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Gil, Alfredo González, Gema Silván, and Juan C. Illera. "Pituitary–adrenocortical axis, serum serotonin and biochemical response after halothane or isoflurane anaesthesia in rabbits." Laboratory Animals 41, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367707782314274.
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To document the changes in serum serotonin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone levels and select biochemical parameters in response to inhalant anaesthesia, 20 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were assigned to two treatment groups: halothane and isoflurane. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved using a face mask (3.5% halothane and 4.5% isoflurane in oxygen) followed by endotracheal intubation and maintenance of anaesthesia for 30 min (1.5% halothane and 2.5% isoflurane in oxygen). Blood samples were obtained before anaesthetic induction, and at 1, 10, 30, 60, 120 min and 24, 48 and 72 h after endotracheal intubation. Serum serotonin and corticosterone levels were measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay, ACTH by radioimmunoassay. Serum glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were measured using an automated analyser. Significant increases in serum ACTH and corticosterone levels occurred after halothane administration while serum serotonin levels did not change. An increase in serum corticosterone and serotonin levels occurred in the isoflurane group but no changes in ACTH concentrations were detected. Administration of halothane significantly increased serum glucose, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine levels. After isoflurane administration, there was a significant increase in serum glucose, AST, BUN and creatinine levels. Based on these results, halothane stimulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis to a greater extent than isoflurane, but isoflurane increases serum serotonin levels. Both anaesthetic agents alter select biochemical parameters. These results should be taken into account when blood samples are evaluated in treated isoflurane or halothane anaesthetized rabbits.
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Selldén, Eva, Robert Bränstróam, and Tomas Brundin. "Augmented Thermic Effect of Amino Acids under General Anaesthesia Occurs Predominantly in Extra-Splanchnic Tissues." Clinical Science 91, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0910431.
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1. Intravenous infusion of amino acid mixtures stimulates human oxidative heat production more effectively under general anaesthesia than in the unanaesthetized state. To analyse the splanchnic and extra-splanchnic regional distribution of this stimulation, whole body and splanchnic oxygen uptake, blood flow and blood temperatures were measured by a catheterization technique in 14 patients undergoing isoflurane anaesthesia for abdominal surgery. During the anaesthesia period, a mixture of 19 amino acids (240 kJ/h) was infused intravenously into seven of the patients while the others served as controls, receiving isovolumic infusions of a nutrient-free saline solution. 2. Whole body oxygen consumption fell by ≈ 40% during anaesthesia and surgery in the controls. Approximately 80–95% of the reduction occurred in the extra-splanchnic tissues. The splanchnic oxygen uptake fell by 31 ± 6% in the controls during the initial phase of anaesthesia, after which it returned to the pre-anaesthesia level. The initial reduction of the controls' splanchnic oxygen consumption accounted for only ≈23% of the simultaneous anaesthesia-induced reduction in pulmonary oxygen uptake. No initial reduction of the splanchnic oxygen uptake was observed in the patients treated with amino acid. 3. The amino acid infusion stimulated the whole body oxidative heat production by ≈18 W during anaesthesia and surgery and by ≈70 W at the emergence from anaesthesia. Approximately 74% of the stimulation occurred in the extra-splanchnic tissues. At awakening, the splanchnic oxygen uptake rose to ≈64% above the pre-anaesthesia level in the amino acid group. 4. During the entire period of anaesthesia, the whole body heat content fell by 282 ± 68 kJ in the controls and by 57 ± 25 kJ in the amino acid group. Amino acid treatment thus prevented ≈80% of the anaesthesia-induced reduction in whole body heat content. 5. During anaesthesia and surgery, cardiac output was ≈25% and ≈6% below the baseline, pre-anaesthesia levels in the control and amino acid groups, respectively. At awakening, it rose to ≈44% above baseline in the amino acid group while in the controls it remained unchanged. In both groups the splanchnic blood flow was unaffected by anaesthesia or by amino acid infusions.
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Hellebrekers, Ludo J., Evert-Jan W. de Boer, Michiel A. van Zuylen, and Hans Vosmeer. "A comparison between medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-propofol anaesthesia in rabbits." Laboratory Animals 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600215.
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We investigated the effects of combinations of the α2-agonist medetomidine with either ketamine or propofol for their overall quality of anaesthesia, including the possible concomitant changes in respiratory and circulatory function in New Zealand White rabbits. Medetomidine was administered at 0.35 mg/kg, intramuscularly. Following sedation, ketamine (5 mg/kg) or propofol (2 and 3 mg/kg) were administered intravenously via the ear vein. Data on reflexes (palpebral, corneal, ear-pinch and toe-pinch), jaw muscle tone and physiologic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, body temperature) were recorded before and after administration of drugs. Intermittent arterial blood sampling was performed at predetermined intervals before and after anaesthesia. The results show that the ear-pinch and toe-pinch reflexes and the jaw muscle tone are reliable indices to determine surgical anaesthetic depth. A surgical level of anaesthesia could be obtained reliably with the combination medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-propofol (3 mg/kg) with a duration of 19 min (variation 10 to 40 min, n=6) and 11 min (variation 5 to 15 min, n=6), respectively. Propofol administered at 2 mg/kg did not produce an adequate anaesthetic level. The data from this study demonstrate a high degree of predictability in achieving a fast induction and adequate anaesthetic depth together with a low incidence of untoward side-effects and a zero mortality with the combinations investigated. The data from the medetomidine-ketamine group show that, although adequate anaesthetic depth of medium duration is achieved, the arterial oxygen tension is reduced to hypoxemic levels. With the use of this combination, the supplemental administration of oxygen is advised. With the combination of medetomidine-propofol (3 mg/kg) a short duration anaesthesia of adequate depth was achieved, whereby physiological variables all remained within acceptable ranges. The use of medetomidine-propofol, in combination with the α2-antagonist atipamezole to shorten recovery time, will provide reliable and very versatile anaesthesia in rabbits.
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Kilic, Engin, Sadik Yayla, Alkan Kamiloglu, Vedat Baran, and Metin Ogun. "Effects of Intrathecal Administration of Ketamine HCl in Young Calves: A Clinical Trial." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 59, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0023.
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Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical, biochemical, and cardiovascular effects of intrathecal (IT) administration of ketamine HCl in calves. The study was performed on seven Simmental and three Montofon calves, 1.70 ± 1.16 weeks old, weighing approximately 37 kg, undergoing surgical procedures including femur fracture repair (one case), atresia anus (five cases), prolapsed rectum (one case), suturing on rear limbs (two cases), and urethrostomy (one case). After administering IT ketamine HCl at a dose of 3 mg/kg to all calves, the level and depth of the anaesthesia was checked with a pin-prick test. Each animal was monitored by recording heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rates, and rectal temperature. Furthermore, certain biochemical parameters, blood gases, oxygen-total haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels were measured. All data were statistically evaluated using Minitab 16 software. Anaesthesia occurred in all calves at an average of 5.00 ± 1.41 min (range: 3-7) and continued for an average of 61.4 ± 40 min (range: 55-70). Sufficient anaesthesia was achieved in all animals for the required operations, and no complications occurred with regard to clinical and haemodynamic measurements. We concluded that in calves, which are not deemed suitable for administration of local anaesthetic via IT due to certain side effects, sufficient anaesthesia can be provided with ketamine by the same method for operations performed in the perineal area and hind extremities, and that this could be a good alternative for anaesthesia under field conditions.
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Lescano, Jesús, Miryam Quevedo, Milagros Ramos, and Víctor Fernández. "Chemical restraint of captive Kinkajous Potos flavus (Schreber, 1774) (Carnivora: Procyonidae) using a ketamine, xylazine and midazolam combination and reversal with yohimbine." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 14 (December 26, 2016): 9610. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2670.8.14.9610-9618.
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Detailed information on the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of drug combinations used for the chemical immobilization of Kinkajous (Potos flavus) is scarce. This study assessed the effects of ketamine (2.5mg/kg), xylazine (1mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) combination in P. flavus. Five clinically healthy adult Kinkajous of both sexes were included. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure and body temperature were recorded at five-minute intervals for 25 minutes. Then, animals received 0.125mg/kg of yohimbine by intramuscular injection. Anaesthetic depth was assessed based on stimulus response and muscle tone. Induction, immobilization, and recovery periods were recorded and qualitatively assessed based on the absence of adverse effects. The durations of the induction, immobilization, and recovery periods were 9.42±1.73, 33.33±2.16, and 31.37±5.82 minutes. All periods showed good quality and adequate anaesthetic depth was achieved. Mean heart and respiratory rates were 99±20 beats/minute and 44±9 breaths/minute. Both parameters decreased over the duration of the anaesthesia but they did not reach levels suggesting either bradycardia or bradypnea. Mean body temperature was 37.1±1.5 0C and it also showed a decreasing trend over the duration of the anaesthesia. Mean oxygen saturation was 92±6% and it showed a mildly increasing trend over the duration of the anesthesia. Mean blood pressure was 129±23 mmHg and mild to moderate hypertension was observed. No mortality occurred and no adverse effects were observed in any of the individuals during the three months following immobilization. The assessed anaesthetic combination effectively immobilized the P. flavus individuals, provided good quality and acceptable duration of both induction and recovery periods. It should, however, not be used in Kinkajous with either known hypertension record or pre-existing target organ disease (e.g., renal failure, retinopathy).
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Yayla, Sadik, Cihan Kacar, Duygu Kaya, Oguz Merhan, Ozgur Aksoy, Engin Kilic, and Semra Kaya. "Clinical, Biochemical and Haemodynamic Effects of the Intrathecal Ketamine for Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10213-012-0054-9.
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Abstract The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of intrathecal (IT) ketamine HCl anesthesia on clinical values and some haemodynamic and biochemical parameters in bitches. An IT ketamine (10 mg/kg) was administered to 30 bitches with a spinal needle (18-22 G) in the lumbosacral space. The haemodynamic parameters were monitored and some biochemical values were assessed (blood gase, oxygen-haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels). The length and depth of anaesthesia was determined with a pinprick test, touching to the ligamenta lata uteri and incision. Anaesthesia took effect in less than 1 min in all dogs and has lasted an average of 95.9 min. In spite of the fact that the dogs recovered completely from the effects of dissociative anaesthesia, the anaesthesia in the some extremities was observed to be continued for an average of 17 min longer. The use of IT ketamine HCl raised blood pressure and did not have a depressive effect on respiratory and cardiac functions. It was concluded that ketamine HCl could be an appropriate alternative for ovariohysterectomy operations in bitches when the quality of the anaesthesia and the prevention of bradycardia and hypotension are considered.
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Savvas, Ioannis, Kiriaki Pavlidou, Christina Braun, Stijn Schauvliege, Francesco Staffieri, and Yves Moens. "Evaluation of the Effect of the Inspired Oxygen Fraction on Blood Oxygenation during Inhalant Anaesthesia in Horses: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082245.
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In anaesthetized horses, pronounced ventilation/perfusion mismatching often occurs. Several authors have investigated the effect of lower inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) to reduce formation of absorption atelectasis. This systematic review compared the effects of low (<0.6) and high (>0.8) FiO2 on the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen tension difference (P(A-a)O2), and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio in horses during inhalation anaesthesia. Using the Systematic Review Protocol for Animal Intervention Studies, four experimental and one clinical investigations were deemed suitable for inclusion. A meta-analysis was performed on the four experimental studies. The PaO2 was significantly lower (p = 0.0007, mean difference −23.54 kPa, 95% CI −37.18, −9.90) with a lower FiO2. However, the P(A-a)O2 was also significantly lower (p < 0.00001, mean difference −20.80 kPa, 95% CI −26.28, −15.32) when using a low FiO2. For the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, only one study fitted the inclusion criteria, so no meta-analysis was performed. It is concluded that, while only a limited number of studies are available, the use of a higher FiO2 in horses during inhalation anaesthesia will result in higher levels of PaO2, but also a larger P(A-a)O2 difference. Further studies are needed to increase the level of evidence on this subject.
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Raillard, Mathieu, Carlotta Detotto, Sandro Grepper, Olgica Beslac, Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Benoit Schaller, and Nikola Saulacic. "Anaesthetic and Perioperative Management of 14 Male New Zealand White Rabbits for Calvarial Bone Surgery." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110896.
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Calvarial bone surgery on rabbits is frequently performed. This report aims to document a simple and practical anaesthetic and perioperative management for this procedure. Fourteen male New Zealand white rabbits were included in the study. Subcutaneous (SC) dexmedetomidine, ketamine and buprenorphine ± isoflurane vaporized in oxygen administered through a supraglottic airway device (V-gel®) provided clinically suitable anaesthesia. Supplemental oxygen was administered throughout recovery. Monitoring was clinical and instrumental (pulse-oximetry, capnography, invasive blood pressure, temperature, arterial blood gas analysis). Lidocaine was infiltrated at the surgical site and meloxicam was injected subcutaneously as perioperative analgesia. After surgery, pain was assessed five times daily (composite behavioural pain scale and grimace scale). Postoperative analgesia included SC meloxicam once daily for four days and buprenorphine every 8 h for three days (unless both pain scores were at the lowest possible levels). Rescue analgesia (buprenorphine) was administered in case of the score > 3/8 in the composite pain scale, >4/10 on the grimace scale or if determined necessary by the caregivers. Airway management with a V-gel® was possible but resulted in respiratory obstruction during the surgery in two cases. Hypoventilation was observed in all rabbits. All rabbits experienced pain after the procedure. Monitoring, pain assessments and administration of postoperative analgesia were recommended for 48 h.
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Biswas, T. K., and P. D. Hatch. "A Comparison of Alfentanil, Halothane and Enflurane as Supplements for Outpatient Urological Surgery." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 17, no. 3 (August 1989): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x8901700306.
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Seventy-seven patients presenting for outpatient cystoscopy participated in a trial to assess postoperative recovery when either alfentanil, halothane, or enflurane were used in combination with nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was uneventful in all cases. Apnoea occurred once with alfentanil, but naloxone was not required. Vomiting occurred once with alfentanil and once with enflurane. Anti-emetics were not required. Blood pressure and pulse rate variations from preoperative levels occurred with similar frequency in all groups. Times to open eyes, show left thumb, and give correct date of birth were significantly less with alfentanil than with the other agents tested. Trieger testing failed to demonstrate an advantage of alfentanil, although two patients in each of the halothane and enflurane groups were insufficiently recovered to complete the tests. As tested, alfentanil represents a useful alternative to halothane or enflurane as postoperative recovery of mental function is significantly more rapid than with the inhalational agents.
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B, Nirmala Devi, Surisetty Sreenivasa Rao, and Raju Bhukya. "A Prospective Study to Compare the Effects of General Anaesthesia and Regional Anaesthesia among Patients Posted for Laparoscopic Appendicectomy, in SV Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 26 (June 28, 2021): 2333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/435.
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BACKGROUND We wanted to compare the effects of general anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia in cases posted for laparoscopic appendicectomy and also compare various parameters like hemodynamic changes, postoperative analgesia, and postoperative complications in both the techniques. METHODS After obtaining permission from scientific and ethical committee of SVMC, Tirupati, we conducted the study on 60 patients attending SV Medical College, Tirupati from September 2018 to August 2019, who were in ASA GRADE 1 & 2, and posted for laparoscopic appendicectomy. We divided them into two groups Group - S – those who received spinal anaesthesia & Group - G – those who received general anaesthesia. RESULTS 60 patients of ASA 1 and 2 were taken up for laparoscopic appendicectomy from September 2018 to August 2019. Out of 60 patients, 30 patients were grouped under Group - S, Other 30 patients grouped under Group - G. Intraoperative vitals, including blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate and end-tidal CO2 levels, were within baseline values, whereas postoperative analgesia was better in Group - S than Group - G. There were 3 patients in the spinal group who developed postoperative hypotension and were managed with injection mephentermine sulphate. Out of 30 in each group, 11 patients in spinal, and 22 patients in GA group developed postoperative nausea and vomiting, which subsided with antiemetics. There were 4 patients in spinal, and 3 patients in the GA group who complained of shoulder tip pain in the postoperative period. Patients had minimal pain and no requirement of analgesia in the initial 3 hours of the postoperative period in the spinal group. CONCLUSIONS Patients who underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy under spinal anaesthesia (Group - S) showed significant postoperative analgesia (P - value < 0.05) and better haemodynamic stability than the patients who underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy under general anaesthesia (Group - G), But alertness for any emergency by anaesthesiologist was more needed in spinal anaesthesia than general anaesthesia because airway was not protected, and patient was taking spontaneous respirations. KEYWORDS RA - Regional Anaesthesia, SA - Spinal Anaesthesia, GA - General Anaesthesia, PONV (Postoperative Nausea & Vomiting)
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Suvidha Sood, M.D., Yogesh Roy, MBBS, and Anupriya Saxena, MBBS. "Intravenous Palonosetron for Attenuation of Hypotensive Response and Bradycardia during Spinal Anaesthesia." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 6, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol06-i02/1058.
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Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of intravenous (IV) palonosetron during spinal anesthesia. Method: A total of 100 patients undergoing elective lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries were randomly divided into two groups. Group P was given 0.25mg palonosetron diluted in 10 ml normal saline slowly before spinal anesthesia. Group S was given 10 ml of normal saline slowly before spinal anesthesia. Heart rate (HR) , systolic blood pressure (SBP) , diastolic blood pressure (DBP) , mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored at an interval of 2 minutes for the initial 20 minutes, then at an interval of every 5 minutes till the end of the surgery. Time to reach the maximum sensory level and its regression two levels below and then till S1 was noted. The incidence of nausea, vomiting, shivering, use of intravenous mephenteramine, level of motor block and its regression were also recorded. Results: Decreases in HR were more observed in Group S and the differences were statistically significant at 25 min [p=0.048] and 30 min [p=0.047]. The decrease in MAP were observed more in Group S and statistically significant difference noted at 20 min [ p = 0.026], 25 min [ p = 0.046] and at 30 min [ p = 0.047]. The use of intravenous mephentermine [p = 0.009] and development of nausea [p = 0.049] were significantly more common in Group S, Sensory block regression was faster in group P. [p=0.054]. Conclusion: Premedication with 0.25mg IV palonosetron before spinal anesthesia reduces hypotension, bradycardia.
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Karahalil, Bensu, Tulin Gumus, Esra Emerce, Seval Izdes, Orhan Kanbak, and Elvin Kesimci. "Comet Assay in Evaluating DNA Damage Associated With Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury in Patients Undergoing Coronary Surgery." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1934.
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Comet Assay in Evaluating DNA Damage Associated With Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury in Patients Undergoing Coronary SurgeryIschaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is responsible for a number of conditions such as coronary bypass and myocardial infarction, and deaths. Oxygen-free radicals formed during I/R have been proposed as the leading causes of tissue injury, and they play an important role in I/R injury. I/R induces oxidative DNA damage (such as purinic and pyrimidinic base lesions). Comet assay is a suitable and sensitive method for early detection of low-level DNA damage. We used modified alkaline comet assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes and evaluated I/R-induced DNA damage in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operation (in vivo model for I/R). No statistically significant difference in DNA damage levels was found before surgery, after anaesthesia, ischemia, reperfusion, and surgery. However, blood lactate levels (assessed in parallel with the comet assay) increased after I/R and did not return to the baseline level. Our findings showed that I/R injury did not induce DNA damage, but increased the lactate levels. This finding suggests that there might be reversible and uncommon necrosis that did not reflect on overall DNA base damage. Further studies are needed using this approach.
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Comolli, Jessica, Rodney Schnellbacher, Hugues Beaufrere, Uriel Blas-Machado, Jane Quandt, Jörg Mayer, and Stephen J. Divers. "Comparison of endoscopic endotracheal intubation and the v-gel supraglottic airway device for spontaneously ventilating New Zealand white rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy." Veterinary Record 187, no. 10 (July 20, 2020): e84-e84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105746.
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BackgroundDue to the technical difficulties with endotracheal intubation of rabbits, a prospective, randomised, controlled study was performed to compare a rabbit-specific supraglottic airway device (SGAD), the v-gel, with endoscopic endotracheal intubation (EEI) in spontaneously breathing rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy.MethodsFourteen adult female New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to one of two groups based on the method of airway establishment: EEI or v-gel SGAD. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and xylazine and maintained using isoflurane in 100 per cent oxygen. Comparisons were made between groups based on placement time of endotracheal tube/SGAD, number of attempts and adjustments, the necessity to increase isoflurane concentrations to maintain a surgical plane of anaesthesia, arterial blood gas values, gross laryngeal evaluation, and laryngotracheal histopathology.ResultsBoth techniques resulted in elevated arterial pCO2 levels, but the v-gel was associated with more elevated pCO2 in comparison with EEI (P=0.045). Airway trauma was histologically present but clinically negligible in both groups, with no statistically significant differences observed between techniques (P>0.05). Placement time of the v-gel was significantly faster (P=0.003) and required less technical skill than EEI, but was more easily displaced when changing the animal’s position (P=0.004).ConclusionThe v-gel is a practical alternative to EEI for securing the airway of healthy spontaneously ventilating rabbits, provided a capnograph is utilised to ensure continuous placement. Both airway techniques appear safe and effective with few complications, as long as intermittent positive pressure ventilation can be employed to correct hypercapnia.
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Guzel, O., D. A. Kaya, K. Altunatmaz, G. Sevim, D. Sezer, and D. O. Erdikmen. "Evaluation of the cardiorespiratory effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine in dogs." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 12 (December 3, 2018): 546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/92/2018-vetmed.
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In this study, we compared the effects of xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine on heart rate, respiratory rate, blood gas values, temperature and sedation scores. A total of 30 dogs were evaluated. The dogs were randomly allocated into three anaesthesia groups, each of which included ten dogs. The first group, denoted the xylazine/ketamine group, intravenously received xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) for premedication and ketamine (5 mg/kg) for induction. The second group, the medetomidine/ketamine group, intravenously received medetomidine (10 µg/kg) followed by ketamine (5 mg/kg). The third group received the dexmedetomidine/ketamine combination. This group intravenously received dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg) for premedication and ketamine (5 mg/kg). Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood gas parameters and temperature were recorded for all patients immediately before sedation onset (T<sub>0</sub>), five minutes after sedation onset (T<sub>1</sub>) and five minutes after endotracheal intubation following ketamine injection (T<sub>2</sub>). The end tidal carbon dioxide level was recorded at T<sub>2</sub>. A significant decrease in heart rate occurred following premedication in all groups. However, the decrease was most marked in the medetomidine/ketamine group. An increase was observed in venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide values at T<sub>2</sub> in the xylazine/ketamine group compared to the medetomidine/ketamine and dexmedetomidine/ketamine groups. The end tidal carbon dioxide levels were higher in the medetomidine/ketamine group than in the other two groups, and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin levels in the same group were found to be lower than in the others. It was determined that none of α<sub>2</sub>-agonists, namely xylazine, medetomidine or dexmedetomidine, had superior properties over the others. If medetomidine is used, special care should be taken because of the rapid decrease in heart rate.
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Zhang, Weizhi, Siyuan Xie, Ding Han, Jiapeng Huang, Chuan Ou-Yang, and Jiakai Lu. "Effects of relative low minute ventilation on cerebral haemodynamics in infants undergoing ventricular septal defect repair." Cardiology in the Young 30, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951119003135.
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AbstractBackground:Ventilation-associated changes in blood carbon dioxide levels are associated with various physiological changes in infants undergoing surgery. Studies on the effects of mechanical ventilation on cerebral haemodynamics especially for infants with CHD are scarce.Aim:This study was done to compare the changes in regional cerebral oxygen saturation and cerebral blood flow velocity when the end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure changed during different minute ventilation settings in infants undergoing ventricular septal defect repair.Methods:A total of 67 patients less than 1 year old with ventricular septal defect were enrolled, and 65 patients (age: 6.7 ± 3.4 months, weight: 6.4 ± 1.5 kg) were studied. After anaesthesia induction and endotracheal intubation, the same mechanical ventilation mode (The fraction of inspired oxygen was 50%, and the inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio was 1:1.5.) was adopted. The end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure of 30 mmHg (T1), 35 mmHg (T2), 40 mmHg (T3), or 45 mmHg (T4) were obtained, respectively, by adjusting tidal volume and respiratory rate. Minute ventilation per kilogram was calculated by the formula: minute ventilation per kilogram = tidal volume * respiratory rate/kg. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation was monitored by real-time near-infrared spectroscopy. Cerebral blood flow velocity (systolic flow velocity, end-diastolic flow velocity, and mean flow velocity), pulsatility index, and resistance index were measured intermittently by transcranial Doppler. Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, stroke volume index, and cardiac index were recorded using the pressure recording analytical method.Results:As the end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure increased from 30 to 45 mmHg, regional cerebral oxygen saturation increased significantly from 69 ± 5% to 79 ± 4% (p < 0.001). Cerebral blood flow velocity (systolic flow velocity, end-diastolic flow velocity, and mean flow velocity) increased linearly, while pulsatility index and resistance index decreased linearly from T1 (systolic flow velocity, 84 ± 19 cm/second; end-diastolic flow velocity, 14 ± 4 cm/second; mean flow velocity, 36 ± 10 cm/second; pulsatility index, 2.13 ± 0.59; resistance index, 0.84 ± 0.12) to T4 (systolic flow velocity, 113 ± 22 cm/second; end-diastolic flow velocity, 31 ± 6 cm/second; mean flow velocity, 58 ± 11 cm/second; pulsatility index, 1.44 ± 0.34; resistance index, 0.72 ± 0.07) (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in changes of systolic flow velocity, end-diastolic flow velocity, mean flow velocity, pulsatility index, and resistance index as the end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure increased from 30 to 45 mmHg between subgroups of infants ≤6 and infants >6 months, while the changes of regional cerebral oxygen saturation between subgroups were not statistically different. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation and cerebral blood flow velocity (systolic flow velocity, end-diastolic flow velocity, and mean flow velocity) were negatively correlated with minute ventilation per kilogram (r = −0.538, r = −0.379, r = −0.504, r = −0.505, p < 0.001). Pulsatility index and resistance index were positively related to minute ventilation per kilogram (r = 0.464, r = 0.439, p < 0.001). The diastolic pressure was significantly reduced from T1 (41 ± 7 mmHg) to T4 (37 ± 6 mmHg) (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in systolic pressure, stroke volume index, and cardiac index with the change of end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure from T1 to T4 (p = 0.063, p = 0.382, p = 0.165, p > 0.05).Conclusion:A relative low minute ventilation strategy increases regional cerebral oxygen saturation and cerebral blood flow, which may improve cerebral oxygenation and brain perfusion in infants undergoing ventricular septal defect repair.
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Erol, Hanifi, and Mustafa Arıcan. "A Comparasion of Laboratory and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Desflurane, Detomidine and Medetomidine Anaesthetic Combinations in Horses." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (December 10, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80799.
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Background: Equine anesthesia morbidity and mortality rates are greater than in other domestic animals because of hypotension and hypoventilation. The important features desired in general anesthesia for horses are a rapid effect, rapid emergence and balanced anesthesia. The long duration of action of currently used anesthetic agents cause various complications in horses. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical effects of combination of the anesthetics desflurane, detomidine and medetomidine in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: Eight healthy mixed-breed horses (four males and four females) with weighing 275 ± 56 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and aged 6.8 ± 5 years [(mean ± SD)] were used for this study. The horses were placed into one of four groups: group I (detomidine-desflurane), group II (detomidine-desflurane-atipamezole), group III (medetomidinedesflurane), or group IV (medetomidine-desflurane-atipamezole). Horses were rested for 15 days before each group starts to study. Intravenous detomidine (25 µg/kg) was used for premedication in groups I and II, and intravenous medetomidine (7 µg/ kg) was used for premedication in groups III and IV. Ketamine hydrocholoride (2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) were intravenously administered in the same syringe to induce anesthesia. After induction of anesthesia, horses were placed in the left lateral recumbent position, and the trachea was intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube with an internal diameter of 28 mm. The endotracheal tube was attached to a large animal circle breathing system anesthesia machine, and anesthesia was maintained with desflurane for 90 min. The initial dosage of desflurane was 14% + 4 L O2/min, and was reduced by 2% every 10 min over the first 30 min of anesthesia. After 30 min, the desflurane dose was changed to 8% + 4 L, which was maintained until the end of anesthesia (90 min). After 90 min, the administration of desflurane was discontinued, and all animals were supported by O2, with groups II and IV receiving 0.06 mg/kg atipamezole in addition to oxygen. Anaesthetic action times, hematological parameters, blood gas levels, electrolyte levels, biochemical values, electrocardiography values and end-tidal carbon dioxide volume were measured before, during, at the end of, and 24 h after anesthesia.Discussion: In this study, medetomidine (7 µg/kg) and detomidine (25 µg/kg) were intravenously administered, which was adequate and suitable for sedating horses. At the end of anesthesia, 0.06 mg/kg atipamezole was intravenously administered in groups II and IV. However, atipamezole did not affect the clinical parameters. Stress, excitement, fear, catecholamine exchange in blood circulation, hyperglycemia, and hypoxia can all cause changes in venous blood parameters. These are potential reasons for the changes in venous blood parameters (i.e., WBC and Hb) observed at the beginning of and during anesthesia in the present study. During and after the anesthetic period, serum biochemical values can be different from baseline values. They are dependent on the effects of anesthetic agents. During anesthesia, the decrease and increase of biochemical values stabilize the changes in the enzyme system that develops because of the effects of anesthetic agents. In the present study, it was considered that the changes in the biochemical values aimed to stabilize the changes induced by anesthesia. Regarding the electrolyte parameters evaluated in the study, there was a statistical difference detected in Na values between 90 min after induction of anesthesia and 24 h after induction of anesthesia in group IV. However, in previous studies, the changes in Na values did not influence the cardiac pressure during general anesthesia. In our study, significant changes were not seen in any electrolyte parameters except Na, and atrioventricular block was not detected in ECG traces. Generally, decreased ETCO2 levels are evidence of lung perfusion deficiency. It depends on the effects of anesthetic agents on the cardiopulmonary, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. In particular, the higher pressure and dose of desflurane supress respiratory system. Oxygen supplementation in general anesthesia increases respiratory rate, but a-2 agonists and ketamine-midazolam effects can eliminate the increasing respiratory rate in general anesthesia.
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Driessen, JJ, H. Dhaese, G. Fransen, P. Verrolst, L. Rondelez, L. Gevaert, M. van Becelaere, and E. Scheistraete. "Pulsatile compared with nonpulsatile perfusion using a centrifugal pump for cardiopulmonary bypass during coronary artery bypass grafting. Effects on systemic haemodynamics, oxygenation, and inflammatory response parameters." Perfusion 10, no. 1 (January 1995): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765919501000102.
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The present study investigated the influence of pulsatile or nonpulsatile flow delivery with a centrifugal pump for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in two randomized groups of 19 patients each. All patients received a standard anaesthetic and surgical protocol. Pulsatile perfusion during CPB was created by accelerating the baseline pump speed of the Sarns centrifugal pump at a rate of 50 cycles per minute. Measurements included perioperative systemic haemodynamics and oxygen exchange, total haemolytic complement (CH 50), polymorphonuclear (neutrophil) granulocyte (PMN) count and plasma granulocyte elastase bound to α1-proteinase inhibitor (E-α 1-PI). Laboratory measurements were corrected for haemodilution. During and after CPB there were only a few significant differences between the groups in systemic haemodynamics and oxygenation, i.e. a lower mean arterial blood pressure after the end of CPB in the nonpulsatile group (65 mmHg, SD = 11 vs 76 mmHg, SD = 11) and a lower SvO2 during rewarming on CPB in the nonpulsatile group (62%, SD = 8 vs 67%, SD = 8). The decrease in percentage of PMNs in the total white blood cell count during CPB was greater in the nonpulsatile group than in the pulsatile group (from 61 to 46% vs 63 to 53% of prebypass value). The steep increase of PMN count at the end of CPB and postoperatively was comparable in both groups. The maximal decrease of CH50 levels, occurring after surgery, was significantly higher in the nonpulsatile group (70%, SD = 15 vs 79%, SD = 16, of baseline value), suggesting a greater complement activation. E-α1-PI levels increased significantly in both groups during and after CPB with higher peak levels, obtained at one hour after admission to an intensive care unit, in the nonpulsatile group (316 μg/l, SD = 102) than in the pulsatile group (247 μg/l, SD = 106). There was a partly inverse correlation between the peak postoperative elastase levels and the PaO2/FiO2 ratios at the first postoperative morning. This ratio was significantly lower in the nonpulsatile group (211, SD = 56) than in the pulsatile group (247, SD = 62). Postoperative respiratory tract infection was more frequent in the nonpulsatile group (n = 9) than in the pulsatile group (n = 2). Adding a pulsatile component to centrifugal blood pumping during CPB may have benefits with regard to the possibly detrimental whole body inflammatory response to CPB. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether these differences will affect clinical outcome.
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Pannekoek, Adrian, Mark Johnson, Donal Buggy, and Warren Pavey. "Preserving the endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective randomised interventional pilot study of lidocaine and doxycycline (LiDEG trial)." F1000Research 9 (August 4, 2020): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24485.1.
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Background: During major surgery, particularly heart surgery, an element of the lining of blood vessels, known as the endothelial glycocalyx (EG), can be damaged. This can lead to swelling, low oxygen levels, kidney failure and other problems, which delay recovery. There are laboratory studies that show lidocaine (a local anaesthetic) and doxycycline (an antibiotic) may help protect this lining. The study agents are widely available, cheap and safe drugs. Trial design and objective: This is a phase IV, single centre, prospective, unblinded, randomised, parallel-group trial. The objectives of the trial are to investigate the role of doxycycline and lidocaine as potential agents to reduce EG shedding and correlate with early postoperative outcomes. Methods: 60 adult patients undergoing heart surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: doxycycline group (oral doxycycline, 200mg preoperatively); lidocaine group (perioperative intravenous lidocaine, 1.5mg/kg bolus at induction followed by 2mg/kg/hr infusion for the duration of surgery); and control group (standard care). The randomisation will be undertaken using a sealed opaque envelope method. The primary outcome will be the relative difference in the biochemical marker of EG injury, syndecan-1, at different timepoints in the intraoperative and early post-operative period. Secondary endpoints include vasopressor requirements, markers of organ dysfunction (lung, kidney, brain, arrhythmia), coagulation and inflammation. Discussion: EG injury is ubiquitous in patients undergoing CPB. Maintaining homeostasis of this delicate layer would appear to be a valuable therapeutic target. To date no agents have been shown to be effective in protecting the EG. Our study agents have shown some promise in the preclinical setting and would represent a novel therapeutic approach should they show a protective effect. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12619000621112 (26th April 2019).
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Johansen, Oddmund, Stein Vaaler, Rolf Jorde, and Olav Reikerås. "Increased plasma glucose levels after Hypnorm® anaesthesia, but not after Pentobarbital® anaesthesia in rats." Laboratory Animals 28, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367794780681723.
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The effects of the fentanyl fluanisone combination (Hypnorm®) and pentobarbitone sodium (Pentobarbital®) anaesthesia on blood glucose, insulin and glucagon were tested in rats in the fed and fasted state. Blood glucose was measured before and at 10, 20 and 30 min after injection of the anaesthetic agents. At 30 min the rats were sacrificed, and blood was drawn for measurement of glucagon and insulin. Pre-anaesthetic values for insulin and glucagon were established in separate groups of fasted and fed rats. In fasting rats given Hypnorm®, blood glucose and plasma insulin were unchanged while there was a non-significant increase in plasma glucagon. The fasted rats given Pentobarbital® had unchanged blood glucose and plasma insulin and a non-significant depression of glucagon. The fed rats given Hypnorm® had a significant increase in blood glucose at 10 min and nearly a doubling of glucose values at 20 and 30 min ( P<0.001). Glucagon increased far less than in the fasted group, whereas insulin was doubled from preanaesthetic values ( P<0.05). The fed rats given Pentobarbital®, had unchanged blood glucose, a slight nonsignificant depression of glucagon and a significant increase in insulin ( P<0.01). Thus Hypnorm® induced hyperglycaemia in fed but not in fasted rats, probably because more glucose was available in the fed state. Fed animals are a modification of the standard fasted animal model, and may be preferable when exploring hyperglycaemic or other reactions to anaesthetic agents.
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Feinstein, R. E., E. Bucht, L. Grimelius, K. Iwarsson, C. Rönnbäck, Ö. Selking, U. Sjöstedt, and H. E. Sjöberg. "Blood sampling procedures influence serum calcitonin concentrations in rats." Journal of Endocrinology 141, no. 2 (May 1994): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1410267.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether serum calcitonin (S–CT) in rats is influenced by the method of taking blood samples. Sampling during halothane anaesthesia, after repeated administration of anaesthesia after a 14-day interval, and sampling without the use of anaesthetics (i.e. after the rats were made unconscious by stunning), resulted in different S–CT values (P≤0·001), whereas Ca2+ levels were not affected. In thyroidectomized rats, the S–CT values after stunning were not significantly different whereas those in sham-operated rats were different (P≤0·01). The possibility that anaesthesia may suppress stunning-induced changes in S–CT was explored in three other groups of rats subjected to halothane anaesthesia, stunning and stunning under halothane anaesthesia respectively. Although the S–CT level was highest after stunning and lowest in halothane-anaesthetized rats (P≤0·001), anaesthesia did not suppress the effect of stunning on S–CT. In conclusion the effect of sampling procedures must be considered in studies on the levels of S–CT in rats. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 267–270
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GRANDY, JACQUELINE L., E. P. STEFFEY, and M. MILLER. "Arterial blood Po2 and Pco2 in horses during early halothane - oxygen anaesthesia." Equine Veterinary Journal 19, no. 4 (July 1987): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01419.x.
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Selldén, EVA, Tomas Brundin, and John Wahren. "Augmented Thermic Effect of Amino Acids under General Anaesthesia: A Mechanism Useful for Prevention of Anaesthesia-Induced Hypothermia." Clinical Science 86, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0860611.
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1. Intravenous infusion of amino acids stimulates energy expenditure and heat accumulation in normal man. To find out whether such stimulation also occurs during general anaesthesia, thermogenesis was measured in 21 patients before, during and after anaesthesia and surgery. 2. Ten patients received a mixture of 19 amino acids (240 kJ/h) infused intravenously throughout the anaesthesia. The other 11 patients, serving as controls, received saline. Using catheters previously inserted into the pulmonary and a systemic artery, cardiac output, arteriovenous oxygen difference, pulmonary oxygen uptake and mixed blood temperature were measured. 3. During anaesthesia and surgery, the blood temperature fell by 0.67 ± 0.09 °C/h in the control patients and by 0.38 ± 0.06 C/h in the amino acid-treated patients. Anaesthesia during 34 ± 4 min before surgery reduced the pulmonary oxygen uptake by 145 ± 9 ml/min in the control patients and by 81 ± 10 ml/min in the amino acid-treated patients, corresponding to reductions in total energy expenditure of 47 W in the control group and 26 W in the amino acid-treated group. The difference, 21 W, illustrates the thermogenic action of the amino acids. This value may be compared with that of 4 W, observed in unanaesthetized individuals subjected to 30 min of identical amino acid infusions. 4. At awakening after the anaesthesia, the oxygen consumption rose to 71 ± 21% above the pre-anaesthesia level in the amino acid-treated patients, who, without shivering, rapidly returned to normothermia, whereas in the control patients the oxygen uptake remained slightly below the pre-anaesthesia level, despite sustained hypothermia and vigorous shivering. 5. It is concluded that general anaesthesia augments five-fold the thermic effect of amino acids and that peroperative infusion of amino acids effectively prevents anaesthesia-induced hypothermia.
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Garg, H. K., P. Agrawal, and S. Haleem. "Changes in Serum Zinc Levels in Relation to Blood Pressure During Anaesthesia." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 40, no. 138 (April 1, 2003): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.838.
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Fifty age and sex matched patients admitted for surgical operation, were divided intonormotensive (control) and hypertensive (study) groups. Systolic and diastolic bloodpressures were recorded preoperatively, 10 min after intubation, at max-increase ofBP and 24 hours postoperatively. 5 ml. venous blood samples were drawn at thesetime periods, and serum zinc was also estimated. Control Gp (normotensive) subjectrecorded fall (p < 0.001) in serum Zn 10 min after intubation (n = 18) and max. Riseof BP (n = 7), Twelve subjects in study Gp recorded a rise in serum Zn at max. Increaseof BP (p < 0.01). The pattern in normotensives points towards mobilization of zinc,while in hypertensives, homeostatic, defence mechanisms appear to resist mobilizationof serum Zn till maximum rise in BP occurs, indicating hormonal and other influenceson serum Zn levels during anaesthesia.Key Words: Serum Zinc, Systolic BP, Diastolic BP, Anaesthesia
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Musk, Gabrielle C., and Matthew W. Kemp. "Pregnant sheep develop hypoxaemia during short-term anaesthesia for caesarean delivery." Laboratory Animals 52, no. 5 (March 20, 2018): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677218764024.
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Short-term anaesthesia of the pregnant ewe may be required for caesarean delivery of a preterm foetus within a research protocol. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the acid-base and haematological status of the ewe and foetus at the time of surgical delivery by collecting maternal and foetal arterial blood samples. Fifteen date-mated singleton-pregnant merino cross ewes at 122.0 (±0.5) days of gestation were anaesthetised with a combination of midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) by intravenous injection. A subarachnoid injection of lidocaine (60 mg) was given to desensitise the caudal abdomen. Supplemental oxygen was not provided, and an endotracheal tube was not placed in the ewe’s trachea. The development of maternal respiratory acidosis (hypercapnia) and hypoxaemia was anticipated. Samples of arterial blood for blood gas analyses were collected simultaneously from the radial artery of the ewe and the umbilical artery of the foetus immediately after delivery. The results from the maternal blood samples were within the normal range for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2), base excess, glucose, lactate, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration. The maternal partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) revealed hypoxaemia: 45.2 (41.1–53.4) mmHg. Foetal arterial blood gas analysis revealed hypoxaemia (15.0 ± 3.1 mmHg) and hypoglycaemia (0.1 (0.1–1.1) mmol/L). The benefit of providing supplemental oxygen and/or placing an endotracheal tube must be carefully weighed against the benefit of saving time when prompt delivery of the foetus is planned. In this study the pregnant ewe developed severe hypoxaemia, and this abnormality may have contributed to a low foetal PaO2.
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Van Den Berg, A. A., D. Savva, N. M. Honjol, and N. V. Rama Prabhu. "Comparison of Total Intravenous, Balanced Inhalational and Combined Intravenous-Inhalational Anaesthesia for Tympanoplasty, Septorhinoplasty and Adenotonsillectomy." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 23, no. 5 (October 1995): 574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9502300508.
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Two hundred and thirty-five consecutive Saudi patients aged between two and fifty-three years undergoing elective tympanoplasty (n = 32), septorhinoplasty (n = 68) or adenotonsillectomy (n=135) were studied. They were randomized to receive either a total intravenous anaesthetic (10 ears, 23 noses, 44 throats) consisting of propofol for induction of anaesthesia followed by a propofol infusion, a combined intravenous-inhalational anaesthetic (11 ears, 22 noses, 46 throats) consisting of the above with isoflurane in oxygen-enriched air, or a balanced inhalational anaesthetic (11 ears, 23 noses, 45 throats) consisting of thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia and oxygen in nitrous oxide with isoflurane for maintenance. During tympanoplasty, all three anaesthetic techniques produced stable heart rates and arterial pressures. During septorhinoplasty, blood pressure rose in patients who received total intravenous anaesthesia, while combined and balanced techniques produced haemodynamic stability. During adenotonsillectomy, total intravenous anaesthesia produced a rise in both heart rate and blood pressure, the combined technique produced a rise in heart rate alone while balanced anaesthesia produced haemodynamic stability. Postoperatively, vomiting, pain scores and analgesic requirements were similar following all three types of anaesthetic within each surgical site subgroup. Our findings support the choice of balanced inhalational anaesthesia for all three types of ENT surgery and, where cost and facilities permit, total intravenous anaesthesia for tympanoplasty and combined intravenous-inhalational anaesthesia for septorhinoplasty.
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Ludbrook, G. L., R. N. Upton, C. Grant, and E. C. Gray. "Cerebral Effects of Propofol following Bolus Administration in Sheep." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 24, no. 1 (February 1996): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9602400105.
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The effects of bolus administration of propofol (50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg) on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen were examined in a chronically catheterized sheep preparation. Depth of anaesthesia was simultaneously measured using a withdrawal response to a noxious electrical stimulus and it was demonstrated that the 100 mg dose induced moderate sedation while the 200 mg dose induced relatively deep anaesthesia. Propofol caused transient dose-dependent decreases in cerebral blood flow, despite minimal changes in blood pressure. These were accompanied by parallel decreases in cerebral metabolic rate but no change in cerebral oxygen extraction. As cerebrovascular responses in the sheep appear similar to those in man, the parallel changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate demonstrated in this study supports the suitability of propofol as a neuroanaesthetic agent.
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Peeters, M. E., D. Gil, E. Teske, V. Eyzenbach, W. E. v. d. Brom, J. T. Lumeij, and H. W. de Vries. "Four methods for general anaesthesia in the rabbit: a comparative study." Laboratory Animals 22, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367788780746197.
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The efficacy and safety of pentobarbitone, ketamine/xylazine, fentanyl/fluanisone/diazepam, and halothane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia were compared in 4 groups of six New Zealand White rabbits. Heart and respiratory rates, body temperature, reflexes, blood pressure and blood gases were measured. Pentobarbitone appeared to be unsuitable for anaesthesia in rabbits, as 5 of the 6 rabbits to whom it was administered, required artificial respiration or died. The combinations of ketamine/xylazine and fentanyl-f1uanisone/diazepam both produced unpredictable levels of anaesthesia together with a substantial decline in arterial blood pressure and Po2. Despite a severe drop in blood pressure (up to 37·5%), anaesthesia with halothane and nitrous oxide was found to be superior to the other anaesthetic agents.
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Payne, S. J., J. Mohammad, M. M. Tisdall, and I. Tachtsidis. "Effects of arterial blood gas levels on cerebral blood flow and oxygen transport." Biomedical Optics Express 2, no. 4 (March 25, 2011): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.2.000966.
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Adekola, Oyebola O., Ibironke Desalu, John O. Olatosi, Olushola T. Kushimo, and Godwin O. Ajayi. "Cortisol and Insulin Levels during Major Gynaecological Operations: The influence of Two Anaesthetic Techniques." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2014.108.
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BACKGROUND: Metabolic and hormonal changes are noticed within the first few hours after surgical injury. These changes are influenced by the intensity, duration, type of injury, and the anaesthetic techniques.AIM: To investigate the effects of anaesthesia on cortisol, insulin and glucose concentrations during major gynaecological surgeries.METHODS: Forty patients were randomly allotted to receive either balanced general anaesthesia (n=20) or combined spinal epidural anaesthesia extending from T5 to S5 (n=20). Blood samples were collected for cortisol and glucose at preinduction, 1, 3 and 4 hours, and for insulin at preinduction and 24 hours after incision.RESULTS: The mean cortisol concentration was significantly lower 4 hours after incision with combined spinal epidural anaesthesia (19.96 ± 11.32) μg/dl than with balanced general anaesthesia (38.94 ± 10.6) μg/dl, p = 0.018. The mean insulin concentration, 24 hours after incision decreased with combined spinal epidural anaesthesia, but increased with balanced general anaesthesia p = 0.403. The mean glucose concentrations were significantly lower with combined spinal epidural anaesthesia than with balanced general anaesthesia during the 4 hour study period p ≤ 0.05.CONCLUSION: combined spinal epidural anaesthesia extending from T5 to S5 resulted in lower cortisol, insulin and glucose concentrations during major gynaecological surgeries. This may be of benefit in patients scheduled for surgical operations below the umbilicus.
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Petyaev, I. M., A. Vuylsteke, D. W. Bethune, and J. V. Hunt. "Plasma Oxygen during Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Comparison of Blood Oxygen Levels with Oxygen Present in Plasma Lipid." Clinical Science 94, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0940035.
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1. Although not often appreciated, it is a fact that molecular oxygen is more soluble in lipids than in aqueous solution. We have recently developed a method to monitor oxygen within the lipid content of plasma. Monitoring plasma oxygen is one essential element during open heart surgery using a cardiopulmonary bypass pump and oxygenator. Currently oxygen is monitored electrochemically and is based upon monitoring the partial pressure of oxygen in a gas equilibrated with whole blood. 2. To determine the relative importance of lipid-associated oxygen in blood and assess the potential use of such a measurement we present comparisons of changes in oxygen associated with whole blood and lipid content of plasma before, during and after cardiac surgery. 3. In a limited number of patients studied (n = 28), aged between 34 and 86 years, oxygen in lipid increased with decreased extracorporeal blood temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass, increased in proportion to oxygen supplied and appeared to be a better monitor of oxygen than conventional electrochemical systems currently in use. Oxygen associated with whole blood and plasma lipid was markedly below normal on aortic declamping after cardiopulmonary bypass, suggesting an hypoxic episode at this point. Levels of oxygen in the lipid phase of plasma returned to normal presurgical values 6–8 h after surgery. 4. Calculation of the concentration of lipid-associated oxygen present in plasma suggests that plasma lipids contain up to 25% of that typically ascribed to haemoglobin. Thus, we suggest that monitoring lipid-associated oxygen may prove a better alternative to current methods of measuring oxygen status. Furthermore, we suggest that plasma lipid is a hitherto unsuspected pool of circulating oxygen which may play a significant role in tissue oxygen supply.
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Clark, Leland C., Robert B. Spokane, Richard E. Hoffmann, Ranjan Sudan, Michelle M. Homan, Ann C. Maloney, Stephen J. Jacobs, Timothy L. Stroup, and Pat E. Winston. "Polarographic Cerebral Oxygen Availability, Fluorocarbon Blood Levels and Efficacy of Oxygen Transport by Emulsions." Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Artificial Organs 16, no. 1-3 (January 1988): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731198809132588.
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KNUDSEN, L., G. E. COLD, H. O. HOLDGÅRD, U. T. JOHANSEN, and S. JENSEN. "EFFECTS OF FLUMAZENIL ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AFTER MIDAZOLAM ANAESTHESIA FOR CRANIOTOMY." British Journal of Anaesthesia 67, no. 3 (September 1991): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/67.3.277.
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van Herck, H., V. Baumans, C. J. W. M. Brandt, H. A. G. Boere, A. P. M. Hesp, H. A. van Lith, M. Schurink, and A. C. Beynen. "Blood sampling from the retro-orbital plexus, the saphenous vein and the tail vein in rats: comparative effects on selected behavioural and blood variables." Laboratory Animals 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0023677011911499.
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We compared the behaviours of rats, and measured various blood parameters, after three blood sampling techniques: orbital puncture while they were under diethyl-ether anaesthesia, blood collection by tail vein puncture under O2-N 2O-halothane anaesthesia and puncture of the saphenous vein without anaesthesia. Twelve rats were subjected to the three treatments according to a Latin square design. After each treatment, the behaviour of the rats was automatically monitored using the so-called LABORASTM method, which discriminates between grooming, locomotion and inactivity in rats. Based on excitation scores and urine production, it was found that induction of diethyl-ether anaesthesia combined with orbital puncture caused more distress than did the other two blood sampling techniques. The three techniques had no differential effects on the behaviours of grooming, locomotion and inactivity. Collecting 0.5 ml of blood by orbital puncture was ± 7 times faster than doing so by saphenous vein puncture and ± 15 times faster than collecting blood by tail vein puncture while the rats were under O2-N 2O-halothane anaesthesia. The levels of some haematological and plasma variables differed significantly between the three blood collection techniques. These observations may help to select the most appropriate technique of blood sampling with respect to anticipated discomfort in the animals.
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Michelsen, Trond Melbye, Christian Tronstad, and Leiv Arne Rosseland. "Blood pressure and cardiac output during caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e046102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046102.
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ObjectivesWe have previously established a method to measure transfer of nutrients between mother, placenta and fetus in vivo. The method includes measurements of maternal and fetal blood flow by Doppler ultrasound prior to spinal anaesthesia. Spinal anaesthesia affects maternal blood pressure and cardiac output. We aimed to determine the effect of spinal anaesthesia in mothers undergoing an elective caesarean section on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output, and whether cardiac output levels were comparable before induction of spinal anaesthesia and before delivery.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingTertiary hospital in Norway.Participants76 healthy women with uneventful pregnancies undergoing an elective caesarean section.InterventionsWe induced spinal anaesthesia with a standard prevention of hypotension including intravenous fluid coloading and phenylephrine infusion.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome measure was maternal cardiac output, and secondary outcome measures were invasive systolic blood pressure and heart rate. We measured heart rate and blood pressure by continuous invasive monitoring with a cannula in the radial artery. Cardiac output was estimated based on continuous arterial waveform. We compared maternal parameters 30 s before induction of spinal anaesthesia to 30 s before delivery.ResultsMedian age at delivery was 34.5 (range 21–43) years and 17 of 76 women were nulliparous. The most prevalent indications were previous caesarean section and maternal request. Among 76 included women, 71 had sufficient data for analysis of endpoints. Median cardiac output was 6.51 (IQR (5.56–7.54) L/min before spinal anaesthesia and 6.40 (5.83–7.56) L/min before delivery (p=0.40)). Median invasive systolic blood pressure increased from 128.5 (120.1–142.7) mm Hg to 134.1 (124.0–146.6) mm Hg (p=0.014), and mean heart rate decreased from 86.0 (SD 13.9) to 75.2 (14.2) (p<0.001).ConclusionsMaternal cardiac output at the time of caesarean delivery is comparable to levels before induction of spinal anaesthesia.Trial registration numberNCT00977769.
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Gadegone, Aditi, Sachin Daigavane, and Ruta Walavalkar. "Effect of Music on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Patients Undergoing Cataract Extraction Surgery." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 20 (May 17, 2021): 1474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/309.
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BACKGROUND Music is an inexpensive, easily available anxiolytic known to mankind since ages. Cataract extraction surgery is one of the widely performed surgeries under local anaesthesia. India is a developing country where limited resources are spent over health infrastructure which has to cater to a large population. In our study we have tried to utilize the anxietolytic effect of music in combating the anxiety and stress patients suffer during surgery. METHODS In this prospective, interventional study, 300 patients diagnosed with senile cataract were selected. The sample size was decided taking into consideration various prevalence studies. The patients were consequently recruited for the study considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were divided into three groups - one undergoing phacoemulsification surgery under topical anaesthesia and two groups undergoing phacoemulsification surgery under local anaesthesia by the same surgeon in a same operating room. Two groups including the one where topical anaesthesia was used were made to listen to ‘Classical Sitar Music’ whereas one group was not made to listen to music. Blood pressure and heart rates were measured before and after surgery and compared in all patients. RESULTS Blood pressure and heart rates were statistically significantly normalized (lowered) post-operatively when compared to their pre-operative values in groups which were made to listen to music. There was a marked decrease in the anxiety levels in patients who were operated under topical anaesthesia when compared to those operated under local anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS Music can be widely used in decreasing anxiety levels in patients undergoing cataract extraction surgery thereby improving the post-operative prognosis in patients in a cost-effective way. KEY WORDS Phacoemulsification Surgery, Classical Sitar Music, Peri-Bulbar Block, Topical Anaesthesia, Anxiety, Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate
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GOUYET, LOUISE, MARIE-CLAUDE DUBOIS, and ISABELLE MURAT. "Blood glucose and insulin levels during epidural anaesthesia in children receiving dextrose-free solutions." Pediatric Anesthesia 4, no. 5 (September 1994): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.1994.tb00393.x.
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Buyukkocak, Unase, Osman Caglayan, Cagatay Daphan, Kuzey Aydinuraz, Oral Saygun, Tahsin Kaya, and Fatih Agalar. "Similar Effects of General and Spinal Anaesthesia on Perioperative Stress Response in Patients Undergoing Haemorrhoidectomy." Mediators of Inflammation 2006 (2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mi/2006/97257.
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Surgery induces release of neuroendocrine hormones (cortisol), cytokines (interleukin-6: IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α: TNF-α), acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein: CRP, leptin). We studied the effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on stress response to haemorrhoidectomy. Patients were assigned to general and spinal anaesthesia groups (n=7). Blood samples were drawn before induction and 24 hours after surgery. Perioperative levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, cortisol, and leptin were comparable among the groups. Twenty four hours after surgery, TNF-αand cortisol did not change; IL-6 and CRP increased significantly in all patients. Significant increase in leptin levels was found in patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia. Except for the increase in leptin levels, there was no significant difference related to the effects of general and spinal anaesthesia.
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Ulrich, Leonie, Kai Gerrit Held, Michael Jaeger, Martin Frenz, and Hidayet Günhan Akarçay. "Reliability assessment for blood oxygen saturation levels measured with optoacoustic imaging." Journal of Biomedical Optics 25, no. 04 (April 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.25.4.046005.
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Rigatos, G., P. Siano, D. Selisteanu, and R. E. Precup. "Nonlinear Optimal Control of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels in Blood." Intelligent Industrial Systems 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40903-016-0060-y.
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Altinisik, Hatice Betul, Fatma Beyazit, and Hakan Turkon. "The effect of different anesthesia applications on serum Pentraxin-3 levels: a randomized prospective study." Medical Science and Discovery 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v8i9.592.
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Objective: Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a biomarker shown to correlate with the severity of infections. It is a good indicator of mortality and is useful in monitoring treatment success. However, there is inadequate information about the factors affecting PTX3 levels. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different anaesthesia types on serum PTX3 levels.
Materials/Patients and Methods: Serum PTX3 levels were obtained from patients who were under general anaesthesia (GA) and spinal anaesthesia (SA) for a caesarean section (C-section). Blood Samples were collected preoperatively at 6 h and 24 h postoperatively. Biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, white blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes were also assessed as biomarkers.
Results: No difference was found in the preoperative serum PTX3 levels among the participants (p > 0.05). A significant increase was observed when the preoperative PTX3 levels (0.16 ng/mL) were compared with the postoperative levels at 6 h (0.25 ng/mL) and 24 h (0.54 ng/mL) in the GA group. No significant change was found in the PTX3 levels at 0–6–24 h measurements in the SA group. Nevertheless, the GA group was found to be significantly higher than the SA group at 6 h and 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.05). Additionally, No correlation was observed between PTX3 levels and other biomarkers.
Conclusions: This study showed that when coupled with C-section, GA increased the PTX3 levels postoperatively compared with the PTX3 levels during the preoperative period. No significant change was observed with SA. The PTX-3 levels should be considered to increase in association with GA in suspected infectious and inflammatory cases. Therefore, regional anaesthesia should be preferred.
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Nishimori, A., K. Tanaka, K. Ueno, Y. Kitayama, K. Nakamura, T. Hiranaka, and M. Kim. "Effects of Sevoflurane Anaesthesia on Renal Function." Journal of International Medical Research 25, no. 2 (March 1997): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059702500205.
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The effects of sevoflurane on renal function were investigated in 34 patients anaesthetized with sevoflurane. Based on preoperative serum creatinine levels, patients were classified into three groups: Group 1 ( n = 25) had normal renal function (serum creatinine < 1.0 mg/dl); Group 2 ( n = 5) had slight renal dysfunction (1.0 ≤ serum creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl); Group 3 ( n = 4) had moderate renal dysfunction (serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl). Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urine volume were measured preoperatively, and at Days 0, 1, 2, 7 and 28 after operation. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen showed no significant postoperative differences ( P < 0.05) in each group, whereas urine volume showed a significant increase until Day 2, with no further changes thereafter. Our results suggest that sevoflurane anaesthesia causes no significant renal damage in patients with normal and insufficient renal function under normal-duration anaesthesia within 3 – 4 h.
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Nagatomo, Fumiko, Hidemi Fujino, Hiroyo Kondo, and Akihiko Ishihara. "Oxygen Concentration-Dependent Oxidative Stress Levels in Rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/381763.
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Introduction. We determined derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) as an index of oxidative stress level (oxidant capacity) and biochemical antioxidant potential (BAP) as an index of antioxidant capacity in rats exposed to different oxygen concentrations.Methods. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 14.4%, 20.9%, 35.5%, 39.8%, 62.5%, and 82.2% oxygen at 1 atmosphere absolute for 24 h. Serum levels of dROMs and BAP were examined by using a free radical and antioxidant potential determination device. The morphological characteristics of red blood cells were examined by phase contrast microscopy.Results. There were no differences in the levels of dROMs in rats exposed to 14.4%, 20.9%, and 35.5% oxygen. However, the levels of dROMs increased in the rats exposed to 39.8% and 62.5% oxygen. The levels of dROMs were the highest in the rats exposed to 82.2% oxygen. There were no differences in the levels of BAP with respect to the oxygen concentration. Morphological changes in the red blood cells induced by oxidative attack from reactive oxygen species were observed in the rats exposed to 39.8%, 62.5%, and 82.2% oxygen.Conclusion. Our results suggest that exposure to oxygen concentrations higher than 40% for 24 h induces excessive levels of oxidative stress in rats.
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Blanc, Victor Faria, Pierre Ruest, Gilles Brisson, and Jean-Louis Jacob. "Serum gastrin and blood glucose levels during halothanenitrous oxide anaesthesia and strabismus surgery in children." Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 38, no. 1 (January 1991): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03009162.
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Manell, Elin, Marianne Jensen-Waern, and Patricia Hedenqvist. "Anaesthesia and changes in parameters that reflect glucose metabolism in pigs – a pilot study." Laboratory Animals 51, no. 5 (December 15, 2016): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677216682773.
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Pigs are commonly used in diabetes research due to their many physiological similarities to humans. They are especially useful in imaging procedures because of their large size. However, to achieve imaging procedures the pig must lie completely still, and thus needs to be anaesthetized. Most anaesthetic drugs used in laboratory animals affect carbohydrate metabolism by the inhibition of insulin release. The aim of this pilot study was primarily to develop an anaesthetic protocol for pigs that did not have an effect on blood glucose levels throughout the 3 h of anaesthesia; and secondly, to evaluate the most promising protocol in combination with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Two anaesthetic protocols were used in four growing pigs. Intravenous propofol infusion caused hyperglycaemia in three out of four pigs within 5–10 min after induction and was therefore excluded. Intravenous infusion with tiletamine, zolazepam and butorphanol (TZB) for 3 h did not affect blood glucose levels. The pigs underwent OGTT twice, once without anaesthesia and once with TZB induction after glucose intake. Anaesthesia during OGTT resulted in a lower area under the curve (AUC) of glucose ( P < 0.05), higher AUC of glucagon ( P < 0.05) and an insulin response less than 10% of that during OGTT without anaesthesia. In conclusion, long-term infusion anaesthesia with TZB does not affect glucose homeostasis in pigs. However, the protocol is not effective when combined with OGTT, as glucose, insulin and glucagon levels are affected.
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Turkoz, A., T. Togal, R. Gokdeniz, H. I. Toprak, and O. Ersoy. "Effectiveness of Intravenous Ephedrine Infusion during Spinal Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section Based on Maternal Hypotension, Neonatal Acid-base Status and Lactate Levels." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 30, no. 3 (June 2002): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0203000308.
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Maternal cardiovascular changes and neonatal acid-base status, including lactate levels, were assessed in 30 healthy women undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Patients were allocated randomly to receive IV ephedrine infusion (n=15) (5 mg.min -1 ) immediately after the spinal injection or bolus administration of IV ephedrine (n=15) (10 mg) in case of development of hypotension. Maternal and neonatal blood pressure, heart rate and acid-base status including lactate levels were compared between the groups. Systolic blood pressure in the bolus group was significantly lower when compared to the infusion group. Nausea was observed in one patient (6%) in the infusion group and nausea and vomiting were observed in 10 patients (66%) in the bolus group. Although umbilical arterial pH values were significantly lower in the bolus group, lactate levels were similar. In conclusion, ephedrine infusion prevented maternal hypotension, reduced the incidence of nausea and vomiting and led to improved umbilical blood pH during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
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Steltzer, H., G. Tuchy, M. Hiesmayr, C. Muller, P. Germann, and M. Zimpfer. "Peri-operative liver graft function: monitoring using the relationship between blood glucose and oxygen consumption during anaesthesia." Anaesthesia 47, no. 11 (November 1992): 955–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb03197.x.
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Whelan, G., and P. A. Flecknell. "The use of etorphine/methotrimeprazine and midazolam as an anaesthetic technique in laboratory rats and mice." Laboratory Animals 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367794781065735.
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The results of a preliminary evaluation of etorphine/methotrimeprazine ('Small Animal Immobilon') and midazolam in rats and mice are reported, and this regimen is compared to fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam in mice. In rats, a surgical plane of anaesthesia with good muscle relaxation was produced, but blood gas analysis showed the presence of severe hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis. In mice etorphine/methotrimeprazine/midazolam and fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam produced adequate anaesthesia, but blood gas analysis showed severe respiratory depression with both regimens. Since etorphine/methotrimeprazine/midazolam produced severe respiratory depression in rats and mice it is suggested that this regimen is used with caution. Administration of supplemental oxygen would seem advisable when using either etorphine/methotrimeprazine/midazolam or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam in rats and mice.
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Seed, Rachel, Charlotte Boardman, and Mark Davies. "Co-Operation with Pre-Operative Cardiovascular Monitoring Amongst Children for Chair Dental General Anaesthesia." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 88, no. 2 (March 2006): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2006.88.2.207.
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INTRODUCTION The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) guidelines Recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery state that cardiovascular monitoring for induction of general anaesthesia should include pulse oximetry and non-invasive blood pressure measurement, but recognise that young patients may not co-operate sufficiently to allow this. The aim of this study was to look at levels of compliance possible for pulse oximetry and non-invasive blood pressure measurement, in a population known to be unco-operative with therapeutic interventions. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 500 records of patients attending for chair dental general anaesthesia was carried out. It was recorded whether pre-operatively pulse oximetry and non-invasive blood pressure measurement had been allowed in addition to the child's age and sex. RESULTS Of the children, 52% were male and 48% were female. The age range was 2–15 years. Overall, 448 children co-operated with both pulse oximetry and non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Co-operation appeared to increase with increasing age. DISCUSSION Of the children, 90% were co-operative with pre-operative monitoring. It could easily be assumed that many of these children, who are referred for general anaesthesia because they are less co-operative than their peers, would not allow proper pre-operative cardiovascular monitoring. This does not appear to be the case. CONCLUSIONS The majority of children, including the very young, attending for chair dental general anaesthesia, will co-operate sufficiently to allow cardiovascular monitoring during induction of anaesthesia, even though the majority will not tolerate exodontia under local anaesthesia.
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Kundović, Sandra Alavuk, Dubravka Rašić, Ljiljana Popović, Maja Peraica, and Ksenija Črnjar. "Oxidative stress under general intravenous and inhalation anaesthesia." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3437.
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AbstractOxidative stress occurs when reactive oxygen species (ROS) production overwhelms cell protection by antioxidants. This review is focused on general anaesthesia-induced oxidative stress because it increases the rate of complications and delays recovery after surgery. It is important to know what effects of anaesthetics to expect in terms of oxidative stress, particularly in surgical procedures with high ROS production, because their either additive or antagonistic effect may be pivotal for the outcome of surgery. In vitro and animal studies on this topic are numerous but show large variability. There are not many human studies and what we know has been learned from different surgical procedures measuring different endpoints in blood samples taken mostly before and after surgery. In these studies most intravenous anaesthetics have antioxidative properties, while volatile anaesthetics temporarily increase oxidative stress in longer surgical procedures.
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Hagiu, Bogdan Alexandru, Sebastian George Smîntînică, and Iulian Dumitru Turculeț. "Preliminary data on low peripheral blood oxygen levels induced by physical effort." Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal 11, no. 20 (September 1, 2018): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2018-0001.
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Abstract Introduction: Since strength and endurance training has become very popular, we aimed to assess the possibility of hypoxemia determined in peripheral blood during exercise, starting from the hypothesis that a relatively large muscle mass would have a protective effect. Aim: Hypoxemia can cause serious illness and therefore we consider it useful to investigate the occurrence of this phenomenon during exercises of strength or endurance. Methods: The preliminary study was conducted on 8 subjects, both trained and untrained. With a Beurer pulse oximeter, heart rate and oxygen saturation of the capillary blood were measured before, during, and at the end of strength, or endurance or endurance combined with strength training. Results: The results have shown that hypoxemia occurs only under the conditions of high intensity training, which alternates endurance with strength exercises, simultaneously with decreasing heart rate, only in trained subjects and with relatively low muscle mass. Conclusions: The decrease in oxygen saturation in the peripheral blood occurs simultaneously with that of heart rate and it seems that large muscle mass has a protective effect on oxygen desaturation.