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Journal articles on the topic 'Blood splash'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Davies, CG, MN Khan, ASK Ghauri, and CJ Ranaboldo. "Blood and Body Fluid Splashes During Surgery – The Need for Eye Protection and Masks." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 8 (November 2007): 770–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588407x209301.

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INTRODUCTION While most surgeons make an effort to avoid needlestick injury, some can pay little attention to reduce the potential route of infection occurring when body fluids splash into the eye. It has been shown that transmission of HIV, hepatitis B or C can occur across any mucous membrane. This study aims to quantify how frequently body fluids splash the mask and lens of wrap around protective glasses thus potentially exposing the surgeon to infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective study was carried out by a single surgeon on all cases performed over a 1-year period. Protective mask and glasses were examined before and after operations. RESULTS A total of 384 operations were performed with 174 (45%) showing blood or body fluid splash on the lens. A high incidence of splashes was found in vascular surgical procedures (79%). All amputations showed splash on the protective lens. Interestingly, 50% of laparoscopic cases resulted in blood or body fluid splash on the protective lens. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown a high incidence (45%) of blood and body fluid splashes found on protective glasses and masks. There was a very high incidence (79%) during vascular surgical procedures. With the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis increasing, it seems prudent to protect oneself against possible routes of transmission.

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Keogh, Ivan, Stephen Hone, Michael Colreavey, and Michael Walsh. "Blood splash and tonsillectomy: an underestimated hazard to the otolaryngologist." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 115, no. 6 (June 2001): 455–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215011908153.

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Mucocutaneous exposure is an important route of transmission of hepatitis viruses and HIV in healthcare workers. Few data exist in the literature on the risk of transconjunctival exposure during many surgical procedures. We investigated the use of eye protection during tonsillectomy and measured the incidence of potential eye splash. No otolaryngologist surveyed routinely used eye protection during tonsillectomy. Splash events occurred in 23 out of 103 tonsillectomies. In all cases the surgeon was unaware of the splash. Splash events were significantly more likely to occur during adult tonsillectomy (p < 0.05). We strongly advise the routine use of eye protection during tonsillectomy.

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Shitu, Solomon, Getachew Adugna, and Haimanot Abebe. "Occupational exposure to blood/body fluid splash and its predictors among midwives working in public health institutions at Addis Ababa city Ethiopia, 2020. Institution-based cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): e0251815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251815.

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Background Blood/body fluid splash are hazards to health care professionals in their working area. Around twenty bloodborne pathogens are known to be transmitted through these occupational injuries. This problem alters the health status of health care professionals in different ways, including physically, mentally, and psychologically. Even though health professionals especially midwives who are working in delivery rooms are highly affected, little is known about the exposure. So, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of exposure to blood/body fluid splash and its predictors among midwives working in public health institutions of Addis Ababa city. Methods Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 438 study participants in public health institutions in Addis Ababa. Data was collected from March 1–20, 2020 by a self-administered questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 24 for analysis. All variables with P<0.25 in the bivariate analysis were included in a final model and statistical significance was declared at P< 0.05. Results In this study, a total of 424 respondents respond yielding a response rate of 97%. The prevalence of blood and body fluid splashes (BBFs) was 198 (46.7%). Not training on infection prevention, working in two shifts (> 12 hours), not regularly apply universal precautions, job-related stress, an average monthly salary of 5001–8000 were independent predictors of blood and body fluid splashes. Conclusion The study revealed that nearly half of midwives were exposed to BBFS. This highlights the need for key stakeholders such as policymakers and service providers to design appropriate policies to avert this magnitude and making the environment enabling to comply with standard precautions. We recommend that this study may be done by including rural setting institutions and by including other health professionals that are susceptible to BBFS at work. Formal training on infection prevention and safety practice to apply universal precautions will be needed from the concerned bodies to prevent exposures to blood/body fluid splash.

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McWilliams, R. G., and K. S. Blanshard. "The risk of blood splash contamination during angiography." Clinical Radiology 49, no. 1 (January 1994): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(05)82917-4.

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Hanna, B. C., P. Thompson, C. Smyth, and G. Gallagher. "Blood splash from different diathermy instruments during tonsillectomy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 11 (July 26, 2006): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106001666.

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Objective: To compare the potential risk of blood contamination of the surgeon's conjunctiva during tonsillectomy using disposable bipolar diathermy and reusable monopolar diathermy.Design: A prospective, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial.Methods: Elective tonsillectomy was performed using either disposable bipolar diathermy or reusable monopolar diathermy. The operating surgeon wore a ViewsafeTM protective eyeshield which was later examined under an operating microscope by a blinded observer and the number of blood spots counted.Results: One hundred and sixty-eight patients were enrolled. The relative risk of conjunctival contamination of the surgeon using disposable bipolar diathermy was 2.8 times that with reusable monopolar diathermy (chi-squared test, p < 0.0005). A previous history of peritonsillar abscess and additional adenoidectomy were associated with increased blood splatter.Conclusion: The use of disposable bipolar diathermy for haemostasis during tonsillectomy poses a greater risk of conjunctival contamination for the surgeon than using reusable monopolar diathermy.

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Wines, Michael P., Alastair Lamb, Athanasios N. Argyropoulos, Alessandro Caviezel, C. Gannicliffe, and David Tolley. "Blood Splash Injury: An Underestimated Risk in Endourology." Journal of Endourology 22, no. 6 (June 2008): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2008.0052.

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Sheybak, L. N. "«Catecholamine Splash» and its significance for newborns." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2015-12-3-5.

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The article presents the results of our own study on provision of cord blood serum with precursors and metabolites of catecholamines in term and preterm newborns, and depending on the way of delivery and the use of amniotomy. It has been shown that monitoring over the content of aromatic amino acids of phenylalanine and tyrosine, and also catecholamine metabolites in the blood serum makes it possible to predict and promptly prescribe cardiotonic therapy.

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Sartori, M., G. La Terra, M. Aglietta, A. Manzin, C. Navino, and G. Verzetti. "Transmission of Hepatitis C via Blood Splash into Conjunctiva." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 25, no. 2 (January 1993): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365549309008497.

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ISHIZUKA, Yuzuru, Terumi NISHIOKA, Shintaro OHTANI, Takao HOSOMI, and Masakazu IRIE. "Occurrence of blood splash and blood remaining in pork carcass at meat markets in Japan." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 84, no. 4 (2013): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.84.443.

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Hosoglu, S. "Transmission of hepatitis C by blood splash into conjunctiva in a nurse." American Journal of Infection Control 31, no. 8 (December 2003): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2003.03.005.

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SHIMASAKI, Noriko, Katsuaki SHINOHARA, and Hideki MORIKAWA. "Performance of materials used for biological personal protective equipment against blood splash penetration." Industrial Health 55, no. 6 (2017): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2017-0120.

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Mattner, Frauke, and Hans L. Tillmann. "Proof of alleged transmission of hepatitis C virus by a conjunctival blood splash." American Journal of Infection Control 32, no. 6 (October 2004): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2004.03.008.

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Patterson, P., D. Westacott, M. Scott, T. Sherrief, and M. Reid. "The risk of eye blood splash contamination to staff in orthopaedic trauma surgery." Injury Extra 38, no. 4 (April 2007): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2006.12.034.

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Raymond, Michael Anthony, and Robert Lyndsay Hall. "An interesting application of infra-red reflection photography to blood splash pattern interpretation." Forensic Science International 31, no. 3 (July 1986): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(86)90187-8.

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Sun, Sang Soo, and Sung Min Lee. "Blood Glucose, Creatinine, Lactate, and Cortisol Concentration and Histological Analysis of Muscle Fiber in Blood Splash Hanwoo Muscle." Annals of Animal Resource Sciences 28, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12718/aars.2017.28.3.134.

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D’Arcy, Geraint. "Blood effects in Grand-Guignol and horror performance: Making the right kind of splash." Horror Studies 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/host.9.1.21_1.

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Kayondo, Simon Peter, Josaphat K. Byamugisha, and Peter Ntuyo. "Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Mulago Hospital, Uganda: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 6 (June 2020): e033043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033043.

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AimTo determine the prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Mulago Hospital.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingMulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda, antenatal clinic.ParticipantsWe randomly selected 340 pregnant women attending their first antenatal visit at Mulago Hospital antenatal clinic.Primary outcomeHepatitis B surface antigen positivity.ResultsWe recruited 340 participants, with a mean age of 27±5.7 years, and a median gravidity of 3. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic in Mulago Hospital, in our study, was 2.9% (95% CI 1.58% to 5.40%, n=10). Factors positively associated with hepatitis B virus infection were: marital status (adjusted OR (aOR)=11.37, p=0.002), having a hepatitis B positive family member (aOR=49.52, p<0.001) and having had a blood or body fluid splash to mucous membranes from a hepatitis B positive patient (aOR=61.69, p=0.015). Other factors such as age, socioeconomic status, number of sexual partners, HIV serostatus, piercing of ears and history of blood transfusion were not significantly associated with hepatitis B virus infection in this study.ConclusionThe prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Mulago Hospital was of intermediate endemicity. We found that marital status, having a hepatitis B positive family member at home and having had a blood or body fluid splash to mucous membranes from a hepatitis B positive patient were independently associated with hepatitis B infection. Factors such as age, HIV status, history of blood transfusion, piercing of ears and social status were not associated with hepatitis B status in this study.

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AL-ANI, S. A., D. MOHAN, and A. J. PLATT. "Hand Surgery on Patients Who Are “High Risk” For Blood-Borne Viruses." Journal of Hand Surgery 31, no. 4 (August 2006): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsb.2006.03.172.

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There is a risk of transmission of blood-borne viruses (BBV) to health-care workers when performing hand surgery on intravenous drug abusers and other patients known to have BBV. This review summarises methods and procedures that may be employed to help reduce this risk to a minimum. High-risk patients should be identified early and a non-invasive procedure considered. Only experienced staff should scrub and appropriate clothing should be worn. Sharp instrument use should be kept to a minimum and only instrument retraction and suturing should be employed. When possible, wounds should be closed with staples, glue or absorbable sutures. Appropriate steps must be taken to reduce the risk of injuries from sharp bone ends, K-wires and splash exposure during irrigation.

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Lang, Raynell, Taj P. Jadavji, Guido van Marle, Jennifer J. Bishop, Kevin Fonseca, and M. John Gill. "Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to a family caregiver through a conjunctival blood splash." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, no. 6 (April 13, 2020): 742–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.82.

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Smulders, F. J. M., G. Eikelenboom, E. Lambooy, and J. G. van Logtestijn. "Electrical stimulation during exsanguination: Effects on the prevalence of blood splash and on sensory quality characteristics in veal." Meat Science 26, no. 2 (January 1989): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(89)90032-6.

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Ansari, Aiysha, Padmaja Ramaiah, Lillian Collazo, Hamisu M. Salihu, and Donna Haiduven. "Comparison of Visual versus Microscopic Methods to Detect Blood Splatter from an Intravascular Catheter with Engineered Sharps Injury Protection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 11 (November 2013): 1174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673462.

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Objective.To determine whether retractable intravenous devices produced blood splatter and whether blood splatter frequency differed between visual and microscopy detection methods.Methods.In this laboratory-based experiment, 105 venipunctures were performed in a simulated brachial vein containing mock venous blood. The retraction mechanism was activated in a testing chamber with precut fabric filters, placed at 3 different locations, to capture blood splatter. Differences in filter mass, visual inspection, and microscopic analysis for presence of blood on filters were the units of analysis. Descriptive statistics, paired Student t tests, and k statistics were used for data analysis.Results.Blood splatter was detected visually and microscopically as follows: filter A, 70% and 71%, respectively; filter B, 12% and 9%, respectively; and filter C, 13% and 10%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in the mean mass of filter A between before and after activation when confirmed by the naked eye (P = .014) and microscopically (P = .0092). Substantial agreement between methods was observed for filter A (k = 0.78 [95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.92]), filter B (k = 0.73 [95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.95]), and filter C (k = 0.75 [95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.96]). However, blood was detected by microscopy and not by the naked eye in 7 instances (7%).Conclusions.Our findings demonstrate that splatter, which can potentially expose healthcare workers (HCWs) to bloodborne pathogens, is associated with the activation of intravascular catheters with retraction mechanisms. HCWs may not detect this splatter when it occurs and may not report a splash to mucous membranes or nonintact skin. The need to wear personal protective equipment when using such devices is reinforced.

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Gatto, M. R. A., L. Bandini, M. Montevecchi, and L. Checchi. "Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluids in a Department of Oral Sciences: Results of a Thirteen-Year Surveillance Study." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/459281.

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Objectives.Aim of this analysis was to identify trends that will aid in the prevention of injury.Methods.Our data were collected from 1999 to 2011 during a surveillance program of occupational exposures to blood or other potentially infectious materials in a Dental School by using a standard coded protocol.Results.63 exposures were reported. 56/63 (89%) percutaneous and 7/63 (11%) mucosal, involving a splash to the eye of the dental care workers (DCW). 25/63 (40%) involved students, 23/63 (36%) DCW attending masters and doctorate, 13/63 (21%) DCW attending as tutors and 2/63 (3%) staff. 45/63 (71%) and 18/63 (29%) occurred respectively during and after the use of the device; of last ones, 1/18 (0.05%) were related to instrument clean-up and 1/18 (0.05%) to laboratory activity, 12/18 (67%) occurred when a DCW collided with a sharp object during the setting, and 4/18 (22%) during other activities. The instrument and the body part most likely involved were needle and finger respectively. The overall exposure rate was 4.78 per 10,000 patient visits. Conclusions Our results may serve as benchmark that Dental Schools can employ to assess their frequency of injury.

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Chaurasia, R. K., U. Yadav, N. N. Bhat, and B. K. Sapra. "A Quick Laboratory Method for Assessment of Blood Penetration and Splash Resistance of PPE Fabrics During the COVID-19 Pandemic Situation." Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41403-021-00318-8.

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Kacem, Meriem, Wafa Dhouib, Cyrine Bennasrallah, Imen Zemni, Hela Abroug, Manel Ben Fredj, Arwa Guedich, et al. "Occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus infection and associated factors among healthcare workers in Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Tunisia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): e0274609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274609.

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Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Indeed, they are exposed to blood and body fluid which put them at an important risk of transmission of various blood borne pathogens including HCV. The goal of this study was to determine the magnitude of occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus infection as well as the factors associated to this exposure among HCWs at a Tunisian University Hospital in 2017. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out at Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital in Monastir Governorate (Tunisia) from 01 June 2017 to 31 August 2017. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire. To determine factors associated with occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus infection, we performed multivariate analysis. Results Among the 1493 included participants, more than half (56.7) had at least one exposure to blood or body fluid. A history of needle stick injury was reported by 48.3% of the respondents. Exposure to blood or body fluid splash into the face was announced by 32.1% HCWs. Doctors had the highest risk of exposure (AOR = 12.425; 95% CI: [05.310–29.075]). Participants working at surgical departments were the most exposed comparing to workers at others departments (AOR = 7.440; 95% CI: [4.461–12.408]). Two exposed female HCWs were tested positive corresponding to a HCV infection prevalence of 0.13% (95% IC: [0.11–0.16%]). Conclusion Occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus infection was high at the university hospital of Monastir. Despite the low magnitude of HCV infection, preventive actions should be taken to promote the safety of health care personnel.

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Olaleye, Abiola O., Olorunfemi A. Ogundele, Babatunde I. Awokola, Oladele S. Olatunya, Omolara A. Olaleye, Titilope Adeyanju, and Akinlolu G. Omisore. "Occupational exposure to HIV and use of post-exposure prophylaxis in a general hospital in North Central, Nigeria." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 3, no. 1 (October 31, 2013): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v3i1.6635.

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Occupational exposures to blood borne pathogens including HIV have been well studied. However, limited studies exist about the utilization of post exposure prophylaxis and follow-up in Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to describe the characteristics of occupational exposure to HIV, the utilization of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among health workers, and the proportion of exposed health workers reporting for follow-up three months after exposure. A cross sectional descriptive study involving ninety three health workers was carried out at a general hospital located in an urban area in North Central zone of Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used. The prevalence of occupational exposure, utilization of post exposure prophylaxis and follow-up rate were assessed using self administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16 and descriptive analysis was carried out. It was reported that, 73.1% of respondents at least one or more occupational exposures to HIV and other blood borne pathogens through accidental needle injury/prick, blood splash on a fresh wound or conjunctiva exposure in the last one year. Needle stick injury occurred in 83.8% of all respondents who had occupational exposures. 8.8% of exposed respondents commenced post exposure prophylaxis with two-thirds completing the post exposure prophylaxis regimen. Only one (25%) of those who completed the regimen reported for follow-up. Occupational exposures to HIV are common among health workers. The rates of utilization of post exposure prophylaxis and follow-up were low. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v3i1.6635 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol 3 No 1 (2013) 11-17

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Arisuryanti, Tuty, and Anjar Tri Wibowo. "Karyotype Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) Majalaya." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.12929.

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) is grouped into Family Cyprinidae and Order Cypriniformes. One of Indonesian common carp which is commonly domesticated in Indonesia to fulfil consumer needs of animal protein is “Majalaya”. Even though the common carp “Majalaya” is extensively domesticated to meet market demands, any comprehensive study on the fish chromosomes has not been investigated. Chromosome study on the common carp “Majalaya” is quite important related to breeding program including certification process. The objective of this study was to study karyotype of the common carp “Majalaya” collected from UKBAT Cangkringan, Yogyakarta. Chromosome preparation of the common carp “Majalaya” investigated in this study was a splash method with blood cell cultures. The results revealed that the common carp “Majalaya” has diploid chromosome number (2n) = 98 classified as 12 (6 pairs) metacentric chromosomes and 86 (43 pairs) telocentric chromosomes displaying karyotype formula 2n = 2x = 98 = 12 m + 86 t. However, sex chromosomes of the common carp “Majalaya” could not be identified in this study. In addition, the variation of total length chromosomes of the fish is between 1,052 μm and 3,299 μm. On the basis of R value (3,079 ± 0.093), the common carp “Majalaya” has chromosome variation size

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Yablon, Brian R., Raymund Dantes, Victoria Tsai, Rachel Lim, Heather Moulton-Meissner, Matthew Arduino, Bette Jensen, et al. "Outbreak ofPantoea agglomeransBloodstream Infections at an Oncology Clinic—Illinois, 2012-2013." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 3 (December 6, 2016): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.265.

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OBJECTIVETo determine the source of a healthcare-associated outbreak ofPantoea agglomeransbloodstream infections.DESIGNEpidemiologic investigation of the outbreak.SETTINGOncology clinic (clinic A).METHODSCases were defined asPantoeaisolation from blood or catheter tip cultures of clinic A patients during July 2012–May 2013. Clinic A medical charts and laboratory records were reviewed; infection prevention practices and the facility’s water system were evaluated. Environmental samples were collected for culture. Clinical and environmentalP. agglomeransisolates were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.RESULTSTwelve cases were identified; median (range) age was 65 (41–78) years. All patients had malignant tumors and had received infusions at clinic A. Deficiencies in parenteral medication preparation and handling were identified (eg, placing infusates near sinks with potential for splash-back contamination). Facility inspection revealed substantial dead-end water piping and inadequate chlorine residual in tap water from multiple sinks, including the pharmacy clean room sink.P. agglomeranswas isolated from composite surface swabs of 7 sinks and an ice machine; the pharmacy clean room sink isolate was indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis from 7 of 9 available patient isolates.CONCLUSIONSExposure of locally prepared infusates to a contaminated pharmacy sink caused the outbreak. Improvements in parenteral medication preparation, including moving chemotherapy preparation offsite, along with terminal sink cleaning and water system remediation ended the outbreak. Greater awareness of recommended medication preparation and handling practices as well as further efforts to better define the contribution of contaminated sinks and plumbing deficiencies to healthcare-associated infections are needed.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:314–319

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Allard-Chamard, H., P. Dufort, and A. J. De Brum-Fernandes. "SOLUBLE PHOSPHOLIPASEA_2 IN THE LIFE AND DEATH OF OSTEOCLASTS." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v31i4.4785.

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Background: Prostaglandins are important for the control of bone remodeling; phospholipases A_2 are essential for prostaglandin synthesis and could be an important mediator for bone health. Our objective was to determine the role of sPLA_2 on osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast (OC) apoptosis. Methods: Human osteoclasts were differentiated in vitro from PBMC in the presence of RANKL and M-CSF. The presence of sPLA_2 was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in OCs in culture and on bone slices. The role of sPLA2 II on osteoclastogenesis and on OC apoptosis was studied using sPLA2 inhibitors The implication of sPLA2 II in bone remodeling in vivo was determined by comparing levels of the enzyme in the peripheral blood ofpatients with traumatic fracture compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Results: In vitrodifferentiated osteoclasts and in situ fetal and Pagetic bone osteoclasts express sPLA_2 II. sPLA_2II inhibition during osteoclastogenesis reduces the capacity to generateosteoclasts and increases apoptosis rate of osteoclastic precursors; it also induces apoptosis on mature OCs. Patients with bone fractures have significantly less circulating sPLA_2 II than controls. Conclusion: sPLA_2 II is present in OCs both invitro and in vivo, in normal as well as in pathologic situations. Its inhibition reduces osteoclastogenesis and increases apoptosis rate in vitro. Plasmatic sPLA_2 II levels are lower post-fracture than in controls. These results strongly suggest a role for sPLA2in the control of bone metabolism but the mechanisms implicated in this effects still need to be clarified.

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Abdalla, Shimaa, Hisham Abou-Taleb, Dalia M. Badary, and Wageeh A. Ali. "Multiparametric transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer in post-menopausal bleeding: diagnostic performance of a transvaginal algorithm and reproducibility amongst less experienced observers." British Journal of Radiology 94, no. 1119 (March 1, 2021): 20201195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20201195.

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Objective: (a) To comparatively evaluate the performance of grayscale ultrasound features, power Doppler (PD) blood flow characteristics, and gel infusion sonography (GIS) in diagnosing endometrial cancer during real-time examination, (b) to compare the performance of real-time diagnosis of endometrial cancer by experienced observers with offline analysis by blinded observers using similar sonographic criteria during review of cine loop clips. Methods: 152 females with post-menopausal bleeding (PMB) had ET ≥ 4 mm at first-line ultrasound were included. Two experienced radiologists evaluated endometrial patterns at real-time evaluation (grayscale ultrasound, PD, and GIS), then examinations were stored as video clips for later evaluation by two less-experienced radiologists. The reference standard was hysteroscopy (HY) and/or hysterectomy with the histopathological examination. The area under (AUC) the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to assess the diagnostic performance for the prediction of endometrial cancer. Results: Among 152 females with ET ≥ 4 mm at first line TVUS, 88 (57.9%) patients had endometrial cancer on final pathologic analysis. Real-time ultrasound criteria (ET ≥ 5 mm with the presence of irregular branching endometrial blood vessels or multiple vessels crossing EM or areas with densely packed color-splash vessels with non-intact or interrupted EMJ at the grayscale ultrasound and/or GIS) correctly diagnosed 95% of endometrial cancers with 92% diagnostic efficiency. There is comparable accuracy of real-time evaluation (96%) and offline analysis (92%) after the exclusion of poor quality videos from the analysis. The diagnostic criteria showed good to an excellent agreement between real-time ultrasound and offline analysis. Conclusion: When real-time ultrasound is performed with good technique, utilizing multiple parameters, it is possible to diagnose endometrial cancer with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility. Advances in knowledge: when real-time ultrasound is performed with good technique, utilizing multiple parameters, it is possible to diagnose endometrial cancer with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility.

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Hanifa, Berry Fakhry, and Niken Satuti Nurhandayani. "CHARACTERIZATION OF CHROMOSOME OF STRIPPED KEELBACK Xenochrophis vittattus (Linnaeus, 1758) FROM PIYUNGAN, BANTUL, DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.158.

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<p>Indonesia is a tropical country which has varies of habitat types that are dispersed into thousands islands. The diversity and its tropical climate, makes Indonesia as a suitable place as a natural habitat for herpetofauna, especially Sub Order Serpentes. Xenochrophis vittattus (Linnaeus, 1578), called stripped keelback snakes, is a semi-aquatic snakes spread in Indonesia, especially in Java, Sumatra, Bangka, and Manado, and commonly used as pet. Since there are few reports on genetic studies, especially in the field of karyology, this study aims to characterize the chromosomes of stripped keelback from Piyungan population, Bantul, Yogyakarta. This study used a brief splash of blood cultures method. This has been known as the first stripped keelback cytological study in Indonesia. The results showed that striped keelback has a diploid chromosome (2n) = 34, consists of metacentric chromosome (number 1, 2, 3, 4, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26); submetacentric chromosome (number 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18). Whereas the chromosome number 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34 were micro chromosomes. Striped keelback karyotype formula was 2n = 2x = 34 = 12 m 14 sm 8 micro chromosomes. The longest chromosome of stripped keelback was 2.9335 ± 0.1772 um, whereas the shortest one was 0.5088 ± 0.013 um, and the R value was 5.9106 ± 1.1265.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Xenochrophis vittattus, Stripped keelback, chromosome characterization, karyotype</p>

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Crist, Matthew B., John R. McQuiston, Maroya Spalding Walters, Elizabeth Soda, Heather Moulton-Meissner, Ainsley Nicholson, and Kiran Perkins. "868. Investigations of Healthcare-Associated Elizabethkingia Infections – United States, 2013-2019." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1057.

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Abstract Background Elizabethkingia (EK) are non-motile gram-negative rods found in soil and water and are an emerging cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We describe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) consultations for healthcare-associated EK infections and outbreaks. Methods CDC maintains records of consultations with state or local health departments related to HAI outbreaks and infection control breaches. We reviewed consultations involving EK species as the primary pathogen of concern January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2019 and summarized data on healthcare settings, infection types, laboratory analysis, and control measures. Results We identified 9 consultations among 8 states involving 73 patient infections. Long-term acute-care hospitals (LTACHs) accounted for 4 consultations and 32 (43%) infections, and skilled nursing facilities with ventilated patients (VSNFs) accounted for 2 consultations and 31 (42%) infections. Other settings included an acute care hospital, an assisted living facility, and an outpatient ear, nose, and throat clinic. Culture sites included the respiratory tract (n=7 consultations), blood (n=4), and sinus tract (n=1), and E. anophelis was the most commonly identified species. Six consultations utilized whole genome sequencing (WGS); 4 identified closely related isolates from different patients and 2 also identified closely related environmental and patient isolates. Mitigation measures included efforts to reduce EK in facility water systems, such as the development of water management plans, consulting water management specialists, flushing water outlets, and monitoring water quality, as well as efforts to minimize patient exposure such as cleaning of shower facilities and equipment, storage of respiratory therapy supplies away from water sources, and use of splash guards on sinks. Conclusion EK is an important emerging pathogen that causes HAI outbreaks, particularly among chronically ventilated patients. LTACHs and VSNFs accounted for the majority of EK consultations and patient infections. Robust water management plans and infection control practices to minimize patient exposure to contaminated water in these settings are important measures to reduce infection risk among vulnerable patients. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Jessop, J. H. "Hazards of blood splashes." BMJ 300, no. 6716 (January 6, 1990): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6716.49-a.

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Porteous, M. J. "Hazards of blood splashes." BMJ 300, no. 6722 (February 17, 1990): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6722.466-a.

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Buck, Melissa, Michael Antunes, Brewster Kingham, Shawn W. Polson, and Stephen C. Eppes. "590. Reduction of Endotracheal Colonization by Gram-Negative Bacilli in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Through Use of a Novel Drain Cover." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.659.

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Abstract Background Splash and aerosolization from sink drains are a source of contamination, particularly by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), in healthcare facilities. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) outbreaks of infection due to GNB have been attributed to NICU sinks. Recent studies found that a dome-shaped drain cover placed in sinks in an adult ICU prevented dispersal of sink drain bacteria to the environment and hands of healthcare providers. Our NICU routinely performs weekly surveillance cultures of all endotracheal tubes (ETT) and has previously reported a correlation of ETT colonizing organisms with bacteria isolated from blood in late onset sepsis. Our objective was to determine whether the use of a drain cover in every sink in a level III 72 bed NICU could lead to a decrease in the isolation of GNB in the ETTs of hospitalized infants. Methods All 34 sink drains and basins in an open layout NICU were cultured. Drain covers were then installed and replaced on a routine basis. Weekly endotracheal tube cultures were performed for all intubated infants. Results Prior to implementation of drain covers, the most common GNBs cultured from ETTs were, in order, E. cloacae, Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., and S. maltophilia. The most common organisms isolated from sinks were, in order, P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and S. maltophilia. An unusual species, Acinetobacter ursingii, was common in both sinks and endotracheal tubes. Before and after the implementation of drain covers, the median time to first isolation of a GNB was 14 and 17 days, respectively. Prior to draining cover implementation, there were 31 new GNB isolates during 700 ventilator days (rate of 44.3/1000 ventilator days) among infants with any positive ETT cultures. Post drain cover there were 26 new GNB isolates during 900 ventilator days (rate of 28.9/1000 ventilator days). There was a shift in microbial species isolated from ETTs with Klebsiella spp. and S. marcescens predominating after implementation of drain covers. Conclusion The use of a novel drain cover in the sinks in a NICU can reduce the frequency of GNB colonizing the ETTs of patients and can lengthen the time to first positivity. Mitigating sinks as a reservoir for GNB may reduce the likelihood of these bacteria infecting a vulnerable population. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Ramoner, Reinhold, Thomas Putz, Hubert Gander, Andrea Rahm, Georg Bartsch, Claudia Schaber, and Martin Thurnher. "Dendritic-cell activation by secretory phospholipase A2." Blood 105, no. 9 (May 1, 2005): 3583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-08-3001.

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Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs), also referred to as the sentinels of the immune system, induce and coordinate important functions of immune surveillance. DCs acquire immunity-initiating capacity only after a process of maturation usually induced by ligands that bind to members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or toll-like receptor families. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), which hydrolyzes the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids, regulates a variety of cellular functions including migration of endothelial cells and neurite outgrowth. In the present study we investigated the role of sPLA2 in DC biology. We report that human monocyte-derived DC cultures lack sPLA2 activity but respond to exogenous sPLA2. sPLA2 alone and in cooperation with TNF-α and interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) induced fatty acid release from DC membranes, which was accompanied by upregulation of surface markers and by an increase in the migratory and immunostimulatory capacity of the DCs. Our findings indicate that secreted enzymes such as sPLA2 can contribute to DC maturation and emphasize the role of lipid mediators in the regulation of immune responses. This observation may also have implications for DC-based vaccine development.

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Brearley, S., and L. J. Buist. "Blood splashes: an underestimated hazard to surgeons." BMJ 299, no. 6711 (November 25, 1989): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6711.1315.

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Boilard, Eric, Sylvain G. Bourgoin, Chantale Bernatchez, and Marc E. Surette. "Identification of an autoantigen on the surface of apoptotic human T cells as a new protein interacting with inflammatory group IIA phospholipase A2." Blood 102, no. 8 (October 15, 2003): 2901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-12-3702.

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Abstract One of the most studied secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2), the group IIA sPLA2, is found at high levels in inflammatory fluids of patients with autoimmune diseases. A characteristic of group IIA sPLA2 is its preference for negatively charged phospholipids, which become exposed on the extracellular leaflet of apoptotic cell membranes. We recently showed that low molecular weight heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and uncharacterized detergent-insoluble binding site(s) contribute to the enhanced binding of human group IIA PLA2 (hGIIA) to apoptotic human T cells. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry we now identify vimentin as the major HSPG-independent binding protein of hGIIA on apoptotic primary T lymphocytes. Vimentin is partially exposed on the surface of apoptotic T cells and binds hGIIA via its rod domain in a calcium-independent manner. Studies with hGIIA mutants showed that specific motifs in the interfacial binding surface are involved in the interaction with vimentin. The sPLA2 inhibitor LY311727, but not heparin, inhibited this interaction. In contrast, heparin but not LY311727 abrogated the binding of hGIIA to cellular HSPGs. Importantly, vimentin does not inhibit the catalytic activity of hGIIA. Altogether, the results show that vimentin, in conjunction with HSPGs, contributes to the enhanced binding of hGIIA to apoptotic T cells.

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López-Sagaseta, Jacinto, Cristina Puy, Ibai Tamayo, Mikel Allende, Jorge Cerveró, Susana E. Velasco, Charles T. Esmon, Ramón Montes, and José Hermida. "sPLA2-V inhibits EPCR anticoagulant and antiapoptotic properties by accommodating lysophosphatidylcholine or PAF in the hydrophobic groove." Blood 119, no. 12 (March 22, 2012): 2914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-05-353409.

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Abstract The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease by binding protein C/activated protein C (APC). EPCR structure contains a hydrophobic groove filled with an unknown phospholipid needed to perform its function. It has not been established whether lipid exchange takes place in EPCR as a regulatory mechanism of its activity. Our objective was to identify this phospholipid and to explore the possibility of lipid exchange as a regulatory mechanism of EPCR activity driven by the endothelially expressed secretory group V phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-V). We identified phosphatidylcholine (PCh) as the major phospholipid bound to human soluble EPCR (sEPCR). PCh in EPCR could be exchanged for lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPCh) and platelet activating factor (PAF). Remarkably, lysoPCh and PAF impaired the protein C binding ability of sEPCR. Inhibition of sPLA2-V, responsible for lysoPCh and PAF generation, improved APC binding to endothelial cells. EPCR-dependent protein C activation and APC antiapoptotic effect were thus significantly enhanced. In contrast, endothelial cell supplementation with sPLA2-V inhibited both APC generation and its antiapoptotic effects. We conclude that APC generation and function can be modulated by changes in phospholipid occupancy of its endothelial cell receptor.

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Murakami, Makoto, and Ichiro Kudo. "Another way for sPLA2 to meet with cells." Blood 102, no. 8 (October 15, 2003): 2714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-07-2481.

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40

Adsanatham, Chanon. "Bloody Rhetoric and Civic Unrest: Rhetorical Aims of Human Blood Splashing in the 2010 Thai Political Revolt." Journal for the History of Rhetoric 21, no. 3 (September 2018): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jhistrhetoric.21.3.0271.

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ABSTRACT In 2010, thousands of Thai citizens from the Red Shirt Movement splashed seventy-nine gallons of their blood in Bangkok to revolt for democracy. I argue that their conduct exemplified kaya karma in the Thai culture: the intentional use of the body and physical actions to achieve an end. Drawing upon my interviews with protesters in Thailand, I show how the demonstration represented the Red Shirts’ intentions to construct a patriotic identity; build solidarity and consubstantiation; defame the prime minister; and invoke fear, intimidation, and discomfort in the government. Altogether, the protest aimed to bolster the movement’s authority and disparage the government. Examining the Red Shirts’ kaya karma, I contend, enables us to further engage “the facts of nonusage” to broaden the trajectory of comparative rhetorical studies beyond the focus on canonical texts of elite exemplars and complicate our ability to see the available means of persuasion in non-Western contexts.

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Boudreau, Luc H., Anne-Claire Duchez, Nathalie Cloutier, Denis Soulet, Nicolas Martin, James Bollinger, Alexandre Paré, et al. "Platelets release mitochondria serving as substrate for bactericidal group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2 to promote inflammation." Blood 124, no. 14 (October 2, 2014): 2173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-05-573543.

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Key Points When activated and in platelet storage bags, platelets release respiratory-competent mitochondria, a recognized damage-associated molecular pattern. Mitochondria, descendant of Rickettsia prowazekii, serve as substrate for bactericidal sPLA2-IIA to promote inflammation.

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Ball, James B., Samina Y. Khan, Nathan JD McLaughlin, Rachelle Nuss, Laura Cole, and Christopher C. Silliman. "Hydroxyurea Treatment of Children with Sickle Cell Disease Inhibits RBC Membrane Degradation by Secretory Phospholipase a2." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1427.1427.

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Abstract Background: Secretory phospholipase A2 is an enzyme that is elevated in SCD patients with acute chest syndrome (ACS) and vaso-occlusive pain crisis (VOC) and inhibition of its enzymatic activity is in trials for ACS prevention (Styles LA. Blood.1996; 87:2573). This enzyme cleaves arachidonic acid from the phospholipids of red blood cell (RBC) membranes; and arachidonic acid can be converted to other pro-inflammatory lipid compounds (Murakami M. J Biochem.2002; 131:285). sPLA2 cleaves phosphatidylserine (PS) expressing lipid membranes. PS is usually in the inner leaflet (unexposed) in normal red blood cells (RBCs) but becomes externalized in sickle RBCs especially during VOC or ACS. There is modest exposure of PS during in the steady state among certain RBC populations (de Jong K. Br J Haematol.2006; 133:427). PS exposure allows sPLA2 to cleave RBC membranes, producing lipids which prime neutrophils (PMNs) and cause PMN-mediated pulmonary endothelial cell injury as the second event in a two-event model (Ball JB, Blood submitted). Objective: We hypothesize that sickle RBCs treated with hydroxyurea (HU) will be more resistant to digestion by sPLA2, thereby inhibiting the release of bioactive lipids. Design/Methods: Whole blood was collected from children with SCD when healthy or daily during admissions for VOC or ACS. The plasma and RBCs were separated. Plasma and lipids extracted from the plasma were used as priming agents of quiescent PMNs isolated from healthy donors. Additionally, the separated RBCs were treated with exogenous sPLA2, creating sPLA2-liberated lipids, which were also used as priming agents. The plasma sPLA2 levels were measured. Results: There was no difference in the sPLA2 levels of untreated and HU-treated SCD patients in the healthy condition (non-treated SCD: 12.8±3.1 ng/ml, HU: 12.2±4.2 ng/ml, p=0.95) and in VOC (non-treated SCD: 89.2 ± 79.3 ng/ml, HU: 86.5 ± 44.3 ng/ml, p=0.85). The PMN priming of the sPLA2-liberated lipids of untreated SCD patients, both healthy (*, Table 1) and those with VOC (#, Table 1), was elevated compared to the sPLA2-liberated lipids from HU-treated patients. We conclude that hydroxyurea treatment in vivo induces resistance to sPLA2 cleavage of RBC membrane lipids thereby inhibiting priming of PMNs, which has been implicated in PMN-mediated endothelial cell injury (Ball JB, Blood submitted). Table 1: PMN priming activity of plasma lipids and sPLA 2 -liberated lipids from patients with SCD. Healthy VOC pain plasma lipids sPLA2-liberated lipids plasma lipids sPLA2-liberated lipids * - p<0.01 compared to untreated plasma lipids from healthy untreated SCD patients # - p<0.01 compared to untreated plasma lipids from untreated SCD patients with VOC Hgb AA 2.55 ± 0.62 nmol O2-/min 1.94 ± 0.20 nmol O2-/min untreated SCD 2.21 ± 0.17 nmol O2-/min 3.19 ± 0.25 * nmol O2-/min 2.73 ± 0.24 nmol O2-/min 3.99 ± 0.28 # nmol O2-/min HU-treated SCD 2.34 ± 0.47 nmol O2-/min 2.75 ± 0.49 nmol O2-/min 2.23 ± 0.4 nmol O2-/min 2.69 ± 0.52 nmol O2-/min

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Shrestha, Bikash Lal, and Ram Chayya Man Amatya. "Risk of blood splashes in otorhinolaryngology surgery: do we really require protection?" International Journal of Scientific Reports 3, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20164840.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Surgeons are particularly at risk from blood borne pathogens like hepatitis and HIV during interventions or surgeries. They do take precaution to avoid the needle stick injuries but few pay attention on blood or body fluid splashes into eye. The main aim of the study was to know the risk of blood splashes in glass, gown and mask during ENT –HNS (ear, nose and throat and head and neck surgery).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The prospective study conducted in Department of ENT-HNS of Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital from 1<sup>st</sup> July 2016 to 30<sup>th</sup> September 2016. All the elective cases were included for study. Surgery was performed by the single surgeon. The surgeon wore the glass and mask during the surgery. At the end of the surgery, the glass, mask and gown was inspected by the surgeon for any blood splashes and information was recorded<span lang="EN-IN">. </span><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There were total 62 patients with male 30 and female 32. Regarding the age, most of the patients lie between 20-50 years. The amount of blood splatter in glass, mask and gown is most common in modified radical mastoidectomy surgery. Likewise, the blood splatter is most common in tonsillectomy in throat surgery and in head and neck surgery, the blood splatter is common in all head and neck surgery.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The blood splashes is high even in various ENT surgeries. So it is important to take precaution by surgeon like protective mask and glass worn during surgeries to protect from various blood-borne infection transmissions<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p>

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Sharma, J. B., S. Ekoh, L. McMillan, S. Hussain, and H. Annan. "Blood splashes to the masks and goggles during caesarean section." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104, no. 12 (December 1997): 1405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11011.x.

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Foley, Elizabeth, and V. Harindra. "Blood splashes to the masks and goggles during caesarean section." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105, no. 8 (August 1998): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10247.x.

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46

Schnetler, J. F. "HIV transmission via blood and saliva splashes to the face." British Dental Journal 171, no. 5 (September 1991): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4807622.

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Wardle, J. "HIV transmission via blood and saliva splashes to the face'." British Dental Journal 171, no. 9 (November 1991): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4807689.

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48

Emrey, C. "HIV transmission via blood and saliva splashes to the face'." British Dental Journal 171, no. 11 (December 1991): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4807718.

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Leong, M. L. "HIV transmission via blood and saliva splashes to the face'." British Dental Journal 172, no. 3 (February 1992): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4807775.

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Leiguez, Elbio, Karina Cristina Giannotti, Mariana do Nascimento Viana, Márcio Hideki Matsubara, Cristina Maria Fernandes, José Maria Gutiérrez, Bruno Lomonte, and Catarina Teixeira. "A Snake Venom-Secreted Phospholipase A2Induces Foam Cell Formation Depending on the Activation of Factors Involved in Lipid Homeostasis." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (June 14, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2547918.

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MT-III, a snake venom GIIA sPLA2, which shares structural and functional features with mammalian GIIA sPLA2s, activates macrophage defense functions including lipid droplet (LDs) formation, organelle involved in both lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes. Macrophages (MΦs) loaded with LDs, termed foam cells, characterize early blood vessel fatty-streak lesions during atherosclerosis. However, the factors involved in foam cell formation induced by a GIIA sPLA2are still unknown. Here, we investigated the participation of lipid homeostasis-related factors in LD formation induced by MT-III in macrophages. We found that MT-III activated PPAR-γand PPAR-β/δand increased the protein levels of both transcription factors and CD36 in macrophages. Pharmacological interventions evidenced that PPAR-γ, PPAR-β/δ, and CD36 as well as the endoplasmic reticulum enzymes ACAT and DGAT are essential for LD formation. Moreover, PPAR-β/δ, but not PPAR-γ, is involved in MT-III-induced PLIN2 protein expression, and both PPAR-β/δand PPAR-γupregulated CD36 protein expression, which contributes to MT-III-induced COX-2 expression. Furthermore, production of 15-d-PGJ2, an activator of PPARs, induced by MT-III, was dependent on COX-1 being LDs an important platform for generation of this mediator.

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