade version of the tests. Out of constraints related to time and size, we chose to limit ourselves to two of the four subjects in social sciences, namely history and religion.    Using text analysis as method and Bloom’s revised taxonomy as an analysis model to study the alignment between the national tests and the curriculum, we’ve endeavoured to answer the following questions: To what extent are the different types of knowledge and abilities tested in the national tests in history and religion for grade six? How well do the national tests in history and religion for grade six and the knowledge requirements of Lgr 11 correspond in regard to which types of knowledge and abilities are tested and the extent of these? The results showed that the national tests and the knowledge requirements of the Swedish curriculum by and large share a high level of alignment. However, the amount of test questions corresponding to each knowledge requirement varies greatly, creating a possible gap for teachers to fill should they use the forthcoming assessment support material in their work.

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
Se analiza, mediante un ejemplo de bonos soberanos peruanos, el funcionamiento de los bonos y se explica cómo un portfolio manager decide comprar mediante los indicadores y la información proporcionada por Bloomberg. / Ponente: Lizette Lara, especialista de riesgo y derivados – Bloomberg.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
A aprovaÃÃo no Exame da OAB à exigÃncia legalmente imposta a todos os bacharÃis em direito que almejem exercer a advocacia. Desde a sua imposiÃÃo, ela foi alvo de diversas crÃticas acerca da sua legalidade, necessidade e, atà mesmo, eficÃcia. Enquanto guardià da profissÃo de advogado, a OAB, como jà ocorre em outros paÃses, utiliza uma prova como mecanismo para selecionar apenas os candidatos que demonstram o conhecimento, capacidade e habilidades indispensÃveis ao exercÃcio da advocacia. Por outro lado, a efetiva avaliaÃÃo do ensino superior, em toda a sua totalidade, à tarefa precipuamente executada pelo MEC atravÃs do SINAES, sendo o ENADE o componente utilizado para a avaliaÃÃo dos estudantes. A presente pesquisa analisou as provas do Exame da OAB e do ENADE à luz da taxonomia dos objetivos educacionais de Benjamin Bloom, atravÃs do mapeamento dos objetivos educacionais exigidos nesses testes aplicados no ano de 2012. Os dados obtidos indicaram que os Exames da OAB trabalham no nÃvel da categoria do conhecimento, ao passo que o ENADE explora mais a categoria imediatamente superior, a da compreensÃo.
The approval in the OAB exam is a legal requirement to all law school bachelors that aim to be a lawyer. Since its adoption, it has undergone several critical about its legality, necessity and even effectiveness. Just like in other countries, the OAB, the guardian of the attorneyâs profession, uses a measurement test to select only candidates who demonstrate the essential knowledge, skills and abilities to the practice of law. The effective higher educationâs evaluation is a task performed by the MEC, through SINAES, in which ENADE is the component used to measure the studentâs evaluation. Through Bloomâs educational objectives taxonomy, this research proposes to find the real nature of the OAB exam, in comparison to ENADEâs one, by mapping the educational objectives required in both tests in the years of 2012. Data obtained from the analysis of the instruments shows that the OAB exam worked in the category of knowledge, and the ENADE focused on the next one, the comprehension

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
En la primera presentación, se tratan las experiencias y perspectivas según el desarrollo del mercado local. Asimismo, se explica qué hace un trader, cuáles son sus aportes a la sociedad, cuál es el valor generado, el desafío de ser trader en el Perú, cómo ayuda Bloomberg a lograr los objetivos como trader, expectativas y tareas pendientes. Ponente: Pedro Cornejo, CEO-Founder Decision Capital. / En la segunda presentación, se plantean cuáles son los retos de las universidades, --atraer y retener talento, posicionamiento de vanguardia, innovación en la creación de empresas, inteligencia social, generar estrategia y ventaja competitiva, y nuevas tendencias)--. Asimismo, se plantan los grandes retos los docentes, y se explcia la propuesta de Bloomberg, relacionada con el aprendizaje y uso de la tecnología. Para ejemplificarlo, se analiza un caso, que se refiere a la preocupación de los portafolio managers por el aplanamiento de la curva en Estados Unidos, a partir de cuya inquietud se pregunta a los estudiantes cuánto conocen del tema para, que puedan pensar cómo les podría servir Bloomberg en un caso como este. Ponente: Lizette Lara, especialista de riesgo y derivados – Bloomberg.

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
Se presentan los alcances de uso de Bloomberg para el futuro de los estudiantes, cómo usar la información que muestra, la experiencia de los que trabajan en mesa y las funciones del trader. Ponente: José Carlos Vélez - Cofide

This research entitled "Biochemistry at School: a didactic proposal for meaningful learning" is characterized by being predominantly qualitative, which used as strategy the elaboration and application of a didactic sequence constructed from learning objectives proposed according to the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. This didactic sequence aimed at reinforcing different abilities of the cognitive domain classified in levels and categories and favoring the meaningful learning of Chemistry contents in the classroom for last year students of high school from a public school of Santa Maria - RS, as well as strengthening the pedagogical and didactic knowledge of teachers in initial formation of Chemistry Degree of the Federal University of Santa Maria. For this, the study was developed in three phases. In the first phase, the aim was to achieve the pedagogical theoretical reference on meaningful and disciplinary learning about the concepts to be approached, such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The second phase was addressed to the theoretical and practical orientation of the teachers in initial formation for the construction of the didactic sequence, approaching different scientific contents in several interventions. The interventions were organized in three thematic workshops based on the Three Pedagogical Moments and the learning objectives proposed for the six levels and categories of knowledge organization of the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. The third and final step was to apply in the classroom the didactic sequence constructed by the teachers in initial formation and evaluation of the constructed learning. The results of this study were obtained through different data collection instruments, such as: questionnaires, textual productions, didactic sequence activities and the observations and annotations of the researcher, which were analyzed according to the Textual Discourse Analysis. The active participation of teachers in initial formation in studies that provide spaces for articulating university-school, strengthening the pedagogical and didactic knowledge developed during their school and university life, since the teacher needs the use of those in the planning and application of activities, promoting improvements in the teaching process. Furthermore, the results allowed concluding that the application of the didactic sequence favored the meaningful learning of scientific concepts, inasmuch as an evolution was observed in the construction of the knowledge and skills of the cognitive domain of high school students.
Esta pesquisa intitulada “Bioquímica na Escola: uma proposta didática para a aprendizagem significativa” é caracterizada por ser predominantemente qualitativa, a qual utilizou como estratégia a elaboração e aplicação de uma sequência didática construída a partir de objetivos de aprendizagem propostos conforme à Taxonomia de Bloom revisada. Esta sequência didática teve como finalidade reforçar diferentes habilidades do domínio cognitivo classificadas em níveis e categorias e favorecer a aprendizagem significativa de conteúdos de Química em sala de aula para estudantes da 3ª série do Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual de Santa Maria – RS, bem como fortalecer os conhecimentos pedagógicos e didáticos de professores em formação inicial do curso de Química Licenciatura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Para isso, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três fases. Na primeira fase, buscou-se o referencial teórico pedagógico sobre a aprendizagem significativa e disciplinar a respeito dos conceitos a serem abordados, tais como: proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos. A segunda fase foi direcionada para a orientação teórica e prática dos professores em formação inicial para a construção da sequência didática, abordando diferentes conteúdos científicos em várias intervenções. As intervenções foram organizadas em três oficinas temáticas estruturadas nos Três Momentos Pedagógicas e nos objetivos de aprendizagem propostos para os seis níveis e categorias de organização do conhecimento da Taxonomia de Bloom revisada. A terceira e última etapa, destinou-se à aplicação em sala de aula da sequência didática construída pelos professores em formação inicial e avaliação da aprendizagem construída. Os resultados desta pesquisa foram obtidos por meio de diferentes instrumentos de coleta de dados, tais como: questionários, produções textuais, atividades da sequência didática e as observações e anotações do pesquisador, os quais foram analisados segundo a Análise Textual Discursiva. Conclui-se que a participação ativa dos professores em formação inicial em pesquisas que propiciem espaços para articular universidade-escola, fortalece os conhecimentos pedagógicos e didáticos desenvolvidos durante sua vida escolar e universitária, visto que precisa do uso deste no planejamento e aplicação de atividades, promovendo melhorias no processo de ensino. Além disso, os resultados permitiram concluir que a aplicação da sequência didática favoreceu a aprendizagem significativa de conceitos científicos, pois foi observado uma evolução na construção do conhecimentos e habilidades do domínio cognitivo dos estudantes do ensino médio.

In response to DNA damage, the ATM and ATR kinases proliferate a signal that is transduced, either directly or via Chk2 and Chk1, to effector proteins, forming the DNA damage response (DDR). The effector proteins delay cell cycle progression, through checkpoints, and activate specific DNA repair mechanisms essential for preserving genome integrity and preventing cancer formation. Bloom's syndrome (BS) patients, which lack the BLM protein show genome instability and have a predisposition to cancer. BLM is phosphorylated by the DDR kinases ATM, ATR and Chk1. These phosphorylation events are essential for BLM to maintain replication fork integrity, preserve the S phase checkpoint and activate BLM to interact with other DDR proteins. In this study I have shown that BLM, isolated from mitotic cells, is phosphorylated on amino acid residue serine 26 (S26). BS cells lacking native BLM, but expressing a variant of BLM protein that cannot be phosphorylated at S26, fail to fully activate the G2/M checkpoint following UV irradiation or treatment with inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase H. Consequently, these cells are more sensitive to killing by these agents than are BS cells expressing wildtype BLM. The Chk1 and Aurora B kinases are able to phosphorylate BLM on S26 in vitro. Moreover, loss of Aurora B kinase activity leads to reduction of S26 phosphorylation in mitotic cells. Cells treated with inhibitors of Aurora B fail to fully active the G2/M checkpoint after UV DNA damage. Taken together, these data suggest, that Aurora B kinase phosphorylates BLM on S26 and that this is required to fully activate the G2/M checkpoint.

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓN Luis Gabriel Gonzélez [Parte I], Gonzalo Iván Morales Quintana [Parte II]
El presente documento tiene por objetivo describir el plan de negocios para el desarrollo de un canal de venta minorista de flores para regalo “De Bloom”. El modelo de negocios se apunta a la venta de flores envasadas a través de una tienda virtual y tiendas físicas ubicadas en pasillos de malls. La industria de las flores en Chile se caracteriza por su gran tamaño (aproximadamente USD 70 millones), una gran cantidad de competidores poco profesionalizados y altamente fragmentados, productos poco diferenciados y con márgenes elevados (cercanos al 50%) y una estructura de clientes altamente atomizada, lo que permite vislumbrar la posibilidad de una reestructuración de la industria, por medio de fusiones o adquisiciones, o el crecimiento orgánico de alguno de los actores de la industria, a consecuencia de la profesionalización y creación de barreras de entrada. A lo largo de este documento se analiza el mercado, sus tendencias, preferencias de compra, y se identifica el segmento objetivo, “El Amoroso” (clientes que buscan flores para regalar a personas con quienes poseen un alto vínculo emocional), como el más atractivo en términos de negocio, tanto por su tamaño, disposición a pagar y la posibilidad de generar una propuesta de valor ad-hoc (“Nuestros productos son flores para regalo de excelente presentación, mayor duración, fáciles de adquirir y de entrega rápida”). El producto logra diferenciarse de la oferta existente por su mayor duración (debido a la incorporación de un pack de hidratación y por las características del envase), su presentación (sencilla, moderna y de gran atención a los detalles), y su servicio de entrega rápido y flexible, adicionalmente, la estrategia de puntos de venta facilita la compra del producto y entrega visibilidad a la marca. Como una forma de reducir riesgos, generar aprendizaje y desarrollar ventajas competitivas de forma gradual, el plan de crecimiento se estructura en 3 etapas: desarrollo del canal online, apertura de tiendas físicas en Santiago y el desarrollo de una red de distribuidores en regiones. Financieramente, el negocio se muestra atractivo con requerimiento financiero total de $45 MM, un VAN al 5º año de $83 MM, 45% de TIR y un payback de 1,7 años, pero con una alta sensibilidad al volumen de venta (Apalancamiento Operativo = 4).

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
Se presenta una introducción y los objetivos básicos de Bloomberg, así como la agenda de del evento. Se describen las oportunidades que Bloomberg brinda a los estudiantes para generar empleabilidad. Finalmente, se presenta un panorama general del mercado financiero. Ponente: Javier Rojas, responsable por las operaciones de Bloomberg en Perú.

La double hélice d’ADN est une structure stable qui assure à la fois la sauvegarde et la transmission de l’information génétique. Pour accéder à cette information, une vaste famille d’enzymes multifonctionnelles appelées hélicases réalise la séparation des bases complémentaires de l’ADN. Certaines de ces hélicases sont associées chez l’homme à des syndromes de prédisposition au cancer. C’est le cas du syndrome de Bloom (BS), une maladie génétique à transmission récessive qui se traduit par une augmentation de l’instabilité génétique mais où aucun phénomène d’haplo-insuffisance ou de dominance négative n’est constaté chez les porteurs hétérozygotes. On reconnait pourtant que la protéine du syndrome de Bloom (BLM) adopte une structure multimérique in vitro mais sans que l’expression chez certains hétérozygotes d’une enzyme inactive ne soit considérée comme un facteur à risque. Pour expliquer ce paradoxe, nous avons étudié la structure de l’enzyme BLM et constater qu’elle fonctionne sous la forme d’un monomère, un résultat nouveau qui justifie mieux pourquoi ces formes inactives n’influence pas le degré de prédisposition au cancer. D’autre part, la toxicité cadmium est susceptible d’avoir un lien direct avec l’inactivation de l’hélicase BLM car les cellules exposées au cadmium présentent des analogies avec celles des patients atteints du syndrome de Bloom. Effectivement, nous avons observé qu’in vitro, de faibles concentrations de cadmium réduisent les activités de cette hélicase en induisant son oligomérisation. Ces travaux apportent des informations nouvelles sur le mécanisme moléculaire de l’hélicase BLM et soulignent son importance dans le maintien de l’intégrité du génome
The DNA double helix is a stable structure that ensures both the protection and transmission of genetic information. To access this information, a large family of multifunctional enzymes called helicases performs the separation of complementary bases of DNA. Some of these helicases in humans are associated with cancer predisposition syndromes. This is the case of Bloom syndrome (BS), a recessive genetic disease that results in an increase in genetic instability but where no phenomenon of haploinsufficiency or dominant negative is found in carriers heterozygotes. Yet we recognize that the Bloom syndrome protein (BLM) adopts a multimeric structure in vitro, but the expression among some heterozygotes of an inactive enzyme is not considered as a risk factor. To explain this paradox, we studied the structure of the BLM and find that it works as a monomer, a new result which justifies why most inactive forms does not influence the degree of cancer predisposition. On the other hand, cadmium toxicity is potentially linked to the inactivation of the BLM helicase as cells exposed to cadmium present analogies with those of patients with Bloom syndrome. Indeed, we observed in vitro, that low concentrations of cadmium reduce helicase activity by promoting its oligomerization. These studies provide new information on the molecular mechanism of the BLM helicase and emphasize its importance in maintaining genome integrity

La Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) fue sede de la segunda edición del “University Premium Training” organizada por Bloomberg, empresa líder en información financiera y económica a nivel mundial. / El evento, que fue realizado los días 5, 6 y 7 de noviembre en el campus San Isidro, tuvo como objetivo poder reforzar las competencias de los docentes de diversas universidades de Lima que emplean Bloomberg como una herramienta didáctica para la educación y planificación financiera. Esta compañía brinda herramientas de software financiero, como análisis, plataformas de comercio capital y servicios de datos para las empresas quienes deseen consultar información bursátil y financiera en tiempo real. / Además, se contó con la participación de expertos que emplean la herramienta como apoyo para la toma de decisión financiero: Lizzette Lara; especialista en riesgos y derivados, André Lapponi; especialista Senior en Portafolio y Análisis técnico, Pedro Cortejo, CEO-Founder de Decision Capital, entre otros.
Se continúa la presentación del video 10, y se explica el test de efectividad de cobertura, a partir del estudio de caso IFRS 9 y su impacto en el negocio. Ponente: Julio Aparecido, especialista de Commodities en América Latina. / En la segunda presentación se describen los tipos de datos que ofrece Bloomberg, importancia de la información y del uso de los datos, los desafíos y las tendencias para los profesionales del área de datos, así como los servicios coprorativos de Bloomberg --datos de cierre del día, datos en línea y servicio de evaluación de bancos y derivados OTC--. Ponente: Marina de Luca, especialista de soluciones corporativas de datos - Bloomberg

High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is primarily used in measuring gene expression, quantifying transcript abundance, and building reference transcriptomes. Without bias from a reference sequence, de novo RNA-seq assembly is particularly useful for building new reference transcriptomes, detecting fusion genes, and discovering novel spliced transcripts. This is a challenging problem, and to address it at least eight approaches, including Trans-ABySS and Trinity, were developed within the past decade. For instance, using Trinity and 12 CPUs, it takes approximately one and a half day to assemble a human RNA-seq sample of over 100 million read pairs and requires up to 80 GB of memory. While the high memory usage typical of de novo RNA-seq assemblers may be alleviated by distributed computing, access to a high-performance computing environment is a requirement that may be limiting for smaller labs. In my thesis, I present a novel de novo RNA-seq assembler, “RNA-Bloom,” which utilizes compact data structures based on Bloom filters for the storage of k-mer counts and the de Bruijn graph in memory. Compared to Trans-ABySS and Trinity, RNA-Bloom can assemble a human transcriptome with comparable accuracy using nearly half as much memory and half the wall-clock time with 12 threads.
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Bloom's syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by an early onset of cancer of many types, erythematous lesions on sun-exposed skin, retarded growth, immunodeficiency and sub- or infertility. Cells from Bloom's syndrome patients have replication defects and an abnormally unstable genome manifested in chromosomal breaks and deletions and in an increased mutation rate. Most characteristically, these cells show elevated levels of sister-chromatid exchanges which probably result from homologous recombination events. Since the cells are not hypersensitive to DNA damaging agents, the defect is unlikely to be in one of the common DNA repair pathways. The gene mutated in Bloom's syndrome, BLM, was cloned in 1995 and found to encode a helicase from the RecQ family. This family is named after its E. coli member, RecQ, and includes at least five human genes. Three of these are mutated in inherited disorders; Bloom's syndrome, Werner's syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. In my DPhil project, I have investigated the enzymatic properties of the BLM protein. I have purified the protein in recombinant form and shown that it is a DNA-dependent ATPase and an ATP-dependent helicase with 3'-5' polarity. It binds and unwinds a variety of DNA structures, with a preference for tetraplex (G4)-DNA, Holliday junctions (recombination intermediates) and internal DNA bubbles. Furthermore, it is capable of branch migration, an activity distinct from its helicase activity. BLM forms oligomeric rings with fourfold and sixfold symmetry, both in a cell extract and as purified protein. These results, in combination with the cellular phenotype of Bloom's syndrome and with evidence from the analysis of other RecQ homologues in model organisms such as yeast and E. coli, point to a role for BLM in somatic recombination (recombinational repair). Models for this function are discussed in this thesis.

Book Summary: This award-winning multi-volume series is dedicated to making literature and its creators better understood and more accessible to students and interested readers, while satisfying the standards of librarians, teachers and scholars. Dictionary of Literary Biography provides reliable information in an easily comprehensible format, while placing writers in the larger perspective of literary history. Dictionary of Literary Biography systematically presents career biographies and criticism of writers from all eras and all genres through volumes dedicated to specific types of literature and time periods.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Kubanek, Julia; Committee Member: Hay, Mark; Committee Member: Jiang, Lin; Committee Member: Pavia, Henrik; Committee Member: Snell, Terry.

O mapa conceitual é uma ferramenta gráfica de representação e organização do conhecimento. Seu objetivo é explicitar relações hierárquicas e significativas entre conceitos na forma de proposições. Este trabalho buscou investigar se o ensino de uma disciplina num curso de nível superior, no qual os alunos fossem solicitados a elaborar mapas conceituais, pode se mostrar capaz de levar estudantes universitários a níveis mais elevados de desempenho cognitivo. Os níveis cognitivos são compreendidos à luz da Taxionomia de Bloom, que visa classificar a ação mental esperada do estudante, a saber: lembrar, entender, aplicar, analisar, avaliar e criar. A pesquisa foi realizada durante um ano letivo em uma instituição de ensino superior, particular, do interior paulista com 48 estudantes do curso de Pedagogia. Os dados foram coletados por meio de avaliações escritas aplicadas ao final do primeiro semestre, quando não houve uso do mapa conceitual. E ao fim do segundo, após treinamento e uso do mapa conceitual. O resultado da análise estatística indica que, apenas na categoria lembrar, a diferença encontrada não foi estatisticamente significante entre as duas avaliações, indicando que a utilização do mapa conceitual como recurso de ensino não levou a um desempenho melhor por parte de quem o utilizou. Em todos os demais níveis as diferenças se mostraram altamente significantes, afirmando uma melhoria de desempenho por parte dos sujeitos quando utilizaram o recurso de elaborar individual e coletivamente o mapa conceitual, possibilitando inferir que o uso do mapa conceitual pode favorecer um melhor desempenho cognitivo em problemas que exijam níveis cognitivos mais complexos
The conceptual map is a graphical tool that shows the representation of ones knowledge and the organization of this knowledge. Its purpose is to make explicit hierarchical and meaningful connections among concepts in the form of propositions. This work sought to investigate if the teaching of a subject in a higher education major, in which students were asked to elaborate conceptual maps, is able to lead university students to higher levels of cognitive performance. The cognitive levels are understood in the light of Bloom\'s taxonomy, which aims to classify the expected mental action of the student, namely: to remember, to understand, to apply, to analyze, to evaluate and to create. The research was carried out during a school year in a private higher education institution, in the interior of São Paulo, with the participation of 48 students from the Pedagogy major. The data were collected through written assessments applied at the end of the first semester when there was no use of the conceptual map and also at the end of the second semester after practicing and using the conceptual map. The results of the statistical analysis indicate that the difference found in the remembering category alone was not statistically significant between the two assessments, indicating that the use of the conceptual map as a teaching resource did not lead to a better performance by those who used it. In all other levels, the differences were highly significant, affirming improvement in the performance of the subjects after having used the conceptual mapping feature, individually and collectively, enabling infer that the use of the conceptual map may favor a better cognitive performance in problems that require more complex cognitive levels

Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas Ambientais
O desenvolvimento de blooms cianobacterianos pode representar um risco para a saúde pública e, num contexto de alterações climáticas, o desenvolvimento de grandes concentrações destes organismos pode ser potenciado. Portugal, à semelhança de outros países, adoptou a metodologia para a monitorização de cianobactérias proposta pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, que considera a clorofila a e a densidade celular, como indicadores da presença de cianobactérias. Contudo, tendo em conta as limitações destes indicadores, o presente trabalho visa propor uma estratégia rápida, simples e menos onerosa, a médio prazo, para a monitorização de blooms cianobacterianos em sistemas de água doce utilizados para uso recreativo. Esta estratégia propõe uma abordagem sequencial: i) fluorimetria (análise de pigmentos); ii) determinação da clorofila a, observação microscópica e enumeração das espécies cianobacterianas dominantes; iii) técnicas moleculares, baseadas em PCR, para avaliação do potencial tóxico; e v) quantificação das cianotoxinas, apenas quando necessário. O trabalho incluiu a determinação de valores de referência para ficocianina, através de fluorimetria, por forma a poder aplicá-los na estratégia de monitorização proposta. Para esta determinação foram utilizadas as espécies Microcystis aeruginosa, Nostoc muscorum e Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Para validação da estratégia de monitorização proposta, foram amostrados nove sistemas lênticos de água doce, do norte, centro e sul de Portugal. Os dados de parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos das amostras foram integrados, de modo a obter informação acerca do contexto ecológico do desenvolvimento de blooms. A determinação dos valores de referência de ficocianina mostrou diferenças inter-específicas, suportando a necessidade de existirem vários valores de referência, que possam ser utilizados de acordo com a espécie cianobacteriana dominante num bloom. A metodologia proposta, ao ser faseada, permitiu ir excluindo amostras à medida que o perigo de desenvolvimento de um bloom tóxico foi sendo descartado, tendo sido detetadas apenas 2 amostras tóxicas, na Lagoa da Vela e na albufeira da barragem da Aguieira (ambas com blooms de Microcystis spp.). Esta estratégia de monitorização provou ser uma mais-valia para o desenvolvimento de planos de gestão de prevenção e controlo do crescimento excessivo de cianobactérias em lagos e albufeiras.
The massive growth of cyanobacteria into blooms has risks to the public health and, under a context of climate change, the development of these organisms may be enhanced. Portugal, like other countries, has adopted the methodology proposed by the World Health Organization which uses chlorophyll a and cell density as indicators for cyanobacterial density assessment. However, these indicators have several limitations. Therefore, this study aims to propose a strategy for a faster, easier and more cost-effective monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms in lentic freshwater bodies used for recreation purposes. This strategy considers several steps, proposed sequentially: i) fluorometry (pigment analysis); ii) chlorophyll a determination, microscopic observation and enumeration of dominant cyanobacterial species; iii) PCR-based methodologies to screen the potential for cyanotoxins production; and v) cyanotoxins quantification, only if required. The study included the determination of phycocyanin thresholds though fluorometry in order to use them in the proposed monitoring strategy. The species used for this determination included Microcystis aeruginosa, Nostoc muscorum and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. For the validation of the monitoring strategy proposal, nine lentic freshwater bodies from northern, central and southern Portugal were sampled. The physico-chemical and biological parameters were integrated in order to provide information about the ecological context for the recorded cyanobacterial blooms. The determined phycocyanin thresholds showed inter-specific differences, highlighting the need for the proposal of not just a general threshold value for phycocyanin, but specific values, according to the dominant bloom-forming cyanobacterial species. The sequential stepwise strategy, allowed the exclusion of samples as the danger of the development of a toxic bloom is being discarded, remaining only two toxic samples at Vela Lake and Aguieira reservoir (both with Microcystis spp. blooms). This monitoring strategy proved to be a valuable and cost-effective tool for an early warning of cyanobacterial blooms, which may be important for the development of effective management plans to prevent and control the massive growth of cyanobacteria in target water bodies.

Real estate companies are capital intense and bank loans represent the most common source of funding. However, the years following the latest financial crisis resulted in difficult terms and expensive bank loans, which cleared a path for alternative sources of funding. Small and me-dium-sized real estate companies displayed a particular interest in corporate bonds and ever since then the real estate sector have been overrepresented on the Swedish corporate bond mar-ket. Despite the growth during the past years, the Swedish market still appears to be underde-veloped compared to other countries. However, several trends are now indicating that High Yield is on the rise. New regulations that are currently being implemented will increase the costs for banks further and consequently make bank loans even more expensive. Simultane-ously, the current low interest-rate environment and volatile stock markets are increasing de-mand for High Yield alternatives among retail and institutional investors. This study investi-gates the High Yield market for small and medium-sized real estate companies and is built upon eleven interviews with professionals. It concludes that the market is underdeveloped because there has been no previous demand for it. Swedish banks and companies have traditionally had a synergetic relationship while investors relied on saving accounts and equities. The situation today is different; investors are demanding High Yield investments and the segment will most probably increase in the future. Real estate companies are positive to bonds and wish to increase the current ratio of their debt portfolio. There are however several barriers for continued growth, such as lack of knowledge, transparency, liquidity as well as fair pricing in the market. In the current state, corporate bond investments are suitable only for professional investors. The ex-emption is High Net Worth Individuals, who buy and hold, which are particularly suited for smaller corporate bonds.
Fastighetsföretag bedriver kapitalintensiv verksamhet och den vanligaste finansieringsformen för svenska fastighetsföretag är idag banklån. Efter den senaste finanskrisen har dock bankut-låningen blivit mer restriktiv vilket särskilt har drabbat mindre företag. Till följd av detta har alternativa finansieringsformer blivit allt vanligare där företagsobligationer blivit särskilt in-tressanta för små och medelstora fastighetsföretag. Sedan finanskrisen har specifikt fastighets-företagen varit överrepresenterade på den svenska företagsobligationsmarknaden. Faktum är ändock att företagsobligationsmarknaden i Sverige, trots tillväxt de senaste åren, framstår som underutvecklad i jämförelse med andra länder. Flertalet trender pekar emellertid på att den kom-mer att fortsätta blomma ut. För närvarande implementeras nya regelverk som ökar kostnaderna för bankerna och potentiellt kommer att leda till större restriktioner och dyrare banklån. Vidare bidrar dagens låga ränteläge i kombination med volatila aktiemarknader till att efterfrågan på företagsobligationer bland investerare, privata såväl som institutionella, ökar. Studien undersö-ker företagsobligationsmarknaden inom High Yield segmentet för små och medelstora fastig-hetsföretag och bygger på elva intervjuer med yrkesverksamma. Det konkluderas att marknaden är underutvecklad då den ej har efterfrågats tidigare. De svenska bankerna och fastighetsföre-tagen har sedan länge en symbiotisk relation samtidigt som investerare har förlitat sig på spar-konton och aktier. Idag är situationen annorlunda där fler investerare efterfrågar High Yield produkter. Fastighetsföretagen är positiva till obligationer och önskar öka nuvarande andel i sina skuldportföljer. Det finns dock barriärer för den fortsatta tillväxten på marknaden, där-ibland brist på kunskap, transparens och likviditet samt ifrågasatt prissättning. Direktinveste-ringar i företagsobligationer idag lämpar sig därför för professionella investerare. Undantaget är kapitalstarka privatpersoner som ämnar att hålla instrumentet till förfall vilka lämpar sig sär-skilt bra som investerare i mindre företagsobligationer.

The paper is a review and evaluation of software used for the purpose of its correlation to content standards, ease of classroom use, ability to keep the student on task, and student appeal. This project was to create a software review based on instructional standards and the principles of Bloom's taxonomy, which is a classification of levels of thinking.

Denna uppsats handlar om vilka olika kunskapsformer som testas i skriftliga prov i geografi på gymnasiet och om hur detta förhåller sig till betygskriterierna. För att besvara detta har tio geografilärares prov analyserats med hjälp av Blooms reviderade taxonomi. Tidigare forskning visar att prov i SO-ämnen nästan enbart testar minneskunskaper. Denna studie bekräftar delvis detta då de analyserade proven domineras av frågor som testar att minnas. Samtidigt finns det en variation i vilka kunskapsformer som testas. Även om lärarna främst testar att minnas fakta- och begreppskunskap, testar också andra kunskapsformer, om än i varierande grad. Det handlar främst om uppgifter som testar att förstå fakta- och begreppskunskap, men även att tillämpa, analysera och värdera begreppskunskap testas, liksom att tillämpa procedurkunskap.   Det finns en viss överensstämmelse mellan lärarnas prov och betygskriterierna, men en tydlig skillnad är att lärarna i studien i högre utsträckning testar att minnas än vad som uttrycks i betygskriterierna. Detta gäller särskilt för de högre betygen. Det är inte heller alla lärare som testar de högre kognitiva processerna, som att tillämpa, analysera och värdera, vilka uttrycks för de högre betygen. Detta innebär en variation mellan lärarna i vad deras prov testar och också att validiteten i proven varierar. En del lärares prov testar ganska väl kunskaper motsvarande betygskriterierna medan andras gör det i mindre grad. Eftersom prov används som underlag för betygsättningen innebär det också att eleverna bedöms på olika grunder.   Det kan finnas olika förklaringar till betoningen på minnesfrågor i proven. Tidigare forskning pekar på svårigheter att tolka kriterierna eller på traditionen. En annan förklaring är bristen på tid, lärarna behöver tid för att utforma prov med mer komplexa frågor och för att rätta dem.

Revisorsnämnden har till uppgift att examinera, granska och tillgodose samhället med kompetenta revisorer. Det ställs höga krav på dem som vill bli revisorer inte minst vad gäller det professionella omdömet. Det finns två olika prov för att examinera revisorer. Provet för revisorsexamen vilket leder till titeln godkänd revisor och provet för högre revisorsexamen som leder till titeln auktoriserad revisor. När Revisorsnämnden skapar proven vill man testa det professionella omdömet. Ett led i detta är att man har satt upp normer för de olika proven vad gäller kunskaps‐ respektive förståelseinriktade frågor. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka frågorna i revisorsprovet med utgångspunkt ur Blooms Taxonomi. Genom en jämförelse med revisorsnämnden normer vill vi vidare belysa i vilken grad Revisorsnämnden testar det man har för avsikt att testa genom examinationen. Vi har genom denna uppsats kommit fram till att proven i högre utsträckning än vad normerna antyder består av förståelseinriktade frågor.

Nas últimas duas décadas, esforços têm sido direcionados para se compreender o papel ecológico de medusas de Scyphozoa, devido a aumentos populacionais e intensos blooms ao redor do mundo. Apesar de medusas de Rhizostomeae, causarem os mais intensos blooms recentemente reportados, quase nada se conhece sobre seu papel ecológico. O objetivo desta tese foi descrever as bases morfológicas e funcionais da alimentação de Lychnorhiza lucerna Haeckel, 1880 (Rhizostomeae), para se compreender seu papel predatório e suas interações tróficas. O projeto investigou (i) o desenvolvimento inicial de medusas de L. lucerna, com foco nos mecanismos locomotor-alimentar (ii) a dieta, seletividade alimentar e os potenciais impactos predatórios da espécie e (iii) a estrutura trófica de um sistema estuarino conservado, para compreender o papel ecológico e relações tróficas entre organismos gelatinosos e peixes. A abordagem metodológica envolveu: i- métodos videográficos em alta velocidade, para a quantificação de parâmetros biomecânicos em animais de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento; ii- coletas de animais e plâncton na superfície da água para a quantificação de conteúdos estomacais no estudo de dieta, seletividade e taxas alimentares ao longo do litoral do estado São Paulo e Paraná; e iii- a análise de isótopos estáveis (δ13C e δ15N) de tecidos de consumidores (mesozooplâncton, gelatinoso, outros invertebrados e peixes) do estuário de Cananéia, São Paulo. A ontogenia inicial de éfiras de L. lucerna envolve mudanças na umbrela e o desenvolvimento dos braços orais filtradores. No ambiente fluido ao redor das éfiras (6 mm de diâmetro umbrelar) as forças de viscosidade são relativamente importantes (Re<100). Por isso, os fluxos gerados pelas pulsações umbrelares rapidamente se dissipam, antes de atingirem as superfícies distais nos braços orais. O mecanismo de transporte de presas através das pulsações da umbrela só foi observado a partir do aumento ontogenético da força da pulsação (>10 mm) proporcionando um ambiente dominado pelas forças inerciais (Re>300). Em adultos, as pulsações umbrelares produzem vórtices que escoam fluidos para os braços orais, os quais retêm partículas através de um mecanismo aderente e filtrador. Medusas de Rhizostomeae possuem as pulsações de umbrela mais robustas entre as cifomedusas, porém as velocidades máximas dos vórtices (∼10 cm*s−1) de L. lucerna (<7 cm) são de 3 a 5 vezes menores que a velocidade de escape dos copépodes calanóides. Embora essa diferença possa sugerir sucesso aos copépodes para escapar, tanto as sequências de vídeo, quanto os conteúdos estomacais demonstraram que essas presas podem ser capturadas e ingeridas em quantidades similares às suas densidades no ambiente. Copépodes podem falhar na detecção do predador, sendo transportados contra as estruturas de captura de presas, mesmo se tiverem velocidades que permitiriam sua fuga. A interação de presas com os vórtices das pulsações é complexa e presas podem saltar em ângulos que resultam em captura pelos braços orais. Através da análise de conteúdo estomacal foram encontrados 43 taxa compondo a dieta de L. lucerna, dos quais, copépodes representaram ∼80% da composição numérica. A medusa é um predador generalista, com a dieta predominantemente similar à disponibilidade de mesozooplâncton. A capacidade de L. lucerna capturar os evasivos copépodes calanóides (Paracalanus spp. e Acartia spp.) aumenta com seu tamanho, devido ao aumento na força de suas correntes alimentares. Taxas alimentares da medusa variaram de 110 a 102871 copépodes ingeridos medusa −1 dia−1. Com essas taxas, estimou-se que uma agregação de L. lucerna reportada no norte da Argentina (14 indiv. 100 m−3) poderia ingerir de 6 a 12% do estoque de copépodes dia−1, demonstrando o potencial impacto predatório de blooms da espécie. Aumentos populacionais de L. lucerna certamente seriam deletérios para o recrutamento de diversas espécies de peixes, que habitam águas costeiras estuarinas quando juvenis. A análise de isótopos estáveis revelou que o nicho isotópico ocupado por L. lucerna e o de outros gelatinosos zooplanctívoros, se sobrepõe aos nichos de peixes e outros consumidores de hábito alimentar semelhante. Pouco se sabe sobre dinâmicas compensatórias em ecossistemas costeiros subtropicais. No entanto, devido a sua biomassa, hábitos alimentares generalistas e seu impacto predatório, L. lucerna é um forte candidato a repor estoques de peixes em declínio, de nicho trófico similar. Atualmente não existem indícios de que populações de L. lucerna estejam aumentando. As informações aqui apresentadas representam um avanço no conhecimento da biologia alimentar da espécie e sobre suas interações, que são essenciais para se conhecer as consequências de seus blooms e de possíveis aumentos populacionais. No entanto, muitas outras informações abordando outros aspectos (e.g. reprodutivos) e em escala populacional (e.g. biomassa, sazonalidade) ainda são necessários para uma compreensão mais completa sobre o papel da espécie no ecossistema.
During the past three decades, efforts have been focused in order to understand the ecological role of scyphomedusae, due to population increases around the world. Despite Rhizostomeae medusae cause the most intense recently reported blooms, almost nothing is known about their feeding mechanisms, their trophic impacts and their ecological role. The goal of this thesis was to describe the morphological and functional bases of feeding in Lychnorhiza lucerna Haeckel, 1880 (Rhizostomeae), in order to understand its predatory role and trophic interactions. The project investigated: i- the early development of L. lucerna, focusing on swimming-feeding mechanisms; ii- the diet, prey selectivity, and the potential predatory impact of this species, and (iii) the trophic structure of a relatively pristine ecosystem, in order to understand trophic relationships between gelatinous zooplankton species and fish. The methodological approach included: i- high-speed videography for quantification of biomechanical parameters of swimming medusae at a range of developmental stages; ii- samplings of animals and plankton in surface waters for quantification of gut contents, prey selectivity and feeding rates along the coast of São Paulo and Paraná states; and ii- stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) in tissues of consumers (mesozooplankton, gelatinous, other invertebrates and fish) in the estuary of Cananéia, São Paulo. The early ontogeny of ephyrae involves changes in bell and development of filter-feeding oral arms. In the fluid environment around the ephyrae (<6mm bell diameter) the viscous forces are relatively important (Re <100). Therefore, the flows generated by bell pulsations quickly dissipate before reaching the distal surfaces of the oral arms. The transport mechanism via bell pulsations was not observed until ontogenetic increase in the strength of the pulsations (>10mm) providing an environment dominated by inertial forces (Re> 300). In adults bell pulsations produce vortices that induce flows through oral arms, which retain particles by sticking and sieving mechanisms. Rhizostomeae jellyfish have the most robust bell pulsations among scyphomedusae, but maximum velocities of the vortices (∼10cm s-1) of L. lucerna (<70mm) are still 3 to 5 times slower than escape velocity of calanoid copepods. Although this difference may suggest success for copepods to escape, both video sequences, and gut contents revealed that these prey can be captured and eaten at similar proportions as their field density. Copepods may fail to detect the predator, being transported against prey capture structures, even if they perform velocities that usually allow escaping. The interaction of prey with vortices is complex and prey may jump at angles that result in captures by oral arms. Through the analysis of gut contents (N=40) 43 taxa were found composing the diet of L. lucerna, of which, copepods comprised ∼80% of numerical abundance. This medusa is a generalist predator, since its diet was mostly similar to field mesozooplankton availability. Its ability to capture evasive calanoid copepods (Paracalanus spp. and Acartia spp.) increases with medusa size, as a consequence of increasingly stronger feeding currents. Feeding rates ranged from 110 to 102871 copepods eaten medusa−1 day−1. At these rates, it was estimated that an aggregation of L. lucerna reported in northern Argentina (14 ind. 100 m−3) could consume 6-12% of the copepods standing stock day−1, demonstrating the potential predatory impact of the species\' blooms. Population increases of L. lucerna would certainly be detrimental to the recruitment of many fishes that inhabit estuarine coastal waters when juveniles. Stable isotope analyses revealed that the isotopic niche occupied by L. lucerna and by other gelatinous zooplanktivores, overlaps with niches of fishes, and other consumers of similar feeding habits. Little is known about compensatory dynamics in subtropical coastal ecosystems. However, due to its biomass, generalist feeding habits, and predatory impact, L. lucerna is a strong contender to replace depleted fish stocks of similar trophic niche. Currently there is no evidence that L. lucerna populations are increasing. The information presented here represents an advance in the knowledge of the species, its interactions, which are key in order to understand the consequences of its blooms and of possible population increases. However, many other information addressing other aspects (e.g. reproduction) and at population level (e.g. seasonality, biomass) are needed for a more complete understanding of the species role in the ecosystem.

Molecular tools were used to monitor the dynamics of Microcystis populations and the potential microcystin producers in Missisquoi Bay (the Canadian part of Lake Champlain). This study showed the GF/C filters, which are typically used to prepare samples for microcystin analysis, were not ideal for the characterization of total bacterial communities, but were sufficient for the chemical analyses of cyanobacterial microcystins. The mcyD gene copy number determined by Q-PCR correlated well with the microcystin concentration determined by ELISA and HPLC in 2006; therefore mcyD Q-PCR could be used as a rapid and sensitive method and as an effective monitoring system for toxic cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Champlain. Escherichia coli was also monitored as an indicator of manure contamination of lake water. Manure application and rain events positively related to the high nitrogen concentration in the lake in 2006, suggested that good manure management is necessary for the reduction of agricultural nutrient loads into Missisquoi Bay, believed to be a major cause of cyanobacterial blooms.
Un suivi de la dynamique des populations de Microcystis qui ont la capacité de produire des toxines a été effectué à la baie Missisquoi (partie canadienne du lac Champlain) à l'aide d'outils moléculaires. Deux types de membranes ont été utilisés : un filtre standard (GF/C) pour quantifier les microcystines, et un filtre pour capturer les bactéries. Cette étude a démontré que le filtre standard (GF/C) est approprié pour déterminer les concentrations de microcystines, mais qu'il n'est pas adéquat pour caractériser avec des techniques moléculaires, les populations de bactéries et de cyanobactéries. Une bonne corrélation a été obtenue en 2006, entre les concentrations de microcystines déterminées par les méthodes ELISA et HPLC et le nombre de copies du gène mcyD (impliqué dans la biosynthèse des microcystines). Les résultats ont donc démontré le potentiel de cette méthode de PCR en temps réel, ciblant le gène mcyD, pour la détection et le suivi des proliférations de cyanobactéries qui produisent des toxines. La présence du pathogène fécal Escherichia coli a été évaluée afin de déterminer la relation entre l'application de lisier et de fumier et l'augmentation dans l'eau du lac, des nutriments qui causent les proliférations. Une bonne corrélation a été obtenue entre l'application du lisier et du fumier et les précipitations ainsi qu'entre les concentrations élevées d'azote dans le lac, suggérant qu'une meilleure gestion des matières fertilisantes est nécessaire pour réduire les apports de nutriments dans la baie Missisquoi.