Academic literature on the topic 'Blood pressure; elderly; gastrointestinal system'
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Journal articles on the topic "Blood pressure; elderly; gastrointestinal system"
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Kounis, NG, GM Zavras, PJ Papadaki, SN Kouni, M. Batsolaki, GV Gouvelou-Deligianni, C. Markoglou, et al. "Electrocardiographic Changes in Elderly Patients During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 17, no. 9 (2003): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/620564.
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BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory complications may occur during gastrointestinal endoscopy, and elderly people seem to be more vulnerable to these complications during endoscopic procedures involving the manipulation of abdominal viscera. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, changes in oxygen saturation, heart rate and blood pressure during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) via Holter monitoring in elderly patients older than 70 years of age.METHODS: Holter monitoring and 12-lead electrocardiograms were performed in 30 elderly patients undergoing ERCP and in 30 control subjects undergoing routine chest, abdomen, bone and upper gastrointestinal small bowel follow-through studies. A computerized nontriggered template system was used to analyze the electrocardiograms qualitatively and quantitatively. Arrhythmias, cardiac axis, conduction defects, pauses, ST segment changes, ectopic beats, oxygen desaturation and changes in blood pressure and rate-pressure product were evaluated.RESULTS: Increased heart rate, ST segment changes resulting from myocardial ischemia, oxygen desaturation and transient atrial and ventricular ectopic beats were frequent during ERCP compared with the control group. In one patient, transient left bundle branch block developed and this was attributed to pre-existing hypertension with cardiomegaly. One patient developed ventricular tachycardia and one other sinus bradycardia, but this was attributed to sick sinus syndrome.CONCLUSIONS: Transient myocardial ischemia and various cardiac arrhythmias are frequent in elderly patients undergoing ERCP. Appropriate noninvasive monitoring seems to be justified during this procedure.
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Heseltine, David, Michael Dakkak, Ian A. Macdonald, Stephen R. Bloom, and John F. Potter. "Effects of carbohydrate type on postprandial blood pressure, neuroendocrine and gastrointestinal hormone changes in the elderly." Clinical Autonomic Research 1, no. 3 (September 1991): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01824990.
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Cherubini, Antonio, Fabrizio Fabris, Ettore Ferrari, Domenico Cucinotta, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi, and Umberto Senin. "Comparative effects of lercanidipine, lacidipine, and nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system on blood pressure and heart rate in elderly hypertensive patients: the ELderly and LErcanidipine (ELLE) study." Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 37, no. 3 (November 2003): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4943(03)00047-5.
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Ismaeil, Abderrhman Ahmed Mohamed, Nahla Ahmed Mohammed Abderahman, Mohammed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed, Nihal Abdalla Ahmed Abdalla, and Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad. "Caffeine's Effect on Blood Pressure in Sudanese Women in East Gezira State-Sudan, 2018." SAR Journal of Medical Biochemistry 3, no. 3 (June 22, 2022): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjmb.2022.v03i03.004.
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Background: Caffeine is a significant component of coffee, which is one of the most extensively, consumed non-alcoholic beverages. Caffeine is a methylxanthine-class central nervous system stimulant that is one of the most extensively utilized medications on the planet. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and is perhaps the most extensively used psychoactive stimulant. It causes gastrointestinal disturbances, tremor, headache, and sleeplessness, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, and it has been proposed that caffeine is possibly hypertensive. Aim: The goal of the study was to see how caffeine affected the blood pressure of Sudanese adult females in Gezira state's east during July and August 2018. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional prospective study of 400 females aged 18 to 70 years old from various areas of Gezira State was conducted. Caffeine was not consumed by the participants for 12 hours before to the test. Blood pressure was monitored at baseline after 20 minutes of rest, then 45 minutes later after consuming a 150 mL cup of boiling coffee (120 mg caffeine) (each cup contain teaspoon 10 g of coffee powder). A questionnaire was created to collect personal and demographic information. Body mass index (BMI) was computed after measuring weight and height. Results: The researchers discovered that 120 mg of caffeine increased systolic blood pressure by 5 to 18 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure by 6 to 16 mmHg, and mean blood pressure by 3 to 13 mmHg. Caffeine had a higher effect in older and hypertensive people, according to the study, with a P value of <0.0001. With regular coffee consumption, there was no tolerance to the pressure impact of caffeine, according to the study. There was also racial variance in the caffeine presser response, with the Tama tribe having a stronger response and the Rufaah tribe having a higher baseline BP (P value is <0.0001). In addition, the prevalence of hypertension was 5.8% lower in rural areas. Conclusion: Caffeine raises systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure in Sudanese adult females, with a particularly noticeable effect on the elderly and hypertensive.
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Seth, Henrik, Erik Sandblom, Susanne Holmgren, and Michael Axelsson. "Effects of gastric distension on the cardiovascular system in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 5 (May 2008): R1648—R1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00900.2007.
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When animals feed, blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract increases to ensure an adequate oxygen supply to the gastrointestinal tissue and an effective absorption of nutrients. In mammals, this increase depends on the chemical properties of the food, as well as, to some extent, on the mechanical distension of the stomach wall. By using an inflatable nitrile balloon positioned in the stomach, we investigated the cardiovascular responses to mechanical stretch of the stomach wall in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Distension with a volume equivalent to a meal of 2% of the body mass increased dorsal aortic blood pressure by up to 29%, and central venous blood pressure increased transiently nearly fivefold. The increase in arterial pressure was mediated by an increased vascular resistance of both the systemic and the intestinal circulation. Cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume (SV) did not change, and only transient changes in gut blood flow were observed. The increase in arterial pressure was abolished by the α-adrenergic antagonist prazosin, indicating an active adrenergic vasoconstriction, whereas the venous pressor response could be the consequence of a passive increase in intraperitoneal pressure. Our results show that mechanical distension of the stomach causes an instantaneous increase in general vascular resistance, which may facilitate a redistribution of blood to the gastrointestinal tract when chemical stimuli from a meal induce vasodilation in the gut circulation. The normal postprandial increase in gut blood flow in teleosts is, therefore, most likely partly dependent on mechanical stimuli, as well as on chemical stimuli.
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Noefitasari, Ida, and Desi Natalia Trijayanti Idris. "Reducing Blood Pressure on Elderly with Hypertension with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Therapy." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) 9, no. 3 (December 25, 2022): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v9i3.art.p370-378.
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Elderly is a process of life's journey of getting old. Physiological changes in the cardiovascular system experienced by the elderly are hypertension which occurs due to decreased elasticity of the arteries in the aging process. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on reducing blood pressure in hypertensive elderly in Banjarejo Village. Pre-experimental research design with One group Pre-Post Test Design approach. The research sample is 30 elderly hypertension people with Quota Sampling. Research variables are progressive muscle relaxation therapy and blood pressure. Collecting data using observation sheets, using the Wilcoxon statistical test. The results showed that there were changes in blood pressure before and after therapy, namely systolic blood pressure -7.82 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure -5.54 mmHg. Wilcoxon statistical test showed p value = 0.000 which means there is a change in blood pressure in the elderly after doing progressive muscle relaxation therapy. The conclusion of this research shows that progressive muscle relaxation is a therapy that can be used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
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Mincoff, Raquel Cristina Luis, Rose Mari Bennemann, and Mayra Costa Martins. "Nutritional status of elderly participants of the Hiperdia system: socio-demographic characteristics and blood pressure." Revista da Rede de Enfermagem do Nordeste 16, no. 5 (November 10, 2015): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.2015000500017.
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Objective: to analyze the socio-demographic characteristics and stages of blood pressure associated to the nutritional status of elderly hypertensive patients included in the System of Registration and Monitoring of Hypertensive and Diabetic patient sin a Basic Health Unit. Methods: cross-sectional study with primary and secondary data collection. The nutritional status was evaluated through the body mass index and analyzed, according to socio-demographic characteristics and stages of blood pressure. To analyze the data, the chi-square test was used. Results: 250 elderly (63.6% women) were evaluated. Statistically significant association was observed between nutritional status and gender (p = 0.008), age group (p = 0.05) andstage of hypertension: optimal, normal and hypertension 1. Conclusion: the elderly assisted by the service require constant nutritional and blood pressure re-evaluation provided by the health team.
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Yamazaki, Yoichi, Masayuki Ishii, Takahiro Ito, and Takuya Hashimoto. "Frailty Care Robot for Elderly and its Application for Physical and Psychological Support." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 25, no. 6 (November 20, 2021): 944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0944.
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To achieve continuous frail care in the daily lives of the elderly, we propose AHOBO, a frail care robot for the elderly at home. Two types of support systems by AHOBO were implemented to support the elderly in both physical health and psychological aspects. For physical health frailty care, we focused on blood pressure and developed a support system for blood pressure measurement with AHOBO. For psychological frailty care, we implemented reminiscent coloring with the AHOBO as a recreational activity with the robot. The usability of the system was evaluated based on the assumption of continuous use in daily life. For the support system in blood pressure measurement, we performed a qualitative evaluation using a questionnaire for 16 subjects, including elderly people under blood pressure measurement by the system. The results confirmed that the proposed robot does not affect the blood pressure readings and is acceptable in terms of ease of use based on subjective evaluation. For the reminiscent coloring interaction, subjective evaluation was conducted on two elderly people under the verbal fluency task, and it has been confirmed that the interaction can be used continuously in daily life. The widespread use of the proposed robot as an interface for AI that supports daily life will lead to a society in which AI robots support people from the cradle to the grave.
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Wu, Xiujuan, Zongming Jiang, Jing Ying, Yangyang Han, and Zhonghua Chen. "Optimal blood pressure decreases acute kidney injury after gastrointestinal surgery in elderly hypertensive patients: A randomized study." Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 43 (December 2017): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.09.004.
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Yarosh, A. M., I. A. Batura, V. V. Tonkovtseva, F. M. Melikov, T. R. Bekmambetov, V. V. Bezzubchak, E. S. Koval, and E. E. V. Nagovskaya. "Impact of winter savory essential oil on the functioning of cardiovascular system of the elderly." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 151 (December 30, 2019): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2019-2-151-86-93.
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Objective. To study the effects of winter savory essential oil on the functioning of cardiovascular system of the elderly. Materials and methods. The study includes 97 women of older age with increased systolic blood pressure, which were divided into control (session of relaxation therapy only), and experimental (session of relaxation therapy combined with aromatherapy of winter savory essential oil) groups. Before and after the sessions, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate of the testees were measured and the following indices were determined: pulse blood pressure, minute blood volume, mean dynamic blood pressure, total peripheral vascular resistance, heart index, systolic index, Robinson index, Kerdo index, circulatory efficiency coefficient. Results. The study found that the use of winter savory essential oil led to a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (exposure for 10 and 30 minutes) and heart rate (all time periods). The values of pulse and average dynamic blood pressure significantly decreased during aromatherapy for 10 or 30 minutes, there was also a significant decrease in the values of minute blood volume after 10 and 30-minute session of aromarelaxation. After 30-minute aromarelaxation there was an increase in the total peripheral vascular resistance. The change of Kerdo index value in the direction of parasympathetic after 30 minutes of aromatherapy was revealed. The value of the coefficient of efficiency of blood circulation significantly decreased after 10 and 30 minutes of aromarelaxation, Robinson index decreased during all time periods of exposure. Conclusion. On the basis of the obtained data, it can be concluded that the essential oil of winter savory has a pronounced normalizing effect on the circulatory function of the elderly women with systolic hypertension.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blood pressure; elderly; gastrointestinal system"
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Fitch, Christina Johanna. "Telemedicine and elderly care : an investigation into the suitability of an Internet health care system to support blood pressure monitoring for the older person; or telemedicine: one size fits all?" Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369473.
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Vanis, Lora. "The role of gastric and small intestinal mechanisms in postprandial hypotension." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/68810.
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Postprandial hypotension, defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of ≥ 20 mmHg, within two hours of a meal, leading to syncope, falls, dizziness and angina, occurs frequently in the elderly and is now recognised as an important clinical problem. In healthy young and older individuals, meal ingestion is associated with a rapid rise in heart rate indicative of normal baroreflex function which appears to prevent a significant fall in blood pressure. However, in patients with postprandial hypotension, this response is inadequate to maintain blood pressure. Current approaches to the management of postprandial hypotension are suboptimal and there is a need for novel therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have established that the magnitude of the fall in blood pressure is dependent on the rate of delivery of nutrients from the stomach into the small intestine, while gastric distension attenuates the postprandial fall in blood pressure. The overall aims of the studies described in this thesis were to investigate the pathophysiology of postprandial hypotension, with the particular focus on gastric
and small intestinal mechanisms and their potential therapeutic relevance. In this thesis, studies were carried out in healthy older subjects (age 65 - 80 years) and were designed to evaluate the following: i) the effects of small intestinal glucose load on blood pressure, heart rate and superior mesenteric artery blood flow, ii) the comparative effects of two carbohydrates, glucose and xylose, on blood pressure, heart rate and gastric emptying, iii) the effects of gastric distension, using a barostat, on blood pressure, heart rate and superior mesenteric artery blood flow in response to intraduodenal glucose infusion, iv) the effects of variations in gastric volume, using a barostat, on blood pressure, heart rate and superior mesenteric artery blood flow during intraduodenal glucose infusion, v) the effects of the oligosaccharide, alpha (α) – cyclodextrin, on blood pressure and heart rate, vi) the effects of acarbose on the blood pressure, heart rate and splanchnic blood flow responses to intraduodenal sucrose. All of the studies have either been published or manuscripts prepared and submitted for publication. The effects of meal composition on the magnitude of the postprandial fall in blood pressure have been inconsistent. Of the macronutrients, the ingestion of carbohydrate, in particular glucose, was believed to have the greatest effect on blood pressure, with the effects of protein and fat being inconsistent. The fall in blood pressure following intraduodenal glucose appears to be load dependent rather than concentration dependent. A recent study demonstrated that when intraduodenal glucose is administered at a rate of 3 kcal/min, the fall in blood pressure and rise in heart rate were substantially greater compared to a 1 kcal/min glucose infusion. A limitation of this study was that there was no control arm, and because only two intraduodenal glucose loads were evaluated, it could not be determined whether the relationship between the fall in blood pressure and the duodenal glucose load is linear, this was addressed in Chapter 5. There is relatively little information about the effect of different carbohydrates on postprandial blood pressure. Information relating to the effect of xylose on blood pressure is inconsistent, with previous studies showing xylose to have little or no effect. However, in these studies gastric emptying was not measured and it is known that differences in the rate of gastric emptying can affect the magnitude of the fall in blood pressure. Blood pressure and the rate of gastric emptying of oral glucose and xylose was studied in healthy older subjects in the study reported in Chapter 6. Previous studies have established that the magnitude of the postprandial fall in blood pressure is attenuated by gastric distension, however, it is unknown whether this effect is caused by the change in intragastric pressure (Chapter 7) or intragastric volume (Chapter 8). Gastric distension at predefined volumes and/or pressures can be achieved using a barostat device. Gastric distension at a pressure of 8 mmHg above minimal distending pressure using a barostat, increased mean arterial pressure, heart rate and total peripheral arterial resistance in healthy subjects. No studies have hitherto evaluated the effects of gastric distension, using a barostat, on the hypotensive response to small intestinal nutrients, and this was addressed in Chapter 7. Intragastric distension with 500 ml water was shown to markedly attenuate the magnitude of the fall in systolic blood pressure in response to intraduodenal glucose. However, a limitation of this study was that during intraduodenal glucose infusion, gastric emptying was markedly attenuated, so that it reached a plateau at 300 ml and little information could be determined in relation to the minimum volume required to attenuate the hypotensive response to glucose, therefore, this was evaluated in Chapter 8. Cyclodextrins inhibit pancratic amylase activity and are poorly digested in the small intestine. α- and beta (β)- cyclodextrins have been reported to reduce the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemia responses to a starch meal. However, a limitation of these studies was that the rate of gastric emptying was not measured, hence it remains to be determined whether the observed effects were related to gastric emptying and/or intestinal glucose absorption. In the study reported in Chapter 9, the effects of α-cyclodextrin on the rate of gastric emptying and
hypotensive response to an oral sucrose drink were evaluated. Acarbose has been used in the treatment of type 2-diabetes for many years by suppressing postprandial glycaemia and slowing of small intestinal digestion and absorption of carbohydrate. Previous studies have illustrated that acarbose has the capacity to slow gastric emptying and attenuate the hypotensive response to carbohydrate meals. The effects of acarbose on postprandial blood pressure and heart rate when administered intraduodenally i.e. in the absence of an effect on gastric emptying, have not been evaluated. Intraduodenal infusion allows the ‘intragastric’ mechanisms related to changes in gastric emptying to be ‘bypassed’, which have been evaluated in Chapter 10.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, 2011
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Gentilcore, Diana. "Role of the gastrointestinal tract in postprandial blood pressure regulation." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/38834.
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This thesis presents studies relating to the role of the gastrointestinal tract in postprandial blood pressure regulation. The areas that have been addressed include : ( i ) the methodological approaches to the evaluation of gastric emptying, blood pressure, splanchnic blood flow, intraluminal manometry and gut hormones and ( ii ) the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying postprandial hypotension, with a particular focus on ' gastric ' and ' small intestinal ' mechanisms and their potential therapeutic relevance. All of the studies have been either published or manuscripts have been prepared for publication. While scintigraphy represents the ' gold standard ' for the measurement of gastric emptying, recent studies suggest that three - dimensional ( 3D ) ultrasonography may also allow a precise measure of gastric emptying. Concurrent scintigraphic and ultrasonographic measurements of gastric emptying of liquids were performed in healthy young volunteers. There was a good correlation and agreement between scintigraphic measurements of gastric emptying and 3D ultrasonography after ingestion of both low - and high - nutrient drinks, indicating that 3D ultrasonography, provides a valid measure of gastric emptying of liquid meals in normal subjects. Postprandial hypotension, defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of ≥ 20mmHg,occurring within two hours of a meal is now recognised as an important clinical problem, particularly in the elderly and in patients with type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms mediating postprandial hypotension are poorly understood. The effects of variations in concentration of intraduodenal glucose on the magnitude of the fall in blood pressure were evaluated in healthy elderly subjects. Blood pressure fell, and heart rate and blood glucose increased over time during infusions, however, there was no difference in blood pressure, heart rate or blood glucose concentrations between the study days. These observations suggest that glucose induced postprandial hypotension is a load rather, than concentration, dependent phenomenon. The effect of meal composition has been reported to influence the hypotensive response to a meal and information relating to the effects of triglyceride and protein on blood pressure is inconsistent. The comparative effects of isocaloric and isovolaemic intraduodenal infusions of glucose, triglyceride and protein on the magnitude of the postprandial fall in blood pressure and rise in heart rate and superior mesenteric artery blood flow were evaluated in healthy elderly subjects. There were comparable falls in systolic blood pressure and rises in heart rate, however, the maximum fall in systolic blood pressure occurred later after triglyceride and protein and the stimulation of superior mesenteric artery blood flow was less after protein. These observations suggest that the relatively slower systolic blood pressure response after triglyceride and protein may potentially reflect the time taken for digestion of triglyceride to free fatty acids and protein to amino acids. Acarbose is an antidiabetic drug that slows both gastric emptying and small intestinal glucose absorption. The effects of acarbose, on blood pressure, heart rate, gastric emptying of, and the glycaemic, insulin, glucagon - like peptide - 1 ( GLP - 1 ) and glucosedependent insulinotropic - polypeptide ( GIP ) responses to, an oral sucrose load were evaluated in healthy elderly subjects. Acarbose attenuated the fall in blood pressure and increase in heart rate induced by oral sucrose. Acarbose slowed gastric emptying and was associated with increased retention in the distal stomach. Stimulation of GLP - 1 may contribute to the slowing of gastric emptying and suppression of postprandial glycaemia by acarbose. These findings suggest that acarbose may represent a therapeutic option for the treatment of patients with postprandial hypotension. Recent studies indicate that gastric distension attenuates the postprandial fall in blood pressure. The effects of gastric distension on blood pressure and heart rate during intraduodenal infusion of glucose at a constant load and concentration were evaluated in healthy elderly subjects. Intragastric administration of water markedly attenuated the falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure induced by intraduodenal glucose. Heart rate increased, with and without gastric distension, in response to intraduodenal glucose infusion but not after intraduodenal saline infusion. This study suggests that gastric distension may potentially be used as a simple adjunctive treatment in the management of postprandial hypotension. Studies employing nitric oxide synthase blockers have established, in animals, that nitric oxide mechanisms are important in the regulation of splanchnic blood flow and, hence, may effect postprandial blood pressure. The role of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG - nitro - L - arginine - methyl - ester ( L - NAME ), on gastric emptying, postprandial blood pressure, plasma insulin concentration and incretin hormone ( ie GIP and GLP - 1 ) release, following an oral glucose load, were evaluated in healthy elderly subjects. L - NAME attenuated the postprandial fall in blood pressure and increase in heart rate but had no effect on gastric emptying of glucose. L - NAME attenuated the glucose - induced rise in plasma insulin but had no effect on the incretin ( GIP and GLP - 1 ) hormone response to oral glucose. The study indicates that the magnitude of the fall in blood pressure and increase in heart rate and stimulation of insulin secretion induced by oral glucose in healthy elderly subjects are mediated by nitric oxide mechanisms by an effect unrelated to changes in gastric emptying, or the secretion of GIP and GLP - 1. Studies utilising 5 - hydroxytryptamine ( 5 - HT ) infusions in animals have demonstrated regional variations in intestinal blood flow suggesting a role for 5 - HT in postprandial haemodynamic responses. The effects of the 5 - hydroxytryptamine 3 ( 5 - HT3 ) antagonist, granisetron, on the blood pressure, heart rate, antropyloroduodenal motility and glycaemic responses to intraduodenal glucose infusion were assessed in healthy elderly subjects. Granisetron had no effect on blood pressure, heart rate or antral and pyloric motor responses but modulated the duodenal motor response, to intraduodenal glucose. This study indicates that while the cardiovascular response to intraduodenal glucose does not appear to be influenced by the stimulation of 5 - HT3 receptors, this receptor may be involved in the modulation of the duodenal motor activity.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Medicine, 2006.
Books on the topic "Blood pressure; elderly; gastrointestinal system"
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Fitch, Christina Johanna. Telemedicine and elderly care: An investigation into the suitability of an Internet health care system to support blood pressure monitoring for the older person : or, Telemedicine: one size fits all? Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, Dept. of Information Systems, 2002.
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Levy, Jerrold H., and David Faraoni. Pathophysiology and causes of severe hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0162.
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Hypertension affects multiple groups of patients characterized by different clinical presentations and a spectrum of potential causes. The pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial. Although most patients are labelled ‘essential hypertension’, multiple mechanisms are involved in blood pressure regulation. Factors that influence blood pressure homeostasis include endothelial function, the renin-angiotensin system, and the sympathetic nervous system. In elderly patients, hypertension is common as the vascular system and arterial stiffness also contribute. Other important factors include inflammatory processes as part of systemic diseases, including atherosclerosis,which may contribute to renal and vascular injury. Hypertension is also associated with metabolic disturbances including dyslipidaemia that manifests in obese patients who also have insulin resistance. These different pathways all represent potential targets for treatment, but also increase the challenge of multimodal pathophysiology.
Book chapters on the topic "Blood pressure; elderly; gastrointestinal system"
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Bourke, E., and J. R. Sowers. "The Autonomic Nervous System and Blood Pressure Regulation in the Elderly." In Autonomic Nervous System in Old Age, 45–52. Basel: KARGER, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000077924.
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Gall, Angela, and Mike Craggs. "Autonomic nervous system dysfunction." In Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation, 89–111. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673711.003.0010.
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This chapter delivers an overview of autonomic functions, their control and pathophysiology, reviews the most important and specific autonomic system disorders, their causes, management, and assessment, and future directions for neurorehabilitation following autonomic failure. The autonomic nervous system (ANS)regulates responses to exercise, environmental challenges, and emotional responses.The system has two main divisions, sympathetic and parasympathetic, continuously monitoring and controlling the visceral organs. Many brain structures are essential to the ANS.ANS disorders can affect a single organ or whole systems and can result in neuropathies.Alterations in ANS function can impair the ability of the circulatory system to maintain blood flow and pressure, impair gastrointestinal function, lead to metabolic disturbances, and aberrant supraspinal affects can lead to urogenital dysfunction.In acute stroke the pathophysiology is not always immediately clear somanagement has to be guided by sound assessment. Modern techniques in neurorehabilitation are continually being explored and tested to address these dysfunctions.
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Shamsabadi, Ahmadreza, Esmaeil Mehraeen, and Zahra Pashaei. "Perspective Chapter: Telehealth Technologies for the Elderly People." In Geriatric Medicine and Healthy Aging [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105568.
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Home telehealth technology delivers a telemedicine tool for elder adults to take an active role in the management of their chronic diseases. This study aimed to determine the requirements and applications of home telehealth systems to monitor health parameters of the elderly. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science complemented by Google Scholar were searched. This systematic review was conducted based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. In this study, 21 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. There were 80 different requirements and 15 types of applications to create a home telehealth system specifically for the elderly. The highest frequency of applications element was related to the “blood pressure” (18%) and the lowest frequency related to items such as blood coagulation (1%) monitoring. Other systems` elements were “alert system” (12%), “information analysis” (12%), smartphone (20%), and internet (23%). Recognizing all used requirements and achieved capabilities may assist in designing more effective systems. They might be expanded at national level to meet the elderly’s needs at a greater scale.
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Elsaadi, Riyad, and Mahmoud Shafik. "Intelligent Healthcare Platform Solution and Medication Management System for Elderly People with Long Term Health Conditions." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210041.
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Healthcare and NHS faces many challenges in monitoring health conditions specially for patients with long term health conditions and the elderly. The forward view for healthcare providers and the NHS is moving from the hospital routine medical checks towards home environment care with the use of smart IoT and AI. Medication errors and missed medication across the globe, is the main source of harm to the public health. Technologies, specifically wireless health technologies are potential solutions for medication error and medication nonadherence in tracking patients’ medication. This paper presented a solution by developing a real-time wireless sensor network to monitor and check patient’s health condition using devices that transmits data from homes wirelessly to the relevant (caregiver, GP, Hospitals and specialist doctors). The proposed system benefits form the use of algorithms, which is used to provide the quality and quick health care advice to the patients at home. The algorithm processes the data from the database webserver. The database stores the patient health history conditions with all measurement obtained from the devices, such as blood pressure, blood glucose, heart rate and body temperature. This data is processed in machine learning algorithm to generate notifications for any changes occur in user’s health and by checking their history records. ML can detect patterns within patient healthcare records and inform clinicians of any anomalies.
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Atkinson, Martin E. "The autonomic nervous system." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0025.
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A large part of the nervous system is dedicated to the control of the internal viscera and their functions. Much of the activity of these organs is controlled reflexly at the brainstem level, e.g. the cardiovascular and respiratory centres (the vital centres) in the reticular formation of the medulla controlling cardiac and respiratory activity. There are also centres in the cerebrum, notably the hypothalamus in the diencephalon. Somatic and visceral functions are closely integrated at these higher levels; think of the effect that emotional factors or somatic stimulation can have on heart rate, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal activity when we are nervous or are in pain. The nerves involved in these activities are described as visceral sensory or visceral motor nerves because they control visceral function; this distinguishes them from somatic sensory nerves from peripheral receptors and somatic motor nerves controlling voluntary function. Visceral motor neurons innervate smooth muscle and secretory cells of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems, the smooth and cardiac muscle of the cardiovascular system, the sweat glands and arrector pili muscles of the skin, and the muscles of the ciliary body and iris of the eyeball. In many cases, there is a dual supply from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. In both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, there is a sequence of two neurons between the CNS and the effector organ which synapse in peripheral autonomic ganglia. The neurons from the CNS to the synapse in the ganglion are the preganglionic neurons and those from the ganglia to the effector organs are the postganglionic neurons. The enteric plexus is a third set of neurons interposed between the post-ganglionic neurons and the effector cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Figure 17.1 compares the general arrangement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The cell bodies of sympathetic visceral preganglionic motor neurons are located in the intermediolateral horns of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord while those of the parasympathetic visceral preganglionic (secretomotor) neurons are in the nuclei of four of the cranial nerves and the sacral segments of the spinal cord.
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Samaras, Nicholas S., Costas Chaikalis, and Giorgios Siafakas. "Healthcare Oriented Smart House for Elderly and/or Disabled People." In Wireless Technologies, 1227–54. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-101-6.ch508.
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Smart houses represent a modern technology which can secure and facilitate our life. The objective of this chapter is to adapt medical sensors to home automated systems, which collect medical data such as blood pressure, heart rate and electrical heart activity for elderly and/or disabled persons. Firstly, the collected data is transferred to a home server and to an external manager for further analysis. Subsequently, data is stored at a database where monitoring is available only for authorized users via a simple web interface. The IEEE 802.15.4 wireless standard has been chosen as the preferred solution for communication in the smart house. Finally, two implementation scenarios of the smart house for an elderly and/or disabled person are simulated using the Custodian software tool. This case study shows that simulating the automation system of a smart house before the implementation is advantageous.
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Chan, Lili, and Tonia Kim. "NSAIDs and the Kidney." In Kidney Protection, edited by Vijay Lapsia, Bernard G. Jaar, and A. Ahsan Ejaz, 233–40. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190611620.003.0024.
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NSAIDs are among the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States. NSAID associated kidney disease presents in various ways including ischemic acute kidney injury, nephrotic syndrome, and analgesic nephropathy. Elderly patients and patients who are also on diuretics and/or renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockade are at higher risk of developing NSAIDs associated kidney disease. Additionally, NSAIDs negatively impact blood pressure. Unfortunately, there is no currently effective therapy for the prevention of NSAIDS associated kidney disease. Proposed preventative strategies are discussed.
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Panta, Rajendra, Vinod Kumar Paswan, Pankaj Kumar Gupta, and Dhruba Narayan Kohar. "Goat’s Milk (GM), a Booster to Human Immune System against Diseases." In Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97623.
Full textAbstract:
Milk is clean lacteal secretion from mammalians shortly after parturition. GM is taken as a complete meal in human diet. GM is the only milk from milching species that possess possibility of substituting human milk. Availability of A2 casein in GM make it comparable to human milk in terms of protein. The most vulnerable ones are infants, aged people and pregnant women as their immune system could answer at any time if extra supplement is not administered. In this case, GM is only option that is highly compatible and nutritious nourishing food naturally. It has been used in curing respiratory problems, diarrhoea, colic, gastrointestinal disturbances etc. Feeding GM enhances production of immunoglobulin, beneficial gut microbiota, phagocytosis activities. Presence of inherent antibodies suits GM for using it in curing Tuberculosis. It contains every needed nutrient in higher amount as compared to milk from other animals. Per servings it has 13% more Calcium, 47% more vitamin A than Cow’s milk. It is filled with most of the trace minerals. Selenium, an immune system enhancer provides anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory protection via inhibition of bacterial growth. Chlorine and Fluorine acts as natural germicides. GM contain good source of Potassium which is crucial for maintainance of blood pressure and functioning of heart, it protects against arteriosclerosis. GM not only reduces the level of total cholesterol due to presence of Medium Chain Triglycerides but also improve mineralisation of skeleton and haemoglobin level. GM consists huge source of biorganic sodium, the absence of which results in arthritis. People who are lactose intolerant even can consume GM as it has low lactose content and for those who finds its smell and taste unusual, there is option of fortification. Because of easily digestible and readily bioavailable nature its consumption has been increased.
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Emmett, Stevan R., Nicola Hill, and Federico Dajas-Bailador. "Renal medicine." In Clinical Pharmacology for Prescribing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694938.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
The kidneys are of fundamental importance in the regulation of fluid and electrolytes, maintaining permissive extracellular fluid composition (salts and water), pH, and volume, while also mediating the removal of waste products. Based on the anatomy of the nephron, three main processes occur in order to deliver this balance: glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular resorption. Drugs can act at different sites within this system, so that functional equilibrium can be restored in various disease states (e.g. hypertension, heart failure, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome). CKD is a long- term condition that lasts more than 3 months and affects the function of both kidneys. It results from any pathology that reduces renal functional capacity and produces a decrease in GFR to less than 60 mL/ min/ 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. Prevalence within the UK is high, particularly in the elderly and affects 6– 8% of the population. The most common cause of CKD is idiopathic (unknown, usually with small kidneys), then diabetes mellitus. In both, glomerular damage and mesangial injury (causing metabolic and haemodynamic effects) occur. Mild- moderate essential hypertension does not cause CKD. Knowledge of the functional anatomy of the proximal tubule and loop of Henle is essential in understanding therapeutic targets and treatment of pathologies, as each region and transporter system has a key role. In brief, the journey of solutes from the blood to the production of urine occurs at five main anatomical sites— the glomerulus, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule (proximal part and distal part), and the collecting ducts (Figures 5.1 and 5.2). The glomerulus is a network of capillaries (like a ball of string), which merge with the nephron via Bowman’s capsule. It is the first site of filtration and the place where solutes, toxins, and small proteins are removed from the wider circulatory system, after delivery by the renal arteries (via an afferent arteriole). Blood and larger proteins remain in the arteriole and leave via an efferent branch, while the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule. The afferent:efferent system ensures that a constant filtration pressure is maintained irrespective of variations in arterial pressure. The capillary bed is very large, so that permeability and filtration rates are high. A normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) i.e. 90– 120 mL/ min/ 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, depends on hydrostatic pressure, the colloid osmotic pressure and hydraulic per¬meability.
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Sumner, David S., and Kirk w. Beach. "Eugene Strandness and the development of Doppler ultrasound in vascular disease." In Ultrasound in Clinical Diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199602070.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This is the story of how a young surgeon, Donald Eugene Strandness Jr (Gene) was instrumental in the development of the Doppler ultrasonic flow meter, which evolved into the duplex scanner — perhaps the most versatile instrument in the modern vascular lab. He was born in Bowman, North Dakota, in 1928, and attended high school in Olympia, washington, where he was a football player and a star gymnast. He graduated from Pacific Lutheran University in 1946, studied medicine at the University of washington (Uw), and in 1950 entered the general surgical residency programme. At the time of the Korean war, Gene was drafted out of his residency; met his 2-year service obligation to the United States Air Force; and in 1959 returned to Seattle, where he hoped to join in the extensive research underway on the gastrointestinal system under the direction of Professor Henry Harkins. Instead, Dr Harkins urged him to change directions and join a small group at the Seattle VA Hospital who were investigating arterial disease. This group included John Bell, Hub Radke, and J.E. Jesseph. Strandness, swallowing his initial disappointment at having to give up gastrointestinal research, quickly embraced the vascular challenge. The 1950s were a particularly exciting time in the history of vascular surgery. Improved sutures, grafts, and anaesthesia made it possible for the first time to perform major arterial surgery, such as resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms, endarterectomy of the carotid bifurcation, and bypass of iliac, femoral, and popliteal arteries. In preparation for major arterial surgery, the need for imaging was keenly felt. Physiological studies to select patients for surgery took a backseat to arteriograms and physical examination — in part because pulse palpation and patient testimony were the only methods readily available for measuring preoperative functional impairment or postoperative success. Invasive methods for studying blood flow were limited to electromagnetic flowmetry, which was performed in the operating room with the patient anaesthetized. No effort was made to duplicate normal physiological conditions. Prior to the 1960s, a few surgeons and internists maintained rudimentary vascular labs where systolic blood pressure and blood flow were measured plethysmographically.
Conference papers on the topic "Blood pressure; elderly; gastrointestinal system"
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Ghazali, Nurul Hidayah, Siti Marwangi Mohamad Maharum, Zuhanis Mansor, and M. K. Fadzly. "Elderly fall detection system device based on blood pressure abnormality." In PROCEEDINGS OF ADVANCED MATERIAL, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0024560.
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Tsoi, Kelvin K. F., Benjamin Yip, Doreen W. H. Au, Yong-Hong Kuo, Samuel Y. S. Wong, Jean Woo, and Helen M. L. Meng. "Blood Pressure Monitoring on the Cloud System in Elderly Community Centres: A Data Capturing Platform for Application Research in Public Health." In 2016 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data (CCBD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccbd.2016.068.
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Klyuchnikova, E. A., and M. V. Balykin. "Intermittent normobaric hypoxia as a method of correction and prevention of functional changes in old age." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-118-121.
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The study involved men aged 60-65 years. The course of intermittent normobaric hypoxia (APG) was carried out for 3 weeks with breathing hypoxic gas mixture with 18-15-13-10% O2. Before and after the course, the reactivity of the cardiovascular system and blood system, physical performance were evaluated. It has been established that the course of APG increases oxidative metabolism, leads to a decrease in the level of sugar, total lipids and low-density lipids in the blood, an increase in the number of red blood cells, helps to reduce and stabilize blood pressure, increase physical performance of the elderly. The results of the study indicate the possibility of using APG as a method of correction and prevention of functional changes in the elderly.
Key words: hypoxia, old age, blood, physical performance.
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Hoffmann, Alexandra, Beatriz Gracia, Tracy Lopez, and Panagiotis Polygerinos. "Development of a Dynamically Adjusting Soft Wheelchair Insert for Reduction of Single-Point Pressure." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3437.
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Wheelchair-bound patients suffer from a number of constraining ailments that affect the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and integumentary system. The increased risk of pressure ulcers in wheelchair users can be attributed to the combination of consistent single-point pressure and lack of regional movement for an extended period of time, leading to reduced blood circulation to the lower extremities. Pressure ulcers are especially prevalent in elderly wheelchair-bound patients due to the increased fragility of the skin with age. A study by Stockton and Parker estimated the rate of pressure ulcers in all wheelchair users to be nearly 60% [1] and the 2010 US Census reported that 30.6 million Americans have a major mobility disability that require the assistance of a wheelchair, cane or walker [2]. Products currently on the market claim to either distribute pressure more evenly across the surface or stimulate the region of pressure. The former include gel cushions which ease stress by distributing the pressure load but do not initiate movement, while the latter regularly alternate mechanical cushions that initiate movement but do not target region of highest load. Because many patients are unable to independently identify, communicate, or adjust their bodies when there is excess pressure being placed on a specific area, a method of reducing a patient’s single-point pressure on a seat without requiring direct user input could greatly improve the quality of life of wheelchair users.